3229:
3647:
2451:
4100:
3109:
3834:
159:
3495:
2407:
3852:
4299:
3819:
4285:
1997:
1393:
3621:
3101:
2880:
43:
2503:
2770:
2640:, a female of the family could succeed (semi-Salic law). In most realms, daughters and sisters were eligible to succeed a ruling kinsman before more distant male relatives (male-preference primogeniture), but sometimes the husband of the heiress became the ruler, and most often also received the title,
3863:
The concept of monarchy existed in the
Americas long before the arrival of European colonialists. When the Europeans arrived they referred to these tracts of land within territories of different aboriginal groups to be kingdoms, and the leaders of these groups were often referred to by the Europeans
3123:
different titles were used by nobles exercising various degrees of sovereignty within their borders (see below). Such titles were granted or recognized by the emperor or pope. Adoption of a new title to indicate sovereign or semi-sovereign status was not always recognized by other governments or
2598:), with a preference for children over siblings, and sons over daughters. In Europe, some peoples practiced equal division of land and regalian rights among sons or brothers, as in the Germanic states of the Holy Roman Empire, until after the
2661:
As the average life span increased, the eldest son was more likely to reach majority age before the death of his father, and primogeniture became increasingly favored over proximity, tanistry, seniority, and election.
3616:
is the head of state with full executive authority, including emergency powers, since 1962. The Prime
Minister of Brunei is a title held by the Sultan. As the prime minister, the Sultan presides over the cabinet.
3053:
4410:
2105:
is often appointed to govern until the monarch reaches the requisite adult age to rule. Monarchs' actual powers vary from one monarchy to another and in different eras; on one extreme, they may be
2994:
continues to hold a hereditary title and an influential cultural position in contemporary South Africa, although he has no direct political power. Other tribes in the country, such as the
4731:
L Gomes. 1889: como um imperador cansado, um marechal vaidoso e um professor injustiçado contribuĂram para a o fim da monarquia e programação da republica no Brasil. Globo Livros. 2013.
3795:
644:
6347:
3582:
had a complex system of monarchies from 543 BC to 1815. Between 47â42 BC, Anula of Sri Lanka became the country's first female head of state as well as Asia's first head of state.
3597:
rotated every five years among the nine Rulers of the Malay states of
Malaysia (those nine of the thirteen states of Malaysia that have hereditary royal rulers), elected by
2750:
Whatever the rules of succession, there have been many cases of a monarch being overthrown and replaced by a usurper who would often install his own family on the throne.
2716:, succession to the throne usually first passes to the monarch's next eldest brother and so on through his other brothers, and only after them to the monarch's children (
4610:
2367:". In cases where the monarch serves mostly as a ceremonial figure (e.g., most modern constitutional monarchies), real leadership does not depend on the monarch.
4332:
3228:
5395:
5223:
5138:
4877:
4530:
4401:
4236:
is the only remaining sovereign kingdom in
Oceania. It has had a monarch since the 10th century and became a constitutional monarchy in 1875. In 2008, King
3646:
2025:
3961:
claims descent from an
African dynasty that was taken from its homeland and sold into slavery. Though largely a ceremonial title today, the position of
3673:
2747:), meaning that the monarch is elected instead of assuming office due to direct inheritance. Rules and laws regarding election vary country to country.
5292:
4700:
3433:, who was forced to abdicate the throne as a result of a revolution in Iran. In fact the Persian (Iranian) kingdom goes back to about 2,700 BC (see
5610:
3950:
relationship under a shared monarch. Therefore, though today there are legally ten
American monarchs, one person occupies each distinct position.
3709:
1285:
2450:
4882:
2681:, meaning that the eldest child of the monarch, whether female or male, ascends to the throne. Other nations have since adopted this practice:
2425:
1251:
5662:
5627:
5217:
4773:
4754:
4378:
2364:
878:
852:
4847:
4099:
2926:
2887:
1421:
6115:
437:
2363:. A principal advantage of hereditary monarchy is the immediate continuity of national leadership, as illustrated in the classic phrase "
2869:
837:
6120:
3528:
was elevated to Crown Prince. The Saudi
Arabian government has been an absolute monarchy since its inception, and designates itself as
2317:
3108:
560:
5385:
4358:
3651:
3131:
During the nineteenth century, many small monarchies in Europe merged with other territories to form larger entities, and following
1893:
126:
5930:
3512:
is the largest Arab state in
Western Asia by land area and the second-largest in the Arab world (after Algeria). It was founded by
4792:
3143:, but of those remaining, all except Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Andorra, Vatican City, and Monaco were headed by a king or queen.
4068:
1499:
4004:
4000:
6453:
5328:
4872:
3946:
Between 1931 and 1983, nine other previous
British colonies attained independence as kingdoms. All, including Canada, are in a
3735:
3721:
3636:
1292:
883:
679:
4678:
5907:
5410:
4475:
2818:
culture, apparently influencing the customs of Egypt itself. From the 6th to 19th centuries, Egypt was variously part of the
2018:
1888:
1666:
1514:
1007:
600:
158:
64:
4801:
4634:
4174:
5744:
4718:
2567:
2379:
1903:
719:
228:
6398:
4602:
5380:
5368:
4887:
4223:
2539:
1652:
1484:
1455:
6261:
6175:
6070:
5985:
5902:
5400:
5272:
5127:
3935:
from 1849 to 1859. In South
America, Brazil had a royal house ruling as emperor between 1822 and 1889, under emperors
2851:
2785:
2724:), the monarch chooses who will be his successor within the royal family, who need not necessarily be his eldest son.
1956:
1069:
107:
6408:
6323:
4340:
3639:
from 1863 to 1953. It returned to an absolute monarchy from 1953 until the establishment of a republic following the
2370:
A form of government may, in fact, be hereditary without being considered a monarchy, such as a family dictatorship.
3415:
continue to participate in numerous traditional ceremonies, and groups exist to preserve Korea's imperial heritage.
79:
5912:
5810:
3813:
3516:
in 1932, although the conquests which eventually led to the creation of the Kingdom began in 1902 when he captured
2551:
2475:
2184:
1489:
1460:
1241:
1064:
873:
753:
422:
6378:
4500:
3060:. So-called "sub-national monarchies" of varying sizes can be found all over the rest of the continent, e.g., the
53:
6200:
6065:
6000:
5990:
5975:
5310:
5257:
5167:
4522:
3764:) was elected and thereafter became a hereditary absolute monarchy. It became a constitutional monarchy in 2008.
3643:. The monarchy was restored as a constitutional monarchy in 1993 with the king as a largely symbolic figurehead.
3555:
2527:
2313:
2011:
1616:
1246:
1101:
847:
507:
452:
3833:
3731:
3532:. The King bears the title "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to the two holiest places in Islam:
5820:
5800:
5765:
5718:
5672:
5024:
4840:
4649:
3743:
2563:
2495:
2224:
2083:
1731:
1621:
1414:
590:
540:
347:
86:
60:
31:
3494:
689:
4561:
3363:
as a collection of nationalistic legends. The monarchs of Goguryeo and some monarchs of Silla used the title
5698:
5390:
5373:
5363:
5338:
5182:
4908:
4258:
4208:
3924:
3635:
has been a kingdom since the 1st century. The power of the absolute monarchy was reduced when it became the
3419:
3412:
2971:
were largely isolated from other regions until the modern era, but they did later feature kingdoms like the
2531:
2137:
1661:
963:
570:
238:
6418:
6333:
5464:
4165:, a constitutional monarchy, from 1871 to 1874 when he voluntarily ceded sovereignty of the islands to the
6180:
6100:
5892:
5825:
5693:
5642:
5574:
5474:
5262:
5197:
5004:
4933:
4810:
4248:
3958:
3655:
3640:
3086:
from amongst a finite collection of royal princes of the realm upon the death or removal of an incumbent.
2942:
2647:
2416:
2087:
1898:
1840:
1786:
1334:
1081:
842:
649:
305:
6363:
5882:
93:
6468:
6403:
6383:
6226:
6190:
6145:
6090:
5877:
5652:
5599:
5424:
5333:
5302:
5242:
5192:
4974:
4964:
4819:
4094:
4080:
4016:
3590:
3430:
2614:
was succeeded by his eldest son or, if he had none, by his brother, his daughters or sons of daughters.
2583:
2579:
2487:
2471:
2467:
2434:
2391:
2337:
2321:
1718:
1551:
1167:
1111:
186:
4122:
from ancient times. The title is variously translated as "supreme chief", "paramount chief" or "king".
2285:, etc. While traditionally most monarchs have been male, female monarchs have also ruled, and the term
674:
462:
2406:
6388:
6307:
6271:
6221:
6080:
6005:
5790:
5667:
5459:
5234:
5212:
5207:
5172:
5114:
4158:
4148:
4012:
3928:
3602:
3484:
3140:
3095:
3083:
2954:
2764:
2732:
2559:
2463:
2345:
2329:
1828:
1699:
1689:
1674:
1601:
1519:
1194:
824:
813:
763:
724:
714:
664:
654:
472:
4747:
The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence 1801â1804
75:
6413:
6358:
6195:
6185:
6170:
6160:
6125:
6055:
5970:
5940:
5887:
5604:
5358:
5353:
5252:
5247:
5014:
4969:
4928:
4833:
4370:
4072:
3845:
3734:, the country was ceded to the United States of America and made into a territory and eventually a
3475:
and Bhutan are like the United Kingdom in that they are constitutional monarchies ruled by a king.
3018:
2483:
2383:
2266:
2254:
2200:
2082:
from a family or cohort eligible to provide the nation's monarch. Alternatively, an individual may
1940:
1850:
1704:
1606:
1556:
1494:
1407:
1339:
797:
784:
771:
497:
447:
295:
2257:. Most monarchs, both historically and in the present day, have been born and brought up within a
6312:
6135:
6130:
6095:
6075:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6015:
6010:
5955:
5862:
5708:
5579:
5469:
5449:
5405:
5348:
5343:
5320:
5287:
5277:
5267:
5149:
3940:
3932:
3837:
3822:
3525:
3223:
2991:
2958:
2883:
2835:
2651:
2523:
2515:
2479:
2305:
2270:
2148:
1978:
1571:
1359:
1236:
1177:
1106:
904:
891:
865:
522:
367:
233:
2304:
but otherwise serves as any other monarch. Historical examples of elective monarchy include the
3429:
that used the title of "Shahanshah" (or "King of Kings"). The last Iranian Shahanshah was King
2061:, or others may wield that power on behalf of the monarch. Usually a monarch either personally
6463:
6448:
6443:
6338:
6328:
6291:
6165:
6150:
6025:
5995:
5965:
5960:
5935:
5872:
5867:
5857:
5728:
5677:
5564:
5282:
4918:
4903:
4769:
4750:
4712:
4354:
4312:
4270:
4141:
4134:
4126:
4107:
4044:
3936:
3897:
3841:
3747:
3739:
3717:
3574:(absolute King) is the absolute word to render a monarch and is superior to all other titles.
3559:
3458:
3446:
3442:
3120:
2879:
2728:
2603:
2519:
2443:
2382:, positions held simultaneously by the Roman Catholic bishop of Urgel (Spain) and the elected
2297:
2278:
2110:
2095:
2079:
1973:
1647:
1509:
1504:
1465:
1438:
1364:
1349:
1268:
958:
829:
776:
758:
704:
684:
669:
659:
492:
477:
427:
407:
275:
223:
218:
196:
191:
143:
4251:
was established in 1858. The role is largely cultural and ceremonial and has no legal power.
3746:
retain their titles only for ceremonial purposes but are considered ordinary citizens by the
6354:
6318:
6236:
6060:
5830:
5775:
5738:
5713:
5703:
5637:
5589:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5489:
5484:
5177:
4923:
4240:
relinquished most of the powers of the monarchy and the position is now largely ceremonial.
4219:
4196:
4170:
4040:
4008:
3826:
3625:
3613:
3541:
3253:
3245:
3115:
was the monarch of independent countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania, and the Americas.
2972:
2950:
2946:
2934:
2907:
2899:
2843:
2819:
2208:
2204:
2196:
1923:
1679:
1533:
1376:
1275:
1224:
709:
624:
320:
290:
243:
2621:
practiced among Celtic tribes was semi-elective and gave weight also to ability and merit.
2506:
Postcard from 1908 showing nineteen of the world's reigning monarchs: (left to right) King
2253:
is political or sociocultural in nature, and is generally (but not always) associated with
6458:
6231:
5980:
5950:
5945:
5805:
5795:
5760:
5750:
5733:
5569:
5524:
5439:
5157:
5132:
4979:
4814:
4796:
4638:
4290:
4200:
4162:
3851:
3676:
3533:
3503:
3438:
3426:
3241:
2987:
2968:
2911:
2847:
2706:
2571:
2058:
2001:
1983:
1808:
1793:
1397:
968:
896:
860:
792:
699:
694:
639:
512:
487:
432:
4353:
Webster's II New College Dictionary. "Monarch". Houghton Mifflin. Boston. 2001. p. 707.
3953:
In addition to these sovereign states, there are also a number of sub-national ones. In
3818:
6373:
6155:
6140:
6105:
5845:
5840:
5723:
5657:
5529:
5187:
5162:
5067:
4984:
4938:
4789:
4304:
4237:
4166:
4152:
3947:
3771:
3726:
3713:
3450:
3195:
3175:
3049:
3036:
are sovereign monarchies under dynasties that are native to the continent. Places like
2964:
2938:
2930:
2915:
2895:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2702:
2637:
2629:
2591:
2535:
2455:
2309:
2240:
2156:
1879:
1798:
1752:
1694:
1206:
1128:
634:
392:
315:
270:
4284:
3620:
1996:
1392:
6437:
6020:
5785:
5780:
5559:
5202:
5060:
5019:
4999:
4463:
Edmund Spenser. A View of the State of Ireland. From the first printed edition (1633)
4254:
4173:
retained the British monarch as head of state until it became a republic following a
4103:
4030:
3888:
3720:
became the sovereign while local rulers often retained their prestige as part of the
3521:
3434:
3402:
3308:
3303:(king), was a Chinese royal style used in many states rising from the dissolution of
3199:
3078:
3065:
3061:
3057:
2999:
2903:
2865:
2796:
2655:
2607:
2575:
2507:
2356:
2290:
2286:
2274:
2232:
2172:
2125:
2121:
2043:
1803:
1781:
1756:
1586:
1324:
1219:
1199:
1189:
1002:
527:
517:
457:
417:
412:
253:
100:
4670:
3401:(prince) can refer to the dethroned rulers of the Joseon dynasty as well. Under the
2398:
is considered a monarch despite only holding the position for five years at a time.
6110:
5632:
5594:
5494:
5077:
4188:
3787:
3775:
3509:
3454:
3339:
Wanggeom founded the first kingdom, Gojoseon. Some scholars maintain that the term
3277:
3191:
3136:
3112:
3100:
2995:
2983:
2861:
2807:
2713:
2599:
2341:
2258:
1566:
1184:
1059:
1024:
808:
629:
502:
467:
325:
4583:
3804:
was a monarchy for most of its history until becoming a federal republic in 2008.
3425:
In modern history, between 1925 and 1979, Iran was ruled by two emperors from the
1118:
4631:
6342:
5851:
5647:
5534:
5454:
5045:
5029:
4244:
4227:
4212:
4184:
4064:
4056:
3913:
3906:
3902:
3757:
3669:
3563:
3469:
in the east, Cyrus the Great created the largest empire the world had yet seen.
3466:
3281:
3273:
3179:
3159:
3132:
3104:
A map of Europe exhibiting the continent's monarchies (red) and republics (blue)
3073:
3021:, seven European countries invaded and colonized most of the African continent.
2979:
2857:
2773:
2682:
2642:
2606:) into the 19th century. Other European realms practiced one or another form of
2543:
2152:
2114:
2091:
2065:
the lawful right to exercise the state's sovereign rights (often referred to as
2062:
2046:
1870:
1835:
1738:
1726:
1591:
1354:
1319:
1091:
1049:
995:
953:
923:
748:
482:
362:
263:
42:
5897:
5835:
5754:
4994:
4959:
4280:
3875:
3791:
3783:
3499:
3462:
3183:
3037:
3002:, have also had and continue to have a series of kings and chiefs (namely the
2698:
2595:
2547:
2502:
2459:
2360:
2220:
2133:
2050:
1960:
1950:
1945:
1684:
1546:
1211:
1162:
1086:
1017:
580:
402:
330:
181:
3738:, thus ending monarchism. While the Philippines is currently a republic, the
3014:) whose local precedence is recognised, but who exercise no legal authority.
6256:
6246:
5815:
5122:
5009:
4588:
Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert - Collaborative Translation Project
4180:
4113:
4020:
3879:
3856:
3704:
3579:
3524:; succession to the throne was limited to sons of Ibn Saud until 2015, when
3125:
2919:
2625:
2282:
2129:
2106:
2074:
1845:
1743:
1626:
1581:
1561:
1344:
1329:
1280:
1231:
1140:
1096:
1076:
1044:
988:
978:
933:
928:
550:
357:
340:
310:
5549:
3445:. Under his rule, the empire embraced all the previous civilized states of
2769:
4768:. Miami, Florida: Librairie Au Service de la Culture. pp. 33â35, 60.
4402:"Explained: Malaysia is the world's only monarchy of its kind. Here's why"
3923:
The first local monarch to emerge in North America after colonization was
3778:
following the Mongol invasion in the 13th century and became an effective
3371:, meaning "Greatest King". The early monarchs of Silla used the titles of
2650:. In more complex medieval cases, the sometimes conflicting principles of
6393:
6276:
6266:
6085:
5584:
4856:
4035:
3884:
3632:
3586:
3513:
3472:
3312:
3304:
3285:
3233:
3147:
3033:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2618:
2555:
2511:
2491:
2395:
2352:
2325:
2301:
2250:
2212:
2180:
2118:
2054:
1968:
1928:
1611:
1596:
1576:
1445:
1314:
1258:
1123:
983:
743:
352:
285:
150:
2351:
In recent centuries, many states have abolished the monarchy and become
17:
6286:
6241:
6216:
5770:
5554:
5539:
5479:
5097:
5050:
4989:
4913:
4492:
4060:
4052:
3987:
3954:
3871:
3779:
3529:
3366:
3257:
3237:
3211:
3207:
3155:
3151:
3069:
3045:
3029:
3025:
2873:
2815:
2792:
2781:
2694:
2690:
2387:
2262:
2244:
2192:
2188:
1883:
1541:
1371:
1263:
1172:
1054:
1012:
973:
442:
300:
280:
248:
6368:
6281:
5544:
5444:
5087:
4943:
4266:
4262:
4204:
4130:
4076:
4048:
3995:
3753:
3609:
3545:
3517:
3476:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3316:
3203:
3187:
3171:
3163:
3004:
2823:
2721:
2686:
2666:
2646:. Spain today continues this model of succession law, in the form of
2236:
2176:
2102:
2068:
1933:
1875:
1773:
1302:
335:
2810:. In the same time period several kingdoms flourished in the nearby
2705:
adopted absolute (equal) primogeniture on April 25, 2013, following
2707:
agreement by the prime ministers of the sixteen Commonwealth Realms
2636:, in the event of the demise of all legitimate male members of the
4553:
4233:
4118:
4098:
3977:
3850:
3832:
3817:
3801:
3767:
3685:
3645:
3619:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3537:
3493:
3488:
3480:
3320:
3227:
3167:
3107:
3099:
3041:
3010:
2878:
2811:
2777:
2768:
2501:
2462:, photographed on 20 May 1910. Standing, from left to right: King
2449:
2405:
2144:
1307:
1297:
397:
258:
4790:
A Glossary of European Noble, Princely, Royal and Imperial Titles
6251:
5092:
5082:
5072:
5055:
4192:
3919:
Sha-quan â King of the world used in some Native American tribes
3893:
3697:
3691:
3551:
3054:
king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
2922:
2633:
2611:
2333:
2228:
2216:
2168:
2057:. A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power in the
1135:
4829:
3790:
from 1724 until 1912 when it gained de facto independence. The
3345:
also refers to a title used by all rulers of Gojoseon and that
4807:
36:
4825:
4820:
African Kingdoms Imperial Throne Leadership and Enthronements
2868:
principality which survives to the present day as one of the
3422:
is now the only monarchy to still use the title of emperor.
3252:
In China, before the abolition of the monarchy in 1912, the
2632:, stipulated that only men could inherit the crown. In most
2628:, practiced in France and in the Italian territories of the
3284:, China had a number of kingdoms, each about the size of a
2147:
in multiple monarchies simultaneously. For example, the 15
2854:, the monarchy was dissolved and Egypt became a republic.
4151:
was established in 1858. It became a protectorate of the
3405:(1897â1910), the rulers of Korea were given the title of
3146:
As of 2022, in Europe there are twelve monarchies: seven
2814:
region, with at least one of them, that of the so-called
2378:
Monarchies take a wide variety of forms, such as the two
4749:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press.
3479:
and many other Middle Eastern monarchies are ruled by a
4582:
Louis, chevalier de Jaucourt (biography) (2011-01-01).
3965:
is officially recognized by the government of Bolivia.
3437:), but reached its ultimate height and glory when King
2410:
Contemporary European monarchies by type of succession
3756:
has been an independent kingdom since 1907. The first
2709:
at the 22nd Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting.
2265:) and trained for future duties. Different systems of
2261:(whose rule over a period of time is referred to as a
3796:
annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
3261:
2986:
in 1816, one that was subsequently absorbed into the
4448:
History of the Highlands & of the Highland Clans
3406:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3298:
3292:
2332:
every five years or after the king's death, and the
6300:
6209:
5923:
5686:
5620:
5432:
5423:
5319:
5301:
5233:
5148:
5113:
5106:
5038:
4952:
4896:
3931:on September 22, 1804. Haiti again had an emperor,
3786:as co-ruler. It came under the rule of the Chinese
3449:, expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of
3441:(known as "The Great Kourosh" in Iran) started the
3072:is something of an elective monarchy: its reigning
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4707:. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
4400:
2312:, but often coming from the same dynasty) and the
2918:, the last Emperor of Ethiopia, was deposed in a
2355:. Advocacy of government by a republic is called
4804:King lists worldwide (archived 14 November 2007)
4144:was established in 1795 and overthrown in 1893.
3260:". "King" is the usual translation for the term
2658:battled, and outcomes were often idiosyncratic.
2101:If a young child is crowned the monarch, then a
3411:, meaning the "Emperor". Today, Members of the
2289:refers to a ruling monarch, as distinct from a
2124:who exercise little or no direct power or only
4129:was founded in 1788. Sovereignty was ceded to
3855:Francisco Pizarro meets with the Inca emperor
3794:became an absolute temporal monarch until the
3082:, has to be chosen by an electoral college of
2167:Monarchs, as such, bear a variety of titles â
4841:
4523:"New Ducal succession rights for Grand Duchy"
3867:Pre-colonial titles that were used included:
3566:'s more modern monarchies is also ruled by a
3267:
2151:are all separate sovereign states, but share
2019:
1415:
8:
3256:was traditionally regarded as the ruler of "
4603:"Colonialism and the 'scramble for Africa'"
3864:as Kings, particularly hereditary leaders.
5429:
5110:
4848:
4834:
4826:
4215:as their reigning constitutional monarch.
2296:Some monarchies are non-hereditary. In an
2026:
2012:
1433:
1422:
1408:
138:
4433:King George the Fifth: his life and reign
2594:family has been most common (but see the
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
4371:"The Holy Roman Empire - Qualifications"
4230:as the reigning constitutional monarch.
3967:
3774:in the 6th century. It was ruled by the
3593:(the Supreme Lord of the Federation) is
3520:, the ancestral home of his family, the
2842:from 1914 until 1922 when it became the
2806:to 31 BC) until it was conquered by the
4461:Hadfield, Andrew; Maley, Willy (1997).
4324:
2365:The King is dead. Long live the King!
2359:, while advocacy of monarchy is called
2053:, and therefore the head of state of a
1444:
149:
4883:List of current non-sovereign monarchs
4710:
4493:"Overturning centuries of royal rules"
4273:have non-sovereign elective monarchs.
2838:was a short-lived protectorate of the
2426:Male-preference cognatic primogeniture
853:Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil
4613:from the original on 26 February 2024
4533:from the original on 15 December 2018
2850:changed his title to King. After the
2669:became the first monarchy to declare
2472:Manuel II of Portugal and the Algarve
2344:and is elected to a life term by the
7:
4133:in 1880 although descendants of the
2914:were ruled by a series of monarchs.
2799:over the course of three millennia (
2536:Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire
65:adding citations to reliable sources
4671:"Courtly Lives - Four Indian Kings"
4601:Davies, Catriona (12 August 2010).
4137:claim the title of King of Tahiti.
3357:(1675) describes The Annals of the
3351:is the proper name of the founder.
2720:). In some other monarchies (e.g.,
2486:. Seated, from left to right: King
785:Establishment of the Dutch monarchy
4878:List of current sovereign monarchs
4169:. After independence in 1970, the
3578:abolished their monarchy in 2008.
3570:. In Arab and Arabized countries,
3024:Currently, the African nations of
2864:(700â1376) and its successor, the
2080:selected by an established process
25:
4701:"17 October: Death of Dessalines"
4503:from the original on 8 March 2021
2590:Hereditary succession within one
2340:, who serves as sovereign of the
2086:monarch, which may be backed and
1894:Biology and political orientation
5396:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4297:
4283:
4207:are sovereign states within the
4069:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3708:(Noble Class). When the islands
3589:'s constitutional monarchy, the
3288:and subordinate to the Emperor.
2548:Edward VII of the United Kingdom
2386:(although strictly Andorra is a
2324:(lit. "He Who is Made Lord') of
1995:
1391:
754:Foundation of the Ottoman Empire
157:
41:
27:Person at the head of a monarchy
4873:Imperial, royal and noble ranks
4681:from the original on 2019-08-09
4564:from the original on 2016-05-13
4413:from the original on 2021-04-23
4381:from the original on 2017-12-29
3679:nobility, variously titled the
3637:French Protectorate of Cambodia
3491:, are still ruled by monarchs.
2528:Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary
2293:, the wife of a reigning king.
2273:(male preference or absolute),
884:Spanish transition to democracy
561:Les Six livres de la RĂ©publique
52:needs additional citations for
4764:Schutt-Ainé, Patricia (1994).
3716:in the late 16th century, the
2492:George V of the United Kingdom
2320:. Modern examples include the
2318:PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
1889:Theories of political behavior
1515:Political history of the world
601:Democracy: The God That Failed
1:
4766:Haiti: A Basic Reference Book
3701:belonged to the caste called
3659:
3232:From left to right, Japanese
2800:
2568:Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
1904:Critique of political economy
879:Birth of the Italian Republic
4888:List of monarchy referendums
4745:Girard, Philippe R. (2011).
4669:Margaret Knight Sypniewska.
4224:British Overseas Territories
4155:at its own request in 1893.
3272:), the sovereign before the
2929:also existed, including the
2834:with a distant monarch. The
2727:Lastly, some monarchies are
2712:In some monarchies, such as
2540:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
2508:Rama V/Chulalongkorn of Siam
1485:Outline of political science
4822:(archived 25 December 2018)
4699:TiCam (27 September 2006).
4116:societies were ruled by an
3654:, Queen consort Anula, and
3457:and the Caucasus. From the
3407:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3299:
3293:
3262:
3124:nations, sometimes causing
2852:Egyptian Revolution of 1952
2786:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
2679:full cognatic primogeniture
2468:Ferdinand of the Bulgarians
2117:; on the other they may be
2098:or a combination of means.
838:Austro-Hungarian Compromise
764:Birth of the Dutch Republic
6485:
4552:Emma.Goodey (2016-03-17).
4431:Nicholson, Harold (1952).
4399:Marathe, Om (2019-08-03).
4092:
3963:king of the Afro-Bolivians
3814:Monarchies in the Americas
3811:
3612:'s 1959 constitution, the
3221:
3093:
2762:
2328:, who is appointed by the
2185:Sovereign Prince of Monaco
1490:Index of politics articles
874:Siamese revolution of 1932
29:
4863:
4717:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3770:was a monarchy since the
3556:Haitham bin Tariq Al Said
3280:period. During the early
3268:
3141:monarchies were abolished
2886:, the 26th Sultan of the
2780:1279â1213 BC), the third
2544:Nicholas II of the Russia
848:5 October 1910 Revolution
744:Birth of the Roman Empire
5025:Self-proclaimed monarchy
4446:BROWNE, J., ed. (1838).
3808:Monarchs in the Americas
3683:(today meaning "king"),
2949:, Warsangali Sultanate,
2564:Frederik VIII of Denmark
2496:Frederik VIII of Denmark
2484:Albert I of the Belgians
2480:George I of the Hellenes
2458:for the funeral of King
2269:have been used, such as
2225:Grand Duke of Luxembourg
591:Considerations on France
32:Monarch (disambiguation)
5293:Vatican City (Holy See)
4209:Commonwealth of Nations
3927:, who declared himself
3925:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
3435:list of Kings of Persia
2532:Ferdinand I of Bulgaria
2454:The Nine Sovereigns at
2138:constitutional monarchy
1899:Political organisations
1662:International relations
1500:Politics by subdivision
1207:Emperor system of Japan
6454:Positions of authority
5575:Islands of Refreshment
5005:Legitimacy (political)
4339:. 2014. Archived from
4161:ruled the short-lived
4110:
3860:
3848:
3830:
3665:
3652:King Devanampiya Tissa
3629:
3506:
3413:Korean Imperial family
3249:
3242:Crown Princess Michiko
3116:
3105:
2943:Sultanate of Mogadishu
2891:
2788:
2675:absolute primogeniture
2648:cognatic primogeniture
2587:
2499:
2447:
2417:Absolute primogeniture
1082:Enlightened absolutism
5386:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4975:Criticism of monarchy
4965:Abolition of monarchy
4175:military coup in 1987
4102:
4095:Monarchies in Oceania
4093:Further information:
4081:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3854:
3836:
3821:
3812:Further information:
3744:Sultan of Maguindanao
3649:
3623:
3591:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
3497:
3447:the ancient Near East
3431:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
3395:until 503. The title
3231:
3222:Further information:
3111:
3103:
3094:Further information:
2882:
2772:
2763:Further information:
2602:and sometimes (e.g.,
2584:Alfonso XIII of Spain
2580:Manuel II of Portugal
2552:Wilhelm II of Germany
2534:, Padishah (Emperor)
2505:
2488:Alfonso XIII of Spain
2476:Wilhelm II of Germany
2453:
2435:Agnatic primogeniture
2409:
2392:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
2380:co-princes of Andorra
2338:Roman Catholic Church
2322:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
1979:Political campaigning
1719:Public administration
1552:Collective leadership
187:Divine right of kings
5218:United Arab Emirates
4529:. 11 December 2017.
4435:. London: Constable.
4211:that currently have
4159:Seru Epenisa Cakobau
4149:Kingdom of Rarotonga
3732:SpanishâAmerican War
3724:nobility called the
3603:Conference of Rulers
3485:United Arab Emirates
3238:Crown Prince Akihito
3096:Monarchies in Europe
2955:Majeerteen Sultanate
2890:Warsangali Sultanate
2765:Monarchies in Africa
2560:Haakon VII of Norway
2464:Haakon VII of Norway
2346:College of Cardinals
2330:Conference of Rulers
1829:Separation of powers
1700:Political psychology
1675:Comparative politics
1653:political scientists
1640:Academic disciplines
1520:Political philosophy
825:Unification of Italy
814:Second French Empire
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
6414:Trinidad and Tobago
6301:Commonwealth realms
6186:United Baltic Duchy
5329:Antigua and Barbuda
5321:Commonwealth realms
5015:Order of succession
4802:Regnal Chronologies
4584:"Elective monarchy"
4499:. 28 October 2011.
4337:Oxford Dictionaries
4089:Monarchs in Oceania
4073:Antigua and Barbuda
3957:, for example, the
3514:Abdul-Aziz bin Saud
3465:in the west to the
3019:Scramble for Africa
2671:equal primogeniture
2526:, Emperor and King
2474:, Kaiser (Emperor)
2384:president of France
2306:Holy Roman Emperors
2201:Emperor of Ethiopia
2149:Commonwealth realms
2113:) wielding genuine
2002:Politics portal
1851:Election commission
1822:Government branches
1705:Political sociology
1557:Confessional system
1495:Politics by country
1398:Politics portal
798:First French Empire
772:Glorious Revolution
4813:2015-11-13 at the
4795:2019-05-02 at the
4658:, October 27, 2003
4637:2007-02-19 at the
4480:Kvinnlig tronföljd
4407:The Indian Express
4111:
4045:Brazil (1815â1822)
4013:Mexico (1821â1823)
4009:Brazil (1822â1889)
3959:Afro-Bolivian king
3861:
3849:
3831:
3666:
3630:
3507:
3443:Achaemenid dynasty
3250:
3224:Monarchies in Asia
3206:), as well as one
3117:
3106:
3090:Monarchs in Europe
2982:formed a powerful
2959:Sultanate of Hobyo
2892:
2884:Mohamoud Ali Shire
2870:traditional states
2836:Sultanate of Egypt
2822:, Islamic Empire,
2789:
2759:Monarchs in Africa
2588:
2556:Gustav V of Sweden
2524:Carol I of Romania
2516:George I of Greece
2500:
2448:
2444:Elective/appointed
2390:). Similarly, the
2342:Vatican City State
2271:proximity of blood
1685:Political analysis
1617:Semi-parliamentary
1237:List of monarchies
1038:Related ideologies
905:Nepalese Civil War
892:Iranian Revolution
866:Russian Revolution
861:Chinese Revolution
843:German unification
6431:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6116:Piedmont-Sardinia
5868:Sip Song Chau Tai
5678:Thirteen Colonies
5419:
5418:
4775:978-0-9638599-0-7
4756:978-0-8173-1732-4
4313:Lists of monarchs
4271:Wallis and Futuna
4142:Kingdom of Hawaii
4127:Kingdom of Tahiti
4086:
4085:
4041:Haiti (1811â1820)
4001:Haiti (1804â1806)
3842:Emperor of Brazil
3748:1987 Constitution
3560:Kingdom of Jordan
3554:is led by Sultan
3483:and parts of the
3459:Mediterranean Sea
3420:Japanese monarchy
3297:(great king), or
3121:Holy Roman Empire
3068:in south-western
3052:are ruled by the
2927:Somali Sultanates
2910:(1270â1974), and
2718:agnatic seniority
2604:Ernestine duchies
2520:Peter I of Serbia
2300:, the monarch is
2298:elective monarchy
2279:agnatic seniority
2111:absolute monarchy
2096:right of conquest
2036:
2035:
1984:Political parties
1924:Electoral systems
1648:Political science
1622:Semi-presidential
1534:Political systems
1510:Political history
1505:Political economy
1432:
1431:
830:Meiji Restoration
777:French Revolution
759:Tsarist autocracy
720:Popescu-TÄriceanu
219:Abdication system
197:Royal prerogative
192:Mandate of Heaven
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
6476:
6355:Irish Free State
6121:PolandâLithuania
5430:
5381:Papua New Guinea
5111:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4827:
4779:
4760:
4732:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4716:
4708:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4666:
4660:
4652:The Lost Kingdom
4650:Ferguson, Will;
4647:
4641:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4558:The Royal Family
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4489:
4483:
4473:
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4466:
4458:
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4451:
4443:
4437:
4436:
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4421:
4419:
4418:
4404:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4367:
4361:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4343:on May 17, 2014.
4329:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4293:
4288:
4287:
4247:the position of
4222:are part of the
4220:Pitcairn Islands
4197:Papua New Guinea
4171:Dominion of Fiji
3968:
3929:Emperor of Haiti
3846:Delfim da CĂąmara
3827:Emperor of Haiti
3664:
3661:
3626:Norodom Sihanouk
3614:Sultan of Brunei
3599:Majlis Raja-Raja
3542:Masjid al-Nabawi
3410:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3335:. The legendary
3302:
3296:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3258:All under heaven
3254:emperor of China
3234:Emperor Hirohito
3218:Monarchs in Asia
2973:Kingdom of Kongo
2951:Geledi Sultanate
2947:Ajuran Sultanate
2935:Walashma dynasty
2908:Ethiopian Empire
2900:Kingdom of Aksum
2844:Kingdom of Egypt
2820:Byzantine Empire
2805:
2802:
2572:Guangxu of China
2441:
2432:
2423:
2414:
2316:of kings of the
2209:Emperor of India
2205:Emperor of Japan
2197:Emperor of China
2153:the same monarch
2084:proclaim oneself
2028:
2021:
2014:
2000:
1999:
1790:
1735:
1690:Political theory
1680:Election science
1670:
1656:
1434:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1396:
1395:
1276:Philosopher king
606:
596:
586:
576:
566:
556:
546:
508:Kuehnelt-Leddihn
244:Crowned republic
229:Chinese Legalist
168:Central concepts
161:
139:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
6484:
6483:
6479:
6478:
6477:
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6474:
6473:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6423:
6348:princely states
6296:
6232:Kingdom of Fiji
6205:
5951:Austria-Hungary
5919:
5682:
5616:
5415:
5401:Solomon Islands
5315:
5297:
5229:
5144:
5102:
5034:
4980:Democratization
4948:
4892:
4859:
4854:
4815:Wayback Machine
4797:Wayback Machine
4786:
4776:
4763:
4757:
4744:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4709:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4684:
4682:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4648:
4644:
4639:Wayback Machine
4632:Canada: History
4630:
4626:
4616:
4614:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4567:
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4364:
4352:
4348:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4321:
4303:
4298:
4296:
4291:Politics portal
4289:
4282:
4279:
4201:Solomon Islands
4187:(including the
4163:Kingdom of Fiji
4147:An independent
4097:
4091:
3816:
3810:
3718:Spanish monarch
3662:
3656:Prince Uththiya
3534:Masjid al-Haram
3504:Ottoman dynasty
3439:Cyrus the Great
3427:Pahlavi dynasty
3276:and during the
3226:
3220:
3098:
3092:
3017:As part of the
2988:Colony of Natal
2969:Southern Africa
2912:Aussa Sultanate
2803:
2767:
2761:
2756:
2446:
2439:
2437:
2430:
2428:
2421:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2376:
2310:prince-electors
2255:hereditary rule
2165:
2163:Characteristics
2136:or other body (
2032:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1919:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1866:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1824:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1809:Public interest
1794:Domestic policy
1784:
1777:
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1764:
1729:
1722:
1721:
1710:
1709:
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1439:Politics series
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3246:Empress Nagako
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3196:principalities
3176:United Kingdom
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3050:Canary Islands
2939:Ifat Sultanate
2931:Adal Sultanate
2916:Haile Selassie
2902:and later the
2896:Horn of Africa
2840:United Kingdom
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2804: 3150 BC
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2128:, with actual
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2122:heads of state
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5000:Head of state
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4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4851:
4846:
4844:
4839:
4837:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4748:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4728:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4706:
4705:haitiwebs.com
4702:
4695:
4692:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4628:
4625:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4578:
4575:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4545:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4469:
4464:
4457:
4454:
4449:
4442:
4439:
4434:
4427:
4424:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4395:
4392:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4359:0-395-96214-5
4356:
4350:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4295:
4292:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4269:territory of
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4143:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4105:
4104:Kamehameha IV
4101:
4096:
4088:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:Female title
3973:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3949:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3918:
3915:
3912:Morubixaba â
3911:
3909:(Inca Empire)
3908:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3874:â Aboriginal
3873:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3722:Christianised
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3663: 307 BC
3657:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3522:House of Saud
3519:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3403:Korean Empire
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3200:Liechtenstein
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3122:
3114:
3110:
3102:
3097:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3058:king of Spain
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2990:in 1897. The
2989:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2975:(1400â1914).
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2904:Zagwe dynasty
2901:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2798:
2797:Ancient Egypt
2794:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2701:in 2011. The
2700:
2697:in 2009, and
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2656:primogeniture
2653:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2610:, in which a
2609:
2608:primogeniture
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2418:
2408:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:republicanism
2354:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:free election
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2291:queen consort
2288:
2287:queen regnant
2284:
2280:
2276:
2275:primogeniture
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:Emir of Qatar
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2044:head of state
2041:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:Civil society
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1782:Public policy
1780:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Parliamentary
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:Hybrid regime
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1325:Regnal number
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1252:Non-sovereign
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1152:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1065:Authoritarian
1063:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1008:Crown Council
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:Privy council
1001:
997:
994:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
955:
952:
951:
944:
943:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
914:
913:
906:
903:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
820:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
804:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
788:
786:
783:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
735:
734:
726:
725:Zourabichvili
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
615:
614:
603:
602:
598:
593:
592:
588:
583:
582:
578:
573:
572:
568:
563:
562:
558:
553:
552:
548:
543:
542:
538:
537:
536:
535:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
438:Chateaubriand
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
389:
388:
378:
377:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
342:
339:
338:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
306:Non-sovereign
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
265:
262:
261:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
216:
209:
208:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
172:
171:
165:
164:
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
145:
141:
140:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: â
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
6469:Noble titles
6404:South Africa
6399:Sierra Leone
6346:
6176:Two Sicilies
6111:Papal States
5911:
5850:
5743:
5609:
5369:Cook Islands
5222:
5208:Saudi Arabia
5137:
4867:
4808:Archontology
4765:
4746:
4738:
4737:
4727:
4704:
4694:
4683:. Retrieved
4674:
4664:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4627:
4615:. Retrieved
4606:
4596:
4587:
4577:
4566:. Retrieved
4557:
4554:"Succession"
4547:
4535:. Retrieved
4526:
4517:
4505:. Retrieved
4496:
4487:
4479:
4471:
4462:
4456:
4447:
4441:
4432:
4426:
4415:. Retrieved
4406:
4394:
4383:. Retrieved
4374:
4365:
4349:
4341:the original
4336:
4327:
4253:
4242:
4232:
4217:
4189:Cook Islands
4179:
4157:
4146:
4139:
4124:
4117:
4112:
3962:
3952:
3945:
3922:
3866:
3862:
3800:
3788:Qing dynasty
3776:Yuan dynasty
3766:
3761:
3752:
3736:Commonwealth
3730:. After the
3725:
3710:were annexed
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3674:pre-Colonial
3667:
3631:
3607:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3550:
3510:Saudi Arabia
3508:
3471:
3455:Central Asia
3453:and much of
3424:
3417:
3354:Gyuwon Sahwa
3290:
3278:Ten Kingdoms
3251:
3192:Vatican City
3145:
3137:World War II
3130:
3118:
3113:Elizabeth II
3077:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3003:
2984:Zulu Kingdom
2977:
2963:
2933:(led by the
2893:
2862:Kanem Empire
2856:
2808:Roman Empire
2791:A series of
2790:
2749:
2726:
2717:
2714:Saudi Arabia
2711:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2660:
2641:
2638:patrilineage
2623:
2616:
2600:medieval era
2589:
2377:
2369:
2350:
2295:
2259:royal family
2249:
2166:
2142:
2132:vested in a
2100:
2073:
2066:
2039:
2037:
1732:street-level
1607:Presidential
1567:Dictatorship
1437:Part of the
1200:Illegitimate
1195:Family trees
1060:Conservatism
1025:Royal assent
809:Liberal Wars
599:
589:
579:
569:
559:
549:
539:
533:
532:
387:Philosophers
386:
385:
326:Principality
176:
142:Part of the
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
6343:British Raj
6315:(Sri Lanka)
6201:WĂŒrttemberg
5913:South Yemen
5801:Maguindanao
5694:Afghanistan
5455:Barotseland
5391:Saint Lucia
5364:New Zealand
5273:Netherlands
5046:Chhatrapati
5030:Sovereignty
4970:Aristocracy
4617:26 February
4537:16 December
4527:luxtimes.lu
4245:New Zealand
4228:Charles III
4213:Charles III
4185:New Zealand
4065:Saint Lucia
4057:the Bahamas
3971:Male title
3903:Qhapaq Inka
3762:Dragon King
3758:Druk Gyalpo
3727:PrincipalĂa
3670:Philippines
3650:Sri Lankan
3628:of Cambodia
3564:Middle East
3467:Indus River
3282:Han dynasty
3274:Qin dynasty
3194:), and two
3180:grand duchy
3160:Netherlands
3133:World War I
3119:Within the
2980:Zulu people
2860:hosted the
2858:West Africa
2846:and Sultan
2826:Sultanate,
2774:Ramesses II
2683:Netherlands
2643:jure uxoris
2592:patrilineal
2308:(chosen by
2115:sovereignty
2092:acclamation
2088:legitimated
1871:Sovereignty
1836:Legislature
1739:Technocracy
1727:Bureaucracy
1592:Meritocracy
1572:Directorial
1355:Interregnum
1320:Regnal list
1225:presumptive
1050:Bonapartism
996:Royal guard
959:Appointment
924:Aristocracy
749:Magna Carta
715:Zhirinovsky
618:Politicians
545:(1265-1266)
473:Kierkegaard
6438:Categories
6409:Tanganyika
6324:The Gambia
6252:NiuÄ-Fekai
6191:Yugoslavia
6091:Montenegro
5898:Upper Yafa
5893:Upper Asir
5530:Madagascar
5263:Luxembourg
4995:Government
4960:Abdication
4929:Hereditary
4857:Monarchies
4685:2007-01-30
4568:2021-04-23
4450:. Glasgow.
4417:2021-04-23
4385:2021-04-23
4319:References
4249:MÄori King
4114:Polynesian
4106:, King of
4017:1864â1867)
4005:1849â1859)
3876:Hispaniola
3792:Dalai Lama
3784:Dalai Lama
3526:a grandson
3500:Mehmed III
3487:, such as
3463:Hellespont
3291:In Korea,
3184:Luxembourg
3128:problems.
3126:diplomatic
3038:St. Helena
2925:. Various
2699:Luxembourg
2596:Rain Queen
2574:, Emperor
2570:, Emperor
2550:, Emperor
2542:, Emperor
2460:Edward VII
2402:Succession
2361:monarchism
2267:succession
2221:grand duke
2134:parliament
2119:ceremonial
2051:abdication
1961:Governance
1951:Government
1946:Federalism
1547:City-state
1340:Succession
1212:Figurehead
1163:Coronation
1112:Luxembourg
1092:Legitimism
1087:Jacobitism
650:Metternich
581:Patriarcha
478:Dostoevsky
408:Bellarmine
381:Philosophy
331:Real union
296:Hereditary
182:Monarchism
117:March 2021
87:newspapers
6379:Mauritius
6272:Rarotonga
6257:Nuku Hiva
6247:Mangareva
6222:Bora Bora
6101:NeuchĂątel
6071:Lithuania
5976:Catalonia
5863:Sri Lanka
5816:Manchukuo
5791:Kurdistan
5745:Indonesia
5668:Talamanca
5628:AraucanĂa
5611:and other
5590:Wassoulou
5334:Australia
5010:Oligarchy
4675:Angelfire
4465:. Oxford.
4375:Heraldica
4333:"monarch"
4181:Australia
4021:Sapa Inca
3982:Examples
3933:Faustin I
3880:Borinquen
3857:Atahualpa
3823:Jacques I
3798:in 1951.
3782:with the
3705:Maharlika
3641:1970 coup
3580:Sri Lanka
3380:Chachaung
3374:Geoseogan
2992:Zulu king
2920:communist
2693:in 1991,
2689:in 1990,
2685:in 1983,
2665:In 1980,
2652:proximity
2626:Salic law
2582:and King
2494:and King
2482:and King
2353:republics
2283:Salic law
2130:authority
2107:autocrats
2075:the crown
2049:or until
1941:Unitarism
1929:Elections
1917:Subseries
1846:Judiciary
1841:Executive
1744:Adhocracy
1627:Theocracy
1582:Feudalism
1562:Democracy
1360:Rebellion
1345:Anti-king
1330:Sovereign
1281:Pretender
1232:Kingmaker
1168:Criticism
1119:Orléanism
1097:Miguelism
1077:Despotism
1045:Alfonsism
989:Favourite
979:Camarilla
969:Household
934:Oligarchy
929:Autocracy
705:Churchill
571:Leviathan
551:Monarchia
493:Bainville
368:Universal
341:Coregency
311:Pentarchy
234:Composite
76:"Monarch"
6464:Politics
6449:Monarchs
6444:Monarchy
6394:Rhodesia
6389:Pakistan
6308:Barbados
6277:Rimatara
6267:Rapa Iti
6196:Valencia
6171:Tavolara
6161:Scotland
6126:Portugal
6086:Moldavia
5971:Bulgaria
5966:Brittany
5941:Asturias
5821:Mongolia
5811:Maldives
5673:Trinidad
5663:Suriname
5621:Americas
5605:Zimbabwe
5600:Zanzibar
5585:Wituland
5560:Ngazidja
5555:Ndzuwani
5490:Ethiopia
5213:Thailand
5193:Malaysia
5173:Cambodia
5123:Eswatini
4919:Elective
4904:Absolute
4811:Archived
4793:Archived
4713:cite web
4679:Archived
4656:Macleans
4635:Archived
4611:Archived
4562:Archived
4531:Archived
4501:Archived
4497:BBC News
4482:, p. 16.
4411:Archived
4379:Archived
4277:See also
3992:Empress
3941:Pedro II
3885:Tlatoani
3838:Pedro II
3677:Filipino
3633:Cambodia
3595:de facto
3587:Malaysia
3473:Thailand
3392:Maripgan
3348:Wanggeom
3313:Goguryeo
3305:Gojoseon
3286:province
3174:and the
3148:kingdoms
3048:and the
3034:Eswatini
3008:and the
2998:and the
2793:pharaohs
2745:Cambodia
2741:Holy See
2737:Malaysia
2729:elective
2619:tanistry
2566:, Queen
2514:), King
2512:Thailand
2510:(modern
2396:Malaysia
2326:Malaysia
2251:Monarchy
2213:archduke
2181:princess
2155:through
2090:through
2078:) or is
2063:inherits
2055:monarchy
2047:for life
1969:Ideology
1787:doctrine
1748:Service
1612:Republic
1597:Monarchy
1577:Federacy
1466:Category
1446:Politics
1315:Regicide
1259:Nobility
1220:apparent
1124:Royalism
1102:Orangism
984:Courtier
710:Renouvin
685:Bismarck
680:Castillo
670:Disraeli
660:Polignac
640:Consalvi
541:De Regno
513:Bogdanor
363:Triarchy
358:Tetrarch
353:Signoria
286:Ethnarch
276:Elective
224:Absolute
151:Monarchy
18:Monarchs
6384:Nigeria
6359:Ireland
6287:Tahuata
6262:Raiatea
6242:Huahine
6217:Abemama
6210:Oceania
6181:Tuscany
6136:Romania
6131:Prussia
6096:Navarre
6076:Majorca
6056:Ireland
6051:Imereti
6046:Iceland
6041:Hungary
6036:Hanover
6031:Granada
6021:Germany
6016:Georgia
6011:Galicia
6001:Finland
5991:Corsica
5986:Cilicia
5956:Bavaria
5946:Austria
5931:Albania
5903:Vietnam
5846:Sarawak
5836:Qu'aiti
5771:Kathiri
5734:Dapitan
5709:Bukhara
5658:Miskito
5580:Tunisia
5570:Shilluk
5480:Dahomey
5470:Burundi
5460:Bagirmi
5440:Adamawa
5359:Jamaica
5354:Grenada
5339:Bahamas
5303:Oceania
5253:Denmark
5248:Belgium
5243:Andorra
5158:Bahrain
5133:Morocco
5128:Lesotho
5107:Current
5098:Pharaoh
5051:Emperor
4990:Dynasty
4944:Regency
4924:Federal
4914:Diarchy
4868:Monarch
4739:Sources
4507:22 June
4478:1977:5
4265:in the
4061:Grenada
4053:Jamaica
4036:Kingdom
3988:Emperor
3955:Bolivia
3937:Pedro I
3872:Cacique
3780:diarchy
3712:to the
3668:In the
3530:Islamic
3502:of the
3498:Sultan
3408:Hwangje
3386:Isageum
3367:Taewang
3294:Daewang
3212:Andorra
3208:diarchy
3186:), one
3178:), one
3156:Denmark
3152:Belgium
3139:, many
3070:Nigeria
3056:or the
3046:Melilla
3030:Lesotho
3026:Morocco
3005:Inkosis
2965:Central
2937:of the
2894:In the
2874:Nigeria
2816:A-Group
2784:of the
2782:pharaoh
2754:History
2695:Denmark
2691:Belgium
2578:, King
2562:, King
2558:, King
2554:, King
2546:, King
2538:, King
2522:, King
2518:, King
2490:, King
2478:, King
2470:, King
2456:Windsor
2388:diarchy
2336:of the
2302:elected
2263:dynasty
2245:pharaoh
2239:(e.g.,
2231:(e.g.,
2223:(e.g.,
2195:(e.g.,
2193:empress
2189:emperor
2183:(e.g.,
2040:monarch
1974:Culture
1884:Country
1542:Anarchy
1456:Outline
1372:Usurper
1264:Peerage
1242:Current
1190:Descent
1173:Dynasty
1136:Toryism
1107:Belgium
1055:Carlism
1018:RiksrÄd
1013:Makhzen
974:Retinue
738:History
700:Metaxas
695:Maurras
665:Decazes
655:VillĂšle
645:Plessis
630:Pius VI
625:Mazarin
518:Scruton
488:Maurras
443:Novalis
428:Maistre
423:Bossuet
393:Aquinas
336:Regency
321:Popular
301:Khanate
291:Federal
281:Emirate
249:Diarchy
177:Monarch
101:scholar
6459:Titles
6419:Uganda
6369:Malawi
6334:Guyana
6313:Ceylon
6292:Tahiti
6282:Rurutu
6237:Hawaii
6166:Serbia
6151:Saxony
6141:Russia
6026:Greece
6006:France
5996:Cyprus
5981:Crimea
5961:Bosnia
5936:Aragon
5924:Europe
5888:Taiwan
5858:Sikkim
5841:Ryukyu
5826:Najran
5724:Chehab
5704:Bengal
5653:Mexico
5638:Brazil
5565:Rwanda
5545:Maravi
5445:Ankole
5433:Africa
5425:Former
5406:Tuvalu
5349:Canada
5344:Belize
5288:Sweden
5278:Norway
5268:Monaco
5235:Europe
5188:Kuwait
5183:Jordan
5168:Brunei
5163:Bhutan
5115:Africa
5088:Sultan
5039:Titles
4953:Topics
4772:
4753:
4357:
4267:French
4263:Sigave
4261:, and
4205:Tuvalu
4131:France
4108:Hawaii
4077:Belize
4049:Canada
4015:&
4003:&
3996:Empire
3916:tribes
3889:Nahuas
3859:, 1532
3829:, 1804
3754:Bhutan
3703:Uring
3672:, the
3610:Brunei
3608:Under
3558:. The
3546:Medina
3540:, and
3518:Riyadh
3477:Jordan
3360:Dangun
3342:Dangun
3337:Dangun
3333:Joseon
3331:, and
3329:Goryeo
3325:Balhae
3317:Baekje
3248:, 1959
3204:Monaco
3188:papacy
3172:Sweden
3164:Norway
3084:nobles
3076:, the
3062:Yoruba
3032:, and
3011:Kgosis
3000:Tswana
2898:, the
2888:Somali
2848:Fuad I
2824:Mamluk
2795:ruled
2722:Jordan
2687:Norway
2667:Sweden
2442:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2424:
2422:
2415:
2413:
2243:), or
2237:sultan
2177:prince
2103:regent
2069:throne
1934:voting
1876:Polity
1774:Policy
1753:Public
1667:theory
1350:Crisis
1303:Empire
1247:Former
1185:Family
917:Polity
675:Cortés
605:(2001)
595:(1796)
585:(1680)
575:(1651)
565:(1576)
555:(1313)
528:Yarvin
483:Youwei
468:Balmes
463:Cortés
448:Balzac
433:Bonald
418:Hobbes
413:Filmer
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
6374:Malta
6364:Kenya
6339:India
6329:Ghana
6156:Savoy
6146:Samos
6061:Italy
5908:Yemen
5883:Tibet
5878:Syria
5831:Nepal
5806:Mahra
5786:Kumul
5781:Korea
5776:Khiva
5755:Qajar
5739:Hejaz
5729:China
5714:Burma
5643:Haiti
5633:Aztec
5550:Mwali
5540:Maore
5520:Libya
5515:Kongo
5510:Kaffa
5505:Gumma
5500:Gomma
5495:Ghana
5485:Egypt
5465:Bornu
5450:Aussa
5311:Tonga
5283:Spain
5203:Qatar
5178:Japan
4234:Tonga
4226:with
4119:ariki
4031:Queen
4027:King
3978:Realm
3844:, by
3802:Nepal
3768:Tibet
3686:Lakan
3624:King
3576:Nepal
3572:Malik
3568:Malik
3538:Mecca
3489:Dubai
3481:Malik
3321:Silla
3309:Buyeo
3168:Spain
3066:Akure
3042:Ceuta
2996:Xhosa
2866:Bornu
2812:Nubia
2634:fiefs
2173:queen
2145:reign
2059:state
2042:is a
1957:forms
1880:State
1757:Civil
1461:Index
1335:Style
1308:Reich
1298:Realm
1269:Realm
1216:Heir
1178:Lists
1129:Ultra
954:Court
690:Mella
635:Ruffo
534:Works
523:Hoppe
503:Evola
458:Gogol
403:Bodin
398:Dante
264:Grand
259:Duchy
212:Types
108:JSTOR
94:books
6319:Fiji
5873:Sulu
5852:Shan
5796:Laos
5761:Iraq
5751:Iran
5719:Cebu
5699:Asir
5687:Asia
5648:Inca
5595:Yeke
5535:Mali
5525:Luba
5374:Niue
5224:list
5198:Oman
5150:Asia
5139:list
5093:Shah
5083:Tsar
5078:khan
5073:Raja
5056:King
4897:Type
4770:ISBN
4751:ISBN
4719:link
4619:2024
4539:2018
4509:2018
4355:ISBN
4255:Uvea
4218:The
4203:and
4193:Niue
4191:and
4140:The
4125:The
3939:and
3914:Tupi
3898:Maya
3894:Ajaw
3878:and
3742:and
3698:Datu
3695:and
3692:Raja
3681:harĂŹ
3552:Oman
3461:and
3418:The
3300:Wang
3263:wang
3244:and
3202:and
3135:and
3079:Deji
2978:The
2967:and
2957:and
2923:coup
2830:and
2743:and
2654:and
2624:The
2612:lord
2334:pope
2229:emir
2217:duke
2169:king
2067:the
1377:list
1293:Rank
1286:List
1141:High
498:Seca
254:Dual
80:news
6081:Man
4607:CNN
4476:SOU
4259:Alo
4243:In
4195:),
3605:).
3585:In
3544:in
3536:in
3398:Gun
3214:).
3074:Oba
2941:),
2872:of
2733:UAE
2677:or
2394:of
2235:),
2227:),
2219:or
2211:),
2191:or
2187:),
2179:or
2171:or
2140:).
2072:or
1365:War
63:by
6440::
6357:/
6345:,
4715:}}
4711:{{
4703:.
4677:.
4673:.
4654:;
4609:.
4605:.
4586:.
4560:.
4556:.
4525:.
4495:.
4409:.
4405:.
4377:.
4373:.
4335:.
4257:,
4199:,
4183:,
4177:.
4079:,
4075:,
4071:,
4067:,
4063:,
4059:,
4055:,
4051:,
4047:,
4043:,
4019:,
4011:,
4007:,
3943:.
3905:â
3896:â
3887:â
3840:,
3825:,
3750:.
3689:,
3660:c.
3658:,
3548:.
3383:,
3377:,
3327:,
3323:,
3319:,
3315:,
3311:,
3307:,
3240:,
3236:,
3170:,
3166:,
3162:,
3158:,
3154:,
3044:,
3040:,
3028:,
2961:.
2953:,
2945:,
2906:,
2876:.
2801:c.
2778:r.
2739:,
2735:,
2673:,
2348:.
2281:,
2277:,
2247:.
2215:,
2207:,
2203:,
2199:,
2175:,
2159:.
2094:,
2038:A
1959:/
1882:/
1878:/
1755:/
6351:)
6341:(
5916:)
5910:(
5757:)
5753:(
4849:e
4842:t
4835:v
4778:.
4759:.
4721:)
4688:.
4621:.
4590:.
4571:.
4541:.
4511:.
4420:.
4388:.
3760:(
3601:(
3269:ç
3266:(
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2776:(
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2586:.
2498:.
2109:(
2027:e
2020:t
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1669:)
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