585:
70:
63:
453:
40:
608:, MP Materials said, in May 2019, it will start its own partial processing operation in the United States, though full processing operations without Shenghe Resources have been delayed. According to Bloomberg, China in 2019 established a plan for restricting U.S. access to Chinese heavy rare earth elements, should the punitive step be deemed necessary. In 2022, the company announced that it had secured
548:
571:, which occur naturally in the rare-earth ore. A federal investigation later found that some 60 spills—some unreported—occurred between 1984 and 1998, when the pipeline and chemical processing at the mine were shut down. In all, about 600,000 gallons of radioactive and other hazardous waste flowed onto the desert floor, according to federal authorities. By the end of the 1990s,
465:
1592:
596:
On
September 22, 2010, China quietly enacted a ban on exports of rare-earths to Japan, a move suspected to be in retaliation for the Japanese arrest of a Chinese trawler captain in a territorial dispute. Because Japan and China are the only current sources for rare-earth magnetic material used in the
575:
was served with a cleanup order and a San
Bernardino County district attorney's lawsuit. The company paid more than $ 1.4 million in fines and settlements. After preparing a cleanup plan and completing an extensive environmental study, Unocal in 2004 won approval of a county permit that allowed the
592:
Since 2007, China has restricted exports of REEs (rare-earth elements) and imposed export tariffs, both to conserve resources and to give preference to
Chinese manufacturers. In 2009, China supplied more than 96% of the world's REEs. Some outside China are concerned that because rare-earths are
508:
In
December 2010, Molycorp announced that it had secured all the environmental permits needed to build a new ore processing plant at the mine; construction would begin in January 2011, and was expected to be completed by the end of 2012. On August 27, 2012, the company announced that mining had
500:
In 2008, Chevron sold the mine to privately-held
Molycorp Minerals LLC, a company formed to revive the Mountain Pass mine. Molycorp announced plans to spend $ 500 million to reopen and expand the mine, and on July 29, 2010, it raised about $ 400 million through an
460:
The
Mountain Pass deposit was discovered in 1949 by Herbert S. Woodward, Clarence Watkins and P. A. Simon, who noticed anomalously high radioactivity. Molybdenum Corporation of America bought most of the mining claims, and began small-scale production in 1952.
597:
US, a permanent disruption of
Chinese rare-earth supply to Japan would leave China as the sole source. Jeff Green, a rare-earth lobbyist, said, "We are going to be 100 percent reliant on the Chinese to make the components for the defense supply chain." The
519:
On August 31, 2016, Molycorp Inc. emerged from bankruptcy as Neo
Performance Materials, leaving behind the mine as Molycorp Minerals LLC in its own separate Chapter 11 bankruptcy. As of January 2016, its shares were traded OTC under the symbol MCPIQ.
1612:
512:
The processing plant was in full production on June 25, 2015, when
Molycorp filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy with outstanding bonds in the amount of $ US 1.4 billion. The company's shares were removed from the NYSE.
893:
681:
523:
Mountain Pass was acquired out of bankruptcy in July 2017 with the goal of reviving
America's rare-earth industry. MP Materials resumed mining and refining operations in January 2018.
1622:
956:
601:
scheduled on September 23, 2010, the review of a detailed bill to subsidize the revival of the American rare-earths industry, including the reopening of the Mountain Pass mine.
1145:
1549:
Olmez, Ilhan; Sholkovitz, Edward R.; Hermann, Diane; Eganhouse, Robert P. (1991). "Rare earth elements in sediments off Southern California: a new anthropogenic indicator".
706:
531:
MP Materials is 51.8%-owned by US hedge funds JHL Capital Group (and its CEO James Litinsky) and QVT Financial LP, while Shenghe Resources Holding Co. Ltd., a partially
497:
The mine closed in 2002 after a toxic waste spill and wasn't reopened due to competition from Chinese suppliers, though processing of previously mined ore continued.
1325:
354:, using a 3.83% total rare-earth oxide (REO) cutoff grade, were 18.9 million tonnes of ore containing 1.36 million tonnes of REO at an average grade of 7.06% REO.
1287:
612:
grants to support both light rare-earth elements (LREEs) and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). The facility plans to begin separating NdPr oxide in early 2023.
1176:
1642:
1370:
1412:
285:. In 2020 the mine supplied 15.8% of the world's rare-earth production. It is the only rare-earth mining and processing facility in the United States.
598:
672:
382:. Marketable products include each of the major intermediates of the ore dressing process: flotation concentrate, acid-washed flotation concentrate,
1135:
1389:
122:
62:
593:
essential to some high-tech, renewable-energy, and defense-related technologies, the world should not be so reliant on a single supplier country
761:
288:
As of 2022, work is ongoing to restore processing capabilities for domestic light rare-earth elements (LREEs) and work has been funded by the
1446:
645:
964:
1463:
Jaffe, Howard W. (1955). "Precambrian Monazite and Zircon from the Mountain Pass Rare-Earth District, San Bernardino County, California".
494:
In 1998, the mine's separation plant ceased production of refined rare-earth compounds; it continued to produce bastnäsite concentrate.
289:
605:
1627:
1250:
894:"Pele Mountain enters agreement to acquire rare earth mining claims surrounded by Molycorp, 1800 metres from the Mountain Pass Mine"
559:, east of Interstate 15 near Nevada. This pipeline repeatedly ruptured during cleaning operations to remove mineral deposits called
1326:"China halts exports of minerals crucial to Japanese industry HONG: Customs officers at ports stop rare earth elements amid fishe"
1065:
1617:
819:
584:
476:
used in color television screens. Between 1965 and 1995, the mine supplied most of the worldwide rare-earth metals consumption.
351:
1584:
1371:"Caught Between Trump and its biggest market, America's sole rare earths mine is an unusual victim in the US- China trade war"
1596:
1306:
1632:
1224:
1050:
1198:
1637:
1168:
1004:
331:. It is regarded as a world-class rare-earth mineral deposit. The metals that can be extracted from it include:
1484:
1025:
1070:
502:
978:
532:
609:
440:, which can cause reduction of quadrivalent cerium, leads to an incomplete separation of cerium and the
292:
to restore processing capabilities for heavy rare-earth metals (HREEs) to alleviate supply chain risk.
1558:
1513:
1472:
1172:
391:
278:
632:
769:
536:
488:
162:
436:
state. However, the high temperature of the calcination gives less-reactive oxide, and the use of
1537:
1529:
1352:
735:
555:
In the 1980s, the company began piping wastewater up to 14 miles to evaporation ponds on or near
402:
379:
328:
274:
1500:
Kay, Robert W; Gast, Paul W (1973). "The Rare Earth Content and Origin of Alkali-Rich Basalts".
505:, selling 28,125,000 shares at $ 14 under the ticker symbol MCP on the New York Stock Exchange.
707:"MP Materials secures heavy rare-earth processing contract with the U.S. Department of Defense"
1488:
1442:
1434:
1075:
868:
846:"Rare-Earth Mineral Deposits of the Mountain Pass District, San Bernardino County, California"
792:
641:
437:
395:
282:
456:
The Mountain Pass mine dominated worldwide REE production from the 1960s to the 1980s (USGS).
1566:
1521:
1480:
1225:"Shenghe Resources Holding Co. Ltd: Shareholders Board Members Managers and Company Profile"
1140:
1083:
932:
860:
430:
1108:
747:
367:
270:
390:
concentrate, which was the insoluble residue left after the calcined bastnäsite had been
1562:
1517:
1476:
604:
After China doubled import duties on rare-earth concentrates to 25% as a result of the
576:
mine to operate for another 30 years. The mine passed a key county inspection in 2007.
418:
1288:"Shortage of rare earth minerals may cripple U.S. high-tech, scientists warn Congress"
1606:
1541:
937:
920:
897:
363:
312:
1268:
452:
409:
and purify the other individual components of the ore. A further product includes a
39:
797:
556:
433:
266:
243:
231:
17:
1413:"A once-shuttered California mine is trying to transform the rare earth industry"
401:
The lanthanides that dissolve as a result of the acid treatment are subjected to
547:
383:
304:
301:
1136:"California Mine Becomes Key Part of Push to Revive US Rare Earths Processing"
410:
102:
1492:
1079:
137:
124:
1087:
484:
464:
441:
340:
336:
872:
845:
311:. It contains 8% to 12% rare-earth oxides, mostly contained in the mineral
1591:
957:"Expansion in works for S.B. County mine with troubled environmental past"
725:
480:
473:
426:
414:
406:
344:
1570:
1533:
768:. California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. 2008. Archived from
564:
560:
375:
320:
1169:"The US is taking steps towards breaking China's rare earths monopoly"
417:
and heavier lanthanides. The calcination of bastnäsite drives off the
724:
Haxel, Gordon B.; Hedrick, James B.; Orris, Greta J. (May 17, 2005).
572:
568:
539:, holds an 8.0% stake. Apart from institutions, the public owns 18%.
387:
371:
332:
324:
316:
308:
1525:
516:
In August 2015, it was reported that the mine was to be shut down.
1509:
864:
583:
546:
463:
451:
422:
673:"The Californian Rare Earths Mine Caught Between Trump and China"
472:
Production expanded greatly in the 1960s, to supply demand for
640:. Reston, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 132–133.
1613:
Buildings and structures in San Bernardino County, California
1390:"China Has Rare Earths Plan Ready to Go If Trade War Deepens"
551:
Satellite image of the Mountain Pass mine and vicinity (2011)
370:
to separate the bulk of the bastnäsite from the accompanying
727:
Rare earth elements – Critical resources for high technology
413:
mix, depleted of much of the cerium, and essentially all of
1066:"Mountain Pass Mine Approved for Sale to JHL, QVT, Shenghe"
1485:
10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[1247:PMAZFT]2.0.CO;2
1435:"Formation of rare earth minerals in hydrothermal systems"
844:
Olson, J.C.; Shawe, D.R.; Pray, L.C.; Sharp, W.N. (1954).
1307:"U.S. military supply of rare earth elements not secure"
1439:
Rare earth minerals: chemistry, origin and ore deposits
468:
Mountain Pass mine, mill, shop & offices in 2010
300:
The Mountain Pass deposit is in a 1.4 billion-year-old
563:. The scale is radioactive because of the presence of
479:
Molybdenum Corporation of America changed its name to
1585:
Mountain Pass mine: geoology, history & potential
1353:"Amid Tension, China Blocks Crucial Exports to Japan"
1109:"Mountain Pass sells for $ 20.5 million | MINING.com"
263:
Mountain Pass Rare Earth Mine and Processing Facility
27:
Rare-earth element mine in California, United States
825:. f MP Materials Corp. December 28, 2020. p. 4
631:Gambogi, Joseph (January 29, 2021). "Rare Earths".
429:, in which the cerium content oxidizes to the less-
251:
237:
227:
222:
214:
206:
198:
193:
185:
177:
169:
158:
153:
116:
108:
98:
90:
51:
950:
948:
671:
281:in California, 53 miles (85 km) southwest of
1623:Geography of San Bernardino County, California
1005:"Securing U.S. Access to Rare Earth Elements"
8:
666:
664:
32:
1026:"Mineral Commodity Summaries: Rare Earths"
366:ore, it is finely ground and subjected to
69:
38:
31:
1587:February 1, 2023, "Geology for Investors"
936:
853:U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper
599:House Committee on Science and Technology
483:in 1974. The corporation was acquired by
1051:"Prospectus for Initial Public Offering"
1330:International Herald Tribune, Hong Kong
701:
699:
620:
1551:Environmental Science & Technology
1465:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1351:Bradsher, Keith (September 22, 2010).
1324:BRADSHER, KEITH (September 24, 2010).
1179:from the original on February 10, 2021
1148:from the original on December 31, 2020
921:"Rare Earth Deposits of North America"
743:
733:
626:
624:
487:in 1977, which in turn became part of
386:acid-washed bastnäsite, and finally a
7:
1251:"Clean Energy's Dirty Little Secret"
955:Danelski, David (February 9, 2009).
793:"Clean Energy's Dirty Little Secret"
684:from the original on October 9, 2018
94:Mountain Pass, San Bernardino County
44:Mountain Pass mine – open pit (left)
1205:. Annecy, France: Surperperformance
290:United States Department of Defense
1643:Surface mines in the United States
25:
1590:
938:10.1111/j.1751-3928.2008.00068.x
68:
61:
1411:Stone, Maddie (June 29, 2023).
1134:Xie, John (December 31, 2020).
762:"Mountain Pass Rare Earth Mine"
1392:. Bloomberg News. May 30, 2019
1305:Hsu, Jeremy (April 14, 2010).
1286:Hsu, Jeremy (March 17, 2010).
1167:Hui, Mary (February 5, 2021).
1064:Peg Brickley (June 23, 2017).
1031:. U.S. Geological Survey. 2003
766:Geological Sciences Department
1:
1249:Margonelli, Lisa (May 2009).
979:"USGS Minerals Yearbook—1999"
791:Margonelli, Lisa (May 2009).
1003:Hansen, Tobin (March 2020).
352:Proven and Probable Reserves
919:Castor, Stephen B. (2008).
634:Mineral Commodity Summaries
218:1952–2002, 2007–2015, 2017–
1659:
588:Mountain Pass mine in 2022
277:on the south flank of the
1441:. Springer. p. 105.
1375:South China Morning Press
1273:British Geological Survey
1199:"MP Materials Corp. (MP)"
56:
37:
1628:Metallurgical facilities
984:. U.S. Geological Survey
1618:Carbonatite occurrences
1071:The Wall Street Journal
503:initial public offering
46:mill (right background)
1502:The Journal of Geology
1379:(published 05-26-2019)
680:. September 26, 2018.
589:
552:
533:state-owned enterprise
469:
457:
138:35.47861°N 115.53250°W
82:Location in California
1269:"Rare Earth Elements"
610:Department of Defense
587:
550:
467:
455:
1599:at Wikimedia Commons
1433:Gieré, Reto (1996).
713:. February 22, 2022.
543:Environmental impact
421:content, leaving an
279:Clark Mountain Range
143:35.47861; -115.53250
1633:Mines in California
1571:10.1021/es00014a015
1563:1991EnST...25..310O
1518:1973JG.....81..653K
1477:1955GSAB...66.1247J
537:Government of China
489:Chevron Corporation
275:rare-earth elements
252:Year of acquisition
163:Rare-earth elements
134: /
34:
1597:Mountain Pass mine
1275:. pp. 25, 29.
772:on October 1, 2008
606:US-China trade war
590:
553:
470:
458:
403:solvent extraction
244:Mountain Pass Mine
232:MP Materials Corp.
76:Mountain Pass Mine
33:Mountain Pass Mine
18:Mountain Pass Mine
1595:Media related to
1448:978-0-412-61030-1
967:on July 13, 2011.
647:978-1-4113-4398-6
527:Current ownership
438:hydrochloric acid
396:hydrochloric acid
319:minerals include
283:Las Vegas, Nevada
259:
258:
16:(Redirected from
1650:
1638:Rare earth mines
1594:
1574:
1545:
1496:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1421:
1420:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1332:. thejakartapost
1321:
1315:
1314:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1141:Voice of America
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
989:
983:
975:
969:
968:
963:. Archived from
952:
943:
942:
940:
925:Resource Geology
916:
910:
909:
907:
905:
890:
884:
883:
881:
879:
859:(261): 325–326.
850:
841:
835:
834:
832:
830:
824:
816:
810:
809:
807:
805:
788:
782:
781:
779:
777:
758:
752:
751:
745:
741:
739:
731:
721:
715:
714:
703:
694:
693:
691:
689:
675:
668:
659:
658:
656:
654:
639:
628:
580:Current activity
557:Ivanpah Dry Lake
350:At 1 July 2020,
247:
246:
149:
148:
146:
145:
144:
139:
135:
132:
131:
130:
127:
72:
71:
65:
42:
35:
21:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1603:
1602:
1581:
1548:
1499:
1471:(10): 1247–56.
1462:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1432:
1429:
1427:Further reading
1424:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1377:. May 26, 2019.
1369:
1368:
1364:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1292:Popular Science
1285:
1284:
1280:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1203:Market Screener
1197:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1115:. June 16, 2017
1107:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1053:. Molycorp Inc.
1049:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1007:
1002:
1001:
997:
987:
985:
981:
977:
976:
972:
954:
953:
946:
918:
917:
913:
903:
901:
900:. March 6, 2012
892:
891:
887:
877:
875:
848:
843:
842:
838:
828:
826:
822:
818:
817:
813:
803:
801:
790:
789:
785:
775:
773:
760:
759:
755:
742:
732:
723:
722:
718:
705:
704:
697:
687:
685:
670:
669:
662:
652:
650:
648:
637:
630:
629:
622:
618:
582:
545:
529:
450:
405:to capture the
368:froth flotation
360:
298:
242:
241:
165:in concentrates
142:
140:
136:
133:
128:
125:
123:
121:
120:
86:
85:
84:
83:
80:
79:
78:
77:
73:
47:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1656:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1588:
1580:
1579:External links
1577:
1576:
1575:
1546:
1526:10.1086/627919
1497:
1460:
1447:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1403:
1381:
1362:
1357:New York Times
1343:
1316:
1297:
1278:
1260:
1241:
1229:MarketScreener
1216:
1190:
1159:
1126:
1100:
1056:
1042:
1017:
995:
970:
944:
911:
885:
836:
811:
783:
753:
716:
695:
678:Bloomberg News
660:
646:
619:
617:
614:
581:
578:
544:
541:
528:
525:
449:
446:
419:carbon dioxide
359:
358:Ore processing
356:
307:intruded into
297:
294:
257:
256:
253:
249:
248:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
224:
220:
219:
216:
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
191:
190:
187:
183:
182:
179:
178:Financial year
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
160:
156:
155:
151:
150:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
81:
75:
74:
67:
66:
60:
59:
58:
57:
54:
53:
49:
48:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1655:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1450:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1311:TechNewsDaily
1308:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1006:
999:
996:
980:
974:
971:
966:
962:
961:The Biz Press
958:
951:
949:
945:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
915:
912:
899:
898:Glacier Media
895:
889:
886:
874:
870:
866:
865:10.3133/pp261
862:
858:
854:
847:
840:
837:
821:
815:
812:
800:
799:
794:
787:
784:
771:
767:
763:
757:
754:
749:
737:
729:
728:
720:
717:
712:
708:
702:
700:
696:
683:
679:
674:
667:
665:
661:
649:
643:
636:
635:
627:
625:
621:
615:
613:
611:
607:
602:
600:
594:
586:
579:
577:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
549:
542:
540:
538:
534:
526:
524:
521:
517:
514:
510:
506:
504:
498:
495:
492:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
466:
462:
454:
447:
445:
444:lanthanides.
443:
439:
435:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
357:
355:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
303:
295:
293:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:open-pit mine
268:
264:
254:
250:
245:
240:
236:
233:
230:
226:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
173:38,000 tonnes
172:
168:
164:
161:
157:
152:
147:
119:
115:
112:United States
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
93:
89:
64:
55:
50:
41:
36:
30:
19:
1554:
1550:
1505:
1501:
1468:
1464:
1454:February 27,
1452:. Retrieved
1438:
1417:Fast Company
1416:
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1384:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1329:
1319:
1310:
1300:
1291:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1255:The Atlantic
1254:
1244:
1234:February 14,
1232:. Retrieved
1228:
1219:
1209:February 28,
1207:. Retrieved
1202:
1193:
1183:February 13,
1181:. Retrieved
1162:
1152:December 31,
1150:. Retrieved
1139:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1112:
1103:
1091:. Retrieved
1069:
1059:
1045:
1033:. Retrieved
1020:
1014:. p. 4.
1012:Defense 360°
1011:
998:
986:. Retrieved
973:
965:the original
960:
928:
924:
914:
902:. Retrieved
888:
876:. Retrieved
856:
852:
839:
827:. Retrieved
820:"Prospectus"
814:
802:. Retrieved
798:The Atlantic
796:
786:
774:. Retrieved
770:the original
765:
756:
726:
719:
710:
686:. Retrieved
677:
653:February 27,
651:. Retrieved
633:
603:
595:
591:
554:
530:
522:
518:
515:
511:
507:
499:
496:
493:
478:
471:
459:
434:quadrivalent
400:
361:
349:
299:
287:
267:MP Materials
262:
260:
29:
1512:: 653–682.
1396:February 4,
1336:November 1,
1119:November 7,
904:October 11,
878:October 11,
744:|work=
688:November 7,
509:restarted.
362:To process
305:carbonatite
302:Precambrian
265:, owned by
141: /
129:115°31′57″W
117:Coordinates
1607:Categories
1557:(2): 310.
1113:MINING.com
1093:October 3,
1088:Q114387011
931:(4): 337.
616:References
411:lanthanide
364:bastnäsite
313:bastnäsite
199:Discovered
170:Production
154:Production
126:35°28′43″N
103:California
1542:128989500
1493:0016-7606
1080:0099-9660
804:August 5,
746:ignored (
736:cite book
491:in 2005.
485:Union Oil
442:trivalent
341:neodymium
337:lanthanum
1534:30058994
1419:. Grist.
1177:Archived
1146:Archived
1084:Wikidata
1035:July 27,
988:July 27,
873:17754332
829:March 1,
776:March 4,
682:Archived
481:Molycorp
474:europium
427:fluoride
415:samarium
407:europium
384:calcined
380:dolomite
345:europium
329:dolomite
269:, is an
189:open-pit
159:Products
91:Location
52:Location
1559:Bibcode
1514:Bibcode
1473:Bibcode
565:thorium
535:of the
448:History
392:leached
376:calcite
321:calcite
296:Geology
238:Website
228:Company
194:History
109:Country
1540:
1532:
1491:
1445:
1173:Quartz
1086:
1078:
871:
644:
573:Unocal
569:radium
388:cerium
378:, and
372:barite
343:, and
333:cerium
327:, and
325:barite
317:Gangue
309:gneiss
215:Active
207:Opened
1538:S2CID
1530:JSTOR
1510:JSTOR
1508:(6).
1029:(PDF)
1008:(PDF)
982:(PDF)
849:(PDF)
823:(PDF)
711:Kitco
638:(PDF)
561:scale
431:basic
423:oxide
394:with
223:Owner
99:State
1489:ISSN
1456:2021
1443:ISBN
1398:2021
1338:2010
1236:2021
1211:2021
1185:2021
1154:2020
1121:2018
1095:2022
1076:ISSN
1037:2018
990:2018
906:2020
880:2020
869:PMID
831:2021
806:2009
778:2009
748:help
690:2018
655:2021
642:ISBN
567:and
261:The
255:2017
210:1952
202:1949
186:Type
181:2020
1567:doi
1522:doi
1481:doi
933:doi
861:doi
857:119
273:of
1609::
1565:.
1555:25
1553:.
1536:.
1528:.
1520:.
1506:81
1504:.
1487:.
1479:.
1469:66
1467:.
1437:.
1415:.
1373:.
1355:.
1328:.
1309:.
1290:.
1271:.
1253:.
1227:.
1201:.
1175:.
1171:.
1144:.
1138:.
1111:.
1082:.
1074:.
1068:.
1010:.
959:.
947:^
929:58
927:.
923:.
896:.
867:.
855:.
851:.
795:.
764:.
740::
738:}}
734:{{
709:.
698:^
676:.
663:^
623:^
398:.
374:,
347:.
339:,
335:,
323:,
315:.
1573:.
1569::
1561::
1544:.
1524::
1516::
1495:.
1483::
1475::
1458:.
1400:.
1359:.
1340:.
1313:.
1294:.
1257:.
1238:.
1213:.
1187:.
1156:.
1123:.
1097:.
1039:.
992:.
941:.
935::
908:.
882:.
863::
833:.
808:.
780:.
750:)
730:.
692:.
657:.
425:-
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
