96:, in particular, has grown at a torrid pace; practically every country is a member of at least one. Influential capital exporting states usually negotiate BITs on the basis of their own "model" texts (such as the Indian or U.S. model BIT). Environmental provisions have also become increasingly common in international investment agreements, like BITs.
65:, protection from expropriation, free transfer of means and full protection and security. The distinctive feature of many BITs is that they allow for an alternative dispute resolution mechanism, whereby an investor whose rights under the BIT have been violated could have recourse to international
58:. A nineteenth-century forerunner of the BIT is the "friendship, commerce and navigation treaty" (FCN). This kind of treaty came in to prominence after World Wars when the developed countries wanted to guard their investments in developing countries against expropriation.
132:. Moreover, when such clauses are agreed upon, the formulation is legally very open-ended and often unpredictable. A counter-claim may be a way of rebalancing investment law, by allowing States to file claims against investors, as a means to sanction investor misconduct.
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259:"Umbrella Clauses In Bilateral Investment Treaties: Of Breaches of Contract, Treaty Violations, and the Divide Between Developing and Developed Countries In Foreign Investment Disputes"
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have spoken against the use of BITs - stating that they are essentially designed to protect foreign investors and do not take into account obligations and standards to
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BITs give rights to investors, but give obligations only to States. Whilst preliminary objections by states are becoming more common in cases instituted under BITs,
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194:
373:
427:"The Integration of Environmental Law into International Investment Treaties and Trade Agreements: Negotiation Process and the Legalization of Commitments"
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As part of the effort to reform substantive standards of investment protection, states have sought to introduce the right to regulate into their new BITs.
61:
Most BITs grant investments—made by an investor of one
Contracting State in the territory of the other—a number of guarantees, which typically include
540:
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-trade-review/article/ansung-housing-co-ltd-v-peoples-republic-of-china/6B98780B7EDD5317B9B92F08A9BEB963
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Resources critiquing investment agreements for prioritising corporate profits above human rights and protection of the environment
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A BIT may also provide for lists of excluded industries which the parties agree will not be covered by the BIT.
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293:"bilaterals.org | The Bilateral Investment Treaty: Investment facilitator or host country albatross? - print"
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336:"A BIT is Better Than a Lot: Bilateral Investment Treaties and Preferential Trade Agreements"
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73:(ICSID), rather than suing the host State in its own courts. This process is called
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in the world. and in recent years, the number of bilateral investment treaties and
221:"Impact of bilateral investment treaties on foreign direct investment in Africa"
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International Centre for
Settlement of Investment Disputes § Criticism
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565:"Counterclaims in Investment Arbitration: Old Questions, New Answers?"
538:
See
Deepaloke Chatterjee, Ansung Housing v China, World Trade Review,
488:
Accidental
Conflict: America, China, and the Clash of False Narratives
195:"For Cairns dispute, international arbitration is not the way forward"
402:"Bilateral Investment Treaties | United States Trade Representative"
88:. There are currently more than 2500 BITs in force, involving most
597:
592:
United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) list
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of all current BITs between states, with links to treaty texts.
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The world's first BIT was signed on
November 25, 1959 between
261:, George Mason Law Review (14 Geo. Mason L. Rev. 135) (2007).
569:
219:
Beri, Parfait
Bihkongnyuy; Nubong, Gabila Fohtung (2021).
165:
International Centre for
Settlement of Investment Disputes
71:
International Centre for
Settlement of Investment Disputes
374:"Model Text of the Indian Bilateral Investment Treaty"
451:
The Right to Regulate in International Investment Law
50:
in another state. This type of investment is called
42:establishing the terms and conditions for private
154:Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures
8:
334:Tobin, Jennifer L.; Busch, Marc L. (2010).
318:Principles of International Investment Law
316:See Rudolf Dolzer and Christoph Schreuer,
175:Trade and Investment Framework Agreement
27:Treaty for interstate private investment
320:, Oxford, 2008, p. 2. Also see UNCTAD,
186:
563:Arnaud de Nanteuil (17 August 2018).
7:
603:Discover the dark side of investment
551:Protest against EU investment policy
54:(FDI). BITs are established through
431:Virginia Environmental Law Journal
69:, often under the auspices of the
46:by nationals and companies of one
25:
170:Investor-state dispute settlement
75:investor-state dispute settlement
272:"Germany - Pakistan BIT (1959)"
425:Condon, Madison (2015-01-01).
1:
94:preferential trade agreements
295:. 2006-02-13. Archived from
63:fair and equitable treatment
598:Canadian Treaty Information
32:bilateral investment treaty
18:Bilateral Investment Treaty
645:
225:African Development Review
109:
624:Foreign direct investment
448:Titi, Aikaterini (2014).
352:10.1017/S0043887109990190
52:foreign direct investment
619:International trade law
553:Transnational Institute
322:World Investment Report
237:10.1111/1467-8268.12583
128:, social provisions or
122:protect the environment
500:10.12987/9780300269017
492:Yale University Press
460:10.5771/9783845251783
629:Commercial treaties
142:Franz J. Sedelmayer
199:The Indian Express
509:978-0-300-26901-7
484:Roach, Stephen S.
469:978-3-8452-5178-3
257:See Jarrod Wong,
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386:25 October
303:2019-11-05
277:August 10,
205:2021-07-21
110:See also:
44:investment
454:. Nomos.
437:(1): 102.
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106:Criticism
90:countries
40:agreement
486:(2022).
406:ustr.gov
381:mygov.in
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82:Pakistan
77:(ISDS).
38:) is an
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514:JSTOR
377:(PDF)
356:S2CID
241:S2CID
182:Notes
48:state
576:2020
522:OCLC
504:ISBN
464:ISBN
388:2016
279:2015
118:NGOs
84:and
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