36:
1094:
529:, held multiple meetings with Moroccan and Polisario officials to discuss the future of the Western Sahara. They were ultimately ineffective and inflamed relations. Baker also put forth two peace plans that would introduce a four-year phase of autonomy to the Western Sahara and then put independence to a referendum-style vote. At either point, either the Polisario Front or Morocco denied the plan.
504:, Secretary-General of the Polisario Front, and Horst Koehler, the United Nations Secretary-General's Personal Envoy to Western Sahara, Ghali noted that Moroccan settlements were a major area of concern. Specifically, the presence of settlers is significantly shifting the demographic makeup of the region, posing a significant roadblock to a resolution.
475:. In the late 1970s, the group began conducting guerrilla warfare in Morocco and Mauritania, but Mauritania soon ceded its claim to the territory, leaving Morocco as the only state belligerent. The war with Morocco caused about half of the Western Sahara's Sahrawi to flee the area, leaving a gap for Moroccan settlers to fill.
491:
The
Kingdom of Morocco supports the settlements financially and administratively, with many incentives given to citizens who choose to relocate to Western Sahara. For example, government employees that live in the Western Sahara earn roughly twice the amount that their colleagues in the rest of the
507:
For the
Polisario Front, Moroccan settlers now constituting the majority of the population of Western Sahara precludes the possibility of an independence referendum. Wary that any independence vote would either force a union with Morocco or continue Moroccan dominance over Western Sahara, few are
537:
Responses from other countries regarding settlers have been scarce. Though the United States
Department of State, for example, has issued human rights reports for the Western Sahara, they have not made reference to settlers.
976:
MartĂn, Juan Carlos Gimeno; Guindo, Miguel G. (2016). "Descolonizando el Sahara occidental: Âżconformarse con la paz?, Âżrenunciar a la justicia?" [Decolonizing
Western Sahara: settle for peace? renounce justice?].
471:, Spain disengaged from Western Sahara in 1976. The remaining territory was divided between Morocco and Mauritania, frustrating Algerian leaders and prompting them to begin supporting a Sahrawi nationalist group, the
71:
305:
315:
232:
727:
Lakhal, Malainin; Khalil, Ahmed; San Martin, Pablo (2006). "Moroccan
Autonomy for the Western Sahara: A Solution to a Decolonisation Conflict or a Prelude to the Dismantling of a Kingdom?".
310:
371:
166:
597:"Mixed Reviews for Morocco as Fourth Committee Hears Petitioners on Western Sahara, Amid Continuing Decolonization Debate | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases"
500:
The
Polisario Front disagrees with the presence of settlers in the Western Sahara and sees them as a significant barrier to self-rule. In a 2018 conversation between
521:
The United
Nations has attempted to mediate claims to the Western Sahara, with settlers being a major area of contention. In the early 2000s, UN Secretary General
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Under international law, the transfer of
Moroccan citizens into the occupied territory constitutes a direct violation of
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84:
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in 1975, and it was estimated in 2015 that
Moroccan settlers accounted for two-thirds of the 500,000 inhabitants of
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815:
408:
1144:
547:
385:
264:
217:
212:
27:
340:
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257:
875:"Natural resources and intifada : oil, phosphates and resistance to colonialism in Western Sahara"
432:
Western Sahara came under
Spanish rule as a protectorate in 1884, wherein the territory extended from
1139:
1124:
1109:
944:
874:
392:
has sponsored settlement schemes that have enticed thousands of Moroccan citizens to relocate to the
945:"Unveiling the Colonial Gaze: SahrÄwÄ« Women in Nascent Nation-state Formation in the Western Sahara"
1174:
1164:
1129:
762:
Mundy, Jacob (June 2006). "Autonomy & Intifadah: New Horizons in Western Saharan Nationalism".
651:
Mundy, Jacob (June 2006). "Autonomy & Intifadah: New Horizons in Western Saharan Nationalism".
910:"Western Sahara and Palestine: A Comparative Study of Colonialisms, Occupations, and Nationalisms"
909:
483:
Moroccan settlements have played a complex role in the resolution of the Western Sahara conflict.
444:
gradually extended its control over the region over the next 40 years by negotiating with France.
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open to such a referendum without decolonization and the repatriation of settlers to Morocco.
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was formally established in 1958 after two earlier administrative districts,
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857:
579:"Western Sahara's stranded refugees consider renewal of Morocco conflict"
192:
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985:] (in Spanish). Madrid: Los Libros de la Catarata. pp. 41â54.
793:
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682:
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389:
161:
1036:
Endgame in the Western Sahara: What Future for Africa's Last Colony
441:
630:"Moroccan Settlers in Western Sahara: Colonists or Fifth Column?"
1064:
816:"The Western Sahara Dispute Drags On after 27 Years in Limbo"
846:"Western Sahara: Negotiation Over the Last Colony in Africa"
396:. This regulated migration has been in effect since the
479:
Moroccan settlements and the Western Sahara conflict
717: 3 October 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
16:
Migration into the Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara
558:Israeli settlers in the Palestinian territories
417:Israeli settlers in the Palestinian territories
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949:International Journal of Postcolonial Studies
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8:
1083:
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615:Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia
409:Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
372:
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18:
943:Isidoros, Konstantina (31 January 2017).
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525:'s Personal Envoy to the Western Sahara,
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295:
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42:
26:
1016:"Western Sahara: Africa's Last Colony"
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7:
879:The Journal of North African Studies
608:
606:
1014:MartĂn, Juan Carlos GiMeno (2017).
764:Review of African Political Economy
729:Review of African Political Economy
713:Situation concerning Western Sahara
653:Review of African Political Economy
553:Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus
459:Amid pressure from nationalists in
413:Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus
979:Sahara Occidental: 40 años después
577:Shefte, Whitney (6 January 2015).
152:Political status of Western Sahara
74:Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab
14:
1092:
908:Khoury, Rana B. (15 June 2011).
394:Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara
34:
1221:Ethnic groups in Western Sahara
873:Allan, Joanna (22 April 2016).
708:Report of the Secretary-General
704:United Nations Security Council
496:Attitude of the Polisario Front
983:Western Sahara: 40 years later
72:Movement for the Liberation of
1:
1005:: CS1 maint: date and year (
961:10.1080/1369801X.2016.1277152
892:10.1080/13629387.2016.1174586
617:. 2018 – via EBSCOhost.
1216:Settlement schemes in Africa
157:Foreign relations of Morocco
147:Annexation of Western Sahara
85:Sahrawi National Union Party
1231:Moroccan diaspora in Africa
1023:TensÔes Mundiais, Fortaleza
66:Moroccan Army of Liberation
1252:
914:New Middle Eastern Studies
628:Jacob Mundy (2012-06-11).
1105:
844:Aallaoui, Ali El (2018).
785:10.1080/03056240600842875
776:10.1080/03056240600842875
674:10.1080/03056240600842875
665:10.1080/03056240600842875
634:The Arab World Geographer
1211:Western Sahara conflict
927:10.29311/nmes.v1i0.2601
850:SSRN Electronic Journal
548:Western Sahara conflict
386:Western Sahara conflict
28:Western Sahara conflict
22:Part of a series on the
1034:Shelley, Toby (2004).
512:International response
341:Manhasset negotiations
173:Royal Advisory Council
428:Spanish disengagement
316:UN referendum mission
213:Independence Intifada
858:10.2139/ssrn.3273702
321:ICJ Advisory Opinion
228:2020âpresent clashes
223:Arab Spring protests
167:Politics of the SADR
311:UN visiting mission
265:Sahrawi nationality
175:for Saharan Affairs
95:Partition agreement
1226:Moroccan emigrants
613:"Western Sahara".
487:Government support
390:Kingdom of Morocco
203:Western Sahara War
126:Tiris al-Gharbiyya
121:Southern Provinces
61:Greater Mauritania
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1197:
1099:Moroccan diaspora
992:978-84-9097-132-1
456:, were combined.
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331:Houston Agreement
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1160:Netherlands
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527:James Baker
463:, Morocco,
398:Green March
270:Green March
1205:Categories
1044:B09LQB4NYS
826:2019-04-27
564:References
523:Kofi Annan
465:Mauritania
450:RĂo de Oro
438:Cape Blanc
336:Baker Plan
218:Gdeim Izik
116:RĂo de Oro
43:Background
1001:cite book
969:1369-801X
936:2051-0861
901:1362-9387
866:1556-5068
802:143907619
741:0305-6244
691:143907619
131:Free Zone
1236:Settlers
542:See also
253:Refugees
233:Timeline
193:Ifni War
139:Politics
1140:Germany
1125:Denmark
1110:Belgium
794:4007163
749:4007170
683:4007163
469:Algeria
423:History
184:Clashes
162:Makhzen
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388:, the
244:Issues
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1155:Mali
1048:ISBN
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