619:) is a contract provision in which a seller (or licensor) agrees to give the buyer (or licensee) the best terms it makes available to any other buyer (or licensee). In some contexts, the use of such clauses may become commonplace, such as when online ebook retailers contract with publishers for the supply of e-books. Use of such clauses, in some contexts, may provoke concerns about anticompetitive influences and antitrust violations, while in other contexts, the influence may be viewed as procompetitive.
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198:(GATT) and WTO norms of reciprocity and non-discrimination. In bilateral reciprocal relationships a particular privilege granted by one party only extends to other parties who reciprocate that privilege, while in a multilateral reciprocal relationship the same privilege would be extended to the group that negotiated a particular privilege. The
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additionally, is charged higher rates of tariffs, then it is possible that trade would merely be diverted from this most efficient producer to a less efficient producer within the group of MFN (or with a tariff rate of 0). This leads to economic costs for the importing country, which can outweigh the gains from free trade.
526:). The act authorizes the president to waive a country's full compliance with Jackson–Vanik under specified conditions, and this must be renewed by June 3 of each year. Once the president does so, the waiver is automatic unless Congress passes (and avoids or overturns a presidential veto of) a disapproval resolution.
535:
Agricultural interests generally opposed attempts to block MFN/NTR renewal for China, contending that several billion dollars annually in current and future U.S. agricultural exports could be jeopardized if China retaliated. In China's case, Congress agreed to permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) status in
551:, which President Clinton signed into law on October 10, 2000. PNTR paved the way for China's accession to the WTO in December 2001, which provides U.S. exporters of agricultural products the opportunity to benefit from China's WTO agreements to reduce trade barriers and open its agricultural markets.
559:
As per the obligation under their World Trade
Organization (WTO) treaties of accession, the member countries of WTO automatically extend most favoured nation (MFN) status to each other unless otherwise specified in the agreement or schedule notified to the WTO by that member country. Pursuant to that
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Under rules of WTO, a member country is not allowed to discriminate between trade partners and if a special status is granted to one trade partner, the country is required to extend it to all members of WTO. In a nutshell, MFN is a non-discriminatory trade policy as it ensures equal trading among all
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The most favoured nation clause can also be included in an agreement between a state and a company or an investor. This involves the provision of special privileges and advantages although the state cannot use contractual mechanisms to avoid its MFN treatment obligations with other countries. Unlike
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One example where most favoured nation clauses may appear is in institutional investment advisory contracts, where if a certain number of conditions are met, one client may be entitled to the lowest fee offered to other clients with a substantially identical investment strategy and the same or lower
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in 1989, however, the annual renewal of China's MFN status became a source of considerable debate in the
Congress, and legislation was introduced to terminate China's MFN/NTR status or to impose additional conditions relating to improvements in China's actions on various trade and non-trade issues.
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Most favoured nation status is given to an international trade partner to ensure non-discriminatory trade between all partner countries of the WTO. A country which provides MFN status to another country has to provide concessions, privileges, and immunity in trade agreements. It is the first clause
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The current EU competition law position is that MFN clauses will infringe
Article 101(i) if in the individual circumstances of the case result in an appreciable adverse effect on competition in the European Union. This is likely to happen when the parties to the agreement have substantial market
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Increases trade creation and decreases trade diversion. A country that grants MFN on imports will have its imports provided by the most efficient supplier if the most efficient supplier is within the group of MFN. Otherwise, that is, if the most efficient producer is outside the group of MFN and
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The earliest form of the most favoured nation status can be found as early as the 11th century. Today's concept of the most favoured nation status starts to appear in the 18th century, when the division of conditional and unconditional most favoured nation status also began. In the early days of
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It is recognised by EU courts and regulators that such clauses are widely used in a number of industries including most topically with online travel agents. However the regulatory tide in the EU appears to be turning against the use of these clauses. In a number of recent EU cases in the UK and
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Startups with most favoured nation (MFN) clause in agreements with their investors are called most favoured nation startups. The clause intends to protect the first investors, so the later investors do not get better terms than them. This device is promoted by
American early stage accelerator,
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In 1998, the "most favoured nation status" in the United States was renamed "permanent normal trade relations" (NTR) as all but a handful of countries had this status already. The U.S. gives preferential treatment to some of its trading partners without this status, based on the
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interpretation of MFN principle as a mere prohibition to enact discriminatory legislation concerning duties on goods of like character imported from an MFN partner. The court ruled that MFN does not constrain the U.S. from giving out special privileges to other countries.
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measures. For example, butter producers in country A may not be able to lobby for high tariffs on butter to prevent cheap imports from developing country B, because, as the higher tariffs would apply to every country, the interests of A's principal ally C might get
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MFN allows smaller countries, in particular, to participate in the advantages that larger countries often grant to each other, whereas on their own, smaller countries would often not be powerful enough to negotiate such advantages by
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clarified this when it stated that "a host country cannot be obliged to enter into an individual investment contract" and that "freedom of contract prevails over the MFN standard." This general principle, however, is not absolute.
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the relationship among states where a nation accorded an MFN status cannot be treated less advantageously than another, the host nation does not breach MFN treatment if it provides different privileges to different investors. The
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to determine which country a product (that may contain parts from all over the world) must be attributed to for customs purposes. However, if at least one nation lies outside the MFN alliance, then customs cannot be done away
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for all countries simplifies the rules and makes them more transparent. Theoretically, if all countries in the world confer MFN status to each other, there will be no need to establish complex and administratively costly
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353:(NAFTA), which have lowered or eliminated tariffs among the members while maintaining tariff walls between member nations and the rest of the world. Trade agreements usually allow for exceptions to allow for regional
148:. The term means the country which is the recipient of this treatment must nominally receive equal trade advantages as the "most favoured nation" by the country granting such treatment (trade advantages include low
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757:
Yi, Seong Deong (2004). Commemorative
Edition in Honour of Professor Paik, Choong-Hyun on his Retirement : Articles; Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment: Its Historical Developments and Concept. Vol. 11 No.
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MFN/NTR status for China, a non-market economy, which had been originally suspended in 1951, was restored in 1980 and was continued in effect through subsequent annual
Presidential extensions. Following the
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WTO rules allow any country to revoke the MFN status that it had previously accorded to another: in particular, Article 21 (National
Security) allows it to do so without further explanation.
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479:, including Russia, were granted MFN status in 1996. On a bilateral level, however, the United States could not grant MFN status to some members of the former Soviet Union, including the
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522:(P.L. 93-618) established conditions on U.S. MFN/NTR tariff treatment to certain non-market economies, one of which is certain freedom-of-emigration requirements (better known as the
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599:. So far as exception to MFN status (if any) is concerned, each member country has indicated the same services in its schedule of services commitments, as notified to the WTO.
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227:, "most favoured nation" status was usually used on a dual-party, state-to-state basis. A nation could enter into a "most favoured nation" treaty with another nation. In the
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628:
790:
Japanese "Judicial
Imperialism" and the Origins of the Coercive Illegality of Japan's Annexation of Korea: A Study of Unequal Treaties between Korea and Japan, 1876–1910
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The ideas behind MFN policies can first be seen in U.S. foreign policy during the opening of Japan in the mid to late 1850s, when they were included as a clause in the
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401:. In a statement, the group declared that "Russia cannot grossly violate international law and expect to benefit from being part of the international economic order".
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156:). In effect, a country that has been accorded MFN status may not be treated less advantageously than any other country with MFN status by the promising country.
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Since 1998, the term normal trade relations (NTR) has replaced most favoured nation in all U.S. statutes. This change was included in section 5003 of the
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in 1995. The WTO requires members to grant one another "most favoured nation" status. A "most favoured nation" clause is also included in most
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have extended MFN status to India, which had extended MFN status to all SAARC countries. In 2019, India revoked its MFN status towards
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Most-favoured-Nation Clause – Bibliographies on the topics of the
International Law Commission (no. 10 in the list) (UNOG Library)
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GATT members recognized in principle that the "most favoured nation" rule should be relaxed to accommodate the needs of
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Handbook at WTO official website. (Note that the document's printed folio numbers do not match the pdf page numbers.)
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negotiated privilege to all members of GATT/WTO without respect to their status in negotiating the privilege.
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Barriers and the Principle of Non-Discrimination in World Trade Law: Past, Present, and Future
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As MFN clauses promote non-discrimination among countries, they also tend to promote the objective of
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Davey, W. J.; Pauwelyn, J. (2000). "MFN-Unconditionality". In Cottier, T.; Mavroidis, P. C. (eds.).
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that killed over 40 CRPF personnel, India withdrew the MFN status that it had accorded to Pakistan.
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World Bank's MFN Weighted Average Tariff World level for various products from 2008 to 2012
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by the United States created controversy in the latter because of its sales of sensitive
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Germany, MFNs have been condemned when used by companies with significant market power.
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concluded between capital exporting and capital importing countries after World War II.
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The Economist: Weekly Commercial Times, Banker's Gazette and Railway Monitor, Volume 1
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Another exception to the "most favoured nation" principle has been posed by regional
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709:"Most Favoured Nation Clauses – No favoured view on how they should be interpreted"
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include only substantive rules or also procedural protections. The members of the
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RS20691: Voting on NTR for China Again In 2001, and Past Congressional Decisions
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475:. China's MFN status was made permanent on December 27, 2001. All of the former
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agreements were negotiated simultaneously by all interested parties through the
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was compelled by the United States to give it most favored nation status.
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231:, Spain granted England "most favoured nation" trading status. With the
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and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.
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251:
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786:"The First Unequal Treaties and the Forced Opening of Korean Ports"
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has extended MFN status for goods to most member countries of WTO.
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Trade experts consider MFN clauses to have the following benefits:
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561:
255:
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Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China
1216:, an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements.
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resolved jointly to withdraw 'most favoured nation' status from
132:
In international economic relations and international politics,
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1101:
Law and Practice of Investment Treaties: Standards of Treatment
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Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu
929:
Russia, Jackson-Vanik Amendment Could Be Lifted By End Of 2008
413:
29:
516:
Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998
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In the 1990s, continued "most favored nation" status for the
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WTO member nations rather than exclusive trading privileges.
738:"WTO – Regional Trade Agreements – goods (GATT) provisions"
532:
massacre of pro-democracy demonstrators in Tiananmen Square
866:"G7 nations strip Russia of 'most favoured nation' status"
473:
China's serious and continuous persecution of human rights
159:
There is a debate in legal circles whether MFN clauses in
2376:, participating as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao, China".
1213:
235:
in 1794, the US also granted the same to Britain. In the
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MFN restrains domestic special interests from obtaining
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Regional Cooperation and Free Trade Agreements in Asia
511:, which signalled the opening of the Japanese market.
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Granting MFN has domestic benefits: having one set of
1367:
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
1128:. New York: United Nations Publications. p. 6.
1060:"Developing an Administrable MFN Enforcement Policy"
140:) is a status or level of treatment accorded by one
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Officially the Republic of China, participates as "
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
629:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
537:
847:"Pakistan's most-favoured nation status scrapped"
773:. Economist Newspaper Limited. 1845. p. 551.
569:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
968:"Statement by the Press Secretary on H.R. 6156"
942:"Biden urges repeal of Jackson-Vanik amendment"
792:, Singapore: Springer Nature, pp. 27–74,
1235:
8:
1027:at University of North Texas, April 27, 2001
190:"Most favoured nation" relationships extend
1181:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
999:Hu, Jiang; Vanhullebusch, Matthias (2014).
194:bilateral relationships following both the
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840:
838:
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784:Jo, Kyu-hyun (2023), Jo, Kyu-hyun (ed.),
591:are members of the WTO and all excepting
518:(P.L. 105-206). However, Title IV of the
262:(GATT), which ultimately resulted in the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1126:Most-favoured-nation Treatment, Volume 3
1099:Newcombe, Paul; Paradell, Lluis (2009).
419:
183:, MFN is one of the cornerstones of WTO
1103:. Austin: Wolters Kluwer. p. 227.
699:
1337:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
1003:. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff. p. 354.
336:UN Conference on Trade and Development
260:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
196:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
1094:
1092:
864:Partington, Richard (11 March 2022).
845:Suneja, Kirtika (February 16, 2019).
369:India revokes Pakistani status (2019)
7:
1038:"The "Most Favored Nation" landmine"
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1347:Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
351:North American Free Trade Agreement
237:Joseon–United States Treaty of 1882
623:level of assets under management.
542:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
429:appears to contradict the article
385:In March 2022, in response to the
25:
2383:", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.
1357:Trade-Related Investment Measures
1084:Regulation of Investment Advisers
179:. Together with the principle of
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1679:Democratic Republic of the Congo
459:Permanent normal trade relations
431:Permanent normal trade relations
418:
387:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
381:G7 revokes Russian status (2022)
373:In February 2019, following the
202:component of GATT/WTO applies a
34:
1086:, §2:5.50 (Thomson West, 2013).
913:U.S.-China Trade and MFN Status
45:needs additional citations for
2054:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
27:Category of trade relationship
1:
707:McCloure, Mike (2011-07-25).
649:Most favoured nation startups
617:most favoured licensee clause
613:most favoured customer clause
268:bilateral investment treaties
161:bilateral investment treaties
405:Specific countries' policies
1352:Technical Barriers to Trade
798:10.1007/978-981-99-1975-8_2
609:most favoured nation clause
2438:
1280:International Trade Centre
465:People's Republic of China
456:
323:
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509:Commercial Treaty of 1858
326:Preferential trading area
2422:World Trade Organization
1654:Central African Republic
1285:Chronology of key events
1265:Accession and membership
1251:World Trade Organization
489:Vice President Joe Biden
397:and to impose punitive
264:World Trade Organization
165:World Trade Organization
2417:International trade law
1275:Dispute Settlement Body
897:"G7 Leaders' Statement"
713:Kluwer Arbitration Blog
524:Jackson–Vanik amendment
485:Jackson–Vanik amendment
404:
229:Treaty of Madrid (1667)
1377:Information Technology
1372:Government Procurement
1306:Doha Development Round
495:on December 14, 2012.
436:Please discuss at the
69:"Most favoured nation"
1684:Republic of the Congo
1508:Supachai Panitchpakdi
1154:Dentons ventureBeyond
827:Understanding the WTO
324:Further information:
239:, the Korean kingdom
2169:United Arab Emirates
355:economic integration
332:developing countries
169:developing countries
134:most favoured nation
54:improve this article
2144:Trinidad and Tobago
2044:St. Kitts and Nevis
1554:Antigua and Barbuda
1488:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
1382:Marrakesh Agreement
948:on 6 September 2012
673:Extraterritoriality
469:military technology
375:2019 Pulwama attack
225:international trade
146:international trade
18:Most Favored Nation
1714:Dominican Republic
976:. 14 December 2012
851:The Economic Times
683:National treatment
501:U.S. Supreme Court
481:Russian Federation
200:non-discriminatory
181:national treatment
2404:
2403:
2365:
2364:
1362:Trade in Services
1316:Quota Elimination
1214:Market Access Map
986:National Archives
895:(11 March 2022).
807:978-981-99-1975-8
668:Commercial treaty
520:Trade Act of 1974
483:, because of the
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16:(Redirected from
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2396:World portal
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2009:Papua New Guinea
1492:Director-General
1387:Doha Declaration
1311:Singapore issues
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1984:North Macedonia
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1171:Further reading
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1124:UNCTAD (1999).
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611:(also called a
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297:rules of origin
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931:– JRL 5-31-07
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110:December 2012
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71: –
70:
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65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2387:
2386:
2094:South Africa
2079:Sierra Leone
2064:Saudi Arabia
1619:Burkina Faso
1392:Bali Package
1321:Peace Clause
1178:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:
1144:
1125:
1119:
1100:
1083:
1078:
1066:. Retrieved
1054:
1042:. Retrieved
1032:
1019:
1000:
994:
984:– via
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971:
962:
950:. Retrieved
946:the original
936:
924:
908:
887:
875:. Retrieved
871:The Guardian
869:
859:
850:
825:
821:
811:, retrieved
789:
779:
769:
763:
753:
741:. Retrieved
732:
721:. Retrieved
717:the original
712:
702:
656:Y Combinator
652:
643:
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621:
616:
612:
608:
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566:
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428:
391:G7 countries
384:
372:
364:
345:such as the
340:
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316:in general.
311:
277:
248:World War II
245:
221:
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204:reciprocally
203:
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191:
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158:
137:
133:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2322:Netherlands
2109:Switzerland
2024:Philippines
1964:New Zealand
1849:South Korea
1729:El Salvador
1694:Ivory Coast
1534:Afghanistan
1518:Rufus Yerxa
1503:Pascal Lamy
1472:13th (2024)
1467:12th (2022)
1462:11th (2017)
1457:10th (2015)
1404:Conferences
1402:Ministerial
1342:Agriculture
678:Prerogative
567:Within the
560:provision,
446:August 2009
343:trade blocs
287:themselves.
171:, regional
2411:Categories
2312:Luxembourg
2114:Tajikistan
2074:Seychelles
1949:Mozambique
1939:Montenegro
1914:Mauritania
1889:Madagascar
1859:Kyrgyzstan
1839:Kazakhstan
1749:The Gambia
1689:Costa Rica
1649:Cape Verde
1579:Bangladesh
1452:9th (2013)
1447:8th (2011)
1442:7th (2009)
1437:6th (2005)
1432:5th (2003)
1427:4th (2001)
1422:3rd (1999)
1417:2nd (1998)
1412:1st (1996)
1330:Agreements
1188:0472111000
1159:2022-01-16
1135:9211124506
813:2023-05-06
723:2011-07-26
694:References
573:Bangladesh
361:Revocation
334:, and the
320:Exceptions
314:free trade
233:Jay Treaty
192:reciprocal
80:newspapers
2307:Lithuania
2189:Venezuela
2099:Sri Lanka
2084:Singapore
2049:St. Lucia
1969:Nicaragua
1919:Mauritius
1814:Indonesia
1799:Hong Kong
1769:Guatemala
1569:Australia
1559:Argentina
1301:Criticism
902:. Berlin.
589:Sri Lanka
571:(SAARC),
438:talk page
308:impaired.
185:trade law
2347:Slovenia
2342:Slovakia
2332:Portugal
2237:Bulgaria
2209:Zimbabwe
2129:Thailand
2124:Tanzania
2104:Suriname
2014:Paraguay
1999:Pakistan
1934:Mongolia
1904:Maldives
1899:Malaysia
1794:Honduras
1734:Eswatini
1709:Dominica
1704:Djibouti
1674:Colombia
1639:Cameroon
1634:Cambodia
1604:Botswana
1584:Barbados
877:11 March
662:See also
597:Pakistan
593:Pakistan
585:Pakistan
577:Maldives
349:and the
274:Benefits
152:or high
2337:Romania
2292:Ireland
2287:Hungary
2277:Germany
2267:Finland
2262:Estonia
2257:Denmark
2242:Croatia
2232:Belgium
2227:Austria
2194:Vietnam
2184:Uruguay
2164:Ukraine
2149:Tunisia
2069:Senegal
1979:Nigeria
1954:Namibia
1944:Morocco
1929:Moldova
1874:Liberia
1869:Lesotho
1824:Jamaica
1804:Iceland
1764:Grenada
1754:Georgia
1719:Ecuador
1629:Burundi
1624:Myanmar
1599:Bolivia
1574:Bahrain
1564:Armenia
1544:Algeria
1539:Albania
1527:Members
1150:"SAFEs"
641:power.
538:Pub. L.
399:tariffs
292:tariffs
218:History
150:tariffs
94:scholar
2357:Sweden
2327:Poland
2302:Latvia
2282:Greece
2272:France
2247:Cyprus
2204:Zambia
2159:Uganda
2154:Turkey
2119:Taiwan
2039:Rwanda
2034:Russia
2004:Panama
1989:Norway
1924:Mexico
1894:Malawi
1854:Kuwait
1834:Jordan
1819:Israel
1784:Guyana
1774:Guinea
1644:Canada
1614:Brunei
1609:Brazil
1589:Belize
1549:Angola
1481:People
1294:Issues
1258:System
1212:ITC's
1185:
1132:
1107:
1068:Nov 2,
1044:Nov 2,
1007:
980:12 May
952:12 May
917:C-SPAN
804:
743:12 May
544:
395:Russia
389:, the
252:tariff
246:After
241:Joseon
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2352:Spain
2317:Malta
2297:Italy
2199:Yemen
2139:Tonga
2059:Samoa
2029:Qatar
1974:Niger
1959:Nepal
1884:Macau
1844:Kenya
1829:Japan
1809:India
1789:Haiti
1759:Ghana
1744:Gabon
1724:Egypt
1669:China
1664:Chile
1594:Benin
1063:(PDF)
900:(PDF)
581:Nepal
562:India
555:India
549:(PDF)
300:with.
256:trade
142:state
101:JSTOR
87:books
2134:Togo
2019:Peru
1994:Oman
1909:Mali
1864:Laos
1739:Fiji
1699:Cuba
1659:Chad
1183:ISBN
1130:ISBN
1105:ISBN
1070:2020
1046:2020
1005:ISBN
982:2016
954:2016
879:2022
802:ISBN
745:2016
587:and
471:and
254:and
175:and
73:news
794:doi
615:or
138:MFN
56:by
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1091:^
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956:.
881:.
853:.
796::
758:1
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448:)
444:(
434:.
136:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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