Camarasaurus - Knowledge

2285: 1366:) from Wyoming's Howe-Stephens Quarry, referred to as "E.T.", shows evidence of soft tissue. Along the jaw line, ossified remains of what appear to have been the animal's gums have been recovered, indicating that it had deep-set teeth covered by gums, with only the tips of the crowns protruding. The teeth were, upon death, pushed further out from their sockets as the gums retracted, dried, and tightened through decay. The examinations of the specimen also indicate that the teeth were covered by tough outer scales and possibly a beak of some variety, though this is not known for certain. 728: 1244: 1944: 2557: 6563: 6574: 6581: 7975: 1184: 143: 846: 8707: 9942: 1037: 9936: 7980: 7437: 9931: 7429: 9925: 8699: 6569: 2007: 7449: 7443: 8715: 122: 5632: 1255: 1900: 2478:. The cumulative effect of these pathological processes would have moderate to severe effects on the ability of the limb to move and "made everyday activities such as foraging for food and escaping predators harder to accomplish." To help determine the cause of the pathology, McWhinney and the other researchers performed a 712:. The original material sent consisted of a partial cervical vertebra, which would become the taxon's namesake, three dorsal vertebrae, and four caudal vertebrae. This specimen is now thought to have been composed of several individuals. From these initial fragmentary remains, Cope made his original description of 3104: 782:

in 1877. The specimen was not fully collected until 1879 and the specimen contains the majority of a juvenile's skeleton (holotype YPM 1901) Meanwhile, crews working for Edward Cope in Garden Park, collected a fragmentary specimen consisting of a femur and 2 caudal vertebrae was made a new species of

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at its near and far ends indicate the periostitis was inactive or healed. McWhinney and the other researchers argued that this injury would have been a continuous source of hardship for the animal. It would have exerted pressure on the muscles. This pressure would have compressed the muscles' blood

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was of only moderate length by sauropod standards. It was composed of 12 vertebrae. Most of the cervical neural spines were bifurcated, with more vertebrae developing bifurcated neural spines as the animal grew. As in other sauropods, the vertebrae of the neck and torso contained chambers that in

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discovery in 1909 of a nearly complete skeleton of a juvenile, now under specimen number CM 11338. The specimen was notably found articulated in a death pose and is prominently displayed at the Carnegie Museum hall. Earl Douglass discovered the specimen and it was collected from 1909 to 1910 by

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was painted by Dr. John Ryder on several canvasses, under the direction of Professor Cope who would use them in lectures to impress his audience. This reconstruction would be the first ever made of a sauropod dinosaur, was natural size and represented the remains of a number of individuals. The

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The amount of material was great, it composed of several jumbled partial skeletons. It was not all prepared at once, but a considerable amount of it was cleaned up by Jacob Geismar under Cope's direction throughout the 1870s to 1890s. In 1877 a reconstruction of the skeleton of

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is among the most common and frequently well-preserved sauropod dinosaurs uncovered and has been well described in numerous publications. Similar to other Macronarians, it had the typical large naris, long forelimbs, and short tail compared to the contemporary Diplodocids.

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reconstruction was over fifty feet in length. Cope's collectors sent in more material from 1877 to 1878, and as Cope would get more material, he would name taxa based on these newly sent remains. Most of these additional taxa are now considered dubious or synonymous with

2419:. This specimen preserved a partial right humerus cataloged as DMNH 2908 and associated vertebrae from the back and tail. In 2001, Lorie McWhinney, Kenneth Carpenter, and Bruce Rothschild published a description of a pathology observed on the humerus. They noted a 2534:– McWhinney and the other researchers considered an avulsion injury caused by "repetitive overexertion of the muscles" to be the most likely source for the lesion on the humerus. The researchers believed the lesion to have originated with the avulsion of the 2494:

because the axis of the spur is 25° relative to the vertical axis of the humerus, whereas an osteochondroma would have formed at 90° to the axis of the humerus. Other candidates identified by the scientists for the origin of the spur-bearing lesion included:

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are found particularly in the Morrison Basin, which stretches from New Mexico to Alberta and Saskatchewan and was formed when the precursors to the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains started pushing up to the west. Eroded material from their east-facing

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fossils are very common. Over 500 specimens are known, including many isolated bones and about 50 partial skeletons. It is found in a wide area over the western United States, from as far north as Montana to as far south as New Mexico, in rocks of the

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in Switzerland. The skeleton is one of the best known, with nearly every element articulated and skin impressions from the skull and hindlimb. The specimen, SMA 002, has not yet gotten a full identification, but has been suggested to be a specimen of

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Mocho, P., Royo-Torres, R., Escaso, F., Malafaia, E., de Miguel Chaves, C., Narvaez, I., ... & Ortega, F. (2017). Upper Jurassic sauropod record in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal): Geographical and lithostratigraphical distribution.

2308:(stones) to help grind the food in the stomach, regurgitating or passing them when they became too smooth. More recent analysis, however, of the evidence for stomach stones suggests this was not the case. The strong, robust teeth of 2601:

fossils have been found in almost every major locality and have one of the greatest known distributions of Morrison dinosaurs, with fossils found in localities from New Mexico to Montana and Utah to Oklahoma. According to

809:. In 1878, a sauropod sacrum was discovered with several other jumbled sauropod postcranial elements, again at Como Bluff. The remains were also sent to Marsh and in 1878 the sacrum was assigned to a new genus and species, 4476:

Eagle, R.A.; Tütken, T.; Martin, T.S.; Tripati, A.K.; Fricke, H.C.; Connely, M.; Cifelli, R.L.; Eiler, J.M. (July 22, 2011). "Dinosaur Body Temperatures Determined from Isotopic (13C-18O) Ordering in Fossil Biominerals".

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Trujillo, K.C.; Chamberlain, K.R.; Strickland, A. (2006). "Oxfordian U/Pb ages from SHRIMP analysis for the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of southeastern Wyoming with implications for biostratigraphic correlations".

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McIntosh JS, Berman DS. 1975. Description of the palate and lower jaw of the sauropod dinosaur Diplodocus (Reptilia: Saurischia) with remarks on the nature of the skull of Apatosaurus. Journal of Paleontology

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was actually its own genus based on a specimen found at Howe Quarry in 1992 that they referred to the species. Further research by Tschopp concluded that the Howe Quarry specimen was most likely to represent

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Tschopp, E.; Mateus, O.; Kosma, R.; Sander, P.M.; Joger, U.; Wings, O.W.M. (2014). "A specimen-level cladistic analysis of Camarasaurus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) and a revision of camarasaurid taxonomy".

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Stratigraphic evidence suggests that chronological sequence aligned with the physical differences between the three species, and it describes an evolutionary progression within the Morrison Formation.

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Madsen, McIntosh and Berman, 1995. Skull and atlas-axis complex of the Upper Jurassic sauropod Camarasaurus Cope (Reptilia: Saurischia). Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History. 31, 1-115.

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based another sauropod specimen from DNM that was discovered by the Carnegie Museum in 1909. The type specimen was incomplete, consisting of 5 anterior cervical vertebrae, and is a synonym of

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Dodson, Peter; Britt, Brooks; Carpenter, Kenneth; Forster, Catherine A.; Gillette, David D.; Norell, Mark A.; Olshevsky, George; Parrish, J. Michael; Weishampel, David B. (January 1, 1993).

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was named in 1889 by Marsh based on a partial skull and 3 vertebrae from Garden Park, Colorado. The species remained in taxonomic uncertainty until in 2020, it was placed in a new genus,

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forms in accessory dental bone, in other locations, it is a sign of injury or illness. The woven bone's "undulating fibrous bundles" were observed oriented in the direction of the

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Tschopp, Emanuel; Wings, Oliver; Frauenfelder, Thomas; Rothschild, Bruce (2016). "Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour".

1211:, CM 11338, is the most complete sauropod skeleton ever discovered. Numerous skulls are known. Even though complete necks are rarely found in sauropods, five specimens of 998:

where it could be viewed by visitors of the event. Preparation work would continue until 1947 when the skeleton was mounted in a death pose in the fossil hall. The USNM's

4999:. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. Vol. 36. Albuquerque, New Mexico: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. pp. 131–138. 4961:

Dodson, Peter; Behrensmeyer, A.K.; Bakker, Robert T.; McIntosh, John S. (1980). "Taphonomy and paleoecology of the dinosaur beds of the Jurassic Morrison Formation".

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Wedel, Mathew J.; Taylor, Michael P. (2013). "Neural spine bifurcation in sauropod dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation: ontogenetic and phylogenetic implications".

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under the catalogue number AMNH 560. After receiving the original bones, Cope employed collectors who gathered more of the material which was described in 1921 by

2525: 2138:, the material consisting of several vertebral centra and assorted postcrania of a juvenile individual from Como Bluff. It is generally regarded as a synonym of 4125:

Cope, E. D. (1877c). "On Amphicoelias, a genus of Saurians from the Dakota epoch of Colorado". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (17): 242–246.

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for several million years, possibly due to different ecological niches as suggested by differences in the spinal anatomy of the two species. At a later stage,

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Bilbey, S.A. (1998). "Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry - age, stratigraphy and depositional environments". In Carpenter, K.; Chure, D.; Kirkland, J.I. (eds.).

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McIntosh, J.S. 1990. Sauropoda. In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; & Osmólska, H. (eds.): The Dinosauria. Berkeley (University of California Press): 345-401

10118: 3617:"Reassessment of a Historical Collection of Sauropod Dinosaurs from the Northern Morrison Formation of Wyoming, with Implications for Sauropod Biogeography" 2284: 3417: 5111:

Holland, W. J. (1919). "Section V. Paleontology". Annual report of the director for the year ending March 31, 1919 (Report). Carnegie Museum. p. 38.

975:. The skeleton is one of the best sauropod specimens known, with almost every element preserved in articulation including the fragile cervical vertebrae. 10128: 3515:

The dentition of a well-preserved specimen of Camarasaurus sp.: implications for function, tooth replacement, soft part reconstruction, and food intake.

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causing the formation of "a downward-sloping elliptical mass". The bone spur was caused by an osteoblastic response following a tear at the base of the

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was named in 1919 by W. J. Holland for 5 anterior cervical vertebrae from Dinosaur National Monument, the species was later regarded as a synonym of

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McIntosh, John S.; Miles, Clifford A.; Cloward, Karen C.; Parker, Jeffrie R. (December 24, 1996). "A new nearly complete skeleton of Camarasaurus".

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grew in size quickly to limit the time it would be vulnerable to predation. This would imply it had a relatively high metabolic rate as a juvenile.

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Huene, F. V. (1932). Die fossil Reptil-Ordnung Saurischia, ihre Entwicklung und Geschichte. Monographien zur Geologie und Palaeontologie (Ser. 1).

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Tschopp, E. D., Oliver, W., Thomas, F., & Winand, B. (2015). Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria).

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was discovered in 2005 in the Snowy Mountains region of central Montana and consists of a nearly complete skull and several postcranial elements.

2606:, the Morrison sedimentary layers range between 156.3 million years ago (Mya) at the base, to 146.8 Mya at the top, which places it in the late 2088:

was another one of Cope's Garden Park sauropods and was named in 1879 on 3 partial cervical vertebrae, it has been suggested to be a synonym of

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A.F. de Lapparent & G. Zbyszewski, 1951, "Découverte d'une riche faune de Reptiles Dinosauriens dans le Jurassique supérieur du Portugal",

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discovery came later in 1877, when a fragmentary posterior skull and a partial postcranial skeleton was discovered and collected in Quarry 1,

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Foster, J. (2007). "Appendix." Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. pp. 327-329.

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was not typical of the genus as a whole, and is known only from the latest, uppermost parts of the formation and is extremely uncommon. Both

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under specimen number BYU 9740. The skeleton wasn't full prepared until years later, and was described in 1988 as a new genus and species of

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appeared in the uppermost layers. This immediate succession of species, as well as the very close similarity between the two, suggests that

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in 1921. In 1998, Kenneth Carpenter argued that the stratigraphic position of the find suggested it was more likely to be synonymous with

3079:". American Journal of Science. 3rd series. 14 (84): 514–516. Bibcode:1877AmJS...14..514M. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-14.84.514. S2CID 130488291. 2490:

line. No evidence was found of stress fracture or infectious processes like osteomyelitis or infectious periostitis. They also ruled out

4242:"The Anatomy and Phylogenetic Relationships of "Pelorosaurus" becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England" 4058:

McIntosh, John S; Miller, Wade E; Stadtman, Kenneth L; Gillette, David D (1996). "The osteology of Camarasaurus lewisi (Jensen, 1988)".

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Distribution and biochronology of Camarasaurus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Jurassic Morrison Formation of the Rocky Mountain region

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Upchurch, Paul; Barrett, Paul M.; Dodson, Peter (2004). "Sauropoda". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.).

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Cope, E.D., 1877b, On Amphicoelias, a new genus of saurian from the Dakota Epoch of Colorado: Paleontological Bulletin, v. 27, p. 2-5.

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would have caused additional complications in the lower region of the fore limb, as well. The lesion would also have caused long-term

1416:. Camarasaurids had shorter forelimbs than hindlimbs, large scapulocoracoids, and longer tails than necks. When Edward Cope described 987: 862: 854: 717: 10133: 4847:"Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Tehuelchesaurus benitezii (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Patagonia" 4320:

Olshevsky, George (October 24, 1991). "A revision of the parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, excluding the advanced Crocodylia".

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Holland, W. J. (1924). "Description of the Type of Uintasaurus douglassi HOLLAND". Annals of the Carnegie Museum. 15 (2–3): 119–138.

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was named by Edward Cope in 1877 based on a right femur and 4 caudal vertebrae found at Garden Park and is synonymous with either

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was named in 1878 by Cope on 2 partial teeth and is also considered to be unclassifiable beyond Macronaria or as synonymous with

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Jensen, J. A. (1988). "A fourth new sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of the Colorado Plateau and sauropod bipedalism".

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were more developed than those of most sauropods and were replaced on average every 62 days (M. D'Emic et al.), indicating that

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in the lowest strata of the upper Morrison until going extinct, but it is possible this is because of a lack of specimens from

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was named by Sauvage in 1898 based on an incomplete distal caudal vertebra and tooth from the Upper Jurassic strata of the

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was named by Tage Ellinger based on an anterior dorsal vertebra in 1950. This species is generally considered a synonym of

990:. The specimen, known as USNM V 13786, was traded to the USNM in 1935 and prep work started on the specimen in 1936 at the 10138: 5658: 5354:; Rothschild, Bruce (2001), "25. Dinosaurian Humeral Periostitis: A Case of a Juxtacortical Lesion in the Fossil Record", 2499: 2324:

spp. preferred vegetation different from other sauropods, allowing them to share the same environment without competing.

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presented a distinctive cranial profile of a blunt snout and an arched skull that was remarkably square, typical of basal

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Paleoecological Analysis of the Vertebrate Fauna of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Rocky Mountain Region, U.S.A

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74th Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts

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collected a well preserved and articulated partial postcranial skeleton, including majority of the vertebral column, at

5471:"New Titanosauriform (Sauropoda) from the Poison Strip Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Utah" 3285: 1090:

s original description was brief, but later in 1996 the skeleton was given a full osteology and placed as a species of

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Cope, E.D., 1877c, On reptilian remains from the Dakota beds of Colorado: Paleontological Bulletin, v. 26, p. 193-196.

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Cope, E.D., 1877a, On a gigantic saurian from the Dakota Epoch of Colorado: Paleontological Bulletin, v. 25, p. 5-10.

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was also named by Cope in 1877 on, now dubious, teeth that can only be placed as a Macronarian or as synonymous with

5504: 3322:"A nearly complete articulated skeleton of Camarasaurus, a saurischian dinosaur from the Dinosaur National Monument" 817:

would receive several new species throughout the late 19th century, even becoming part of a new family in 1892, the

5568:"The first specimen of Camarasaurus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from Montana: The northernmost occurrence of the genus" 4308:

Vertébrés fossiles du Portugal: contributions à l'étude des poissons et des reptiles du jurassique et du crétacique

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was named on the basis of an ilium by Marsh in 1878 collected at Como Bluff. It is now considered a synonym of

1943: 1069: 2556: 1496:, is regarded as a camarasaurid by most studies, though it has also been considered to be a basal eusauropod. 3707: 2111: 947:

was also suggested by Riggs. In 1905, the first mounted skeleton of a sauropod was mounted at the AMNH of a

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to the lesion's position on the humerus. The researchers inferred that the inflammation of the muscles and

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species are now considered dubious, including the type species, or reclassified. In 1889, a new species of

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is the only taxon uncontroversially regarded as a valid genus of camarasaurid. It contains four species:

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The Morrison Formation records an environment and time dominated by gigantic sauropod dinosaurs such as

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Sauropod dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming.

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Tschopp, Emanuel; Maidment, Susannah C.R.; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Norell, Mark A. (November 4, 2019).

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weighed 14,247 kilograms (15.7 short tons), reached sexual maturity at 20 years and died at age 26.

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material was found at near Black Mesa in western Oklahoma during the 1940s and has been referred to

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enables researchers to estimate the age that a specific individual reached. A study by Griebeler

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was a medium-sized sauropod compared to contemporary species in the same formation, but in the

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CARBALLIDO, JOSÉ L.; RAUHUT, OLIVER W. M.; POL, DIEGO; SALGADO, LEONARDO (August 24, 2011).

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was the name given to the skeleton (holotype YPM 1910) and the skeleton was mounted in the

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macronarian, more closely related to the common ancestor of all macronarians than to more

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and is one of the most complete specimens assigned to the species, it now resides at the

5583: 5186: 5143: 4950:. Albuquerque, New Mexico: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. p. 29. 4549: 4490: 4434: 4257: 3208: 1345:(spatulate) and arranged evenly along the jaw. The strength of the teeth indicates that 9850: 9765: 9647: 9592: 9542: 9354: 9347: 9293: 9265: 9220: 9193: 9068: 9033: 8975: 8902: 8815: 8579: 8458: 8430: 8409: 8394: 8316: 8289: 8107: 8091: 8057: 7900: 7699: 7571: 7397: 7136: 7115: 7064: 7056: 6908: 6901: 6808: 6707: 6695: 6503: 6475: 6312: 6283: 6276: 6222: 6136: 6122: 6106: 6081: 5911: 5610: 5567: 5534: 5452: 5417: 5399: 5364: 4453: 4418: 4284: 4241: 4174: 4139: 2957: 2859: 2742: 2670: 2642: 2491: 2381: 2271: 2194: 1488: 1405: 1073: 906: 649: 644: 261: 10107: 9893: 9878: 9857: 9773: 9733: 9721: 9691: 9640: 9612: 9585: 9506: 9483: 9431: 9362: 9286: 9252: 9241: 9179: 9098: 9061: 9040: 8990: 8968: 8960: 8953: 8946: 8887: 8852: 8829: 8771: 8638: 8617: 8485: 8476: 8465: 8444: 8423: 8401: 8344: 8221: 8158: 8042: 7865: 7841: 7807: 7778: 7771: 7750: 7685: 7678: 7671: 7636: 7627: 7564: 7556: 7549: 7479: 7466: 7383: 7307: 7250: 7229: 7178: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7107: 7086: 7005: 6982: 6829: 6786: 6688: 6665: 6637: 6468: 6461: 6409: 6305: 6242: 6233: 6115: 5989: 5957: 5925: 5886: 5868: 5847: 5470: 5321: 5278: 5243: 5210:

Marsh, O. C. (1878b). "Principal Characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs, Part I".

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preserve all or nearly all of the cervical vertebrae. Most identifiable specimens of

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itself being discovered and named by the latter Paleontologist during the conflict.

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Appendix; Comparison of the principal forms of the Dinosauria of Europe and America

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rock. A large number of dinosaur species can be found here, including relatives of

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Tidwell, V.; Carpenter, K.; Meyer, S. (2001). Tanke, D. H.; Carpenter, K. (eds.).

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fossils have been found at the 2 formations. In 1877, it became the center of the

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A simplified cladogram of basal Macronaria after Tan et al (2020) is shown below:

951:, the skull of the mount was notoriously based on material that was likely from a 5592: 4557: 4443: 4266: 3076: 2320:

food in its mouth to some degree before swallowing. Other findings indicate that

716:(“supreme chambered lizard”) and founded the genus; these remains are now in the 10031: 9886: 9794: 9780: 9676: 9565: 9520: 9417: 9410: 9403: 9369: 9301: 9279: 9200: 9091: 8786: 8593: 8558: 8451: 8416: 8358: 8337: 8330: 8302: 8235: 8207: 8172: 8165: 8151: 8050: 8035: 7936: 7858: 7821: 7692: 7643: 7404: 7280: 7243: 7236: 7205: 7189: 7129: 7093: 7071: 6991: 6950: 6894: 6866: 6852: 6800: 6753: 6673: 6658: 6630: 6496: 6454: 6440: 6420: 6394: 6340: 6333: 6249: 6215: 6201: 6044: 5982: 5918: 5895: 5861: 5833: 3438: 3192: 2921: 2785: 2764: 2721: 2587: 2487: 2244: 2006: 1693: 1612: 1520: 1506: 1434: 1430: 1422: 1333:

preserves much better than many other sauropods, unlike the gracile skulls that

778: 54: 3105:

Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Morrison Formation near Cañon City, Colorado.

1876:, is of uncertain affinities. It was originally described as a distinct genus, 889:

manus and pes structure. The AMNH made an important discovery in 1899 at their

9787: 9714: 9683: 9445: 9272: 9119: 9054: 9018: 9004: 8939: 8910: 8873: 8836: 8779: 8365: 8309: 8264: 8214: 8186: 8144: 8080: 8028: 8010: 7997: 7921: 7914: 7907: 7893: 7800: 7793: 7786: 7706: 7618: 7593: 7323: 7273: 7257: 7221: 7122: 6998: 6922: 6836: 6779: 6730: 6482: 6298: 6187: 6051: 6010: 5975: 5704: 5627: 5270: 4974: 4684: 4682: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4594: 4592: 3632: 2867: 2824: 2815: 2770: 2758: 2715: 2709: 2699: 2654: 2630: 2626: 2581: 2467: 2424: 2396: 2305: 2066: 1959:

is the oldest species and occurred in the lowest rock layers of the Morrison.

1582: 1409: 1350: 1307: 1299: 1291: 1164: 1126:

was collected, this skeleton by Jeffrie Parker and colleagues near the AMNH's

874: 765: 563: 562:

The name means "chambered lizard", referring to the hollow chambers, known as

556: 248: 200: 99: 64: 5601: 5495: 5443: 5390: 5342: 5313: 5225: 5194: 5151: 4882: 4803: 4565: 4275: 4165: 4071: 4036: 3980: 3640: 3588: 3224: 1888:

should be reinstated as a distinct genus, whereas others have suggested that

897:

skull and mandible with associated cervical vertebrae. Major reassessment of

9750: 9632: 9438: 8917: 8895: 8844: 8565: 8522: 8508: 8250: 7943: 7929: 7814: 7528: 7376: 7369: 7100: 7049: 6612: 6599: 6514: 6489: 6447: 6326: 6166: 5933: 5875: 4928: 4498: 2966: 2949: 2933: 2903: 2887: 2775: 2674: 2615: 2475: 2471: 2333: 2317: 1717: 1311: 1303: 1295: 1275: 668: 567: 546: 530: 523: 519: 232: 154: 104: 48: 10022: 5619: 5543: 5525: 5461: 5408: 5253:"Comparison of the principal forms of the Dinosauria of Europe and America" 4991:(2006). "Biggest of the big: a critical re-evaluation of the mega-sauropod 4798:. Modern Geology. Vol. 22. Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 87–120. 4506: 4462: 4293: 4183: 3570: 2597:, but camarasaurs are the most abundant of the dinosaurs in the formation. 121: 5286:

Madsen, James H.; McIntosh, John S.; Berman, David S. (October 10, 1995).

3951:

Mocho, Pedro; Royo-Torres, Rafael; Ortega, Francisco (February 19, 2014).

2819:, which accounted for up to 75% of theropod specimens, and was at the top 2364:

on the enamel covering the teeth of various Jurassic sauropods, including

2229:

of Portugal. Lapparent & Zbyszewski referred the holotype vertebra to

1940:

were smaller, as well as occurring in the earlier stages of the Morrison.

1254: 17: 10016: 9758: 9424: 9234: 8437: 8278: 8137: 7390: 6880: 6723: 6433: 6208: 6180: 6088: 6003: 5996: 5903: 5840: 5722: 5698: 5547: 5014:

Cope, E. D. (1878). "On the Vertebrata of the Dakota Epoch of Colorado".

4764:," Foster (2007). Page 201. "Abundances and Diversities," ibid. Page 248. 3437:

McIntosh, J.S., Miller, W.E., Stadtman, K.L., and Gillette, D.D., 1996b,

2662: 2622: 2436: 2423:

25 by 18 cm wide made of bone that resembled woven fibers. Although

2134: 1065: 886: 526: 187: 174: 94: 89: 74: 69: 59: 5381: 4138:

Tschopp, Emanuel; Mateus, Octávio; Benson, Roger B. J. (April 7, 2015).

4044: 3579: 2432: 2102:

in 1884 on the basis of several teeth, a premaxilla, and a maxilla from

1899: 10064: 8794: 7198: 7042: 6929: 6387: 4873: 4240:

Upchurch, Paul; Mannion, Philip D.; Taylor, Michael P. (June 3, 2015).

4020: 3266:

Riggs, Elmer (1901). "The Fore Leg And Pectoral Girdle Of Morosaurus".

2961: 2945: 2908: 2851: 2479: 1543: 1337:

that are also found in the Morrison Formation. The 19-cm-long (7.5-in)

1028:

the material consists of many large vertebrae and some skull elements.

109: 84: 5094:

Jurassic West: the dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and their world

5071:

Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World

5027: 4911:

Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World

4156: 3972: 2502:– although this was ruled out by the presence of the spur-like process 1094:

by John McIntosh and colleagues. In their paper, they determined that

9323: 8501: 6319: 5692: 5434: 5304: 5287: 3957:, a basal Macronaria (Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal" 3547:

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts, 2013. 173.

3338: 3321: 3046: 2941: 2879: 2871: 2482:

in 3-mm increments. The CT scan found that the mass had a consistent

2441: 2198: 1342: 995: 164: 9993: 5252: 5168: 5125: 4913:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 170–176. 3952: 3191:

Whitlock, John A.; Mantilla, Jeffrey A. WILSON (December 10, 2020).

2440:

vessels and nerves, reducing the range of motion of both the limb's

1102:

were valid. In 2013, Octavio Mateus and Emanuel Tschopp argued that

2340:(2013) examined long-bone histological data and concluded that the 1917:

and one of the most massive sauropods known from the late Jurassic

1286:, was about 15 m (49 ft) in length. The largest species, 731:

The earliest known skeletal reconstruction of a sauropod dinosaur:

587:) meaning "vaulted chamber", or anything with an arched cover, and 5643: 3867:(2nd ed.). Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. 2937: 2925: 2855: 2650: 2646: 2555: 2283: 1942: 1898: 1838:

is regarded as containing four valid species by most researchers:

1446:, but didn’t name a group for these taxa until the description of 1338: 1326: 1318: 1306:), whereas in 2020, John Foster estimated its weight at 42.3 1253: 1242: 1182: 844: 726: 515: 5418:"Why sauropods had long necks; and why giraffes have short necks" 4997:

Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation

3268:

Field Museum of Natural History Publication 63, Geological Series

1921:. Except for its huge size, it was nearly indistinguishable from 1138:

in Tokyo under specimen number GMNH-PV 101. 1992 saw yet another

829:

was named based on a partial skull and skeleton from Como Bluff.

772:. This skeleton would be the best preserved single individual of 10051: 9625: 6129: 5126:"Notice of New Dinosaurian Reptiles from the Jurassic Formation" 2953: 2929: 2863: 2567:

The Morrison Formation, situated along the eastern flank of the

9997: 9957: 8731: 7995: 7464: 6597: 5800: 5685: 5647: 4530:"Growth record and histological variation in the dorsal ribs of 2621:

of the Late Jurassic period. Its environment is interpreted as

2269:

by John McIntosh in 1990, but was granted a new genus in 1998,

2003:, representing a larger, later-surviving population of animals. 696:

comes from the spring of 1877 when Mr. Oramel William Lucas of

7287: 5365:"Almost all known sauropod necks are incomplete and distorted" 3077:

Notice of New Dinosaurian Reptiles from the Jurassic Formation

801:, but in a 2005 study of the biostratigraphic distribution of 473: 27:

Camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur genus from Late Jurassic Period

4946:. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 3842:. Edinburgh, Scotland: Dorling Kindersley. pp. 270–271. 3441:: Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 41, p. 73-115. 3381: 3379: 1349:

probably ate coarser plant material than the slender-toothed

607:

contains four species that are commonly recognized as valid:

595: 588: 581: 574: 485: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4712: 4700: 4688: 4673: 4661: 4642: 4621: 4598: 2677:, a fossil-collecting rivalry between early paleontologists 2261:

and Georges Zbyweski on a partial postcranial skeleton from

1298:). In 2016, Gregory S. Paul estimated its weight at 23 389:(Jensen, 1988) Miller, Mcintosh, Stadtman and Gillette, 1992 3248:

Fore and hind limbs of Sauropoda from the Bone Cabin Quarry

491: 476: 5416:

Taylor, Michael P.; Wedel, Mathew J. (February 12, 2013).

3938: 3926: 3685: 3673: 3661: 2920:. The flora of the period has been revealed by fossils of 1420:

in 1877, he believed it was a dinosaur closely related to

881:

respectively. Mostly consisting of limb material, the new

663:, during the period of scientific rivalry between him and 3886: 3884: 1122:

In 1992, another substantial and articulated skeleton of

467: 4824:. Minocqua, Wisconsin: NorthWord Press. pp. 64–70. 1913:, as its name suggests, is the largest known species of 639:, is the largest and geologically youngest of the four. 2213:

in 1932 until in 2015, it was placed in its own genus,

793:

in 1877. This species was tentatively synonymized with

4196:

O. C. Marsh. 1889. Notice of new American Dinosauria.

1382:

as the bones of birds. It is these chambers that give

1207:

is a very well-known sauropod. A juvenile specimen of

986:

by Carnegie crews, this specimen can be viewed at the

675:, but it was subsequently shown to be synonymous with 4777:

Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs

3748: 3746: 3037:

Osborn, Henry Fairfield; Mook, Charles Craig (1921).

1492:, the type species of which was formerly assigned to 503: 494: 482: 464: 461: 3788: 2243:. The referred tooth was identified as belonging to 2132:

was also named by Marsh in 1896 as a new species of

893:

in Wyoming with the discovery of the first complete

488: 376: 356: 336: 311: 10006: 9827: 9732: 9658: 9611: 9575: 9541: 9459: 9393: 9333: 9251: 9218: 9144: 8744: 8660: 8603: 8475: 8288: 8197: 8121: 8090: 8008: 7883: 7840: 7831: 7733: 7724: 7661: 7626: 7617: 7514: 7503: 7477: 7354: 7322: 7306: 7297: 7188: 7032: 6981: 6850: 6819: 6751: 6706: 6610: 6513: 6419: 6351: 6259: 6232: 6164: 6105: 6065: 6027: 5955: 5885: 5813: 5764: 5737: 5566:Woodruff, D. Cary; Foster, John R. (May 31, 2017). 3997:(2 ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. 3439:

The osteology of Camarasaurus lewisi (Jensen, 1988)

2486:and was separated from the cortex of the bone by a 1325:was remarkably square and the blunt snout had many 1111:after all. As of 2019, most researchers considered 479: 470: 4796:The Morrison Formation: An Interdisciplinary Study 4198:The American Journal of Science and Arts, series 3 3621:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 3414:"OMNH 1811, a Camarasaurus dorsal from Black Mesa" 2774:. Predators in this paleoenvironment included the 2061:was named by Marsh in 1878 as the type species of 776:at the time, and it was named as a new species of 647:, which also includes its European close relative 533:fossil. Its fossil remains have been found in the 4995:". In Foster, John R.; Lucas, Spencer G. (eds.). 4528:Waskow, Katja; Sander, P. Martin (June 7, 2014). 4370:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences à Paris 2948:. Vegetation varied from river-lining forests of 1360:called SMA 0002 (which has also been assigned to 967:. This skeleton was not described until 1925 by 805:, Takehito Ikejiri retained it in synonymy with 549:stages), between 155 and 145 million years ago. 5035:Cope, E. D. (1879). "New Jurassic Dinosauria". 3541:as a valid sauropod genus and comparisons with 3099: 3097: 1983:disappeared from the rock record, leaving only 1282:. The maximum size of the most common species, 913:species named by Marsh, only three were valid. 5292:Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 4822:An Odyssey in Time: Dinosaurs of North America 4100: 3812: 3776: 3764: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3385: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 2526:Myositis ossificans traumatica (circumscripta) 2404:holotype there are large Theropod bite marks. 1884:in 1996. Some researchers have suggested that 1374:life were filled by air sacs connected to the 700:, Colorado discovered some large vertebrae at 5659: 5484:PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology 3175:. New Mexico Geological Society January 2005. 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 1130:at Como Bluff. This skeleton was referred to 8: 5358:, Indiana University Press, pp. 364–377 4417:Griebeler, EM; Klein, N; Sander, PM (2013). 1906:vertebrae at Quarry 1 in Garden Park c. 1878 1880:, in 1988, but reclassified as a species of 1858:, the species named by Cope in 1877, is the 5331:Bulletin of Gunma Museum of Natural History 3914: 3902: 3729:LUCAS, S. G., & HECKERT, A. B. (1993). 3366:"Diplodocus and Camarasaurus (NMNH Series)" 2300:Previously, scientists have suggested that 2114:in 1877. Although the teeth and dentary of 9994: 9954: 9824: 9617: 9572: 9339: 9257: 9226: 9150: 8756: 8752: 8741: 8728: 8609: 8294: 8129: 8020: 8016: 8005: 7992: 7837: 7730: 7623: 7520: 7511: 7485: 7474: 7461: 7351: 7303: 6858: 6763: 6759: 6622: 6618: 6607: 6594: 6425: 6357: 6172: 6102: 6073: 5967: 5963: 5825: 5821: 5810: 5797: 5743: 5734: 5682: 5666: 5652: 5644: 4749:McWhinney, Carpenter & Rothschild 2001 4737:McWhinney, Carpenter & Rothschild 2001 4725:McWhinney, Carpenter & Rothschild 2001 4713:McWhinney, Carpenter & Rothschild 2001 4701:McWhinney, Carpenter & Rothschild 2001 4689:McWhinney, Carpenter & Rothschild 2001 4674:McWhinney, Carpenter & Rothschild 2001 4662:McWhinney, Carpenter & Rothschild 2001 4643:McWhinney, Carpenter & Rothschild 2001 4622:McWhinney, Carpenter & Rothschild 2001 4599:McWhinney, Carpenter & Rothschild 2001 1155:. In 1996, several fragmentary remains of 120: 31: 5609: 5591: 5533: 5503:Wings, Oliver; Sander, P. Martin (2007). 5451: 5433: 5398: 5380: 5303: 5233: 4872: 4862: 4851:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 4452: 4442: 4283: 4265: 4173: 4155: 3961:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 3578: 3513:Wiersma, K., & Sander, P. M. (2017). 3337: 2657:. The formation is similar in age to the 2508:– but this would not explain the spur or 2122:, the skull material is likely that of a 4060:Brigham Young University Geology Studies 2850:Other organisms in this region included 2005: 1247:Scale diagram of three known species of 1035: 5363:Taylor, Michael P. (January 24, 2022). 4586:"Camarasaurus", Dodson, et al. Page 56. 3890: 2984: 2831:is commonly found at the same sites as 2304:and other sauropods may have swallowed 885:material led to new reconstructions of 4364: 4362: 4133: 4131: 3865:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 3800: 3752: 3725: 3723: 3532: 3530: 3492:from the original on January 26, 2020. 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3449: 3447: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3420:from the original on February 3, 2018. 3398: 3396: 3394: 3053:from the original on January 15, 2016. 2571:, is home to a fossil-rich stretch of 2448:. This effect would have hindered the 1991:, too, disappeared; at the same time, 529:and is the most common North American 3823: 3821: 3536:Mateus, O., & Tschopp E. (2013). 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3372:from the original on August 13, 2020. 3359: 3357: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3087: 3085: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 2653:lowlands, lakes, river channels, and 1947:Multiview skeletal reconstruction of 982:skeleton was found in 1918, again at 958:The Carnegie Museum had an important 7: 5169:"Notice of New Dinosaurian Reptiles" 3734:Dinosaurs of New Mexico: Bulletin 17 3186: 3184: 3182: 3062: 3060: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2394:in Utah shows gouging attributed to 2069:. It is now considered a synonym of 1408:, members of which are medium-sized 1142:skeleton discovery further north at 1052:No major discoveries would come for 10119:Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation 5054:. Publications International, LTD. 4019:Jensen, James A. (April 30, 1988). 3286:"AMNH 467 - Camarasaurus sp. entry" 1709: 1685: 1635: 1628: 1589: 1563: 1535: 1513: 1502: 1146:, Wyoming by crews working for the 1096:C. supremus, C. grandis, C. lentus, 5513:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 4538:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3789:Madsen, McIntosh & Berman 1995 3197:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2964:with occasional trees such as the 2106:, Colorado that were collected by 1412:sauropods that mostly date to the 1187:CM 11338, the most complete known 1009:In 1919, W. J. Holland would name 988:National Museum of Natural History 863:American Museum of Natural History 855:American Museum of Natural History 718:American Museum of Natural History 671:. Soon after, Marsh named a genus 25: 10129:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope 9959:Topics in sauropodomorph research 4310:. l'Académie royale des Sciences. 3731:Jurassic dinosaurs in New Mexico. 3364:Miller, Ben (December 29, 2016). 2197:based on a partial forelimb from 1975:appeared later, co-existing with 9940: 9934: 9929: 9923: 8713: 8705: 8697: 7978: 7973: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7427: 6579: 6572: 6567: 6561: 5630: 4864:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00723.x 3298:Miller, B. (October 30, 2014). " 2528:– Possible, but unlikely source. 1482:may represent a distinct genus, 1450:when he erected Camarasauridae. 1404:is the type genus of the family 963:Carnegie Museum crew working at 905:came in 1901, a reassessment by 457: 141: 2415:of the Morrison Formation near 2411:skeleton was discovered at the 1999:may have evolved directly from 1892:may be synonymous with another 1171:. The northernmost specimen of 1136:Gunma Museum of Natural History 931:) were accepted as valid, with 768:, Wyoming by crews working for 3953:"Phylogenetic reassessment of 3326:Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 2413:Bryan Small Stegosaurus Quarry 1393:was composed of 53 vertebrae. 1386:its name, "chambered lizard". 1219:belong to one of two species, 971:This specimen was referred to 1: 10144:Multispecific sauropod genera 10124:Fossil taxa described in 1877 5092:Foster, John Russell (2020). 3559:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 3217:10.1080/02724634.2020.1780600 2902:. Early mammals present were 2737:. Dinosaurs living alongside 2500:Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy 2460:, and to a lesser degree the 1870:in 1889. The fourth species, 129:Mounted skeletal cast at the 5593:10.1371/journal.pone.0177423 4558:10.1080/02724634.2014.840645 4444:10.1371/journal.pone.0067012 4267:10.1371/journal.pone.0125819 3955:Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis 2542:caused by its flexor motion. 2019:Synonyms and dubious species 1963:only briefly coexisted with 1159:were described from western 939:. Possible synonymy between 813:("unpaired stupid lizard"). 596: 582: 5258:American Journal of Science 5213:American Journal of Science 5174:American Journal of Science 5131:American Journal of Science 4215:American journal of science 4116:," Foster (2007). Page 204. 3838:Benton, Michael J. (2012). 2645:was carried by streams and 2362:clumped isotope thermometry 992:Texas Centennial Exposition 909:concluded that of the five 131:Jurassic Museum of Asturias 10160: 4350:Palaeontologia Electronica 4101:Woodruff & Foster 2017 4025:The Great Basin Naturalist 3813:Woodruff & Foster 2017 3777:Woodruff & Foster 2017 3765:Woodruff & Foster 2017 3386:Woodruff & Foster 2017 3169:Ikejiri, Takehito (2005). 2944:, and several families of 2882:, terrestrial and aquatic 2667:Cañadón Calcáreo Formation 2562:Dinosaur National Monument 2560:Skull in mudstone matrix, 2392:Dinosaur National Monument 2379: 2253:was named as a species of 2251:Camarasaurus alenquerensis 1397:Classification and species 984:Dinosaur National Monument 965:Dinosaur National Monument 841:Second Dinosaur Rush finds 710:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 589: 575: 9964: 9953: 9921: 9823: 9620: 9342: 9260: 9229: 9153: 8759: 8755: 8740: 8727: 8694: 8612: 8297: 8132: 8023: 8019: 8004: 7991: 7971: 7523: 7488: 7473: 7460: 7424: 7350: 6861: 6766: 6762: 6625: 6621: 6606: 6593: 6559: 6428: 6360: 6175: 6076: 5970: 5966: 5828: 5824: 5809: 5796: 5746: 5733: 5681: 5271:10.2475/ajs.s3-37.220.323 4975:10.1017/S0094837300025768 3633:10.1206/0003-0090.437.1.1 2886:, and several species of 2741:included the herbivorous 2259:Albert-Félix de Lapparent 1731: 1714: 1707: 1690: 1683: 1657: 1640: 1633: 1626: 1609: 1594: 1587: 1568: 1561: 1540: 1533: 1518: 1511: 1278:reached large sizes with 1203:. Due to this abundance, 403: 396: 333: 328: 310: 303: 138:Scientific classification 136: 128: 119: 34: 10134:Paleontology in Colorado 9979:List of sauropod species 5475:Mesozoic Vertebrate Life 5356:Mesozoic Vertebrate Life 5226:10.2475/ajs.s3-16.95.411 5195:10.2475/ajs.s3-15.87.241 5152:10.2475/ajs.s3-14.84.514 5075:Indiana University Press 5016:Paleontological Bulletin 4993:Amphicoelias fragillimus 4942:Foster, John R. (2003). 4393:Wings and Sander (2006). 3486:"Camarasaurus Paleofile" 2400:and on the ilium of the 2179:, and reclassified as a 1070:Brigham Young University 5235:2027/hvd.32044107172876 5117:2027/osu.32435027945948 4499:10.1126/science.1206196 4306:Sauvage, H. E. (1898). 3915:Taylor & Wedel 2013 3903:Wedel & Taylor 2013 2239:., 1995 referred it to 2187:Camarasaurus becklesiii 2086:Camarasaurus leptodirus 861:In the late 1890s, the 789:by Cope which he named 5526:10.1098/rspb.2006.3763 5167:Marsh, O. C. (1878a). 4905:Foster, John (2007). " 3711:Rocky Mountain Geology 3706:Foster, J. R. (1996). 3571:10.4202/app.00119.2014 3455:Great Basin Naturalist 3245:Osborn, H. F. (1901). 3103:Carpenter, K. (1998). 3075:Marsh, O. C. (1877). " 2564: 2520:tibial stress syndrome 2390:pelvis recovered from 2292: 2199:Sussex, United Kingdom 2191:Pelorosaurus becklesii 2015: 1952: 1907: 1866:was named in 1877 and 1813:is considered to be a 1329:. The robust skull of 1263: 1251: 1192: 1049: 858: 736: 735:by John A. Ryder, 1877 10086:Paleobiology Database 9969:Sauropod neck posture 9660:Opisthocoelicaudiinae 5251:Marsh, O. C. (1889). 5124:Marsh, O. C. (1877). 4762:Camarasaurus supremus 4209:Marsh, O. C. (1889). 2916:, symmetrodonts, and 2679:Othniel Charles Marsh 2559: 2287: 2232:Megalosaurus insignis 2205:by Marsh in 1889 and 2145:Uintasaurus douglassi 2130:Pleurocoelus montanus 2053:Camarasaurus supremus 2043:Camarasaurus supremus 2009: 1946: 1904:Camarasaurus supremus 1902: 1257: 1246: 1186: 1169:Summerville Formation 1068:and was deposited at 1039: 1032:Resurgent discoveries 1023:Camarasaurus supremus 1011:Uintasaurus douglassi 1002:was also referred to 848: 837:fossil hall in 1930. 770:Othniel Charles Marsh 753:Como Bluff finds and 730: 714:Camarasaurus supremus 665:Othniel Charles Marsh 659:was named in 1877 by 643:is the type genus of 628:Camarasaurus supremus 601:) meaning "lizard"). 352:, 1877) Gilmore, 1925 317:Camarasaurus supremus 10139:Paleontology in Utah 5052:The Age of Dinosaurs 4322:Mesozoic Meanderings 4114:Camarasaurus grandis 3939:McIntosh et al. 1996 3927:McIntosh et al. 1996 3863:Paul, G. S. (2016). 3686:McIntosh et al. 1996 3674:McIntosh et al. 1996 3662:McIntosh et al. 1996 3412:Wedel, Matt (2018). 3320:Gilmore, C. (1925). 2421:juxtacortical lesion 2417:Canon City, Colorado 2096:Diplodocus lacustris 2039:Caulodon diversidens 2012:Caulodon diversidens 1148:Sauriermuseum Aathal 1132:Camarasaurus grandis 1046:Sauriermuseum Aathal 1044:sp. SMA 0002 at the 1040:Mounted skeleton of 853:sp. AMNH 467 at the 692:The first record of 610:Camarasaurus grandis 342:Camarasaurus grandis 9828:Dubious titanosaurs 6645:Chinshakiangosaurus 5584:2017PLoSO..1277423W 5382:10.7717/peerj.12810 5350:McWhinney, Lorrie; 5187:1878AmJS...15..241M 5144:1877AmJS...14..514M 5069:Foster, J. (2007). 5038:American Naturalist 4907:Allosaurus fragilis 4751:, pp. 374–375. 4727:, pp. 373–374. 4715:, pp. 372–373. 4703:, pp. 370–371. 4550:2014JVPal..34..852W 4491:2011Sci...333..443E 4435:2013PLoSO...867012G 4258:2015PLoSO..1025819U 3209:2020JVPal..40E0600W 2683:Edward Drinker Cope 2407:In 1992, a partial 2265:. It was placed in 2201:. It was placed in 2149:Camarasaurus lentus 2076:Morosaurus robustus 2049:Caulodon leptoganus 1115:to be a species of 1015:Camarasaurus lentus 973:Camarasaurus lentus 835:Yale Peabody Museum 706:Edward Drinker Cope 704:, which he sent to 661:Edward Drinker Cope 622:Camarasaurus lewisi 616:Camarasaurus lentus 566:, in its cervical 382:Camarasaurus lewisi 362:Camarasaurus lentus 9700:Opisthocoelicaudia 6772:Archaeodontosaurus 5352:Carpenter, Kenneth 4989:Carpenter, Kenneth 2659:Lourinha Formation 2604:radiometric dating 2565: 2540:m. brachioradialis 2293: 2263:Lourinha, Portugal 2227:Alcobaca Formation 2223:Morosaurus marchei 2165:Reassigned species 2155:Camarasaurus annae 2025:Amphicoelias latus 2016: 1953: 1919:Morrison Formation 1908: 1376:respiratory system 1264: 1252: 1201:Morrison Formation 1193: 1050: 969:Charles W. Gilmore 915:Morosaurus grandis 859: 791:Amphicoelias latus 737: 724:and Charles Mook. 535:Morrison Formation 372:, 1889) Mook, 1914 10101: 10100: 10073:Open Tree of Life 10000:Taxon identifiers 9991: 9990: 9987: 9986: 9949: 9948: 9919: 9918: 9915: 9914: 9911: 9910: 9836:Bruhathkayosaurus 9819: 9818: 9815: 9814: 9811: 9810: 9537: 9536: 9455: 9454: 9377:Panamericansaurus 9214: 9213: 9210: 9209: 8723: 8722: 8692: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8656: 8655: 8124:Titanosauriformes 8117: 8116: 7987: 7986: 7969: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7765:Brachytrachelopan 7720: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7494:Haplocanthosaurus 7456: 7455: 7422: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7355:Dubious sauropods 7346: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7338: 7337: 6846: 6845: 6747: 6746: 6682:Protognathosaurus 6589: 6588: 6557: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6160: 6159: 6061: 6060: 5951: 5950: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5520:(1610): 635–640. 5103:978-0-253-05158-5 5084:978-0-253-34870-8 5061:978-0-7853-0443-2 4920:978-0-253-34870-8 4831:978-1-55971-038-1 4485:(6041): 443–445. 4157:10.7717/peerj.857 4103:, pp. 50–51. 3973:10.1111/zoj.12113 3917:, pp. 14–15. 3905:, pp. 11–12. 3874:978-0-691-16766-4 3849:978-0-7566-9910-9 3767:, pp. 52–53. 2914:multituberculates 2860:ray-finned fishes 2649:and deposited in 2463:m. biceps brachii 2457:m. brachoradialis 2189:was described as 2171:Morosaurus agilis 1807: 1806: 1798: 1797: 1789: 1788: 1780: 1779: 1771: 1770: 1762: 1761: 1753: 1752: 1744: 1743: 1734:Titanosauriformes 1672: 1671: 1341:were shaped like 1258:Restoration of a 1128:Bone Cabin Quarry 955:from Como Bluff. 923:Morosaurus agilis 919:Morosaurus lentus 891:Bone Cabin Quarry 869:found additional 831:Morosaurus lentus 708:who was based in 688:Initial discovery 448: 447: 442: 430: 421: 412: 390: 373: 353: 299: 280: 16:(Redirected from 10151: 10094: 10093: 10081: 10080: 10068: 10067: 10055: 10054: 10042: 10041: 10040: 10027: 10026: 10025: 9995: 9955: 9944: 9938: 9933: 9927: 9825: 9707:Pellegrinisaurus 9618: 9573: 9552:Bustingorrytitan 9492:Futalognkosaurus 9340: 9258: 9227: 9151: 9134:Diamantinasauria 9026:Pellegrinisaurus 8932:Jiangshanosaurus 8823:Baotianmansaurus 8757: 8753: 8742: 8729: 8718: 8717: 8710: 8709: 8702: 8701: 8625:Diamantinasaurus 8610: 8605:Diamantinasauria 8544:Jiangshanosaurus 8295: 8130: 8021: 8017: 8006: 7993: 7982: 7977: 7838: 7731: 7663:Rebbachisaurinae 7624: 7521: 7516:Rebbachisauridae 7512: 7486: 7475: 7462: 7451: 7445: 7440: 7439: 7432: 7431: 7363:Bothriospondylus 7352: 7304: 7080:Eomamenchisaurus 7034:Mamenchisauridae 7014:Lapparentosaurus 6958:Spinophorosaurus 6859: 6764: 6760: 6623: 6619: 6608: 6595: 6584: 6583: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6426: 6358: 6261:Massospondylidae 6173: 6103: 6074: 6038:Jaklapallisaurus 6018:Thecodontosaurus 5968: 5964: 5826: 5822: 5811: 5798: 5744: 5735: 5728: 5727: 5683: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5645: 5640: 5638:Dinosaurs portal 5635: 5634: 5633: 5623: 5613: 5595: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5553:on July 13, 2011 5552: 5546:. Archived from 5537: 5509: 5499: 5478: 5465: 5455: 5437: 5435:10.7717/peerj.36 5412: 5402: 5384: 5359: 5346: 5325: 5307: 5305:10.5962/p.240778 5282: 5265:(220): 323–330. 5247: 5237: 5206: 5163: 5120: 5107: 5088: 5065: 5046: 5031: 5001: 5000: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4902: 4896: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4876: 4866: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4818:Russell, Dale A. 4814: 4808: 4807: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4771: 4765: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4646: 4640: 4625: 4619: 4602: 4596: 4587: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4534:sp. (Sauropoda)" 4525: 4519: 4518: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4456: 4446: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4376: 4366: 4357: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4317: 4311: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4287: 4269: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4207: 4201: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4177: 4159: 4135: 4126: 4123: 4117: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4016: 4010: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3879: 3878: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3840:Prehistoric Life 3835: 3829: 3825: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3741: 3727: 3718: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3612: 3601: 3600: 3582: 3554: 3548: 3534: 3525: 3511: 3494: 3493: 3481: 3462: 3451: 3442: 3435: 3422: 3421: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3389: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3361: 3352: 3351: 3341: 3339:10.5962/p.217807 3317: 3306: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3263: 3252: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3188: 3177: 3176: 3166: 3115: 3101: 3092: 3089: 3080: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3055: 3054: 3034: 2997: 2994: 2823:of the Morrison 2446:extensor muscles 2120:Flagellicaudatan 2059:Morosaurus impar 1710: 1686: 1636: 1629: 1590: 1564: 1536: 1514: 1503: 1427:Bothriospondylus 1089: 1062:Uncompahgre Hill 935:synonymous with 933:Morosaurus impar 821:. A majority of 811:Morosaurus impar 599: 592: 591: 585: 578: 577: 537:, dating to the 510: 506: 501: 500: 497: 496: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 440: 428: 419: 410: 388: 378: 367: 358: 347: 338: 313: 297: 290: 278: 273: 260: 247: 231: 215: 146: 145: 124: 114: 51: 40:Temporal range: 32: 21: 10159: 10158: 10154: 10153: 10152: 10150: 10149: 10148: 10104: 10103: 10102: 10097: 10089: 10084: 10076: 10071: 10063: 10058: 10050: 10045: 10036: 10035: 10030: 10021: 10020: 10015: 10002: 9992: 9983: 9974:Sauropod hiatus 9960: 9945: 9907: 9844:Campylodoniscus 9807: 9728: 9654: 9607: 9577:Nemegtosauridae 9571: 9533: 9470:Argentinosaurus 9451: 9389: 9329: 9247: 9223: 9206: 9166:Atsinganosaurus 9146:Lirainosaurinae 9140: 9127:Xianshanosaurus 9012:Normanniasaurus 8998:Narambuenatitan 8881:Dongyangosaurus 8749: 8736: 8719: 8712: 8704: 8696: 8676: 8652: 8632:Sarmientosaurus 8599: 8552:Phuwiangosaurus 8471: 8284: 8199:Brachiosauridae 8193: 8126: 8113: 8086: 8013: 8000: 7983: 7949: 7879: 7827: 7735:Dicraeosauridae 7726:Flagellicaudata 7712: 7657: 7613: 7587:Nopcsaspondylus 7579:Maraapunisaurus 7508: 7506:Diplodocimorpha 7499: 7482: 7469: 7452: 7434: 7426: 7410: 7334: 7318: 7293: 7266:Tehuelchesaurus 7184: 7144:Tienshanosaurus 7028: 6977: 6965:Tehuelchesaurus 6855: 6842: 6821:Vulcanodontidae 6815: 6756: 6743: 6702: 6652:Gongxianosaurus 6615: 6602: 6585: 6578: 6529: 6509: 6415: 6374:Jingshanosaurus 6366:Chuxiongosaurus 6353:Sauropodiformes 6347: 6270:Adeopapposaurus 6255: 6228: 6169: 6156: 6101: 6070: 6057: 6023: 5960: 5947: 5881: 5818: 5816:Sauropodomorpha 5805: 5803:Sauropodomorpha 5780: 5766:Sauropodomorpha 5760: 5754:Avemetatarsalia 5739:Avemetatarsalia 5729: 5714:Avemetatarsalia 5688: 5687: 5677: 5675:Sauropodomorpha 5672: 5636: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5578:(5): e0177423. 5565: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5507: 5502: 5481: 5468: 5415: 5362: 5349: 5328: 5285: 5250: 5220:(95): 411–416. 5209: 5181:(87): 241–244. 5166: 5138:(84): 514–516. 5123: 5110: 5104: 5091: 5085: 5068: 5062: 5049: 5034: 5022:(28): 233–247. 5013: 5009: 5004: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4921: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4890: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4832: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4680: 4672: 4668: 4660: 4649: 4641: 4628: 4620: 4605: 4597: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4367: 4360: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4305: 4301: 4252:(6): e0125819. 4239: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4221:(220), 323-330. 4208: 4204: 4195: 4191: 4137: 4136: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4018: 4017: 4013: 3992: 3988: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3889: 3882: 3875: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3744: 3728: 3721: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3664:, pp. 1–5. 3660: 3656: 3614: 3613: 3604: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3535: 3528: 3512: 3497: 3483: 3482: 3465: 3452: 3445: 3436: 3425: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3392: 3384: 3377: 3363: 3362: 3355: 3319: 3318: 3309: 3297: 3293: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3265: 3264: 3255: 3244: 3240: 3203:(6): e1780600. 3190: 3189: 3180: 3168: 3167: 3118: 3102: 3095: 3090: 3083: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3058: 3036: 3035: 3000: 2995: 2986: 2982: 2958:gallery forests 2893:Harpactognathus 2884:crocodylomorphs 2753:Gargoyleosaurus 2700:Maraapunisaurus 2695: 2643:drainage basins 2569:Rocky Mountains 2554: 2549: 2532:Avulsion injury 2506:Osteoid osteoma 2431:. The lesion's 2384: 2378: 2354: 2330: 2298: 2282: 2167: 2021: 2010:Teeth from the 1833: 1808: 1799: 1790: 1781: 1772: 1763: 1754: 1745: 1673: 1661:Tehuelchesaurus 1399: 1241: 1181: 1087: 1056:until in 1967, 1034: 843: 758: 690: 685: 508: 504: 460: 456: 439: 427: 418: 409: 387: 366: 346: 324: 321: 296: 288: 277: 271: 258: 245: 229: 217:Sauropodomorpha 213: 140: 115: 113: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 46: 45: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10157: 10155: 10147: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10106: 10105: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10095: 10082: 10069: 10056: 10043: 10028: 10012: 10010: 10004: 10003: 9998: 9989: 9988: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9965: 9962: 9961: 9958: 9951: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9916: 9913: 9912: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9905: 9898: 9890: 9883: 9875: 9868: 9861: 9854: 9851:Clasmodosaurus 9847: 9840: 9831: 9829: 9821: 9820: 9817: 9816: 9813: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9806: 9805: 9798: 9791: 9784: 9777: 9770: 9766:Maxakalisaurus 9762: 9755: 9747: 9738: 9736: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9726: 9718: 9711: 9703: 9696: 9688: 9680: 9673: 9664: 9662: 9656: 9655: 9653: 9652: 9648:Quaesitosaurus 9644: 9637: 9629: 9621: 9615: 9609: 9608: 9606: 9605: 9597: 9593:Quaesitosaurus 9589: 9581: 9579: 9570: 9569: 9562: 9555: 9547: 9545: 9543:Saltasauroidea 9539: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9531: 9524: 9517: 9510: 9503: 9495: 9488: 9480: 9473: 9465: 9463: 9457: 9456: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9449: 9442: 9435: 9428: 9421: 9414: 9407: 9399: 9397: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9380: 9373: 9366: 9359: 9355:Maxakalisaurus 9351: 9348:Adamantisaurus 9343: 9337: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9327: 9320: 9312: 9305: 9298: 9294:Epachthosaurus 9290: 9283: 9276: 9269: 9266:Antarctosaurus 9261: 9255: 9249: 9248: 9246: 9245: 9238: 9230: 9224: 9221:Eutitanosauria 9219: 9216: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9204: 9197: 9194:Mansourasaurus 9190: 9183: 9176: 9169: 9162: 9154: 9148: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9130: 9123: 9116: 9109: 9102: 9095: 9088: 9081: 9073: 9069:Tastavinsaurus 9065: 9058: 9051: 9044: 9037: 9034:Petrobrasaurus 9030: 9022: 9015: 9008: 9001: 8994: 8987: 8980: 8976:Malarguesaurus 8972: 8965: 8957: 8950: 8943: 8936: 8928: 8921: 8914: 8907: 8903:Epachthosaurus 8899: 8892: 8884: 8877: 8870: 8863: 8856: 8849: 8841: 8833: 8826: 8819: 8816:Austroposeidon 8812: 8805: 8798: 8791: 8783: 8776: 8768: 8760: 8750: 8745: 8738: 8737: 8732: 8725: 8724: 8721: 8720: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8686: 8685: 8682: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8674: 8673: 8672: 8666: 8664: 8658: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8650: 8642: 8635: 8628: 8621: 8613: 8607: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8597: 8590: 8583: 8580:Tangvayosaurus 8576: 8569: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8540: 8533: 8526: 8519: 8512: 8505: 8498: 8490: 8481: 8479: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8462: 8459:Tastavinsaurus 8455: 8448: 8441: 8434: 8431:Pukyongosaurus 8427: 8420: 8413: 8410:Liubangosaurus 8406: 8398: 8395:Liaoningotitan 8391: 8384: 8376: 8369: 8362: 8355: 8348: 8341: 8334: 8327: 8320: 8317:Astrophocaudia 8313: 8306: 8298: 8292: 8290:Somphospondyli 8286: 8285: 8283: 8282: 8275: 8268: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8232: 8225: 8218: 8211: 8203: 8201: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8191: 8183: 8176: 8169: 8162: 8155: 8148: 8141: 8133: 8127: 8122: 8119: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8111: 8108:Lourinhasaurus 8104: 8096: 8094: 8092:Camarasauridae 8088: 8087: 8085: 8084: 8077: 8069: 8062: 8058:Dashanpusaurus 8054: 8047: 8039: 8032: 8024: 8014: 8009: 8002: 8001: 7996: 7989: 7988: 7985: 7984: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7948: 7947: 7940: 7933: 7926: 7918: 7911: 7904: 7901:Dinheirosaurus 7897: 7889: 7887: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7877: 7870: 7862: 7855: 7846: 7844: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7804: 7797: 7790: 7783: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7739: 7737: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7703: 7700:Rebbachisaurus 7696: 7689: 7682: 7675: 7667: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7655: 7647: 7640: 7632: 7630: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7575: 7572:Lavocatisaurus 7568: 7561: 7553: 7546: 7539: 7532: 7524: 7518: 7509: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7489: 7483: 7478: 7471: 7470: 7465: 7458: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7401: 7398:Qinlingosaurus 7394: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7366: 7358: 7356: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7331:(see below ↓ ) 7328: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7315:(see below ↓ ) 7312: 7310: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7291: 7284: 7277: 7270: 7262: 7254: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7226: 7218: 7210: 7202: 7194: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7182: 7175: 7168: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7140: 7137:Rhomaleopakhus 7133: 7126: 7119: 7116:Mamenchisaurus 7112: 7104: 7097: 7090: 7083: 7076: 7068: 7065:Chuanjiesaurus 7061: 7057:Cetiosauriscus 7053: 7046: 7038: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7018: 7010: 7002: 6995: 6987: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6975: 6968: 6961: 6954: 6947: 6940: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6909:Dashanpusaurus 6905: 6902:Cetiosauriscus 6898: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6862: 6856: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6833: 6825: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6813: 6809:Zizhongosaurus 6805: 6797: 6790: 6783: 6776: 6767: 6757: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6720: 6712: 6710: 6708:Lessemsauridae 6704: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6696:Tuebingosaurus 6692: 6685: 6678: 6670: 6662: 6655: 6648: 6641: 6634: 6626: 6616: 6611: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6519: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6507: 6504:Sefapanosaurus 6500: 6493: 6486: 6479: 6476:Melanorosaurus 6472: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6429: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6406: 6399: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6370: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6313:Massospondylus 6309: 6302: 6295: 6287: 6284:Glacialisaurus 6280: 6277:Coloradisaurus 6273: 6265: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6246: 6238: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6226: 6223:Tuebingosaurus 6219: 6212: 6205: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6176: 6170: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6137:Pachysauriscus 6133: 6126: 6123:Gresslyosaurus 6119: 6111: 6109: 6107:Plateosauridae 6100: 6099: 6092: 6085: 6082:Plateosauravus 6077: 6071: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6033: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6014: 6007: 6000: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5971: 5961: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5938: 5930: 5922: 5915: 5912:Chromogisaurus 5908: 5900: 5891: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5829: 5819: 5814: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5794: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5770: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5747: 5741: 5731: 5730: 5726: 5725: 5716: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5686: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5663: 5656: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5625: 5624: 5563: 5500: 5479: 5466: 5413: 5360: 5347: 5326: 5283: 5261:. 3rd series. 5248: 5216:. 3rd series. 5207: 5177:. 3rd series. 5164: 5134:. 3rd series. 5121: 5108: 5102: 5089: 5083: 5066: 5060: 5047: 5032: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4980: 4969:(2): 208–232. 4953: 4934: 4919: 4897: 4888: 4857:(2): 605–662. 4837: 4830: 4809: 4786: 4766: 4753: 4741: 4739:, p. 374. 4729: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4691:, p. 370. 4678: 4676:, p. 369. 4666: 4664:, p. 376. 4647: 4645:, p. 367. 4626: 4624:, p. 364. 4603: 4601:, p. 365. 4588: 4579: 4544:(4): 852–869. 4520: 4468: 4409: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4358: 4340: 4331: 4312: 4299: 4232: 4223: 4202: 4189: 4127: 4118: 4105: 4093: 4077: 4050: 4031:(2): 121–145. 4011: 3995:The Dinosauria 3986: 3967:(4): 875–916. 3943: 3931: 3919: 3907: 3895: 3893:, p. 367. 3880: 3873: 3855: 3848: 3830: 3817: 3805: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3757: 3742: 3719: 3699: 3690: 3678: 3666: 3654: 3602: 3565:(1): 125–134. 3549: 3526: 3495: 3463: 3443: 3423: 3404: 3390: 3375: 3353: 3307: 3291: 3277: 3274:(10): 275–281. 3253: 3238: 3178: 3116: 3108:Modern Geology 3093: 3081: 3068: 3056: 2998: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2970:-like conifer 2743:ornithischians 2694: 2691: 2669:in Argentina, 2625:with distinct 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2529: 2523: 2513: 2503: 2492:osteochondroma 2382:Paleopathology 2380:Main article: 2377: 2376:Paleopathology 2374: 2353: 2350: 2329: 2326: 2297: 2294: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2272:Lourinhasaurus 2248: 2220: 2195:Gideon Mantell 2184: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2152: 2142: 2127: 2112:Benjamin Mudge 2093: 2083: 2073: 2056: 2046: 2036: 2020: 2017: 1832: 1829: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1501: 1489:Lourinhasaurus 1406:Camarasauridae 1398: 1395: 1356:A specimen of 1240: 1237: 1180: 1177: 1033: 1030: 925:(now known as 842: 839: 757: 751: 689: 686: 684: 681: 650:Lourinhasaurus 645:Camarasauridae 446: 445: 444: 443: 431: 422: 413: 401: 400: 394: 393: 392: 391: 374: 354: 331: 330: 329:Other species 326: 325: 322: 308: 307: 301: 300: 286: 282: 281: 275:Camarasaurinae 269: 265: 264: 262:Camarasauridae 256: 252: 251: 243: 236: 235: 227: 220: 219: 211: 204: 203: 198: 191: 190: 185: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 134: 133: 126: 125: 117: 116: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 52: 39: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10156: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10111: 10109: 10092: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10074: 10070: 10066: 10061: 10057: 10053: 10048: 10044: 10039: 10033: 10029: 10024: 10018: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9996: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9963: 9956: 9952: 9943: 9939: 9937: 9932: 9926: 9904: 9903: 9899: 9896: 9895: 9894:Mongolosaurus 9891: 9889: 9888: 9884: 9881: 9880: 9879:Macrurosaurus 9876: 9874: 9873: 9869: 9867: 9866: 9862: 9860: 9859: 9858:Hypselosaurus 9855: 9853: 9852: 9848: 9846: 9845: 9841: 9838: 9837: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9804: 9803: 9799: 9797: 9796: 9792: 9790: 9789: 9785: 9783: 9782: 9778: 9776: 9775: 9774:Neuquensaurus 9771: 9768: 9767: 9763: 9761: 9760: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9748: 9745: 9744: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9735: 9734:Saltasaurinae 9731: 9724: 9723: 9722:Zhuchengtitan 9719: 9717: 9716: 9712: 9709: 9708: 9704: 9702: 9701: 9697: 9694: 9693: 9692:Dreadnoughtus 9689: 9686: 9685: 9681: 9679: 9678: 9674: 9671: 9670: 9666: 9665: 9663: 9661: 9657: 9650: 9649: 9645: 9643: 9642: 9641:Qingxiusaurus 9638: 9635: 9634: 9630: 9628: 9627: 9623: 9622: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9613:Saltasauridae 9610: 9603: 9602: 9598: 9595: 9594: 9590: 9588: 9587: 9586:Nemegtosaurus 9583: 9582: 9580: 9578: 9574: 9568: 9567: 9563: 9561: 9560: 9556: 9554: 9553: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9540: 9530: 9529: 9525: 9523: 9522: 9518: 9516: 9515: 9511: 9509: 9508: 9507:Mendozasaurus 9504: 9501: 9500: 9496: 9494: 9493: 9489: 9486: 9485: 9484:Dzharatitanis 9481: 9479: 9478: 9474: 9472: 9471: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9462: 9458: 9448: 9447: 9443: 9441: 9440: 9436: 9434: 9433: 9432:Gondwanatitan 9429: 9427: 9426: 9422: 9420: 9419: 9415: 9413: 9412: 9408: 9406: 9405: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9386: 9385: 9381: 9379: 9378: 9374: 9372: 9371: 9367: 9365: 9364: 9363:Muyelensaurus 9360: 9357: 9356: 9352: 9350: 9349: 9345: 9344: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9332: 9326: 9325: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9313: 9311: 9310: 9306: 9304: 9303: 9299: 9296: 9295: 9291: 9289: 9288: 9287:Chucarosaurus 9284: 9282: 9281: 9277: 9275: 9274: 9270: 9268: 9267: 9263: 9262: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9253:Colossosauria 9250: 9244: 9243: 9242:Menucocelsior 9239: 9237: 9236: 9232: 9231: 9228: 9225: 9222: 9217: 9203: 9202: 9198: 9196: 9195: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9184: 9182: 9181: 9180:Lirainosaurus 9177: 9175: 9174: 9170: 9168: 9167: 9163: 9161: 9160: 9156: 9155: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9143: 9136: 9135: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9124: 9122: 9121: 9117: 9115: 9114: 9110: 9108: 9107: 9103: 9101: 9100: 9099:Trigonosaurus 9096: 9094: 9093: 9089: 9087: 9086: 9082: 9079: 9078: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9066: 9064: 9063: 9062:Ruyangosaurus 9059: 9057: 9056: 9052: 9050: 9049: 9045: 9043: 9042: 9041:Pitekunsaurus 9038: 9036: 9035: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9023: 9021: 9020: 9016: 9014: 9013: 9009: 9007: 9006: 9002: 9000: 8999: 8995: 8993: 8992: 8991:Mnyamawamtuka 8988: 8986: 8985: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8973: 8971: 8970: 8969:Magyarosaurus 8966: 8963: 8962: 8961:Ligabuesaurus 8958: 8956: 8955: 8954:Laplatasaurus 8951: 8949: 8948: 8947:Karongasaurus 8944: 8942: 8941: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8929: 8927: 8926: 8922: 8920: 8919: 8915: 8913: 8912: 8908: 8905: 8904: 8900: 8898: 8897: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8888:Dreadnoughtus 8885: 8883: 8882: 8878: 8876: 8875: 8871: 8869: 8868: 8864: 8862: 8861: 8857: 8855: 8854: 8853:Borealosaurus 8850: 8847: 8846: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8830:Barrosasaurus 8827: 8825: 8824: 8820: 8818: 8817: 8813: 8811: 8810: 8806: 8804: 8803: 8799: 8797: 8796: 8792: 8789: 8788: 8784: 8782: 8781: 8777: 8774: 8773: 8772:Aegyptosaurus 8769: 8767: 8766: 8762: 8761: 8758: 8754: 8751: 8748: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8730: 8726: 8716: 8711: 8708: 8700: 8670: 8669: 8668: 8667: 8665: 8663: 8659: 8648: 8647: 8643: 8641: 8640: 8639:Savannasaurus 8636: 8634: 8633: 8629: 8627: 8626: 8622: 8620: 8619: 8618:Australotitan 8615: 8614: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8596: 8595: 8591: 8589: 8588: 8584: 8582: 8581: 8577: 8575: 8574: 8570: 8568: 8567: 8563: 8561: 8560: 8556: 8554: 8553: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8541: 8539: 8538: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8527: 8525: 8524: 8520: 8518: 8517: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8506: 8504: 8503: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8486:Australodocus 8483: 8482: 8480: 8478: 8477:Euhelopodidae 8474: 8468: 8467: 8466:Triunfosaurus 8463: 8461: 8460: 8456: 8454: 8453: 8449: 8447: 8446: 8445:Sauroposeidon 8442: 8440: 8439: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8428: 8426: 8425: 8424:Padillasaurus 8421: 8419: 8418: 8414: 8412: 8411: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8402:Ligabuesaurus 8399: 8397: 8396: 8392: 8390: 8389: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8377: 8375: 8374: 8370: 8368: 8367: 8363: 8361: 8360: 8356: 8354: 8353: 8349: 8347: 8346: 8345:Chubutisaurus 8342: 8340: 8339: 8335: 8333: 8332: 8328: 8326: 8325: 8321: 8319: 8318: 8314: 8312: 8311: 8307: 8305: 8304: 8300: 8299: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8287: 8281: 8280: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8269: 8267: 8266: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8248: 8246: 8245: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8233: 8231: 8230: 8226: 8224: 8223: 8222:Brachiosaurus 8219: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8210: 8209: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8200: 8196: 8189: 8188: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8177: 8175: 8174: 8170: 8168: 8167: 8163: 8161: 8160: 8159:Fushanosaurus 8156: 8154: 8153: 8149: 8147: 8146: 8142: 8140: 8139: 8135: 8134: 8131: 8128: 8125: 8120: 8110: 8109: 8105: 8103: 8102: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8070: 8068: 8067: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8055: 8053: 8052: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8043:Bashunosaurus 8040: 8038: 8037: 8033: 8031: 8030: 8026: 8025: 8022: 8018: 8015: 8012: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7994: 7990: 7981: 7976: 7946: 7945: 7941: 7939: 7938: 7934: 7932: 7931: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7919: 7917: 7916: 7912: 7910: 7909: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7898: 7896: 7895: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7882: 7876: 7875: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7866:Atlantosaurus 7863: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7842:Apatosaurinae 7839: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7819: 7817: 7816: 7812: 7810: 7809: 7808:Smitanosaurus 7805: 7803: 7802: 7798: 7796: 7795: 7791: 7789: 7788: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7779:Dyslocosaurus 7776: 7774: 7773: 7772:Dicraeosaurus 7769: 7767: 7766: 7762: 7760: 7759: 7755: 7753: 7752: 7751:Amargatitanis 7748: 7746: 7745: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7723: 7709: 7708: 7704: 7702: 7701: 7697: 7695: 7694: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7686:Katepensaurus 7683: 7681: 7680: 7679:Itapeuasaurus 7676: 7674: 7673: 7672:Demandasaurus 7669: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7653: 7652: 7648: 7646: 7645: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7637:Cathartesaura 7634: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7628:Limaysaurinae 7625: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7591: 7589: 7588: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7576: 7574: 7573: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7565:Histriasaurus 7562: 7559: 7558: 7557:Dzharatitanis 7554: 7552: 7551: 7550:Comahuesaurus 7547: 7545: 7544: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7533: 7531: 7530: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7513: 7510: 7507: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7491: 7490: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7480:Diplodocoidea 7476: 7472: 7468: 7467:Diplodocoidea 7463: 7459: 7450: 7446: 7444: 7438: 7430: 7407: 7406: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7395: 7393: 7392: 7388: 7386: 7385: 7384:Gigantosaurus 7381: 7379: 7378: 7374: 7372: 7371: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7308:Diplodocoidea 7305: 7302: 7300: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7285: 7283: 7282: 7278: 7276: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7255: 7253: 7252: 7251:Narindasaurus 7248: 7246: 7245: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7234: 7232: 7231: 7230:Losillasaurus 7227: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7179:Zigongosaurus 7176: 7174: 7173: 7172:Yuanmousaurus 7169: 7167: 7166: 7165:Xinjiangtitan 7162: 7160: 7159: 7158:Wamweracaudia 7155: 7153: 7152: 7151:Tonganosaurus 7148: 7146: 7145: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7134: 7132: 7131: 7127: 7125: 7124: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7108:Klamelisaurus 7105: 7103: 7102: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7087:Huangshanlong 7084: 7082: 7081: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7069: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7024: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7006:Ferganasaurus 7003: 7001: 7000: 6996: 6994: 6993: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6983:Cetiosauridae 6980: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6864: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6849: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6830:Tazoudasaurus 6827: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6811: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6787:Ohmdenosaurus 6784: 6782: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6769: 6768: 6765: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6750: 6740: 6739: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6698: 6697: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6689:Schleitheimia 6686: 6684: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6666:Leonerasaurus 6663: 6661: 6660: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6638:Blikanasaurus 6635: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6596: 6592: 6582: 6577: 6575: 6570: 6564: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6501: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6469:Leonerasaurus 6466: 6464: 6463: 6462:Lamplughsaura 6459: 6457: 6456: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6431: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6410:Yunnanosaurus 6407: 6405: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6385: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6306:Lufengosaurus 6303: 6301: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6243:Eucnemesaurus 6240: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6234:Riojasauridae 6231: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6178: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6163: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6125: 6124: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6116:Euskelosaurus 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6064: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6008: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5990:Bagualosaurus 5987: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5958:Bagualosauria 5954: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5926:Pampadromaeus 5923: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5887:Saturnaliidae 5884: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5869:Pampadromaeus 5866: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5848:Gigantoscelus 5845: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5664: 5662: 5657: 5655: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5639: 5628: 5621: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5506: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5214: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5039: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5012: 5011: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4938: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4838: 4833: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4706: 4702: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4533: 4524: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4472: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4429:(6): e67012. 4428: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4410: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4236: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4094: 4089: 4081: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4012: 4008: 4007:0-520-24209-2 4004: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3956: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3932: 3929:, p. 15. 3928: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3856: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3831: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3815:, p. 48. 3814: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3782: 3779:, p. 54. 3778: 3773: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3679: 3676:, p. 30. 3675: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3539:Cathetosaurus 3533: 3531: 3527: 3524:(1), 145-161. 3523: 3519: 3516: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3484:Ford, Tracy. 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3461:(2): 121–145. 3460: 3456: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3405: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3305:". Dinosours. 3304: 3303: 3295: 3292: 3287: 3281: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3242: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3173: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2974: 2973:Brachyphyllum 2969: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2821:trophic level 2818: 2817: 2812: 2811: 2810:Ornitholestes 2806: 2805: 2804:Stokesosaurus 2800: 2799: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2781: 2780:Saurophaganax 2777: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2734:Brachiosaurus 2730: 2729: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2701: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2638:trace fossils 2636:Dinosaur and 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2594:Brachiosaurus 2590: 2589: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2573:Late Jurassic 2570: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2536:m. brachialis 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2458: 2453: 2452: 2451:M. brachialis 2447: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2429:m. brachialis 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2181:dicraeosaurid 2178: 2177: 2176:Smitanosaurus 2172: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2100:Othniel Marsh 2098:was named by 2097: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886:Cathetosaurus 1883: 1879: 1878:Cathetosaurus 1875: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1825: 1824:Brachiosaurus 1820: 1816: 1812: 1803: 1802: 1794: 1793: 1785: 1784: 1776: 1775: 1767: 1766: 1758: 1757: 1749: 1748: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1712: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1688: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1638: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1571:Diplodocoidea 1566: 1565: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1538: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1484:Cathetosaurus 1481: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1444:Pneumatosteus 1441: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1414:Late Jurassic 1411: 1407: 1403: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1364: 1363:Cathetosaurus 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1261: 1256: 1250: 1245: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1190: 1185: 1179:Fossil record 1178: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1079:Cathetosaurus 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1017:. Additional 1016: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 976: 974: 970: 966: 961: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 929: 928:Smitanosaurus 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 856: 852: 847: 840: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 787: 781: 780: 775: 771: 767: 763: 756: 752: 750: 748: 743: 734: 729: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 687: 682: 680: 678: 674: 670: 667:known as the 666: 662: 658: 654: 652: 651: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 629: 624: 623: 618: 617: 612: 611: 606: 602: 600: 598: 586: 584: 573: 569: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 548: 544: 540: 539:Late Jurassic 536: 532: 528: 525: 521: 517: 513: 512: 499: 454: 453: 437: 436: 435:Cathetosaurus 432: 429:Holland, 1924 426: 423: 417: 414: 408: 405: 404: 402: 399: 395: 385: 384: 383: 375: 371: 365: 364: 363: 355: 351: 345: 344: 343: 335: 334: 332: 327: 320: 319: 318: 309: 306: 302: 295: 294: 287: 284: 283: 276: 270: 267: 266: 263: 257: 254: 253: 250: 244: 241: 238: 237: 234: 228: 225: 222: 221: 218: 212: 209: 206: 205: 202: 199: 196: 193: 192: 189: 186: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 170: 169: 166: 163: 160: 159: 156: 153: 150: 149: 144: 139: 135: 132: 127: 123: 118: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 50: 47:155–145 43: 42:Late Jurassic 37: 33: 30: 19: 10114:Macronarians 10038:Camarasaurus 10008:Camarasaurus 10007: 9928: 9902:Titanosaurus 9900: 9892: 9885: 9877: 9872:Loricosaurus 9870: 9865:Iuticosaurus 9863: 9856: 9849: 9842: 9834: 9802:Yamanasaurus 9800: 9793: 9786: 9779: 9772: 9764: 9757: 9749: 9743:Abditosaurus 9741: 9720: 9713: 9705: 9698: 9690: 9682: 9675: 9669:Abditosaurus 9667: 9646: 9639: 9631: 9624: 9601:Tapuiasaurus 9599: 9591: 9584: 9564: 9559:Titanomachya 9557: 9550: 9528:Puertasaurus 9526: 9519: 9514:Notocolossus 9512: 9505: 9499:Jiangxititan 9497: 9490: 9482: 9477:Drusilasaura 9475: 9468: 9461:Lognkosauria 9444: 9437: 9430: 9423: 9416: 9409: 9402: 9395:Aeolosaurini 9384:Rinconsaurus 9382: 9375: 9368: 9361: 9353: 9346: 9335:Rinconsauria 9322: 9316:Tengrisaurus 9314: 9309:Quetecsaurus 9307: 9300: 9292: 9285: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9240: 9233: 9199: 9192: 9187:Lohuecotitan 9185: 9178: 9173:Garrigatitan 9171: 9164: 9159:Ampelosaurus 9157: 9132: 9125: 9118: 9113:Uberabatitan 9111: 9106:Sonidosaurus 9104: 9097: 9090: 9083: 9077:Tengrisaurus 9075: 9067: 9060: 9053: 9048:Rapetosaurus 9046: 9039: 9032: 9024: 9017: 9010: 9003: 8996: 8989: 8984:Malawisaurus 8982: 8974: 8967: 8959: 8952: 8945: 8938: 8930: 8925:Huabeisaurus 8923: 8916: 8909: 8901: 8894: 8886: 8879: 8872: 8867:Choconsaurus 8865: 8860:Brasilotitan 8858: 8851: 8843: 8835: 8828: 8821: 8814: 8809:Atacamatitan 8807: 8802:Argyrosaurus 8800: 8793: 8785: 8778: 8770: 8765:Abdarainurus 8763: 8747:Titanosauria 8734:Titanosauria 8703: 8662:Titanosauria 8646:Wintonotitan 8644: 8637: 8630: 8623: 8616: 8592: 8587:Yongjinglong 8585: 8578: 8573:Tambatitanis 8571: 8564: 8557: 8550: 8542: 8537:Huanghetitan 8535: 8530:Huabeisaurus 8528: 8521: 8516:Gannansaurus 8514: 8507: 8500: 8494:Chiayusaurus 8492: 8484: 8464: 8457: 8450: 8443: 8436: 8429: 8422: 8415: 8408: 8400: 8393: 8388:Jiutaisaurus 8386: 8380:Jiangxititan 8378: 8373:Garumbatitan 8371: 8364: 8357: 8352:Dongbeititan 8350: 8343: 8336: 8329: 8324:Austrosaurus 8322: 8315: 8308: 8301: 8277: 8272:Venenosaurus 8270: 8263: 8258:Sonorasaurus 8256: 8249: 8244:Giraffatitan 8242: 8234: 8229:Cedarosaurus 8227: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8185: 8180:Pelorosaurus 8178: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8106: 8101:Camarasaurus 8100: 8099: 8079: 8073:Haestasaurus 8071: 8066:Europasaurus 8064: 8056: 8049: 8041: 8034: 8027: 7942: 7935: 7928: 7920: 7913: 7906: 7899: 7892: 7885:Diplodocinae 7874:Brontosaurus 7872: 7864: 7857: 7851:Amphicoelias 7849: 7833:Diplodocidae 7820: 7813: 7806: 7799: 7792: 7785: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7758:Bajadasaurus 7756: 7749: 7744:Amargasaurus 7742: 7705: 7698: 7691: 7684: 7677: 7670: 7651:Rayososaurus 7649: 7642: 7635: 7608:Zapalasaurus 7606: 7601:Xenoposeidon 7599: 7592: 7585: 7577: 7570: 7563: 7555: 7548: 7543:Campananeyen 7541: 7536:Amazonsaurus 7534: 7527: 7492: 7433: 7403: 7396: 7389: 7382: 7375: 7368: 7361: 7299:Neosauropoda 7286: 7279: 7272: 7264: 7256: 7249: 7242: 7235: 7228: 7220: 7214:Haestasaurus 7212: 7204: 7197: 7177: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7121: 7114: 7106: 7099: 7092: 7085: 7078: 7070: 7063: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7022:Patagosaurus 7020: 7012: 7004: 6997: 6990: 6972:Volkheimeria 6970: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6944:Perijasaurus 6942: 6937:Nebulasaurus 6935: 6928: 6921: 6916:Dystrophaeus 6914: 6907: 6900: 6893: 6888:Barapasaurus 6886: 6879: 6874:Asiatosaurus 6872: 6865: 6835: 6828: 6807: 6799: 6794:Rhoetosaurus 6792: 6785: 6778: 6770: 6738:Lessemsaurus 6736: 6729: 6722: 6717:Antetonitrus 6715: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6672: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6566: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6474: 6467: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6408: 6403:Yizhousaurus 6401: 6393: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6364: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6291:Ignavusaurus 6289: 6282: 6275: 6268: 6248: 6241: 6221: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6195:Ignavusaurus 6193: 6186: 6179: 6151:Yimenosaurus 6149: 6144:Plateosaurus 6142: 6135: 6128: 6121: 6114: 6096:Xixiposaurus 6094: 6087: 6080: 6068:Plateosauria 6050: 6043: 6036: 6029:Unaysauridae 6016: 6009: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5940: 5932: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5902: 5894: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5855:Guaibasaurus 5853: 5846: 5839: 5832: 5718: 5709: 5575: 5571: 5555:. Retrieved 5548:the original 5517: 5511: 5487: 5483: 5474: 5425: 5421: 5372: 5368: 5355: 5334: 5330: 5295: 5291: 5262: 5256: 5217: 5211: 5178: 5172: 5135: 5129: 5093: 5070: 5051: 5042: 5036: 5019: 5015: 4996: 4992: 4983: 4966: 4963:Paleobiology 4962: 4956: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4891: 4854: 4850: 4840: 4821: 4812: 4795: 4789: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4761: 4756: 4744: 4732: 4720: 4708: 4696: 4669: 4582: 4541: 4537: 4532:Camarasaurus 4531: 4523: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4426: 4422: 4412: 4398: 4389: 4380: 4372: 4369: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4307: 4302: 4249: 4245: 4235: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4205: 4197: 4192: 4147: 4143: 4121: 4113: 4108: 4096: 4087: 4080: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4028: 4024: 4014: 3994: 3989: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3946: 3934: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3891:Gilmore 1925 3864: 3858: 3839: 3833: 3808: 3803:, p. 6. 3796: 3791:, p. 2. 3784: 3772: 3760: 3737: 3733: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3693: 3688:, p. 6. 3681: 3669: 3657: 3624: 3620: 3580:2318/1526045 3562: 3558: 3552: 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2310:Camarasaurus 2309: 2302:Camarasaurus 2301: 2299: 2288: 2280:Paleobiology 2270: 2267:Camarasaurus 2266: 2254: 2250: 2241:Megalosauria 2236: 2230: 2222: 2216:Haestasaurus 2214: 2207:Camarasaurus 2206: 2202: 2190: 2186: 2174: 2170: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2135:Pleurocoelus 2133: 2129: 2124:Camarasaurus 2123: 2116:D. lacustris 2115: 2108:Arthur Lakes 2095: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2038: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2011: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1954: 1948: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1915:Camarasaurus 1914: 1910: 1909: 1903: 1894:Camarasaurus 1893: 1889: 1885: 1882:Camarasaurus 1881: 1877: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1860:type species 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1836:Camarasaurus 1835: 1834: 1822: 1811:Camarasaurus 1810: 1809: 1732: 1716: 1715: 1692: 1691: 1659: 1658: 1644:Europasaurus 1642: 1641: 1611: 1610: 1597:Camarasaurus 1596: 1595: 1569: 1557:Neosauropoda 1542: 1541: 1519: 1498: 1494:Camarasaurus 1493: 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1042:Camarasaurus 1041: 1025: 1022: 1019:Camarasaurus 1018: 1014: 1010: 1008: 1003: 1000:Camarasaurus 999: 980:Camarasaurus 979: 977: 972: 960:Camarasaurus 959: 957: 953:Camarasaurus 952: 949:Brontosaurus 948: 945:Camarasaurus 944: 940: 936: 932: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 903:Camarasaurus 902: 898: 895:Camarasaurus 894: 882: 873:material at 870: 867:Field Museum 860: 851:Camarasaurus 850: 830: 826: 822: 819:Morosauridae 814: 810: 806: 803:Camarasaurus 802: 798: 794: 790: 786:Amphicoelias 784: 777: 774:Camarasaurus 773: 762:Camarasaurus 761: 759: 754: 747:Camarasaurus 746: 742:Camarasaurus 741: 738: 732: 722:Henry Osborn 713: 694:Camarasaurus 693: 691: 677:Camarasaurus 676: 672: 657:Camarasaurus 656: 655: 648: 641:Camarasaurus 640: 637:type species 632: 626: 620: 614: 608: 605:Camarasaurus 604: 603: 594: 580: 561: 557:Macronarians 553:Camarasaurus 552: 551: 543:Kimmeridgian 452:Camarasaurus 451: 450: 449: 441:Jensen, 1988 433: 424: 415: 406: 380: 379: 360: 359: 340: 339: 315: 314: 305:Type species 293:Camarasaurus 292: 291: 274: 239: 223: 207: 194: 181: 36:Camarasaurus 35: 29: 10032:Wikispecies 9887:Microcoelus 9795:Saltasaurus 9781:Paralititan 9677:Alamosaurus 9566:Udelartitan 9521:Patagotitan 9418:Bravasaurus 9411:Arrudatitan 9404:Aeolosaurus 9370:Overosaurus 9302:Jainosaurus 9280:Bonitasaura 9201:Paludititan 9092:Traukutitan 8787:Angolatitan 8594:Yunmenglong 8559:Qiaowanlong 8452:Sibirotitan 8417:Oceanotitan 8359:Europatitan 8338:Brontomerus 8331:Brohisaurus 8303:Angolatitan 8236:Galvesaurus 8208:Abydosaurus 8173:Ornithopsis 8166:Fusuisaurus 8152:Eucamerotus 8051:Daanosaurus 8036:Aragosaurus 7937:Supersaurus 7859:Apatosaurus 7822:Tharosaurus 7693:Nigersaurus 7644:Limaysaurus 7405:Ultrasaurus 7281:Turiasaurus 7244:Moabosaurus 7237:Mierasaurus 7206:Bellusaurus 7190:Turiasauria 7130:Qijianglong 7094:Hudiesaurus 7072:Datousaurus 6992:Cetiosaurus 6951:Shunosaurus 6895:Bellusaurus 6867:Algoasaurus 6853:Eusauropoda 6801:Sanpasaurus 6754:Gravisauria 6674:Pulanesaura 6659:Isanosaurus 6631:Amygdalodon 6497:Pulanesaura 6455:Irisosaurus 6441:Anchisaurus 6421:Anchisauria 6395:Xingxiulong 6341:Xingxiulong 6334:Sarahsaurus 6250:Riojasaurus 6216:Sarahsaurus 6202:Kholumolumo 6045:Macrocollum 5983:Asylosaurus 5919:Nhandumirim 5896:Buriolestes 5862:Mbiresaurus 5834:Buriolestes 5490:(1): 1–34. 5007:Works cited 4874:11336/71888 4375:: 1125-1127 3999:pp. 259–322 3828:49:187–199. 3801:Taylor 2022 3753:Foster 2020 3332:: 347–384. 2960:), to fern 2922:green algae 2876:sphenodonts 2868:salamanders 2841:Stegosaurus 2837:Apatosaurus 2786:Torvosaurus 2765:Stegosaurus 2722:Apatosaurus 2655:floodplains 2631:dry seasons 2588:Apatosaurus 2488:radiolucent 2306:gastroliths 2257:in 1957 by 2255:Apatosaurus 2245:Turiasauria 2235:and Madsen 2193:in 1842 by 2140:C. grandis. 2090:C. supremus 2071:C. grandis. 2029:C. supremus 1997:C. supremus 1993:C. supremus 1949:C. supremus 1931:C. grandis, 1927:C. supremus 1911:C. supremus 1856:C. supremus 1852:C. supremus 1821:forms like 1694:Galvesaurus 1613:Bellusaurus 1521:Turiasauria 1507:Eusauropoda 1475:C. supremus 1435:Anchisaurus 1431:Ornithopsis 1423:Cetiosaurus 1410:Macronarian 1351:diplodocids 1335:Diplodocids 1317:The arched 1310:(46.6 1308:metric tons 1302:(25.4 1300:metric tons 1294:(51.8 1292:metric tons 1288:C. supremus 1280:C. supremus 1260:C. supremus 1239:Description 1235:are rarer. 1233:C. supremus 1144:Howe Quarry 1064:in western 907:Elmer Riggs 807:C. supremus 795:C. supremus 779:Apatosaurus 733:C. supremus 702:Garden Park 633:C. supremus 564:pleurocoels 524:herbivorous 520:quadrupedal 425:Uintasaurus 420:Marsh, 1878 323:Cope, 1877a 298:Cope, 1877a 268:Subfamily: 10108:Categories 9788:Rocasaurus 9715:Qunkasaura 9684:Baurutitan 9446:Shingopana 9273:Baalsaurus 9120:Volgatitan 9055:Rukwatitan 9019:Nullotitan 9005:Ninjatitan 8940:Kaijutitan 8911:Gandititan 8874:Daxiatitan 8837:Baurutitan 8780:Andesaurus 8671:see below↓ 8366:Fukuititan 8310:Arkharavia 8265:Soriatitan 8215:Atlasaurus 8187:Rugocaudia 8145:Duriatitan 8081:Yuzhoulong 8029:Abrosaurus 8011:Macronaria 7998:Macronaria 7922:Kaatedocus 7915:Galeamopus 7908:Diplodocus 7894:Barosaurus 7801:Pilmatueia 7794:Lingwulong 7787:Kaatedocus 7707:Tataouinea 7619:Khebbashia 7594:Sidersaura 7324:Macronaria 7274:Tendaguria 7258:Oplosaurus 7222:Janenschia 7123:Omeisaurus 6999:Chebsaurus 6923:Janenschia 6837:Vulcanodon 6780:Kotasaurus 6731:Ledumahadi 6524:see below↓ 6483:Meroktenos 6299:Leyesaurus 6188:Gyposaurus 6052:Unaysaurus 6011:Pantydraco 5976:Arcusaurus 5942:Saturnalia 5775:see below↓ 5723:Dinosauria 5705:Sauropsida 5477:: 139–165. 5375:: e12810. 5045:: 401–404. 4200:38:331-336 4066:: 73–115. 3717:(1), 1-25. 3627:(437): 1. 3300:Bully for 3114:, 407-426. 2980:References 2950:tree ferns 2934:horsetails 2888:pterosaurs 2845:Diplodocus 2833:Allosaurus 2816:Allosaurus 2771:Nanosaurus 2759:Dryosaurus 2716:Diplodocus 2710:Barosaurus 2693:Paleofauna 2582:Diplodocus 2468:periosteum 2425:woven bone 2409:C. grandis 2397:Allosaurus 2360:performed 2352:Metabolism 2332:Long-bone 2318:masticated 2203:Morosaurus 2080:C. grandis 2067:Como Bluff 2063:Morosaurus 2033:C. grandis 1981:C. grandis 1977:C. grandis 1965:C. grandis 1957:C. grandis 1934:C. lentus, 1864:C. grandis 1840:C. grandis 1583:Macronaria 1457:C. grandis 1221:C. grandis 1165:New Mexico 941:Morosaurus 937:M. grandis 911:Morosaurus 899:Morosaurus 883:Morosaurus 875:Como Bluff 871:Morosaurus 827:Morosaurus 823:Morosaurus 815:Morosaurus 799:C. grandis 766:Como Bluff 755:Morosaurus 698:Cañon City 673:Morosaurus 416:Morosaurus 411:Cope, 1877 279:Cope, 1878 249:Macronaria 201:Saurischia 188:Dinosauria 18:Morosaurus 9751:Bonatitan 9633:Isisaurus 9439:Punatitan 8918:Hamititan 8896:Elaltitan 8845:Bonatitan 8566:Silutitan 8523:Gobititan 8509:Euhelopus 8251:Lusotitan 7944:Tornieria 7930:Leinkupal 7815:Suuwassea 7529:Agustinia 7377:Dinodocus 7370:Cardiodon 7101:Jingiella 7050:Anhuilong 6613:Sauropoda 6600:Sauropoda 6515:Sauropoda 6490:Mussaurus 6448:Camelotia 6327:Pradhania 6167:Massopoda 5934:Panphagia 5876:Panphagia 5691:Kingdom: 5602:1932-6203 5496:1567-2158 5444:2167-8359 5391:2167-8359 5343:1342-4092 5322:198252192 5314:0145-9058 5298:: 1–115. 5279:130946518 5244:219245525 5203:131371457 5160:130488291 4883:0024-4082 4804:0026-7775 4566:0272-4634 4515:206534244 4276:1932-6203 4166:2167-8359 4072:0068-1016 4037:0017-3614 3981:0024-4082 3649:207890316 3641:0003-0090 3589:0567-7920 3348:128077427 3251:(Vol. 3). 3233:234424022 3225:0272-4634 3047:2246/5724 2967:Araucaria 2906:(such as 2904:docodonts 2776:theropods 2675:Bone Wars 2616:Tithonian 2608:Oxfordian 2476:myosistis 2472:fasciitis 2402:C. lewisi 2334:histology 2316:may have 2289:C. lentus 2211:von Huene 2159:C.lentus. 2014:holotype. 2001:C. lentus 1989:C. lentus 1985:C. lentus 1973:C. lentus 1969:C. lewisi 1961:C. lewisi 1938:C. lewisi 1923:C. lentus 1896:species. 1890:C. lewisi 1873:C. lewisi 1868:C. lentus 1848:C. lewisi 1844:C. lentus 1718:Euhelopus 1480:C. lewisi 1469:C. lewisi 1463:C. lentus 1380:pneumatic 1327:fenestrae 1284:C. lentus 1276:Tithonian 1229:C. lewisi 1225:C. lentus 1153:C. lewisi 1113:C. lewisi 1104:C. lewisi 1100:C. lewisi 1085:C. lewisi 1004:C. lentus 849:Skull of 760:The next 669:Bone Wars 568:vertebrae 547:Tithonian 527:dinosaurs 233:Sauropoda 161:Kingdom: 155:Eukaryota 10017:Wikidata 9759:Ibirania 9425:Caieiria 9235:Inawentu 8438:Ruixinia 8279:Vouivria 8138:Astrodon 7391:Neosodon 6881:Bagualia 6724:Ingentia 6434:Aardonyx 6381:Qianlong 6209:Musankwa 6181:Gryponyx 6089:Ruehleia 6004:Nambalia 5997:Efraasia 5904:Eoraptor 5841:Eoraptor 5699:Chordata 5697:Phylum: 5693:Animalia 5620:28562606 5572:PLOS ONE 5557:July 24, 5544:17254987 5462:23638372 5409:35127288 5337:: 1–87. 4929:77830875 4820:(1989). 4574:86736713 4507:21700837 4463:23840575 4423:PLOS ONE 4328:: 1–196. 4294:26039587 4246:PLOS ONE 4184:25870766 4150:: e857. 4045:41712420 3597:53542173 3490:Archived 3418:Archived 3370:Archived 3051:Archived 2962:savannas 2946:conifers 2942:ginkgoes 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