383:
distinguish. From early 1969 on, because a new improved gearbox was installed in order to make a better use of the power and torque and to improve performances, M-412 had the gear lever mounted on the floor. The M-408 had the gear lever mounted on the floor since late 1973. Initially, the 412 was designed as a replacement for the 408, but they ended up being built together at the same plant. The decision to keep 408 in production was that it was more suited to harsh conditions than the 412; it could tolerate 75 octane fuel and could work with lower grade oils. Between 1967 and 1969, the only difference between 408 and 412 was usually a badge, placed on the rear of the car trunk lid ( near the
Moskvitch name or opposite ), on the front fenders or on the front radiator grill. The badge was usually 412, but sometimes it was also 1500, depending on version and market.
812:
366:. Steel cylinder liners were replaceable to enable easy repair of the engine instead of having to replace it entirely. Since it was of an OHC design, it was taller than the OHV MZMA-408 engine it replaced, which is why it was mounted at a slant. The UZAM-412 had a capacity of 1,478 cc (90.2 cu in) c.c. and developed 75 horsepower. Its more powerful version, the Moskvitch-412-2V, had 100 h.p. and was installed on sports cars. The 1,478 cc (90.2 cu in) UZAM-412 engine, with a light alloy block, was designed by Igor I. Okunev. According to some observers, it bore some similarities to the contemporary BMW M 115 motor used in the
781:
824:
745:
29:
851:
725:
757:
404:, and received an international safety certificate as a result of almost five months of tests in France. It was upgraded with dual-circuit braking system with power assistance (servo), disc brakes on the front wheels since 1970 (models with front drum brakes continued to be built, but for certain markets, like western Europe, were delivered with brake discs, but even in East Europe models with brake discs at the front were available, in parallel with drum brakes versions), reinforced car-body structure, and
534:
432:
863:
800:
526:
510:
769:
836:
518:
568:
476:
M-412, the base sedan model that underwent various adaptations marked by adding different letters such as "E", "I", "U", "P", etc. to its name. They usually meant the class of the vehicle (as in luxury residential, commercial, governmental, sports, export, and so on) and were preferred over precising
878:
The M-412 was launched in the United
Kingdom in 1969, when the first 20 dealerships were set up and some 300 cars were sold. Sales increased annually and peaked in 1973, when 3462 cars were sold through a 268-dealer network, but collapsed to 344 in 1975. Although the car was designed with attention
907:
report in 1973 branding the car as "dangerously unsafe" did not help the
Moskvich in the marketplace, even though its safety record was in response publicly defended by the managing director of the importing company, citing positive reviews from Moskvitch owners involved in traffic collisions. The
542:
IZh-412 practically similar to M-412, with slight changes in the frontal grille, most notably retaining twin round headlights. The car was still marketed as
Moskvich 412 and had such name on a rear hood, while IZh-412 was a factory designation. After a facelift in 1982 it received a black
399:
and tanned headlight lamps on export models. The first series
Moskvich 412 (1967-1969) is quite rare today as they were more expensive and thus built in lower numbers than the 408. Another notable (but not unique, as it was used in other Russian cars at the time) feature were the so-called side
382:
inherited from the M-408 was improved, with the gearbox ratios being revised to make better use of the increased power output. Until early 1969, M412 had the gear lever on the steering column, just like M-408, and did not have bucket seats, but a front bench, making M408 and 412 very hard to
499:
and pickup variant that succeeded the M-433 straight from 1967 to 1973 (thereafter it was replaced by the IZh-2715 that increased in popularity by that time). Both this model and the M-427 kept their rear light tailfin design until 1982, and passed it on to M-2137 variants from
484:
on the same base, produced from 1969, replacing the M-426 wagon. In 1972, this got a new one-piece upward-hinged tailgate. AZLK stopped making these in 1976; IZh continued with production until 1982. Starting 1971, the base of this model served to create the Izh-2125
394:
in 1976, replacing round headlights (two on ordinary models, four mainly on export models) and vertical rear lights. Only rear triangular turn signals remained on vestigial tailfins. Until then, the M-412 profited from heightened
780:
400:
signals, mounted on the C-pillars on some vehicles and similar to the
American "opera lights". The designers "had paid real attention to passive safety," the car was crash-tested, met the standards of safety adopted by the
669:
2 or 4 (twin) round headlights (Izh-412: 1967 –1982); vertical rear lights; front bench seat (until 1968); column-mounted gearshift lever (on the 408 until 1973, on the 412 until the fall of 1968).
744:
666:
Square headlights; horizontal rear lights; triangular rear turn signal markers; separated front seats; floor-mounted gearshift lever (except for the 408, which had column-mounted shifter until 1973).
724:
546:
IZh-427 was a duplicate of the M-427, with no other changes beside the company logo. The car, however, entered in production only in 1971 because of the abundance in
Moskvitch variants.
428:
in 1972. The modernized model, both for export and domestic market, received a factory code M-412IE (IE for "export rendition"), to mark, that it fulfils new safety requirements.
386:
In 1969, both the 412 and the related 408 had their bodies redesigned. These were notable for being the first
Moskvitch models to feature rectangular headlights and horizontal
756:
811:
552: – surnamed "Kombi", was the first Soviet hatchback series produced from 1973 to 1982, then after a facelift as IZh-21251. It was then kept in production until 1997.
370:
model, although in other ways they are different from each other. The similarity between the two engines is purely superficial and limited only to the tilt angle of the
555:
IZh-2715 was IZh's panel van variant with a high roof, produced from 1972 until 2001. In 1982 it underwent a facelift, along with other IZh models (IZh-2715-01 code).
558:
IZh-27151 was IZh's pick-up truck, produced from 1974 until 2001. After a facelift in 1982 it was designated IZh-27151-01, or IZh-27151-013-01 in lengthened version.
408:
features such as soft grip steering wheel cover, soft interior parts, seat belts, and padded dashboard. It was the first
Moskvitch to pass safety-features tests in
401:
351:, differing in more powerful 1.5 engine. The earliest engines for the 412 were built in 1964. The Moskvitch 412 had a slanted (to a tilt of 20 degrees)
823:
850:
701:
between 1973 and 1975, with "much bolder front end styling", new suspension, and an enlarged 1,799 cc (109.8 cu in) version of the
543:
grille with indicators on outer sides of headlights, and hollow door handles (factory code IZh-412-028), and remained in production until 1997.
1284:
1242:
768:
583:, which had been launched three years earlier in 1964. The only differences between the two models were the engines and the interior.
862:
1304:
916:'s 1974 rebranding of the M-412 to the Moskvitch-1500 had no effect, forcing the company to withdraw from the UK market in 1976.
363:
193:
1068:
28:
1339:
355:
1071:, the Soviet Moskvich-412 received an international passport as one of the safest cars for drivers and passengers.
835:
786:
Similar grille featured on the 1973–1982 "Kombi", a hatchback car based on the M-412. Turn lights were moved up.
459:
379:
799:
1344:
1314:
997:
533:
988:
Braunschweig, Robert; et al., eds. (12 March 1970). "Automobil Revue '70" (in German and French).
689:
of 1972 was larger still, with 23 cm (9.1 in) greater length, 14 cm (5.5 in) more
431:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
698:
686:
682:
387:
1309:
706:
694:
352:
186:
101:
525:
1024:
750:
Restyled M-412 grille used from 1969 to 1975, also featured on the M-408 during the same years.
1280:
1238:
899:, receiving an international safety certificate as a result of almost five months of tests in
405:
375:
150:
300:
106:
1010:
896:
685:, a restyled hatchback version of the M-412 that was larger but recognizably related. The
509:
458:. It also placed 1-2-3 in the 1973 Avon Round Britain Rally and scored a class win in the
425:
888:
496:
477:
words used on earlier models. Kerb weight of the 412 was 1,045 kg (2,304 lb).
417:
391:
371:
265:
113:
957:
1298:
1067:
The Daily Review, November 16, 1970: After almost five months of tests at the French
580:
481:
367:
348:
336:
252:
165:
128:
1257:
937:
702:
517:
304:
140:
900:
1083:
Tarasov A. M. Avtomobilnaya promyshlennost' - narodnomu khozyaystvu. 1971. P. 53
1049:
Iones S. V. Izh-412 // Avtolegendy. De
Agostini. Volume 136. 30 March 2014. P. 5
710:
567:
455:
451:
234:
122:
693:, and 8 cm (3.1 in) more width. This made both the interior and the
909:
690:
486:
443:
208:
155:
586:
The main differences between the Moskvitch-412 and the Moskvitch-408 were:
446:
Production Saloon Car Championship in 1972 and 1973, where it easily beat "
85:
1967–1982 as "Izh-412" (by the way, it was produced in Izhevsk until 1997)
1171:, "Avtolegendy SSSR" Nr. 85, DeAgostini 2012, ISSN 2071-095X (in Russian)
884:
841:
549:
413:
396:
271:
904:
576:
493:
359:
328:
892:
880:
421:
409:
320:
308:
177:
1098:, "Avtolegendy SSSR" Nr. 46, DeAgostini 2010, ISSN 2071-095X, pp.5–6
913:
709:
carburetors, giving 103 hp (77 kW; 104 PS), with a
566:
532:
524:
516:
508:
439:
430:
973:
731:
316:
312:
48:
44:
735:
324:
134:
52:
697:
noticeably larger. The M-355 was further developed into the
1079:
1077:
912:
was likely the principal cause of the sales drop. Importer
1198:
1196:
1194:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1121:
1119:
1106:
1104:
335:). It was a more powerful and prestigious version of the
762:
Upmarket "tanned" grille, used mainly on export models.
908:1973 introduction of the significantly more modern
649:
588:
258:
248:
243:
233:
225:
217:
207:
202:
192:
176:
171:
161:
149:
112:
100:
95:
75:
58:
40:
35:
21:
774:M-426 estate model used the new grille since 1969.
339:model, offering more features for a higher price.
952:
950:
948:
946:
358:with a block, head, and inlet manifold cast in
1277:Cars of the Soviet Union: The Definite History
938:Moskvich – The Son of Moscow, www.ucapusa.com
879:to passive safety and passed safety tests in
647:The differences between the 412/408 chassis:
8:
969:
967:
681:In 1970, Moskvitch built a prototype of the
374:and between the valves and the gear of the
27:
18:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1202:
1185:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1110:
1037:
930:
795:
720:
713:transmission planned. None were built.
1006:
995:
575:The original M-412 of 1967–1969 had a
362:to keep the engine weight down, and a
7:
974:Za Rulem magazine: the Moskvitch-412
82:1967–1975 as "Moskvitch-412/427/434"
1223:The Daily Review, November 16, 1970
347:The Moskvitch 412 derived from the
14:
1237:. The History Press. p. 88.
630:408 (1964–1969); 412 (1969–1970)
627:408 (1967–1969); 412 (1969–1976)
331:from 1967 to 1982 (also known as
861:
849:
834:
822:
810:
798:
779:
767:
755:
743:
738:), similar to that of the M-408.
723:
364:hemispherical combustion chamber
68:Moskvitsh Elite 1500 M (Finland)
448:sharp-handling but underpowered
1214:Moskvich 412 // Thompson, 2008
1:
1058:Moskvich 412// Thompson, 2008
868:IZh-27151-013-01 Pickup truck
442:Motors entered M-412s in the
239:1,045 kg (2,304 lb)
221:4,115 mm (162.0 in)
1025:"The Moskvitch-4G, −4A, −4M"
435:1975 Moskvitch 412IE (Elite)
229:1,550 mm (61.0 in)
213:2,400 mm (94.5 in)
856:Izh-2715-01 van (1982–1997)
529:Izh/Moskvitch-412 rear view
521:IZh-412 after 1982 facelift
1361:
730:Grille used in 1967–1969 (
323:from 1967 to 1975, and by
1275:Thompson, Andrew (2008).
940:Retrieved 26 January 2014
579:identical to that of the
563:Relationship to the M-408
460:South Africa Safari Rally
390:, which passed on to the
26:
1235:The Worst Cars Ever Sold
1233:Chapman, Giles (2008) .
65:Moskvich 1500 (UK, 1974)
1305:Cars introduced in 1967
903:, the publication of a
88:1972–2001 as "Izh-2715"
1069:autodrome in Montlhéry
1005:Cite journal requires
572:
538:
530:
522:
514:
436:
905:Consumers Association
570:
536:
528:
520:
513:IZh-412 (early model)
512:
492:M-434, which was the
434:
22:Moskvitch-412/Izh-412
829:Moskvitch-427 estate
958:"The Moskvitch-412"
424:in 1970–71, and in
1340:Soviet automobiles
992:. Hallwag AG: 413.
677:Prototype variants
573:
539:
531:
523:
515:
437:
1286:978-1-84425-483-5
1260:, 17 October 1973
1244:978-0-7509-4714-5
674:
673:
645:
644:
376:overhead camshaft
281:
280:
1352:
1290:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1189:
1183:
1172:
1166:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1114:
1108:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1072:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1003:
1001:
993:
985:
979:
978:
971:
962:
961:
954:
941:
935:
865:
853:
838:
826:
814:
802:
783:
771:
759:
747:
727:
650:
589:
466:Trims and models
301:small family car
235:Curb weight
107:Small family car
96:Body and chassis
59:Also called
31:
19:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1203:Thompson (2008)
1201:
1192:
1186:Thompson (2008)
1184:
1175:
1167:
1156:
1150:Thompson (2008)
1148:
1144:
1138:Thompson (2008)
1136:
1132:
1126:Thompson (2008)
1124:
1117:
1111:Thompson (2008)
1109:
1102:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1038:Thompson (2008)
1036:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1004:
994:
987:
986:
982:
976:
972:
965:
956:
955:
944:
936:
932:
922:
897:Western Germany
876:
874:Sales in the UK
869:
866:
857:
854:
845:
844:van (1972–1982)
839:
830:
827:
818:
815:
806:
803:
794:
787:
784:
775:
772:
763:
760:
751:
748:
739:
734:) and 1968–82 (
728:
719:
679:
641:Moskvitch 2138
638:Moskvitch 2140
571:M-412 dashboard
565:
507:
473:
468:
462:the same year.
426:Western Germany
360:aluminium alloy
345:
277:
274:Kombi (for Izh)
268:(for Moskvitch)
145:
114:Body style
91:
71:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1345:Cars of Russia
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1250:
1243:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1205:, p. 162.
1190:
1188:, p. 164.
1173:
1154:
1152:, p. 159.
1142:
1140:, p. 152.
1130:
1128:, p. 163.
1115:
1113:, p. 160.
1100:
1085:
1073:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1040:, p. 149.
1030:
1016:
1007:|journal=
980:
963:
942:
929:
928:
921:
918:
889:Czechoslovakia
875:
872:
871:
870:
867:
860:
858:
855:
848:
846:
840:
833:
831:
828:
821:
819:
816:
809:
807:
804:
797:
793:
790:
789:
788:
785:
778:
776:
773:
766:
764:
761:
754:
752:
749:
742:
740:
729:
722:
718:
715:
678:
675:
672:
671:
667:
664:
660:
659:
656:
653:
643:
642:
639:
636:
632:
631:
628:
625:
621:
620:
617:
614:
610:
609:
606:
603:
599:
598:
597:Moskvitch 408
595:
592:
564:
561:
560:
559:
556:
553:
547:
544:
506:
503:
502:
501:
497:sedan delivery
490:
478:
472:
469:
467:
464:
418:Czechoslovakia
406:passive safety
372:cylinder block
344:
341:
279:
278:
276:
275:
269:
266:Moskvitch 2140
262:
260:
256:
255:
250:
246:
245:
241:
240:
237:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
211:
205:
204:
200:
199:
198:4-speed manual
196:
190:
189:
180:
174:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
147:
146:
144:
143:
137:
131:
127:3- and 5-door
125:
118:
116:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
93:
92:
90:
89:
86:
83:
79:
77:
73:
72:
70:
69:
66:
62:
60:
56:
55:
42:
38:
37:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1357:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:Moskvitch-412
1089:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1027:(in Russian).
1026:
1020:
1017:
1012:
999:
991:
984:
981:
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:(in Russian).
959:
953:
951:
949:
947:
943:
939:
934:
931:
927:
926:
919:
917:
915:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
873:
864:
859:
852:
847:
843:
837:
832:
825:
820:
813:
808:
805:Moskvitch-412
801:
796:
792:Modifications
791:
782:
777:
770:
765:
758:
753:
746:
741:
737:
733:
726:
721:
716:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
676:
668:
665:
662:
661:
657:
654:
652:
651:
648:
640:
637:
634:
633:
629:
626:
623:
622:
618:
615:
613:Engine model
612:
611:
607:
604:
601:
600:
596:
594:Moskvitch 412
593:
591:
590:
587:
584:
582:
581:Moskvitch-408
578:
569:
562:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
541:
540:
535:
527:
519:
511:
504:
498:
495:
491:
488:
483:
482:station wagon
479:
475:
474:
470:
465:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
433:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
393:
389:
384:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
354:
350:
349:Moskvitch 408
342:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
311:manufacturer
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:Moskvitch 412
273:
270:
267:
264:
263:
261:
257:
254:
253:Moskvitch 408
251:
247:
242:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
210:
206:
201:
197:
195:
191:
188:
185:
182:1478 cc
181:
179:
175:
170:
167:
166:Moskvitch 408
164:
160:
157:
154:
152:
148:
142:
138:
136:
132:
130:
129:station wagon
126:
124:
120:
119:
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
94:
87:
84:
81:
80:
78:
74:
67:
64:
63:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
43:
39:
34:
30:
25:
20:
16:Motor vehicle
1315:Compact cars
1276:
1268:Bibliography
1267:
1266:
1258:The Guardian
1253:
1234:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1168:
1145:
1133:
1095:
1093:(in Russian)
1088:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1033:
1019:
998:cite journal
989:
983:
977:(in Russian)
933:
924:
923:
877:
703:Moskvitch-DM
680:
646:
585:
574:
489:(see below).
456:Austin Minis
452:Hillman Imps
447:
438:
385:
346:
332:
303:produced by
296:
292:
289:Moskvich 412
288:
284:
282:
194:Transmission
183:
41:Manufacturer
1169:IZh-412-028
711:Borg-Warner
602:Production
537:IZh-412-028
388:rear lights
353:inline-four
293:Москвич-412
249:Predecessor
1335:1990s cars
1330:1980s cars
1325:1970s cars
1320:1960s cars
1299:Categories
1279:. Haynes.
920:References
705:with twin
635:Successor
608:1964–1976
244:Chronology
203:Dimensions
172:Powertrain
76:Production
1310:Moskvitch
925:Citations
910:Lada 1200
901:Montlhéry
817:Rally car
691:wheelbase
663:Features
605:1967–1976
487:hatchback
480:М-427, a
471:Moskvitch
444:Group One
392:2138/2140
259:Successor
209:Wheelbase
156:FR layout
885:Bulgaria
842:Izh-2715
658:1967–69
624:Chassis
550:IZh-2125
414:Bulgaria
397:tailfins
368:BMW 1500
272:Izh 2125
184:UZAM-412
36:Overview
717:Grilles
655:1969–75
577:chassis
494:unibody
380:gearbox
333:IZh-412
329:Izhevsk
309:Russian
299:) is a
162:Related
141:pick-up
139:2-door
133:3-door
121:4-door
1283:
1241:
895:, and
893:Sweden
881:France
707:Zenith
422:Sweden
420:, and
410:France
378:. The
356:engine
343:Design
321:Moscow
305:Soviet
218:Length
178:Engine
151:Layout
914:Satra
699:M-356
687:M-355
683:M-353
500:1975.
440:SATRA
402:UNECE
337:M-408
297:M-412
226:Width
123:sedan
102:Class
1281:ISBN
1239:ISBN
1011:help
732:AZLK
695:boot
619:408
616:412
454:and
317:AZLK
313:MZMA
283:The
49:AZLK
45:MZMA
736:Izh
505:IZh
327:in
325:IZh
319:in
135:van
53:IZh
1301::
1193:^
1176:^
1157:^
1118:^
1103:^
1076:^
1002::
1000:}}
996:{{
990:65
966:^
945:^
891:,
887:,
883:,
450:"
416:,
412:,
295:,
291:,
187:I4
1289:.
1247:.
1013:)
1009:(
315:/
307:/
287:(
47:/
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