Expressive aphasia

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counterparts. The simpler sentence phrasings are then transformed into variations that are more difficult to interpret. For example, many individuals who have expressive aphasia struggle with Wh- sentences. "What" and "who" questions are problematic sentences that this treatment method attempts to improve, and they are also two interrogative particles that are strongly related to each other because they reorder arguments from the declarative counterparts. For instance, therapists have used sentences like, "Who is the boy helping?" and "What is the boy fixing?" because both verbs are transitive- they require two arguments in the form of a subject and a direct object, but not necessarily an indirect object. In addition, certain question particles are linked together based on how the reworded sentence is formed. Training "who" sentences increased the generalizations of non-trained "who" sentences as well as untrained "what" sentences, and vice versa. Likewise, "where" and "when" question types are very closely linked. "What" and "who" questions alter placement of arguments, and "where" and "when" sentences move adjunct phrases. Training is in the style of: "The man parked the car in the driveway. What did the man park in the driveway?" Sentence training goes on in this manner for more domains, such as clefts and sentence voice.

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treatment progresses in the order of more complex sentences to more elementary sentences. Treatment has been shown to affect on-line (real-time) processing of trained sentences and these results can be tracked using fMRI mappings. Training of Wh- sentences has led improvements in three main areas of discourse for aphasics: increased average length of utterances, higher proportions of grammatical sentences, and larger ratios of numbers of verbs to nouns produced. Patients also showed improvements in verb argument structure productions and assigned thematic roles to words in utterances with more accuracy. In terms of on-line sentence processing, patients having undergone this treatment discriminate between anomalous and non-anomalous sentences with more accuracy than control groups and are closer to levels of normalcy than patients not having participated in this treatment.

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average lasts for 1.5 hours per day for five days per week. At the lowest level of therapy, simple words and phrases (such as "water" and "I love you") are broken down into a series of high- and low-pitch syllables. With increased treatment, longer phrases are taught and less support is provided by the therapist. Patients are taught to say phrases using the natural melodic component of speaking and continuous voicing is emphasized. The patient is also instructed to use the left hand to tap the syllables of the phrase while the phrases are spoken. Tapping is assumed to trigger the rhythmic component of speaking to utilize the right hemisphere.

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individual or drawing by a patient with aphasia. In constraint-induced movement therapy, the alternative limb is constrained with a glove or sling and the patient is forced to use the affected limb. In constraint-induced aphasia therapy the interaction is guided by communicative need in a language game context, picture cards, barriers making it impossible to see other players' cards, and other materials, so that patients are encouraged ("constrained") to use the remaining verbal abilities to succeed in the communication game.

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interviews and observations allow professionals to learn the priorities of the patient and family and determine what the patient hopes to regain in therapy. Observations of the patient may also be beneficial to determine where to begin treatment. The current behaviors and interactions of the patient will provide the therapist with more insight about the client and their individual needs. Other information about the patient can be retrieved from medical records, patient referrals from physicians, and the nursing staff.

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as having receptive aphasia. The most well-noted of these are object-relative clauses, object Wh- questions, and topicalized structures (placing the topic at the beginning of the sentence). These three concepts all share phrasal movement, which can cause words to lose their thematic roles when they change order in the sentence. This is often not an issue for people without agrammatic aphasias, but many people with aphasia rely heavily on word order to understand roles that words play within the sentence.

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tissue that has not died around an injured area. It has been stated by some researchers that the recruitment and recovery of neurons in the left hemisphere opposed to the recruitment of similar neurons in the right hemisphere is superior for long-term recovery and continued rehabilitation. It is thought that, because the right hemisphere is not intended for full language function, using the right hemisphere as a mechanism of recovery is effectively a "dead-end" and can lead only to partial recovery.

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perilesional cortex. Meanwhile, individuals with larger left-hemisphere lesions show a recruitment of the use of language-capable regions in the right hemisphere. The interpretation of these results is still a matter of debate. For example, it remains unclear whether changes in neural activity in the right hemisphere result from singing or from the intensive use of common phrases, such as "thank you", "how are you?" or "I am fine." This type of phrases falls into the category of

432:) have been listed as the primary hypothesis for several cases of aphasia, especially when presenting with other psychiatric disturbances and focal neurological deficits. Many case reports exist describing paraneoplastic aphasia, and the reports that are specific tend to describe expressive aphasia. Although most cases attempt to exclude micro-metastasis, it is likely that some cases of paraneoplastic aphasia are actually extremely small metastasis to the vocal motor regions. 918:. By examining the brains of deceased individuals having acquired expressive aphasia in life, he concluded that language ability is localized in the ventroposterior region of the frontal lobe. One of the most important aspects of Paul Broca's discovery was the observation that the loss of proper speech in expressive aphasia is due to the brain's loss of ability to produce language, as opposed to the mouth's loss of ability to produce words. 929:. Discoveries of both men contributed to the concept of localization, which states that specific brain functions are all localized to a specific area of the brain. While both men made significant contributions to the field of aphasia, it was Carl Wernicke who realized the difference between patients with aphasia that could not produce language and those that could not comprehend language (the essential difference between expressive and 739:

motivated by neuroscience insights about learning at the level of nerve cells (synaptic plasticity) and the coupling between cortical systems for language and action in the human brain. Constraint-induced therapy contrasts sharply with traditional therapy by the strong belief that mechanisms to compensate for lost language function, such as gesturing or writing, should not be used unless absolutely necessary, even in everyday life.

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to compensate for lost function. Research has shown that patients can demonstrate increased object naming ability with regular transcranial magnetic stimulation than patients not receiving TMS. Furthermore, research suggests this improvement is sustained upon the completion of TMS therapy. However, some patients fail to show any significant improvement from TMS which indicates the need for further research of this treatment.

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cue retrieval words and expressive language." It is believed that this is because singing capabilities are stored in the right hemisphere of the brain, which is likely to remain unaffected after a stroke in the left hemisphere. However, recent evidence demonstrates that the capability of individuals with aphasia to sing entire pieces of text may actually result from rhythmic features and the familiarity with the lyrics.

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impaired for more complex sentences, it is better to use simple language when speaking with an individual with expressive aphasia. This is exemplified by the difficulty to understand phrases or sentences with unusual structure. A typical patient with Broca's aphasia will misinterpret "the man is bitten by the dog" by switching the subject and object to "the dog is bitten by the man."

251:(paralysis of both limbs on the same side of the body). The brain is wired contralaterally, which means the limbs on right side of the body are controlled by the left hemisphere and vice versa. Therefore, when Broca's area or surrounding areas in the left hemisphere are damaged, hemiplegia or hemiparesis often occurs on the right side of the body in individuals with Broca's aphasia. 894:

type of stroke experienced by the patient. Patients who experienced an ischemic stroke may recover in the days and weeks following the stroke, and then experience a plateau and gradual slowing of recovery. On the contrary, patients who experienced a hemorrhagic stroke experience a slower recovery in the first 4–8 weeks, followed by a faster recovery which eventually stabilizes.

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Unlike receptive aphasia, patients with expressive aphasia are aware of their errors in language production. This may further motivate a person with expressive aphasia to progress in treatment, which would affect treatment outcomes. On the other hand, awareness of impairment may lead to higher levels

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There is evidence to support that, among all types of therapies, one of the most important factors and best predictors for a successful outcome is the intensity of the therapy. By comparing the length and intensity of various methods of therapies, it was proven that intensity is a better predictor of

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Described as the linguistic approach to the treatment of expressive aphasia, treatment begins by emphasizing and educating patients on the thematic roles of words within sentences. Sentences that are usually problematic will be reworded into active-voiced, declarative phrasings of their non-canonical

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studies have shown that Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) uses both sides of the brain to recover lost function, as opposed to traditional therapies that utilize only the left hemisphere. In MIT, individuals with small lesions in the left hemisphere seem to recover by activation of the left hemisphere

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AAC is a dynamic and evolving field, and advancements in technology continue to enhance the range and effectiveness of communication tools available for individuals with speech and language challenges. The selection of AAC strategies depends on factors such as the individual's abilities, preferences,

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In the months following injury or stroke, most patients receive traditional treatment for a few hours per day. Among other exercises, patients practice the repetition of words and phrases. Mechanisms are also taught in traditional treatment to compensate for lost language function such as drawing and

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A pilot study reported positive results when comparing the efficacy of a modified form of MIT to no treatment in people with nonfluent aphasia with damage to their left-brain. A randomized controlled trial was conducted and the study reported benefits of utilizing modified MIT treatment early in the

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was inspired by the observation that individuals with non-fluent aphasia sometimes can sing words or phrases that they normally cannot speak. "Melodic Intonation Therapy was begun as an attempt to use the intact melodic/prosodic processing skills of the right hemisphere in those with aphasia to help

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in the language dominant hemisphere and is responsible for planning motor speech movements. However, cases of expressive aphasia have been seen in patients with strokes in other areas of the brain. Patients with classic symptoms of expressive aphasia in general have more acute brain lesions, whereas

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errors similar to spoken language have been observed; whereas in spoken language a phonemic substitution would occur (e.g. "tagle" instead of "table"), in ASL case studies errors in movement, hand position, and morphology have been noted. Agrammatism, or the lack of grammatical morphemes in sentence

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studies have shown that recovery can be partially attributed to the activation of tissue around the damaged area and the recruitment of new neurons in these areas to compensate for the lost function. Recovery may also be caused in very acute lesions by a return of blood flow and function to damaged

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Results: Patients' use of sentence types used in the TUF treatment will improve, subjects will generalize sentences of similar category to those used for treatment in TUF, and results are applied to real-world conversations with others. Generalization of sentence types used can be improved when the

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regions. The procedure is a painless and noninvasive method of stimulating the cortex. TMS works by suppressing the inhibition process in certain areas of the brain. By suppressing the inhibition of neurons by external factors, the targeted area of the brain may be reactivated and thereby recruited

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In addition to difficulty expressing oneself, individuals with expressive aphasia are also noted to commonly have trouble with comprehension in certain linguistic areas. This agrammatism overlaps with receptive aphasia, but can be seen in patients who have expressive aphasia without being diagnosed

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Severity of expressive aphasia varies among patients. Some people may only have mild deficits and detecting problems with their language may be difficult. In the most extreme cases, patients may be able to produce only a single word. Even in such cases, over-learned and rote-learned speech patterns

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Numerous factors impact the recovery process and outcomes. Site and extent of lesion greatly impacts recovery. Other factors that may affect prognosis are age, education, gender, and motivation. Occupation, handedness, personality, and emotional state may also be associated with recovery outcomes.

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In most individuals with expressive aphasia, the majority of recovery is seen within the first year following a stroke or injury. The majority of this improvement is seen in the first four weeks in therapy following a stroke and slows thereafter. However, this timeline will vary depending upon the

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The strongest results of CIAT have been seen in patients with chronic aphasia (lasting over 6 months). Studies of CIAT have confirmed that further improvement is possible even after a patient has reached a "plateau" period of recovery. It has also been proven that the benefits of CIAT are retained

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Currently, there is no standard treatment for expressive aphasia. Most aphasia treatment is individualized based on a patient's condition and needs as assessed by a speech language pathologist. Patients go through a period of spontaneous recovery following brain injury in which they regain a great

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Typically, people with expressive aphasia can understand speech and read better than they can produce speech and write. The person's writing will resemble their speech and will be effortful, lacking cohesion, and containing mostly content words. Letters will likely be formed clumsily and distorted

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In non-speaking patients who use manual languages, diagnosis is often based on interviews from the patient's acquaintances, noting the differences in sign production pre- and post-damage to the brain. Many of these patients will also begin to rely on non-linguistic gestures to communicate, rather

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is important for understanding which areas of the brain cause expressive aphasia when damaged. In the past, it has been believed that the area for language production differs between left and right-handed individuals. If this were true, damage to the homologous region of Broca's area in the right

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In general, word comprehension is preserved, allowing patients to have functional receptive language skills. Individuals with Broca's aphasia understand most of the everyday conversation around them, but higher-level deficits in receptive language can occur. Because comprehension is substantially

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Melodic Intonation Therapy appears to work particularly well in patients who have had a unilateral, left hemisphere stroke, show poor articulation, are non-fluent or have severely restricted speech output, have moderately preserved auditory comprehension, and show good motivation. MIT therapy on

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In addition to formal assessments, patient and family interviews are valid and important sources of information. The patient's previous hobbies, interests, personality, and occupation are all factors that will not only impact therapy but may motivate them throughout the recovery process. Patient

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Studies have also found that prognosis of expressive aphasia correlates strongly with the initial severity of impairment. However, it has been seen that continued recovery is possible years after a stroke with effective treatment. Timing and intensity of treatment is another factor that impacts

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No study has established irrefutable evidence that any drug is an effective treatment for aphasia therapy. Furthermore, no study has shown any drug to be specific for language recovery. Comparison between the recovery of language function and other motor function using any drug has shown that

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Two important principles of constraint-induced aphasia therapy are that treatment is very intense, with sessions lasting for up to 6 hours over the course of 10 days and that language is used in a communication context in which it is closely linked to (nonverbal) actions. These principles are

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hemisphere should cause aphasia in a left-handed individual. More recent studies have shown that even left-handed individuals typically have language functions only in the left hemisphere. However, left-handed individuals are more likely to have a dominance of language in the right hemisphere.

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Melodic Intonation Therapy is used by music therapists, board-certified professionals that use music as a therapeutic tool to effect certain non-musical outcomes in their patients. Speech language pathologists can also use this therapy for individuals who have had a left hemisphere stroke and

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The goal of Melodic Intonation Therapy is to utilize singing to access the language-capable regions in the right hemisphere and use these regions to compensate for lost function in the left hemisphere. The natural musical component of speech was used to engage the patients' ability to produce

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Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) refers to a set of tools and strategies that support or replace verbal communication for individuals with communication disorders, such as Broca's aphasia or other conditions that affect speech and language abilities. AAC is designed to enhance

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at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Constraint-induced movement therapy is based on the idea that a person with an impairment (physical or communicative) develops a "learned nonuse" by compensating for the lost function with other means such as using an unaffected limb by a paralyzed

177:, namely phonetic dissolution, are common. Individuals with expressive aphasia may only produce single words, or words in groups of two or three. Long pauses between words are common and multi-syllabic words may be produced one syllable at a time with pauses between each syllable. The 217:, articles, and prepositions are rarely used except for "and" which is prevalent in the speech of most patients with aphasia. The omission of function words makes the person's speech agrammatic. A communication partner of a person with aphasia may say that the person's speech sounds 281:, further showing that damage to the left hemisphere primarily hinders linguistic ability, not motor ability. In contrast, patients who have damage to non-linguistic areas on the left hemisphere have been shown to be fluent in signing, but are unable to comprehend written language. 594:

High-Tech AAC: Involves electronic devices such as speech-generating devices (SGDs) or tablet-based communication apps. These devices use synthesized speech or recorded messages to facilitate communication. Users can select words, phrases, or symbols on a screen to express

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AAC not only addresses the functional aspects of communication but also considers the social and emotional dimensions. It plays a crucial role in helping individuals with communication disorders participate more fully in social interactions and express their thoughts and

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accuracy shows that the errors in signing are not due to damage to the motor cortex, but rather area manifestation of the damage to the language-producing area of the brain. Similar symptoms have been seen in a patient with left hemisphere damage whose first language was

475:(CT) scans. The physician will complete a brief assessment of the patient's ability to understand and produce language. For further diagnostic testing, the physician will refer the patient to a speech-language pathologist, who will complete a comprehensive evaluation. 519:

A patient may have the option of individual or group treatment. Although less common, group treatment has been shown to have advantageous outcomes. Some types of group treatments include family counseling, maintenance groups, support groups and treatment groups.

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Users of AAC systems, as well as their caregivers and support networks, receive training to effectively use the communication tools. Training may involve learning how to navigate electronic devices, program personalized messages, or understand the meaning of

126:. This is known as "telegraphic speech". The person's intended message may still be understood, but their sentence will not be grammatically correct. In very severe forms of expressive aphasia, a person may only speak using single word utterances. Typically, 486:(BDAE) can inform users what specific type of aphasia they may have, infer the location of lesion, and assess current language abilities. The Porch Index of Communication Ability (PICA) can predict potential recovery outcomes of the patients with aphasia. 750:

long term. However, improvements only seem to be made while a patient is undergoing intense therapy. Recent work has investigated combining constraint-induced aphasia therapy with drug treatment, which led to an amplification of therapy benefits.

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measurement is also an important assessment tool. Tests such as the Assessment for Living with Aphasia (ALA) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) allow for therapists to target skills that are important and meaningful for the individual.

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Yes... ah... Monday... er... Dad and Peter H... (his own name), and Dad.... er... hospital... and ah... Wednesday... Wednesday, nine o'clock... and oh... Thursday... ten o'clock, ah doctors... two... an' doctors... and er... teeth...

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and result in an increased capability to improve language function. It has been seen that piracetam is most effective when treatment is begun immediately following stroke. When used in chronic cases it has been much less efficient.

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Meinzer, Marcus; Thomas Elbert; Daniela Djundja; Edward Taub (2007). "Extending the Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) approach to cognitive functions: Constraint-Induced Aphasia Therapy (CIAT) of chronic aphasia".

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A physician is typically the first person to recognize aphasia in a patient who is being treated for damage to the brain. Routine processes for determining the presence and location of lesion in the brain include

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In addition to active speech therapy, pharmaceuticals have also been considered as a useful treatment for expressive aphasia. This area of study is relatively new and much research continues to be conducted.

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is still needed to confirm that Melodic Intonation Therapy is suitable to improve propositional utterances and speech intelligibility in individuals with (chronic) non-fluent aphasia and apraxia of speech.

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Core Vocabulary: Focuses on essential words that are frequently used across various contexts. Core vocabulary systems aim to provide users with a versatile set of words to express a wide range of messages.

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Low-Tech AAC: This includes simple, non-electronic communication aids such as communication boards, picture books, or communication charts. Users can point to or select symbols or pictures to convey their

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AAC systems are highly customizable to meet the unique needs of each user. Therapists work with individuals and their families to tailor the system to the user's abilities, preferences, and communication

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Emphasis is placed on establishing a basis for communication with family and caregivers in everyday life. Treatment is individualized based on the patient's own priorities, along with the family's input.

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Bromocriptine has been shown by some studies to increase verbal fluency and word retrieval with therapy than with just therapy alone. Furthermore, its use seems to be restricted to non-fluent aphasia.

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AAC is often integrated into speech and language therapy sessions. Therapists use AAC tools to facilitate communication practice and help individuals with communication disorders improve their language

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Fringe Vocabulary: Includes specific words related to an individual's unique needs, interests, or daily activities. Fringe vocabulary supplements core vocabulary to make communication more personalized.

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and some may even be omitted. Although listening and reading are generally intact, subtle deficits in both reading and listening comprehension are almost always present during assessment of aphasia.

746:. By constraining an individual to use only speech, it is believed that the brain is more likely to reestablish old neural pathways and recruit new neural pathways to compensate for lost function. 2767:

van der Meulen, I.; van de Sandt-Koenderman, M. W.; Heijenbrok-Kal, M. H.; Visch-Brink, E. G.; Ribbers, G. M. (2014). "The efficacy and timing of Melodic Intonation Therapy in subacute aphasia".

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Mechanisms for recovery differ from patient to patient. Some mechanisms for recovery occur spontaneously after damage to the brain, whereas others are caused by the effects of language therapy.

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phrases. A clinical study revealed that singing and rhythmic speech may be similarly effective in the treatment of non-fluent aphasia and apraxia of speech. Moreover, evidence from

149:, in which patients are able to speak in grammatical sentences that lack semantic significance and generally also have trouble with comprehension. Expressive aphasia differs from 1096: 1762:

Bakheit, AMO; Shaw, S; Carrington, S; Griffiths, S (2007). "The rate and extent of improvement with therapy from the different types of aphasia in the first year of stroke".

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Symbols used in AAC can vary and may include pictures, icons, words, or a combination of these. Symbols are chosen based on the individual's cognitive and language abilities.

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Friedmann, Naama; Gvion, Aviah; Novogrodsky, Rama (2006). "Syntactic Movement in Agrammatism and S-SLI: Two Different Impairments". In Adriana Belletti; et al. (eds.).

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due to poor sentence construction and disjointed words. For example, a person with expressive aphasia might say "Smart... university... smart... good... good..."

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outcomes. Research suggests that even in later stages of recovery, intervention is effective at improving function, as well as, preventing loss of function.

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Self-monitoring is typically well preserved in patients with Broca's aphasia. They are usually aware of their communication deficits, and are more prone to

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Heiss, W-D; Kessler, J; Thiel, A; Ghaemi, M; Karbe, H (1999). "Differential capacity of left and right hemispheric areas for compensation of poststroke".

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Conklyn, D; Novak, E; Boissy, A; Bethoux, F; Chemali, K (2012). "The Effects of Modified Melodic Intonation Therapy on Nonfluent Aphasia: A Pilot Study".

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Broca's (expressive) aphasia is a type of non-fluent aphasia in which an individual's speech is halting and effortful. Misarticulations or distortions of

153:, which is typified by a patient's inability to properly move the muscles of the tongue and mouth to produce speech. Expressive aphasia also differs from 118:. Speech generally includes important content words but leaves out function words that have more grammatical significance than physical meaning, such as 381:. Some form of aphasia occurs in 34 to 38% of stroke patients. Expressive aphasia occurs in approximately 12% of new cases of aphasia caused by stroke. 1267:

Manasco, H. (2014). The Aphasias. In Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders (Vol. 1, p. 91). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

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Margaret, Naeser; Paula Martin; Marjorie Nicholas; Errol Baker (2004). "Improved picture naming in chronic aphasia after TMS to part of right Broca".

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Commondoor, R.; Eisenhut, M.; Fowler, C.; Kirollos, R. W. & Nathwani, N. (2009). "Transient Broca's Aphasia as Feature of an Extradural Abscess".

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Unaided AAC: Relies on the user's body to convey messages without external tools, such as using gestures, facial expressions, or sign language.

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In most cases, expressive aphasia is caused by a stroke in Broca's area or the surrounding vicinity. Broca's area is in the lower part of the

1410: 1306: 1141: 483: 1464: 482:(WAB) classifies individuals based on their scores on the subtests; spontaneous speech, auditory comprehension, repetition, and naming. The 4097: 716: 583:

communication and may be used as a temporary or permanent solution, depending on the individual's needs. Here are some key aspects of AAC:

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For example, in the following passage, a patient with Broca's aphasia is trying to explain how he came to the hospital for dental surgery:

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of frustration, depression, anxiety, or social withdrawal, which have been proven to negatively affect a person's chance of recovery.

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Expressive aphasia is classified as non-fluent aphasia, as opposed to fluent aphasia. Diagnosis is done on a case-by-case basis, as

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may be retained– for instance, some patients can count from one to ten, but cannot produce the same numbers in novel conversation.

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Aided AAC: Involves external tools or devices, such as communication boards, speech-generating devices, or computer-based systems.

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Pedersen, PM; Vinter, K; Olsen, TS (2004). "Aphasia after stroke: Type, severity, and prognosis - The Copenhagen aphasia study".

544: 412: 357: 3898: 4127: 2604:"From Singing to Speaking: Why singing may lead to recovery of expressive language function in patients with Broca's Aphasia" 1570: 762:

The following drugs have been suggested for use in treating aphasia and their efficacy has been studied in control studies.

3739:"Broca's aphasia. Discovery of the area of the brain governing articulated language", analysis of Broca's 1861 article, on 3434: 2500:"Group Therapy as a Social Context for Aphasia Recovery: A pilot, observational study in an acute rehabilitation hospital" 947: 3139:

Berthier, Marcelo; et al. (2009). "Memantine and constraint-induced aphasia therapy in chronic poststroke aphasia".

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of a person with Broca's aphasia is compromised by shortened length of utterances and the presence of self-repairs and

2710:"How to engage the right brain hemisphere in aphasics without even singing: Evidence for two paths of speech recovery" 2472: 779:– mechanism not fully understood, but most likely interacts with cholinergic and glutamatergic receptors, among others 685: 243:, which is responsible for movement of the face, hands, and arms, a lesion affecting Broca's areas may also result in 1651:"Expressive Aphasia as a Presentation of Encephalitis with Bartonella henselae Infection in an Immunocompetent Adult" 1496:

Marshall, Jane (15 June 2004). "Aphasia in a user of British Sign Language: Dissociation between sign and gesture".

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Nakai, Y; Jeong, JW; Brown, EC; Rothermel, R; Kojima, K; Kambara, T; Shah, A; Mittal, S; Sood, S; Asano, E (2017).

676: 468: 3300:"Overt Naming fMRI Pre- and Post- TMS: Two Nonfluent Aphasia Patients, with and without Improved Naming Post- TMS" 2388:

Raymer, Anastasia (February 2008). "Translational Research in Aphasia: from Neuroscience to Neurorehabilitation".

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In order to diagnose a patient with Broca's aphasia, there are certain commonly used tests and procedures. The

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Hogrefe, Katharina; Ziegler, Wolfram; Wiesmayer, Susanne; Weidinger, Nicole; Goldenberg, Georg (2013-09-01).

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Hicoka, Gregory (1 April 1998). "The neural organization of language: evidence from sign language aphasia".

479: 429: 425: 373:. A stroke is caused by hypoperfusion (lack of oxygen) to an area of the brain, which is commonly caused by 332: 114:), although comprehension generally remains intact. A person with expressive aphasia will exhibit effortful 4238: 4212: 4109: 4017: 3465: 2975: 1380: 436: 264: 2236: 272:

production, has also been observed in lifelong users of ASL who have left hemisphere damage. The lack of

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Lee, Ji Hyun; Kim, Ye An; Moon, Joon Ho; Min, Se Hee; Song, Young Shin; Choi, Sung Hee (November 2016).

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is mildly to moderately impaired in expressive aphasia due to difficulty understanding complex grammar.

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Goodglass, H.; N. Geschwind (1976). "Language disorders". In E. Carterette and M.P. Friedman (ed.).

4258: 4186: 3936: 3808: 2053:"Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis with NMDA Receptor (NR1) Antibodies in Breast Cancer (S08.007)" 401: 349: 4160: 4050: 3961: 3941: 3867: 3703: 3647: 3493: 3446: 3280: 3220: 3164: 3001: 2792: 2556: 2367: 2179:"Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Presenting as Expressive Aphasia and Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus" 1882: 1833: 1787: 1631: 1521: 1472: 1009: 921:

The discoveries of Paul Broca were made during the same period of time as the German Neurologist

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patients with larger, widespread lesions exhibit a variety of symptoms that may be classified as

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Bates, Elizabeth A.; Friederici, Angela D.; Wulfeck, Beverly B.; Juarez, Larry A. (1988-03-01).

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Fama, Mackenzie E.; Baron, Christine R.; Hatfield, Brooke; Turkeltaub, Peter E. (August 2016).

925:, who was also studying brains of aphasiacs post-mortem and identified the region now known as 4284: 4199: 4065: 4024: 3981: 3931: 3783: 3752:

http://www.asha.org/Practice-Portal/Clinical-Topics/Aphasia/Common-Classifications-of-Aphasia/

3695: 3639: 3604: 3540: 3485: 3438: 3403: 3329: 3272: 3212: 3156: 3110: 3092: 3053: 2993: 2937: 2902: 2884: 2843: 2784: 2749: 2731: 2690: 2672: 2633: 2579: 2537: 2519: 2454: 2405: 2359: 2218: 2200: 2159: 2141: 2100: 2072: 2068: 2033: 2015: 1974: 1956: 1917: 1874: 1825: 1779: 1737: 1719: 1680: 1662: 1649:

Marienfeld, Carla B.; DiCapua, Daniel B.; Sze, Gordon K.; Goldstein, Jonathan M. (June 2010).

1623: 1615: 1562: 1552: 1513: 1443: 1406: 1352: 1327: 1302: 1245: 1191: 1137: 1059: 1001: 930: 342: 225: 154: 146: 123: 70: 28: 3073:"A review of Constraint-Induced Therapy applied to aphasia rehabilitation in stroke patients" 267:), damage to the left hemisphere of the brain leads to disruptions in their signing ability. 4055: 3687: 3631: 3594: 3586: 3530: 3477: 3430: 3393: 3385: 3319: 3311: 3264: 3204: 3195:

Xavier, de Boissezon; Patrice Peran (2007). "Pharmacotherapy of aphasia: Myth or reality?".

3148: 3100: 3084: 3043: 3035: 2985: 2929: 2892: 2874: 2833: 2823: 2776: 2739: 2721: 2680: 2664: 2623: 2615: 2571: 2527: 2511: 2446: 2397: 2351: 2208: 2190: 2149: 2133: 2064: 2023: 2005: 1964: 1948: 1909: 1864: 1817: 1771: 1727: 1711: 1670: 1607: 1505: 1435: 1181: 1173: 1027: 993: 807: 111: 2963: 3374:"Treating agrammatic aphasia within a linguistic framework: Treatment of Underlying Forms" 2933: 1403:

Language Intervention Strategies in Aphasia and Related Neurogenic Communication Disorders

1299:

Language Intervention Strategies in Aphasia and Related Neurogenic Communication Disorders

851: 823: 815: 743: 460: 385: 337: 103: 2052: 942: 142: 2708:

Stahl, Benjamin; Henseler, Ilona; Turner, Robert; Geyer, Stefan; Kotz, Sonja A. (2013).

2651:

Stahl, Benjamin; Kotz, Sonja A.; Henseler, Ilona; Turner, Robert; Geyer, Stefan (2011).

1913: 4154: 3966: 3813: 3599: 3574: 3535: 3518: 3398: 3373: 3324: 3299: 3105: 3072: 3048: 3023: 2897: 2862: 2838: 2811: 2744: 2709: 2685: 2652: 2628: 2603: 2532: 2499: 2213: 2178: 2154: 2137: 2121: 2028: 1993: 1969: 1936: 1732: 1699: 1675: 1650: 1439: 1186: 1161: 811: 440: 390: 218: 190: 161:

characterized by an inability to create and sequence motor plans for conscious speech.

158: 3590: 2401: 1595: 1162:"Three- and four-dimensional mapping of speech and language in patients with epilepsy" 997: 4278: 3986: 3946: 3691: 3651: 3088: 2371: 1611: 922: 798: 770: 766: 210: 107: 3707: 3497: 3450: 3224: 3168: 1886: 1837: 1791: 1700:"Expressive aphasia as the manifestation of hyperglycemic crisis in type 2 diabetes" 1635: 1525: 3284: 2796: 1013: 804: 206: 182: 134: 3005: 2515: 3824: 2355: 1239: 3971: 3481: 3315: 3298:

Martin, Paula; Margaret Naeser; Michael Ho; Karl Doron; Jacquie Kurland (2009).

3268: 3208: 822:

The most effect has been shown by piracetam and amphetamine, which may increase

782: 731: 704:

and is known to be supported by neural networks of the intact right hemisphere.

244: 138: 119: 3664: 2653:"Rhythm in disguise: why singing may not hold the key to recovery from aphasia" 2339: 3798: 3733: 3389: 3039: 1509: 957: 915: 794: 790: 374: 268: 248: 228:

and outbursts from frustration than are patients with other forms of aphasia.

150: 79: 3096: 2989: 2888: 2879: 2828: 2780: 2735: 2726: 2676: 2619: 2583: 2523: 2363: 2204: 2145: 2076: 2019: 1960: 1952: 1937:"Paraneoplastic and Other Autoimmune Disorders of the Central Nervous System" 1775: 1723: 1666: 1619: 1566: 17: 4045: 3879: 3622:

Code, C; Hemsley, G; Herrmann, M (1999). "The emotional impact of aphasia".

2575: 2010: 1869: 1852: 786: 776: 726:

Constraint-induced aphasia therapy (CIAT) is based on similar principles as

273: 170: 75: 3699: 3643: 3635: 3608: 3544: 3519:"Intensity of Aphasia Therapy, Impact on Recovery * Aphasia Therapy Works!" 3489: 3442: 3407: 3333: 3276: 3216: 3160: 3114: 3057: 2997: 2941: 2906: 2863:"Facing the music: Three issues in current research on singing and aphasia" 2847: 2788: 2753: 2694: 2668: 2637: 2541: 2458: 2450: 2409: 2283: 2222: 2195: 2163: 2037: 1978: 1921: 1878: 1829: 1783: 1741: 1684: 1517: 1447: 1195: 1177: 1005: 850:(TMS), magnetic fields are used to create electrical currents in specified 3663:

ASHA Glossary: Broca's Aphasia. (n.d.). Retrieved November 18, 2015, from

1715: 1627: 4012: 3871: 1596:"On the preservation of word order in aphasia: Cross-linguistic evidence" 378: 99: 2260: 3908: 2340:"The actual and potential use of gestures for communication in aphasia" 838:

improvement is due to a global increase plasticity of neural networks.

472: 456: 95: 3766: 3517:

Sanjit, Bhogal; Robert Teasell; Mark Speechley; Martin Albert (2003).

3152: 1994:"Expressive aphasia in a patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia" 1821: 4007: 3921: 3793: 3778: 2093:

Darnell, Robert; Darnell, Robert B.; Posner, Jerome B. (2011-08-22).

370: 304: 115: 3750:

Appendix: Common Classifications of Aphasia. (n.d.). Retrieved from

2177:

Mahboob, Hafiz B.; Kaokaf, Kazi H.; Gonda, Jeremy M. (2018-02-14).

3875: 3466:"A proposed regional hierarchy in recovery of post-stroke aphasia" 3435:

10.1002/1531-8249(199904)45:4<430::AID-ANA3>3.0.CO;2-P

1405:. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 8. 1301:. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 8. 914:

Expressive aphasia was first identified by the French neurologist

397: 174: 3727: 2964:"Constraint-Induced Therapy of Chronic Aphasia following Stroke" 2812:"Melodic Intonation Therapy: Back to Basics for Future Research" 2288:

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders

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non-fluent aphasias such as Broca's or even apraxia of speech.

205:

The speech of a person with expressive aphasia contains mostly

65:

Broca and Wernicke are two areas involved in language formation

3071:

Balardin, Joana Bisol; Miotto, Eliane Correa (December 2009).

1426:

Teasell, Robert (2003). "Stroke recovery and rehabilitation".

1091: 1089: 1087: 527: 463:

and deficits are highly variable among patients with aphasia.

396:

Expressive aphasia can also be caused by trauma to the brain,

1551:. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Press. pp. 197–210. 1545:

Language Acquisition and Development: Proceedings of GALA2005

1058:. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. pp. 464–465. 834:

Donepezil has shown a potential for helping chronic aphasia.

742:

It is believed that CIAT works by the mechanism of increased

428:

and autoimmune phenomenon that are secondary to cancer (as a

2557:"A Case Study of the Efficacy of Melodic Intonation Therapy" 2237:"Primary Progressive Aphasia - National Aphasia Association" 543:

may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's

3722: 2810:

Zumbansen, Anna; Peretz, Isabelle; Hébert, Sylvie (2014).

2602:

Schlaug, Gottfried; Sarah Marchina; Andrea Norton (2008).

1326:. Pennsylvania, USA: William Brottmiller. pp. 80–81. 499:

than signing since their language production is hindered.

668:

and the specific nature of their communication disorder.

424:

Less common causes of expressive aphasia include primary

247:(weakness of both limbs on the same side of the body) or 34:

Language disorder involving inability to produce language

98:

characterized by partial loss of the ability to produce

1054:

Fromkin, Victoria; Rodman, Robert; Hyams, Nina (2014).

551: 51:

Broca's aphasia, non-fluent aphasia, agrammatic aphasia

435:

Neurodegenerative disorders may present with aphasia.

4128:

Upper dorsal pontine syndrome/Raymond–Céstan syndrome

1851:

Orzeren, A; F Koc; M Demirkiran; A Sonmezler (2006).

3756: 2316:. California State University, Chico. Archived from 1322:

Manasco (2014). Katey Birtcher; et al. (eds.).

1284:

Handbook of Perception: Language and Speech. Vol VII

209:

such as nouns, verbs, and some adjectives. However,

4251: 4231: 4179: 4120: 4085: 4076: 4033: 3997: 3886: 3760: 3022:Pulvermuller, Friedemann; Marcelo Berthier (2008). 979: 977: 975: 973: 69: 47: 42: 3560:Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders 1349:Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders 1324:INtroduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders 1241:Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders 708:recovery phase for people with nonfluent aphasia. 263:In deaf patients who use manual language (such as 2922:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2390:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 443:or expressive aphasia. There are case reports of 3678:Berthier, Marcelo (2005). "Poststroke Aphasia". 3017: 3015: 1853:"Global aphasia due to left thalamic hemorrhage" 1028:"Broca's Aphasia - National Aphasia Association" 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 369:The most common cause of expressive aphasia is 198: 2962:Pulvermuller, Friedemann; et al. (2001). 2479:. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association 554:to make improvements to the overall structure. 3852: 1491: 1489: 1351:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 80. 8: 3665:http://www.asha.org/Glossary/Brocas-Aphasia/ 1537: 1535: 1465:"Specific Syndromes: The Nonfluent Aphasias" 1155: 1153: 1136:(fourth ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc. 1101:American Speech-Language-Hearing Association 512:using phrases that are easier to pronounce. 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 1803: 1801: 4082: 3859: 3845: 3837: 3757: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1469:Neuropathologies of Language and Cognition 885:recovery than the method of therapy used. 524:Augmentative and Alternative Communication 56: 39: 3598: 3534: 3397: 3372:Thompson CK, Shapiro LP (November 2005). 3323: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3104: 3047: 3024:"Aphasia therapy on a neuroscience basis" 2979: 2896: 2878: 2837: 2827: 2743: 2725: 2684: 2627: 2531: 2212: 2194: 2153: 2122:"Continuum: The Paraneoplastic Disorders" 2069:10.1212/WNL.78.1_MeetingAbstracts.S08.007 2027: 2009: 1992:Yeung, Darwin F; Hsu, Rose (2014-08-05). 1968: 1868: 1731: 1674: 1185: 570:Learn how and when to remove this message 3575:"Neuroplasticity: Evidence from Aphasia" 3237: 2861:Stahl, Benjamin; Kotz, Sonja A. (2013). 1655:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 1127: 1125: 1123: 1121: 239:Because Broca's area is anterior to the 3367: 3365: 3363: 1704:The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine 969: 133:It is caused by acquired damage to the 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 2051:Will, A.; Akalin, Murat (2012-04-24). 1077: 1075: 4093:Lateral medullary syndrome/Wallenberg 2383: 2381: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2088: 2086: 1459: 1457: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1225: 630:Customization and Individualization: 484:Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination 7: 1377:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (1) 1263: 1261: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1049: 1047: 717:Music therapy for non-fluent aphasia 447:presenting with expressive aphasia. 145:. Expressive aphasia contrasts with 1914:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2008.06.018 1097:"Common Classifications of Aphasia" 728:constraint-induced movement therapy 4105:Medial medullary syndrome/Dejerine 3579:Journal of Communication Disorders 3536:10.1161/01.STR.0000062343.64383.D0 2314:The Neuroscience on the Web Series 2138:10.1212/01.CON.0000464180.89580.88 1440:10.1161/01.str.0000054630.33395.e2 25: 1347:Manasco, M. Hunter (2013-02-06). 848:transcranial magnetic stimulation 842:Transcranial magnetic stimulation 619:Vocabulary and Language Systems: 3692:10.2165/00002512-200522020-00006 3562:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3089:10.1590/S1980-57642009DN30400003 2099:. Oxford University Press, USA. 532: 413:lateralization of brain function 358:hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state 3874:associated with lesions of the 3077:Dementia & Neuropsychologia 2934:10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0105) 2714:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2504:Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 3736:of person with Broca's Aphasia 2126:Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.) 2120:Lancaster, Eric (April 2015). 657:Social and Emotional Aspects: 285:Overlap with receptive aphasia 1: 3591:10.1016/s0021-9924(00)00031-9 3573:Thompson, Cynthia K. (2000). 3464:Heiss, W-D; Thiel, A (2006). 2516:10.1080/10749357.2016.1155277 2183:Case Reports in Critical Care 1935:McKeon, Andrew (April 2013). 998:10.1016/S1364-6613(98)01154-1 948:Transcortical sensory aphasia 859:Treatment of underlying forms 600:Symbols and Representations: 459:often affect the surrounding 4166:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia 3728:Aphasia Center of California 3723:National Aphasia Association 2356:10.1080/02687038.2013.803515 2265:National Aphasia Association 2241:National Aphasia Association 1764:Integumentary Rehabilitation 1612:10.1016/0093-934X(88)90072-7 1032:National Aphasia Association 986:Trends in Cognitive Sciences 686:randomized controlled trials 3558:Manasco, M. Hunter (2014). 3482:10.1016/j.bandl.2006.02.002 3316:10.1016/j.bandl.2009.07.007 3269:10.1016/j.bandl.2004.08.004 3209:10.1016/j.bandl.2006.07.004 2769:Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 2402:10.1044/1092-4388(2008/020) 2308:McCaffrey, Patrick (1999). 1286:. New York: Academic Press. 1238:Brookshire, Robert (2007). 1056:An Introduction to Language 508:deal of language function. 343:neurodegenerative disorders 259:Manual language and aphasia 4311: 2310:"The Diagnosis of Aphasia" 722:Constraint-induced therapy 714: 677:Melodic intonation therapy 672:Melodic intonation therapy 648:Integration with Therapy: 469:magnetic resonance imaging 347:Certain infections (e.g., 26: 4264:Upper motor neuron lesion 3390:10.1080/02687030544000227 3040:10.1080/02687030701612213 2063:(1 Supplement): S08.007. 1510:10.1080/02643290342000249 1498:Cognitive Neuropsychology 445:Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 356:Metabolic disease (e.g., 64: 55: 4133:Lateral pontine syndrome 2990:10.1161/01.STR.32.7.1621 2880:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01033 2829:10.3389/fneur.2014.00007 2781:10.1177/1545968313517753 2727:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00035 2620:10.1525/mp.2008.25.4.315 2096:Paraneoplastic Syndromes 1953:10.1177/1941874412453339 1810:Cerebrovascular Diseases 1776:10.1177/0269215507078452 1401:Chapey, Roberta (2008). 1297:Chapey, Roberta (2008). 1244:. St. Louis, MO: Mosby. 439:may present with either 27:Not to be confused with 4290:Complications of stroke 4171:One and a half syndrome 4147:Millard–Gubler syndrome 4143:Medial pontine syndrome 2867:Frontiers in Psychology 2576:10.1525/mp.2006.24.1.23 2555:Wilson Sarah J (2006). 2011:10.1186/2193-1801-3-406 1870:10.4103/0028-3886.28118 480:Western Aphasia Battery 430:paraneoplastic syndrome 333:Paraneoplastic syndrome 4239:Alternating hemiplegia 3636:10.1055/s-2008-1064006 3585:(4): 33 (4): 357–366. 2816:Frontiers in Neurology 2451:10.3233/NRE-2007-22409 872:Mechanisms of recovery 639:Training and Support: 608:Types of AAC Systems: 393:or left unclassified. 265:American Sign Language 203: 2473:"Aphasia - Treatment" 1716:10.3904/kjim.2014.379 1373:"Neurology of Syntax" 715:Further information: 426:autoimmune phenomenon 279:British Sign Language 3730:in Oakland, CA, U.S. 3384:(10–11): 1021–1036. 2669:10.1093/brain/awr240 2477:ASHA Practice Portal 2196:10.1155/2018/5053175 1941:The Neurohospitalist 1178:10.1093/brain/awx051 587:Communication Aids: 241:primary motor cortex 193:are also deficient. 4259:Pseudobulbar affect 4213:Parinaud's syndrome 4204:ventral tegmentum, 4018:Parkinson's disease 3937:Hemispatial neglect 3141:Annals of Neurology 2439:NeuroRehabilitation 2267:. November 7, 2017. 1902:Pediatric Neurology 1132:Purves, D. (2008). 824:cerebral plasticity 552:editing the article 473:computed tomography 437:Alzheimer's disease 402:cerebral hemorrhage 350:Bartonella henselae 4191:ventral peduncle, 4161:Locked-in syndrome 4151:Foville's syndrome 4051:Dysdiadochokinesia 3962:Cortical blindness 3942:Gerstmann syndrome 3917:Expressive aphasia 3868:Signs and symptoms 3470:Brain and Language 3304:Brain and Language 3257:Brain and Language 3197:Brain and Language 1600:Brain and Language 953:Wernicke's aphasia 702:formulaic language 406:extradural abscess 328:Autoimmune disease 165:Signs and symptoms 88:Expressive aphasia 43:Expressive aphasia 4272: 4271: 4247: 4246: 4223:Claude's syndrome 4200:Benedikt syndrome 4066:Cerebellar ataxia 4025:Thalamic syndrome 3982:Cortical deafness 3957:Bálint's syndrome 3932:Receptive aphasia 3834: 3833: 3746: 3624:Semin Speech Lang 3153:10.1002/ana.21597 2663:(10): 3083–3093. 1822:10.1159/000073896 1412:978-0-7817-6981-5 1308:978-0-7817-6981-5 1143:978-0-87893-742-4 931:receptive aphasia 730:developed by Dr. 580: 579: 572: 545:layout guidelines 155:apraxia of speech 147:receptive aphasia 85: 84: 37:Medical condition 29:receptive aphasia 16:(Redirected from 4302: 4295:Neurolinguistics 4187:Weber's syndrome 4083: 4056:Intention tremor 3861: 3854: 3847: 3838: 3758: 3745: 3711: 3656: 3655: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3602: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3538: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3401: 3369: 3338: 3337: 3327: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3252: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3192: 3173: 3172: 3136: 3119: 3118: 3108: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3051: 3019: 3010: 3009: 2983: 2974:(7): 1621–1626. 2959: 2946: 2945: 2928:(5): 1463–1471. 2917: 2911: 2910: 2900: 2882: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2841: 2831: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2747: 2729: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2688: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2631: 2608:Music Perception 2599: 2588: 2587: 2564:Music Perception 2561: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2535: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2433: 2414: 2413: 2385: 2376: 2375: 2350:(9): 1070–1089. 2335: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2325: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2295: 2280: 2269: 2268: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2216: 2198: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2157: 2132:(2 0): 452–475. 2117: 2111: 2110: 2090: 2081: 2080: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2031: 2013: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1972: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1872: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1805: 1796: 1795: 1759: 1746: 1745: 1735: 1710:(6): 1187–1190. 1695: 1689: 1688: 1678: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1582: 1581: 1575: 1569:. Archived from 1550: 1539: 1530: 1529: 1493: 1484: 1483: 1481: 1480: 1471:. Archived from 1461: 1452: 1451: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1389: 1388: 1379:. Archived from 1369: 1363: 1362: 1344: 1338: 1337: 1319: 1313: 1312: 1294: 1288: 1287: 1279: 1268: 1265: 1256: 1255: 1235: 1200: 1199: 1189: 1172:(5): 1351–1370. 1157: 1148: 1147: 1129: 1116: 1115: 1113: 1112: 1103:. Archived from 1093: 1082: 1079: 1070: 1069: 1051: 1042: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1024: 1018: 1017: 981: 808:psychostimulants 575: 568: 564: 561: 555: 536: 535: 528: 60: 40: 21: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4243: 4227: 4175: 4116: 4072: 4029: 3993: 3953:Occipital lobe 3887:Cerebral cortex 3882: 3865: 3835: 3830: 3829: 3769: 3719: 3714: 3677: 3673: 3660: 3659: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3502: 3500: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3371: 3370: 3341: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3254: 3253: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3194: 3193: 3176: 3138: 3137: 3122: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3021: 3020: 3013: 2981:10.1.1.492.3416 2961: 2960: 2949: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2601: 2600: 2591: 2559: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2435: 2434: 2417: 2387: 2386: 2379: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2323: 2321: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2293: 2291: 2290:. March 6, 2017 2282: 2281: 2272: 2261:"Aphasia FAQ's" 2259: 2258: 2254: 2245: 2243: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2107: 2092: 2091: 2084: 2050: 2049: 2045: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1857:Neurology India 1850: 1849: 1845: 1807: 1806: 1799: 1770:(10): 941–949. 1761: 1760: 1749: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1559: 1548: 1541: 1540: 1533: 1495: 1494: 1487: 1478: 1476: 1463: 1462: 1455: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1413: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1386: 1384: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1359: 1346: 1345: 1341: 1334: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1309: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1281: 1280: 1271: 1266: 1259: 1252: 1237: 1236: 1203: 1159: 1158: 1151: 1144: 1131: 1130: 1119: 1110: 1108: 1095: 1094: 1085: 1080: 1073: 1066: 1053: 1052: 1045: 1036: 1034: 1026: 1025: 1021: 983: 982: 971: 966: 939: 927:Wernicke's area 912: 891: 874: 861: 844: 816:Methylphenidate 756: 744:neuroplasticity 724: 719: 674: 576: 565: 559: 556: 550:Please help by 549: 537: 533: 526: 505: 488:Quality of life 453: 422: 420:Uncommon causes 386:premotor cortex 367: 338:Micrometastasis 324: 301: 296: 287: 261: 191:stress patterns 167: 137:regions of the 94:) is a type of 92:Broca's aphasia 90:(also known as 38: 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4308: 4306: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4277: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4140: 4130: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4102: 4101: 4100: 4089: 4087: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4039: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4004:Basal ganglia 4001: 3999: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3978:Temporal lobe 3976: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3967:Anton syndrome 3964: 3959: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3928:Parietal lobe 3926: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3841: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3816: 3801: 3786: 3770: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3761:Classification 3755: 3754: 3748: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3718: 3717:External links 3715: 3713: 3712: 3686:(2): 163–182. 3674: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3658: 3657: 3614: 3565: 3550: 3529:(4): 987–993. 3509: 3476:(1): 118–123. 3456: 3429:(4): 430–438. 3413: 3339: 3290: 3242: 3230: 3203:(1): 114–125. 3174: 3147:(5): 577–578. 3120: 3083:(4): 275–282. 3063: 3034:(6): 563–599. 3011: 2947: 2912: 2853: 2802: 2775:(6): 536–544. 2759: 2700: 2643: 2614:(4): 315–319. 2589: 2547: 2510:(4): 276–283. 2490: 2464: 2445:(4): 311–318. 2415: 2396:(1): 259–275. 2377: 2330: 2300: 2270: 2252: 2228: 2169: 2112: 2105: 2082: 2043: 1984: 1927: 1892: 1863:(4): 415–417. 1843: 1797: 1747: 1690: 1641: 1606:(2): 323–364. 1586: 1557: 1531: 1504:(5): 537–554. 1485: 1453: 1434:(2): 365–366. 1418: 1411: 1393: 1364: 1357: 1339: 1332: 1314: 1307: 1289: 1269: 1257: 1251:978-0323045315 1250: 1201: 1149: 1142: 1117: 1083: 1071: 1065:978-1133310686 1064: 1043: 1019: 992:(4): 129–136. 968: 967: 965: 962: 961: 960: 955: 950: 945: 938: 935: 911: 908: 890: 887: 873: 870: 860: 857: 843: 840: 820: 819: 812:Dexamphetamine 802: 780: 774: 755: 752: 723: 720: 673: 670: 665: 664: 663: 662: 655: 654: 653: 646: 645: 644: 637: 636: 635: 628: 627: 626: 623: 617: 616: 615: 612: 606: 605: 604: 598: 597: 596: 592: 578: 577: 540: 538: 531: 525: 522: 504: 501: 452: 449: 441:fluent aphasia 421: 418: 411:Understanding 391:global aphasia 366: 363: 362: 361: 354: 345: 340: 335: 330: 323: 320: 319: 318: 315: 312: 300: 297: 295: 292: 286: 283: 260: 257: 211:function words 166: 163: 159:motor disorder 83: 82: 73: 67: 66: 62: 61: 53: 52: 49: 45: 44: 36: 33: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4307: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4217:dorsal, tumor 4216: 4215: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3987:Prosopagnosia 3985: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3947:Astereognosis 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3913:Frontal lobe 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3850: 3848: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3566: 3561: 3554: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3510: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3263:(1): 95–105. 3262: 3258: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3238:Berthier 2005 3234: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 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2378: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2331: 2320:on 2007-06-15 2319: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2301: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2173: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2116: 2113: 2108: 2106:9780199772735 2102: 2098: 2097: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2047: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1931: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1896: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1847: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1645: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1590: 1587: 1576:on 2014-12-11 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1558:9781847180285 1554: 1547: 1546: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1475:on 2006-04-27 1474: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1422: 1419: 1414: 1408: 1404: 1397: 1394: 1383:on 2004-05-18 1382: 1378: 1374: 1368: 1365: 1360: 1358:9781449652449 1354: 1350: 1343: 1340: 1335: 1333:9781449652449 1329: 1325: 1318: 1315: 1310: 1304: 1300: 1293: 1290: 1285: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1139: 1135: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1107:on 2017-05-07 1106: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1061: 1057: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1033: 1029: 1023: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 980: 978: 976: 974: 970: 963: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 940: 936: 934: 932: 928: 924: 923:Carl Wernicke 919: 917: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 888: 886: 882: 879: 871: 869: 865: 858: 856: 853: 849: 841: 839: 835: 832: 828: 825: 817: 813: 809: 806: 803: 800: 799:acetylcholine 796: 792: 788: 784: 781: 778: 775: 772: 771:Catecholamine 768: 767:Bromocriptine 765: 764: 763: 760: 753: 751: 747: 745: 740: 736: 733: 729: 721: 718: 713: 709: 705: 703: 698: 694: 690: 687: 681: 678: 671: 669: 659: 658: 656: 650: 649: 647: 641: 640: 638: 632: 631: 629: 624: 621: 620: 618: 613: 610: 609: 607: 602: 601: 599: 593: 589: 588: 586: 585: 584: 574: 571: 563: 560:February 2024 553: 547: 546: 541:This section 539: 530: 529: 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 502: 500: 496: 492: 489: 485: 481: 476: 474: 470: 464: 462: 458: 450: 448: 446: 442: 438: 433: 431: 427: 419: 417: 414: 409: 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 387: 382: 380: 376: 372: 365:Common causes 364: 359: 355: 352: 351: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 325: 321: 316: 313: 310: 306: 303: 302: 298: 293: 291: 284: 282: 280: 275: 270: 266: 258: 256: 252: 250: 246: 242: 237: 233: 229: 227: 222: 220: 216: 212: 208: 207:content words 202: 197: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 164: 162: 160: 157:, which is a 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 131: 129: 128:comprehension 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 81: 77: 74: 72: 68: 63: 59: 54: 50: 46: 41: 30: 19: 18:Motor aphasia 3916: 3904:PCA syndrome 3899:MCA syndrome 3894:ACA syndrome 3818: 3803: 3788: 3773: 3740: 3683: 3679: 3630:(1): 19–31. 3627: 3623: 3617: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3559: 3553: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3501:. Retrieved 3473: 3469: 3459: 3426: 3422: 3416: 3381: 3377: 3310:(1): 20–35. 3307: 3303: 3293: 3260: 3256: 3233: 3200: 3196: 3144: 3140: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3031: 3027: 2971: 2967: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2870: 2866: 2856: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2720:(35): 1–12. 2717: 2713: 2703: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2611: 2607: 2570:(1): 23–36. 2567: 2563: 2550: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2481:. Retrieved 2476: 2467: 2442: 2438: 2393: 2389: 2347: 2343: 2333: 2322:. Retrieved 2318:the original 2313: 2303: 2292:. Retrieved 2287: 2264: 2255: 2244:. Retrieved 2240: 2231: 2186: 2182: 2172: 2129: 2125: 2115: 2095: 2060: 2056: 2046: 2001: 1998:SpringerPlus 1997: 1987: 1947:(2): 53–64. 1944: 1940: 1930: 1908:(1): 50–53. 1905: 1901: 1895: 1860: 1856: 1846: 1816:(1): 35–43. 1813: 1809: 1767: 1763: 1707: 1703: 1693: 1661:(2): 67–71. 1658: 1654: 1644: 1603: 1599: 1589: 1578:. Retrieved 1571:the original 1544: 1501: 1497: 1477:. Retrieved 1473:the original 1468: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1402: 1396: 1385:. 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Retrieved 1031: 1022: 989: 985: 943:Broca's area 920: 913: 904: 900: 896: 892: 883: 875: 866: 862: 845: 836: 833: 829: 821: 805:Dopaminergic 797:) – acts on 761: 757: 748: 741: 737: 725: 710: 706: 695: 691: 682: 675: 666: 581: 566: 557: 542: 518: 514: 510: 506: 497: 493: 477: 465: 454: 434: 423: 410: 395: 383: 368: 348: 317:Brain trauma 288: 262: 253: 238: 234: 230: 223: 215:conjunctions 204: 199: 195: 183:disfluencies 168: 143:Broca's area 132: 120:prepositions 91: 87: 86: 4139:) (lateral) 3972:Pure alexia 3680:Drugs Aging 3378:Aphasiology 3028:Aphasiology 2344:Aphasiology 2189:: 5053175. 783:Cholinergic 732:Edward Taub 595:themselves. 322:Less common 314:Brain tumor 299:More common 245:hemiparesis 219:telegraphic 48:Other names 4279:Categories 4035:Cerebellum 3503:2024-02-21 3423:Ann Neurol 2324:2017-11-08 2294:2024-02-21 2246:2018-11-26 1580:2024-02-21 1479:2006-05-10 1387:2006-05-10 1111:2024-02-21 1037:2017-04-11 964:References 958:Word salad 916:Paul Broca 795:Bifemelane 791:Aniracetam 769:– acts on 754:Medication 471:(MRI) and 375:thrombosis 269:Paraphasic 249:hemiplegia 226:depression 187:Intonation 171:consonants 151:dysarthria 141:, such as 80:Psychiatry 4078:Brainstem 4046:Dysmetria 3998:Subcortex 3880:brainstem 3872:syndromes 3652:260318407 3097:1980-5764 2976:CiteSeerX 2889:1664-1078 2736:1662-5161 2677:0006-8950 2584:0730-7829 2524:1074-9357 2483:August 7, 2372:145152352 2364:0268-7038 2284:"Aphasia" 2205:2090-6420 2146:1080-2371 2077:0028-3878 2057:Neurology 2020:2193-1801 1961:1941-8744 1724:1226-3303 1667:0044-0086 1620:0093-934X 1567:133524617 889:Prognosis 787:Donepezil 777:Piracetam 661:feelings. 503:Treatment 451:Diagnosis 307:or brain 274:syntactic 76:Neurology 71:Specialty 4285:Aphasias 4180:Midbrain 4042:Lateral 4013:Dystonia 3708:22725166 3700:15733022 3644:10100374 3609:11001162 3545:12649521 3498:22877982 3490:16564566 3451:13377946 3443:10211466 3408:17410280 3334:19695692 3277:15766771 3225:38304960 3217:16982084 3169:31528532 3161:19475666 3115:29213640 3058:18923644 2998:11441210 2942:22411278 2907:25295017 2848:24478754 2822:(7): 7. 2789:24449708 2754:23450277 2695:21948939 2638:21197418 2542:27077989 2459:17971622 2410:18230850 2223:29666711 2164:25837906 2038:25126489 1979:23983888 1922:19068255 1887:23023504 1879:17114855 1838:11754713 1830:14530636 1792:25995618 1784:17981853 1742:26968185 1685:20589186 1636:23236428 1526:27849117 1518:21038221 1448:12574538 1196:28334963 1081:ASHA.org 1006:21227109 937:See also 852:cortical 643:symbols. 591:messages 379:embolism 124:articles 100:language 4155:basilar 4086:Medulla 4062:Medial 3909:Aphasia 3825:D001039 3784:6A01.21 3671:Sources 3600:3086401 3399:1847567 3325:2803355 3285:9348149 3106:5619412 3049:2557073 2898:4172097 2839:3904283 2797:6495987 2745:3583105 2686:3187543 2629:3010734 2533:4949973 2214:5832162 2155:4443809 2029:4130962 2004:: 406. 1970:3726118 1733:5094916 1676:2892771 1628:3359173 1187:5405238 1014:7018568 910:History 801:systems 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