33:
396:, which means that it appears only during defecation. There is no permanent connection between the gut and the rear of the body. Instead, as waste accumulates, part of the gut starts to balloon out until it touches the outer layer, or epidermis. The gut then fuses with the epidermis, forming an anal opening. Once excretion is complete, the process is reversed and the anus vanishes. The animals defecate at regular intervals: once an hour in the 5-centimetre-long adults, and once every 10 minutes or so in the larvae.
743:, NOS is present both in adult tissues and differentially expressed in later embryonic stages suggesting the involvement of NO in developmental mechanisms. Ctenophores also possess soluble guanylyl cyclases as potential NO receptors with weak but differential expression across tissues. Combined, these data indicate that the canonical NO-cGMP signaling pathways existed in the common ancestor of animals and could be involved in the control of morphogenesis, cilia activities, feeding and different behaviors.
545:
46:
408:
507:
690:
In the original 2013 paper reporting the nuclear genome sequence, phylogenetic analysis of the presence and absence of genes, introns, and amino acid alignments suggested that the comb jelly is the sister lineage to the rest of all animals. However, a 2015 study applied different methodologies and
384:
are released into the water column where fertilization takes place. The spawning commences at late evening or at 1:00 or 2:00 a.m. The spawning eggs develop a thick outer layer within a minute of encountering seawater. As many as 10,000 eggs are produced from large specimens in areas with
611:
to the North Sea/Baltic region is unknown. It might have occurred naturally by drifting individuals, or with ballast water of ships, either from its natural range or from the Black Sea, via the
Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic. At least technically possible given the species'
691:
found support for
Porifera as the sister group to all other animals, and confirmed findings from the original study that amino acid alignments gave mixed support for this hypothesis. The position of Ctenophora and Porifera is currently being actively debated.
726:, which are critical to canonical microRNA biogenesis. It is the only animal thus far reported to be missing Drosha. MicroRNAs play a vital role in the regulation of gene expression in all non-ctenophore animals investigated thus far except for
440:
By 1989, the Black Sea population had reached the highest level, with some 400 specimens per m of water (>10 animals/cubic foot) in optimal conditions. Afterwards, due to depletion of foodstocks resulting in lower
702:
genes. The atp6 gene has been relocated to the nuclear genome and has acquired introns and a mitochondrial targeting presequence. All tRNA genes have been genuinely lost along with nuclear-encoded mitochondrial
574:
is unknown. The species overwinters in the deep waters where the temperature does not drop below 4 °C (39 °F); the fact that the Baltic is heavily stratified, with the waters above and below the
694:
Its mitochondrion shows several interesting features. It is 10 kilobases in length making it the smallest animal mitochondrial DNA sequence known to date. It has lost at least 25 genes, including
925:
282:
does not sting. Their body comprises 97% water. They have a maximum body length of roughly 7–12 centimetres (3–5 in) and a diameter of 2.5 centimetres (1 in).
2114:
1863:
385:
abundant prey. Egg production can start when the animals reach about 15 mm in length. Egg production increases with ctenophore size, and it is unclear when
2153:
1928:
1183:
Ryan, J. F.; Pang, K.; Schnitzler, C. E.; Nguyen, A.-D.; Moreland, R. T.; Simmons, D. K.; Koch, B. J.; Francis, W. R.; Havlak, P.; Smith, S. A.; Putnam, N. H.;
496:
586:, three comb jelly species occasionally drift into the Baltic from the North Sea but do not seem to be present as a stable population of significant size:
541:. Up to 100 animals per cubic metre were counted in the Baltic, whereas the population density in the North Sea was at a much lower 4 animals/m at most.
437:
occurred until then. The most likely cause of its introduction is accidentally by merchant ships' ballast water. The first Black Sea record was in 1982.
1342:
Pisani, Davide; Pett, Walker; Dohrmann, Martin; Feuda, Roberto; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Philippe, Hervé; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert (2015-11-30).
929:
873:
2088:
1824:
2127:
1889:
707:. The mitochondrial rRNA molecules possess little similarity with their homologs in other organisms and have highly reduced secondary structures.
1695:
1954:
2232:
2227:
2217:
1811:
2189:
1993:
1837:
1684:
2132:
1894:
2140:
1915:
1564:"MicroRNAs and essential components of the microRNA processing machinery are not encoded in the genome of the ctenophore
1022:[Initial Results in the Fight Against the Malicious Mnemiopsis in Caspian Waters – Ministry of the Environment].
2062:
1876:
1785:
45:
658:
2158:
1933:
1242:"The Mnemiopsis Genome Project Portal: integrating new gene expression resources and improving data visualization"
704:
163:
1675:
652:
625:
588:
461:
294:
32:
1725:
336:
2067:
1790:
1763:
2222:
1509:
Pett, W.; Ryan, J.F.; Pang, K.; Mullikin, J.C.; Martindale, M.Q.; Baxevanis, A.D.; Lavrov, D.V. (2011).
552:
480:
147:
270:
combs that run along the body vertically and glow blue-green when disturbed. They have several feeding
667:
377:
2194:
2049:
1998:
1772:
1463:
1414:
1355:
1300:
728:
433:
1149:
in the
Oslofjorden and considerations on the initial invasion pathways to the North and Baltic Seas"
1705:
628:. The latter route is known to be the point of entry into continental Europe for numerous invasive
544:
522:
1907:
1985:
1324:
1000:
470:
353:
341:
172:
40:
1868:
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2119:
2075:
1967:
1798:
1650:
1599:
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1491:
1432:
1383:
1316:
1273:
1222:
1187:; Dunn, C. W.; Wolfsberg, T. G.; Mullikin, J. C.; Martindale, M. Q.; Baxevanis, A. D. (2013).
992:
975:
442:
2181:
2171:
1972:
1640:
1630:
1589:
1579:
1562:
Maxwell, E.K.; Ryan, J.F.; Schnitzler, C.E.; Browne, W.E.; Baxevanis, A.D. (December 2012).
1534:
1526:
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1471:
1422:
1373:
1363:
1308:
1263:
1253:
1212:
1204:
1160:
1101:
1064:
1020:"Борьба против вредоносного мнемиопсиса в водах Каспия дала первые результаты - минэкологии"
984:
904:
852:
804:
228:
2040:
1941:
1777:
1700:
1688:
723:
511:
Worldwide distribution of
Mnemiopsis leidyi. Native range in red, colonized areas in pink
1645:
1618:
1467:
1418:
1359:
1304:
1594:
1563:
1539:
1510:
1486:
1451:
1378:
1343:
1268:
1241:
1217:
1188:
1184:
841:
in the Baltic Sea - distribution and overwintering between autumn 2006 and spring 2007"
600:
365:
357:
244:
2211:
1681:
1671:
Mnemiopsis Genome
Project Portal at the National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH
644:
636:
621:
594:
563:
369:
124:
1328:
1004:
479:, another comb jelly, with some degree of success; it appears as if a fairly stable
456:. It caused a dramatic drop in fish populations, notably the commercially important
2080:
2054:
1803:
1344:"Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals"
640:
453:
373:
107:
286:
1842:
1530:
759:
620:, being carried with ballast water in ships travelling from the Black Sea to the
2145:
2101:
2034:
1980:
1920:
1902:
1850:
1757:
1053:
A. Agassiz 1865 in coastal waters of the
Netherlands: an unrecognized invasion?"
835:
Kube, Sandra; Postel, Lutz; Honnef, Christopher; Augustin, Christina B. (2007).
567:
500:
492:
475:
308:
217:
87:
2025:
1635:
1456:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1348:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1258:
1019:
499:. The establishment of this population led to a 60% reduction in the number of
469:, etc.), by competing for the same food sources and eating the young and eggs.
684:
663:
629:
613:
534:
530:
386:
324:
312:
241:
220:
77:
1748:
1713:
1584:
431:
in the 1980s, where only one species of comb jelly, the small sea gooseberry
1816:
1476:
1368:
1312:
1208:
988:
576:
571:
538:
526:
503:, which in turn led to a reduction in the population of sturgeon and seals.
428:
346:
304:
275:
252:
231:
in
European and western Asian regions. Three species have been named in the
57:
1881:
1670:
1654:
1603:
1548:
1495:
1436:
1387:
1320:
1277:
1226:
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1085:
996:
809:
788:
1165:
1144:
1069:
1048:
857:
836:
2019:
1946:
1742:
733:
715:
683:
have been sequenced, providing insight into the evolutionary position of
648:
320:
290:
271:
224:
2093:
1829:
950:
Zaika, V. Ye.; Sergeyeva, N. G. (1990). "Morphology and development of
874:"Animal with an anus that comes and goes could reveal how ours evolved"
695:
632:
604:. The second species might potentially be used for biological control.
506:
457:
407:
213:
2106:
1855:
909:
888:
893:
occurs with an ultradian rhythm through a single transient anal pore"
719:
617:
525:
and the northwestern
Atlantic. In 2006, it was first recorded in the
97:
67:
1719:
1427:
1402:
973:
Kideys, Ahmet E (2002). "Fall and rise of the Black Sea ecosystem".
399:
The species moves so slowly that it is referred to as "sea walnut".
1240:
Moreland, R.T.; Nguyen, A.-D.; Ryan, J.F.; Baxevanis, A.D. (2020).
570:. The impact of the species on the already heavily stressed Baltic
297:), temperature (2–32 °C or 36–90 °F), and water quality.
543:
505:
381:
361:
267:
266:
have an oval-shaped and transparent lobed body, with four rows of
232:
1084:
Javidpour, Jamileh; Sommer, Ulrich; Shiganova, Tamara A. (2006).
1959:
699:
616:
habits is an alternative route of dispersal through continental
393:
332:
328:
316:
1723:
521:
Since then, the species has apparently spread throughout the
1617:
Moroz, Leonid; Mukherjee, Krishanu; Romanova, Daria (2023).
1450:
Halanych KM, Whelan NV, Kocot KM, Kohn AB, Moroz LL (2016).
926:"How Can a Jellyfish This Slow Be So Deadly? It's Invisible"
1124:[Invasion of the Comb Jellies] (in German). Scinexx
789:"Ctenophores of the Baltic and adjacent Seas - the invader
1291:
Rokas, A. (2013). "My Oldest Sister Is a Sea Walnut?".
2009:
1732:
1511:"Extreme mitochondrial evolution in the ctenophore
760:"Common Names for Sea Walnut (Mnemiopsis leidyi)"
227:coastal waters, but has become established as an
579:mixing little, is believed to aid its survival.
1178:
1176:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
679:Both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of
1193:and its implications for cell type evolution"
315:, other comb jellies, and eggs and larvae of
8:
1515:: Insight from mtDNA and the nuclear genome"
529:, and since October 17, 2006 in the western
497:Unified Deep Water System of European Russia
240:, but they are now believed to be different
732:, one of three known members of the phylum
1720:
1682:Ctenophores from the São Sebastião Channel
1401:Telford MJ, Moroz LL, Halanych KM (2016).
1047:Faasse, Marco A.; Bayha, Keith M. (2006).
491:In 1999 the species was introduced in the
31:
20:
1644:
1634:
1593:
1583:
1538:
1485:
1475:
1426:
1377:
1367:
1267:
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1216:
1164:
1105:
1068:
908:
856:
808:
782:
780:
558:One year later, the Baltic population of
954:(Ctenophora, Lobata) in the Black Sea".
406:
1619:"Nitric oxide signaling in ctenophores"
751:
928:. Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from
223:(comb jelly). It is native to western
1018:Zarina Akhmedova (November 8, 2010).
562:was found to have spread east to the
7:
352:The comb jelly has the capacity for
1694:Faris, Stephan (November 2, 2009).
445:, the population dropped somewhat.
1696:"Jellyfish: A Gelatinous Invasion"
1090:A. Agassiz 1865 in the Baltic Sea"
718:, as well as the nuclear proteins
14:
924:Abigail Tucker (September 2012).
376:. It carries 150 eggs along each
1704:. pp. 49–50. Archived from
1145:"The presence of the ctenophore
44:
1403:"Evolution: A sisterly dispute"
1189:"The genome of the ctenophore
889:"Defecation by the ctenophore
872:Michael Le Page (March 2019).
1:
1143:Oliveira, Otto M. P. (2007).
714:appears to lack recognizable
289:, tolerating a wide range of
1678:at Ghent University, Belgium
1531:10.3109/19401736.2011.624611
1122:"Invasion der Rippenquallen"
517:2006 – North and Baltic Seas
2233:Taxa named by Louis Agassiz
2228:Fauna of the Atlantic Ocean
2218:Monotypic ctenophore genera
2249:
1636:10.3389/fnins.2023.1125433
1452:"Miscues misplace sponges"
705:aminoacyl tRNA synthetases
659:Chelicorophium curvispinum
607:The route of dispersal of
582:Apart from the widespread
787:Hansson, Hans G. (2006).
178:
171:
153:
146:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1676:Research group Limnology
1585:10.1186/1471-2164-13-714
1259:10.1093/database/baaa029
887:Tamm, Sidney L. (2019).
452:eats eggs and larvae of
345:ctenophores and various
335:. Others are members of
1477:10.1073/pnas.1525332113
1369:10.1073/pnas.1518127112
1313:10.1126/science.1248424
1209:10.1126/science.1242592
989:10.1126/science.1073002
653:Dikerogammarus villosus
626:Rhine-Main-Danube Canal
589:Bolinopsis infundibulum
462:Engraulis encrasicholus
259:Description and ecology
1107:10.3391/ai.2006.1.4.17
956:Zoologicheskii Zhurnal
810:10.3391/ai.2006.1.4.16
555:
513:
427:was introduced in the
416:
403:As an invasive species
337:gelatinous zooplankton
1716:on Sealife Collection
1166:10.3391/ai.2007.2.3.5
1070:10.3391/ai.2006.1.4.9
858:10.3391/ai.2007.2.2.9
553:Monterey Bay Aquarium
547:
509:
481:predator-prey dynamic
467:hamsi, hamsiya, hamsa
410:
16:Genus of comb jellies
1708:on October 26, 2009.
897:Invertebrate Biology
764:Encyclopedia of Life
729:Trichoplax adhaerens
639:region, such as the
434:Pleurobrachia pileus
247:of a single species
1468:2016PNAS..113E.946H
1419:2016Natur.529..286T
1360:2015PNAS..11215402P
1305:2013Sci...342.1327R
1299:(6164): 1327–1329.
983:(5586): 1482–1484.
952:Mnemiopsis mccradyi
523:Mediterranean basin
392:It has a transient
188:Mnemiopsis mccradyi
1687:2012-02-04 at the
556:
514:
487:1999 – Caspian Sea
483:has been reached.
471:Biological control
465:(known locally as
448:In the Black Sea,
417:
354:self-fertilization
181:Mnemiopsis gardeni
2205:
2204:
2167:Open Tree of Life
1968:Open Tree of Life
1778:Mnemiopsis_leidyi
1764:Mnemiopsis leidyi
1734:Mnemiopsis leidyi
1726:Taxon identifiers
1566:Mnemiopsis leidyi
1519:Mitochondrial DNA
1513:Mnemiopsis leidyi
1246:Database (Oxford)
1203:(6164): 1242592.
1191:Mnemiopsis leidyi
1185:Haddock, S. H. D.
1153:Aquatic Invasions
1147:Mnemiopsis leidyi
1094:Aquatic Invasions
1088:Mnemiopsis leidyi
1086:"First record of
1057:Aquatic Invasions
1051:Mnemiopsis leidyi
1024:Trend News Agency
910:10.1111/ivb.12236
891:Mnemiopsis leidyi
845:Aquatic Invasions
839:Mnemiopsis leidyi
797:Aquatic Invasions
741:Mnemiopsis leidyi
712:Mnemiopsis leidyi
681:Mnemiopsis leidyi
443:carrying capacity
425:Mnemiopsis leidyi
420:1980s – Black Sea
413:Mnemiopsis leidyi
372:bunches in their
364:that contain the
201:Mnemiopsis leidyi
197:
196:
192:
185:
157:Mnemiopsis leidyi
128:
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2146:NHMSYS0020955115
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1049:"The ctenophore
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1038:
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876:. New Scientist.
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687:(comb jellies).
668:Hypania invalida
378:meridional canal
229:invasive species
206:warty comb jelly
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1942:Observation.org
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1689:Wayback Machine
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1623:Front. Neurosci
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1428:10.1038/529286a
1413:(7586): 286–7.
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1354:(50): 15402–7.
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473:was tried with
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1665:External links
1663:
1661:
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1554:
1525:(4): 130–142.
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851:(2): 137–145.
816:
803:(4): 295–298.
776:
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748:
745:
710:The genome of
676:
673:
601:Beroe gracilis
518:
515:
488:
485:
421:
418:
411:
404:
401:
358:hermaphroditic
356:, as they are
319:. Many of its
307:that consumes
260:
257:
195:
194:
176:
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151:
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144:
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139:M. leidyi
136:
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115:
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2017:
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2012:
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1995:
1991:
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1982:
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1473:
1469:
1465:
1462:(8): E946–7.
1461:
1457:
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1424:
1420:
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1029:September 14,
1025:
1021:
1014:
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1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:
969:
966:
961:
957:
953:
946:
943:
932:on 2013-04-11
931:
927:
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917:
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902:
898:
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868:
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688:
686:
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674:
672:
670:
669:
665:
661:
660:
655:
654:
650:
646:
645:quagga mussel
642:
638:
637:Ponto-Caspian
634:
631:
627:
623:
622:Rhine Estuary
619:
615:
610:
605:
603:
602:
597:
596:
595:Beroe cucumis
591:
590:
585:
580:
578:
573:
569:
565:
564:Gotland Basin
561:
554:
550:
546:
542:
540:
536:
533:, namely the
532:
528:
524:
516:
512:
508:
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390:
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383:
379:
375:
371:
370:spermatophore
367:
363:
359:
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349:(jellyfish).
348:
344:
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202:
193:
189:
184:Agassiz, 1860
182:
177:
174:
170:
165:
160:
158:
152:
149:
148:Binomial name
145:
141:
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63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2223:Bolinopsidae
2010:
1733:
1706:the original
1699:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1575:
1572:BMC Genomics
1571:
1565:
1557:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1504:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1351:
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1337:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1138:
1126:. Retrieved
1116:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1079:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1042:
1036:(in Russian)
1027:. Retrieved
1023:
1013:
980:
974:
968:
959:
955:
951:
945:
934:. Retrieved
930:the original
919:
900:
896:
890:
882:
867:
848:
844:
838:
800:
796:
790:
767:. Retrieved
763:
754:
740:
738:
727:
711:
709:
698:and all the
693:
689:
680:
678:
666:
657:
651:
641:zebra mussel
608:
606:
599:
593:
587:
583:
581:
559:
557:
548:
520:
510:
490:
474:
466:
460:
454:pelagic fish
449:
447:
439:
432:
424:
423:
412:
398:
391:
374:gastrodermis
360:. They have
351:
340:
327:, including
300:
299:
284:
279:
263:
262:
248:
236:
235:
209:
205:
200:
199:
198:
187:
180:
179:
156:
154:
138:
137:
118:
117:
108:Bolinopsidae
24:
18:
2102:iNaturalist
2035:Wikispecies
1981:SeaLifeBase
1903:NatureServe
1851:iNaturalist
1758:Wikispecies
1629:: 1125433.
1128:January 15,
769:13 December
568:Bay of Puck
493:Caspian Sea
476:Beroe ovata
380:. Eggs and
325:vertebrates
313:crustaceans
309:zooplankton
287:euryoecious
218:tentaculate
191:Mayer, 1900
88:Tentaculata
2212:Categories
2055:Mnemiopsis
2041:Mnemiopsis
2011:Mnemiopsis
1714:Mnemiopsis
1712:Photos of
1578:(1): 714.
962:(2): 5–11.
936:2013-02-21
791:Mnemiopsis
747:References
685:Ctenophora
664:polychaete
662:, and the
630:freshwater
614:euryhaline
535:Kiel Fjord
531:Baltic Sea
387:senescence
311:including
301:Mnemiopsis
280:Mnemiopsis
276:cnidarians
264:Mnemiopsis
253:zoologists
242:ecological
237:Mnemiopsis
221:ctenophore
210:sea walnut
164:A. Agassiz
119:Mnemiopsis
78:Ctenophora
25:Mnemiopsis
793:is here!"
716:microRNAs
649:amphipods
635:from the
609:M. leidyi
584:P. pileus
577:halocline
572:ecosystem
560:M. leidyi
549:M. leidyi
539:The Belts
527:North Sea
450:M. leidyi
429:Black Sea
347:Scyphozoa
321:predators
305:carnivore
293:(2 to 38
274:. Unlike
272:tentacles
249:M. leidyi
133:Species:
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
2026:Q3317486
2020:Wikidata
1908:2.808498
1869:11295010
1743:Wikidata
1685:Archived
1655:37034176
1646:10073611
1604:23256903
1549:21985407
1496:26862177
1437:26791714
1388:26621703
1329:33619949
1321:24337283
1278:32386298
1227:24337300
1005:43042123
997:12202806
903:: 3–16.
734:Placozoa
675:Genomics
633:neozoons
624:via the
566:and the
495:via the
389:occurs.
339:such as
291:salinity
268:ciliated
251:by most
225:Atlantic
173:Synonyms
104:Family:
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
2120:1304660
2094:2501247
1830:2501248
1749:Q133630
1595:3563456
1540:3313829
1487:4776479
1464:Bibcode
1415:Bibcode
1379:4687580
1356:Bibcode
1301:Bibcode
1293:Science
1269:7211034
1218:3920664
1197:Science
976:Science
696:MT-ATP6
551:at the
458:anchovy
214:species
212:, is a
125:Agassiz
114:Genus:
94:Order:
84:Class:
2195:106355
2182:230812
2179:uBio:
2172:161882
2107:171725
2068:464568
1999:106401
1973:161877
1960:106401
1856:180788
1791:493974
1653:
1643:
1602:
1592:
1547:
1537:
1494:
1484:
1435:
1407:Nature
1386:
1376:
1327:
1319:
1276:
1266:
1225:
1215:
1003:
995:
720:Drosha
647:, the
643:, the
618:Europe
362:gonads
285:It is
204:, the
166:, 1865
127:, 1860
98:Lobata
2190:WoRMS
2159:27922
2133:53916
2115:IRMNG
2081:7PK5F
1994:WoRMS
1986:60737
1947:27140
1934:27923
1895:53917
1882:75102
1864:IRMNG
1817:26401
1812:EUNIS
1804:6RMT2
1325:S2CID
1001:S2CID
724:Pasha
501:sprat
382:sperm
366:ovary
342:Beroe
329:birds
303:is a
245:forms
233:genus
2154:NCBI
2128:ITIS
2089:GBIF
2063:BOLD
1955:OBIS
1929:NCBI
1890:ITIS
1838:GISD
1825:GBIF
1786:BOLD
1701:Time
1651:PMID
1600:PMID
1545:PMID
1492:PMID
1433:PMID
1384:PMID
1317:PMID
1274:PMID
1250:2020
1223:PMID
1130:2011
1031:2016
993:PMID
771:2013
722:and
700:tRNA
656:and
598:and
537:and
394:anus
368:and
333:fish
331:and
323:are
317:fish
2141:NBN
2076:CoL
2050:ADW
1916:NBN
1877:ISC
1799:CoL
1773:ADW
1641:PMC
1631:doi
1590:PMC
1580:doi
1535:PMC
1527:doi
1482:PMC
1472:doi
1460:113
1423:doi
1411:529
1374:PMC
1364:doi
1352:112
1309:doi
1297:342
1264:PMC
1254:doi
1213:PMC
1205:doi
1201:342
1161:doi
1102:doi
1065:doi
985:doi
981:297
905:doi
901:138
853:doi
805:doi
739:In
295:psu
216:of
208:or
2214::
2192::
2169::
2156::
2143::
2130::
2117::
2104::
2091::
2078::
2065::
2052::
2037::
2022::
1996::
1983::
1970::
1957::
1944::
1931::
1918::
1905::
1892::
1879::
1866::
1853::
1843:95
1840::
1827::
1814::
1801::
1788::
1775::
1760::
1745::
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1649:.
1639:.
1627:17
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1574:.
1570:.
1543:.
1533:.
1523:22
1521:.
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1490:.
1480:.
1470:.
1458:.
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1431:.
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1372:.
1362:.
1350:.
1346:.
1323:.
1315:.
1307:.
1295:.
1272:.
1262:.
1252:.
1248:.
1244:.
1221:.
1211:.
1199:.
1195:.
1175:^
1155:.
1151:.
1096:.
1092:.
1059:.
1055:.
999:.
991:.
979:.
960:69
958:.
899:.
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847:.
843:.
819:^
799:.
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779:^
762:.
736:.
671:.
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278:,
255:.
1657:.
1633::
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1529::
1498:.
1474::
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1425::
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1358::
1331:.
1311::
1303::
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1207::
1169:.
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1132:.
1110:.
1104::
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1067::
1061:1
1033:.
1007:.
987::
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913:.
907::
861:.
855::
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807::
801:1
773:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
