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targets of international protest campaigns over the disputed territory. All eventually ended their operations in
Moroccan Sahara amidst protests from the exiled Sahrawi government and pro-Sahrawi groups. The Kerr-McGee company had been granted exploration contracts by the Moroccan government in 2001, but it withdrew in 2006, reasoning that the possible oil and gas stores were not as promising as earlier data had suggested. Kerr-McGee's divestiture was followed by an agreement between the US oil company Kosmos Energy and Morocco's Ministry for Natural Resources and Mines along with the Office National des Hydrocarbures et des Mines (ONHYM). Since then, the Kronos company decided to withdraw, also citing the insufficient hydrocarbon resources, but adding the reason that the decision was influenced by "the sensitivity of the area and the requirements of international law" as indicated in the 2002 United Nations legal opinion on resource exploration and development in non-self-governing territories.
358:, MASEN, Aries, and TSK. The first phase of the program - Noor I - was inaugurated in February 2016. Noor I employs 500,000 parabolic mirrors to eventually generate up to 160 MW of electricity, which makes it one of the largest solar power plants in the world. The program has two following phases - Noor II and Noor III - which were scheduled to operate by 2018. Besides the CSP project, Morocco is also developing the Noor PV 1 program and Noor Midelt phase 1, which essentially use photovoltaics to further increase the electricity generation from solar. The whole complex of the Noor Plant was scheduled to come online in 2018. The complex is supposed to have 582 MW of capacity, that could be utilized to provide electricity for 1.1 million houses. From 2010 until 2015, electricity generated by solar and wind has increased almost four times.
167:. Consequently, Morocco is the largest energy importer in northern Africa. Costs have been rising rapidly. High oil prices in 2005 increased import costs to approximately $ 2 billion for the year. In 2008, total costs related to energy imports reached $ 8 billion. In 2003, the Moroccan government announced that foreign companies could import oil without paying import tariffs. This followed a 2000 decision in which Morocco modified its hydrocarbons law in order to offer a 10-year tax break to offshore oil production firms and to reduce the government's stake in future oil concessions to a maximum of 25 percent. The entire energy sector was due to be liberalized by 2007.
188:
full-capacity output levels, following the completion of repairs needed after a severe flood and massive fire in
November 2002. Because of the completed repairs, refinery output surged 49 percent in 2004. The Mohammedia plant currently produces 80 – 90 percent of the country's refined petroleum products. In June 2005, Samir awarded a $ 628 million contract to modernize the Mohammedia refinery to a consortium led by Italy's Snamprogetti SpA and Turkey's Tekefen Company. Morocco hopes the refinery upgrade will prepare the refinery for competing with foreign producers when the market is liberalized in 2009. The upgrade is expected to be complete in 2008.
171:
million per year. In May 2004, China
Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) received a license to drill near Agadir. In April 2004, Norway's Norsk Hydro signed a 12-month exploration contract for the Safi Offshore Northwest zone, while Denmark's Maersk signed an eight-year agreement for eight blocks near Tarfaya. In March 2004, Calgary-based Stratic Energy committed to a three-year exploration program in two onshore blocks in northwest Morocco. The two concessions cover approximately 4,000 km (1,544 sq mi). Other foreign firms engaged in exploration include Petronas, Cooper Energy NL, Shell, Total, and Tullow Oil.
244:. The country's two largest electricity power stations at Mohammedia and Jorf Lasfar are both coal fired. Most of the coal is imported from South Africa, although Morocco purchased Polish coal for the Jorf Lasfar power plant in April 2005. Morocco stopped coal production in 2000, when Jerada coal mine was closed. Jorf Lasfar became Morocco's first privately operated power station in 1997, when it was taken over by a U.S.-Swiss consortium. The consortium expanded the plant’s capacity to 1,400 MW in 2001.
282:
331:. In 2018, it was reported that the country’s solar projects are being driven by the Moroccan Agency for Sustainable Energy (MASEN), formerly the Moroccan Solar Agency, which was set up in 2010 to lead the country’s solar program. At that time, Germany also expressed its willingness to participate in the development of Morocco's solar energy project and also take part in the development of a water-desalination plant. MASEN has managed
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278:("renewable energy law") was announced in 2010. While Morocco lacks significant fossil fuel deposits, it does have plenty of resources for solar, wind, and hydropower. The plan is to be at 52% renewable energies by 2030. As a result, the kingdom is "in the forefront of developing the independent power producer (IPP) model for large-scale utilities plants in North Africa."
224:. Although Moroccan oil shale has been studied since the 1930s, and there have been several pilot facilities for shale oil production, there is no commercial shale oil production yet. The most important deposits are in Timahdit (Middle Atlas Mountains) and Tarfaya (south-westernmost part of Morocco).
384:
Morocco has expressed interest in nuclear power for desalination and other purposes. In
September 2001, the government signed an agreement with the United States establishing the legal basis for constructing a 2-MW research reactor. Morocco signed an agreement with the U.S. company General Atomics to
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Biomass is also one of the renewable sources that the country possesses in abundance, with 12,568 GWh/year and 13,055 GWh/year potential in solid bioenergy and combination of biogas and biofuels. However, the country has only utilized less than 1% of this potential, due to the high cost of investment
236:
Power shortages and a desire to control public spending have led the
Moroccan government to make more use of the private sector to meet the country's power needs. The state's share of electricity generation likely will decline to 40 percent by 2020. However, ONE will continue to be solely responsible
232:
Morocco's electrical sector traditionally has been controlled by the state-owned Office
National de l'Electricité (ONE), which the government reorganized in 1995 in order to regain profitability. Due to a growing population and economic development, Morocco's electricity demand is increasing rapidly.
159:
The United States Energy
Information Administration (USEIA) reports that Morocco produces only "marginal amounts of oil, natural gas, and refined petroleum," and it has never exceeded 5,000 barrels per day. While past production in the late 1990s and early 2000s was as high as 4,700 barrels per day,
402:
Tunisia, Algeria, and
Moroccan networks are already connected to the European network managed by the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity, which allowed these three countries to link their electricity systems to the E.U.’s single energy market and be at the heart of the
187:
Morocco has two refineries that are owned by Saudi-based Corral
Holdings Societe Marocaine d’Industrie de Raffinage (Samir). The refineries are located at Mohammedia and Sidi Kacem and have a combined capacity of 24,627.3 m/d (154,901 bbl/d). In 2004, the Mohammedia plant returned to near
174:
Morocco's exploration of offshore and onshore oil drilling in
Moroccan Sahara, which is believed to contain viable hydrocarbon reserves, has been controversial. Foreign companies operating under Moroccan concession in Moroccan Sahara - companies such as Total, Svitzer, Nopec, and Kerr-McGee - were
150:
The country has some hydrocarbon reserves, mostly in natural gas reserves that have been exploited. Currently, most energy is produced through hydrocarbon thermal plants. However, government policy is on track to convert to a high renewable mix of 42% installed renewables by 2020, and 52% by 2030.
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Morocco has additional renewable resources that could be developed, including the country's four perennial rivers and many dams with hydroelectric potential. Morocco’s installed hydropower capacity is 1,770 MW. In May 2005, ONE selected Temsol for a $ 27.6 million project to supply solar power to
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project worth $ 9 billion that officials said would account for 38 percent of the North African country's installed power generation by 2020. Funding would be from a mix of private and state capital. The project involved five solar-power-generation sites across Morocco and was intended to produce
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from 0.24 percent in 2003 to 10 percent in 2011. A new national plan for renewable energy was introduced in 2009 in an effort to reduce dependence on oil and gas imports. The framework of regulation in Morocco generally supports the use of renewable energy in the electricity sector, as law 13-09
170:
The Moroccan Office of Hydrocarbons and Mining (ONHYM) has become optimistic about finding additional reserves – particularly offshore – following discoveries in neighboring Mauritania. At the end of 2005, 19 foreign companies were operating in Morocco, with an estimated total investment of $ 56
393:
Morocco is gradually integrating its electrical grid with those of its neighbors in Africa and Europe. Maghreb integration has been spearheaded by the Maghreb Electricity Committee, with physical integration initiatives that began in the 1990s. In May 2003, Moroccan representatives met with the
256:(20%). In addition to the Tahaddart plant, ONE awarded Endesa the development rights of a two-unit, 800-MW gas-fired power station in the Sidi Kacem Province, with a completion date set for 2008 . ONE is also considering another pumped storage plant in the Azilal region south of Rabat.
178:
Morocco is a transit center for Algerian gas exports to Spain and Portugal. These are transported across the Strait of Gibraltar via the 300–350 Bcf/year Maghreb-Europe Gas (MEG) pipeline. Natural gas from the MEG pipeline will be used to power Morocco's power project in Al Wahda.
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The expansion at Jorf Lasfar is consistent with a wider campaign to increase generating capacity in Morocco. In 2005, as part of the Moroccan government's plan, a $ 500 million, 350–400-MW combined-cycle power plant began operation in Tahaddart. The plant is owned by ONE (48%),
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integration. In December 2005, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and the European Union signed a funding agreement that will pay for costs related to studying the electricity market within the three countries and how they might integrate into the European electricity market.
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As of 2016, Morocco has eight wind farms (Torres, Amogdoul, Lafarge, Akhfennir, Laayue, Tangier I, Cimar, and Haouma) with the total operational capacity of 487 MW; another six wind farms are anticipated to be installed by 2020 with a total capacity of 1,000 MW.
818:
147:, which sets policy with regard to electricity. The two major weaknesses of the energy policy of Morocco are the lack of coordination between these two agencies and the lack of development of domestic energy sources.
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37,000 rural homes by 2007. Similar contracts were awarded in May 2002 to a consortium led by Total Energie and in January 2004 to Apex-BP. Currently, only 55 percent of outlying villages have access to electricity.
160:
as of June 2020, the USEIA reported oil production in Morocco at 160 barrels a day. This same report shows that natural gas reserves are below consumption levels, and thus, Morocco imports much of its natural gas.
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plays a key role in ONEE's $ 3.4 billion energy development plan, announced in January 2004. The goal was to provide 80 percent of rural areas with electricity by 2008, while increasing the share of
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339:(PV) facilities for the solar power project since 2015. The nation has pioneered solar energy technology by investing in Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) program in the
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The biggest CSP project in Morocco is Noor Solar, situated in the city of Ouarzazate, on the edge of the Sahara desert. The project comprises 3 phases:
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Morocco has set a goal to have 2-GW production capacity from wind power; it is part of the Moroccan Integrated Wind Energy Project that began in 2010.
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of electricity by 2020. It would add the equivalent generation output of the current electricity consumption of the country's commercial capital,
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Morocco produces small volumes of oil and natural gas from the Essaouira Basin and small amounts of natural gas from the
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Kousksou, T.; Allouhi, A.; Belattar, M.; Jamil, A.; El Rhafiki, T.; Arid, A.; Zeraouli, Y. (July 2015).
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817:. Regional Cooperation for Clean Utilization of Oil Shale. Dead Sea, Jordan: MED-EMIP. Archived from
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1042:"Renewable energy potential and national policy directions for sustainable development in Morocco"
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energy ministers from other European and Mediterranean countries to discuss the feasibility of
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654:"Arab Maghreb Union Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis - Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal"
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973:"Background Paper: Country Fact Sheet Morocco Energy and Development at a glance 2016"
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1246:"Regional Cooperation Policy for the development of Renewable Energy in North Africa"
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517:"Renewable energy in emergent countries: lessons from energy transition in Morocco"
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The country's annual electricity consumption reached 33.5 terawatt-hours in 2014.
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dialogue within the framework of the Euro-Mediterranean Energy Partnership.
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630:"Africa Economic Institute : Morocco: $ 11 Billion to Energy Sector"
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Moroccan oil shale research and development. ONHYM's recent strategy
893:"Installed capacity rising to meet Morocco's growing energy demand"
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1129:"Learning from Morocco: Why Invest in Concentrated Solar Power?"
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678:"afrol News - Last oil company withdraws from Moroccan Sahara"
582:"International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
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In 2003, Morocco had an installed generating capacity of 4.8
237:
for distribution and transmission of electricity in Morocco.
557:"Morocco: Ranked second worldwide in climate change control"
515:
Choukri, Karim; Naddami, Ahmed; Hayani, Sanaa (2017-09-04).
350:, Noor II and Noor III. This Noor project is supported by a
139:
is set independently by two agencies of the government: the
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491:
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Germany to participate in Morocco's solar energy project
1012:"How Morocco is pioneering renewable energy integration"
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1091:. Af.reuters.com (2009-11-03). Retrieved on 2010-11-21.
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1004:
947:"Legislative framework for renewable energy in Morocco"
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100% Renewable Energy: Boosting Development in Morocco
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Morocco unveils $ 9 bln solar power scheme | Reuters
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1103:. Moroccobusinessnews.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-21.
606:"U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) - Qb"
151:Renewables include hydroelectric, wind, and solar.
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
971:Schinke, Boris; Klawitter, Jens (25 April 2016).
849:. In Clarke, Alan W.; Trinnaman, Judy A. (eds.).
1151:"Morocco's Noor Concentrated Solar Power Plant"
731:Oil and Gas Exploration Offshore Western Sahara
376:and insufficient production process knowledge.
385:construct the research reactor east of Rabat.
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925:. France: International Energy Agency. 2014.
8:
354:(build, own, operate and transfer) basis of
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1113:Leidreiter, Anna; Schurig, Stefan (2015).
1117:. Hamburg, Germany: World Future Council.
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759:Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal
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141:Office of Hydrocarbons and Mining (ONHYM)
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
1046:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
143:which sets domestic oil policy, and the
765:(4). Estonian Academy Publishers: 1–4.
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318:In November 2009, Morocco announced a
145:Office National de l'Electricité (ONE)
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1214:International Hydropower Association
1195:United Nations Environment Programme
57:adding citations to reliable sources
808:Bencherifa, Mohammed (2009-04-08).
750:Aboulkas, A.; El Harfi, K. (2008).
1149:Narayan, Ranjana (17 April 2017).
521:Energy, Sustainability and Society
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472:Office of Hydrocarbons and Mining
2009:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1779:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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1604:Ministry of Economy and Finance
44:needs additional citations for
220: m (53.381 Gbbl) of
1:
703:"Environmental Justice Atlas"
1072:"Morocco - Renewable Energy"
341:Middle East and North Africa
496:Site web officiel de l'ONEE
285:Amogdoul Wind Farm, Morocco
266:Renewable energy in Morocco
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1058:10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.056
851:Survey of energy resources
727:"Kosmos in Western Sahara"
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68:"Energy policy of Morocco"
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1588:Morocco–United States FTA
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534:10.1186/s13705-017-0131-2
2108:Energy policy by country
1764:Central African Republic
1016:www.power-technology.com
333:Concentrated Solar Power
210:account more than 8.4869
18:Nuclear power in Morocco
2113:Energy policy in Africa
1711:Energy policy of Africa
1448:Casablanca Finance City
1412:Science and technology
1407:Information technology
1314:Industries and sectors
951:Renewable Energy World
842:Dyni, John R. (2010).
314:Solar power in Morocco
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1924:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1784:Republic of the Congo
1566:Free trade agreements
980:Germanwatch Kaiserstr
897:Oxford Business Group
781:10.3176/oil.2008.4.04
492:"Branche Electricité"
356:ACWA Power Ouarzazate
303:Wind power in Morocco
301:Further information:
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1426:Trade and investment
1198:. 24 September 2017.
1078:. 21 September 2016.
855:World Energy Council
389:Regional integration
198:Oil shale in Morocco
53:improve this article
1999:States with limited
1597:Government policies
1333:Automotive industry
155:Oil and natural gas
1540:Regional economies
1417:Telecommunications
1301:Economy of Morocco
1135:. 8 November 2016.
989:on 14 October 2017
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64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
2074:Saint Helena
2045:
1949:South Africa
1939:Sierra Leone
1893:
1744:Burkina Faso
1662:
1578:Euro-Med FTA
1363:
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1218:. Retrieved
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1019:. Retrieved
1015:
991:. Retrieved
984:the original
979:
966:
955:. Retrieved
953:. 2019-03-11
950:
941:
919:Morocco 2014
918:
912:
901:. Retrieved
899:. 2015-09-14
896:
887:
876:. Retrieved
869:the original
850:
837:
826:. Retrieved
819:the original
810:
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792:. Retrieved
762:
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734:. Retrieved
730:
721:
710:. Retrieved
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589:. Retrieved
585:
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565:. Retrieved
563:. 2020-04-30
560:
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499:. Retrieved
495:
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475:. Retrieved
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320:solar energy
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51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
2001:recognition
1954:South Sudan
1844:Ivory Coast
1389:Solar power
1328:Agriculture
1216:. June 2018
844:"Oil Shale"
707:ejatlas.org
610:www.eia.gov
586:www.eia.gov
308:Solar power
228:Electricity
165:Gharb Basin
2102:Categories
2056:(Portugal)
2014:Somaliland
1934:Seychelles
1899:Mozambique
1884:Mauritania
1869:Madagascar
1824:The Gambia
1759:Cape Verde
1663:Currency:
1547:Casablanca
1484:Autoroutes
1458:Investment
1400:Technology
1384:Wind power
1220:2020-07-12
1076:export.gov
1021:2020-09-29
993:14 October
957:2020-09-29
903:2020-07-12
878:2011-10-27
828:2011-10-27
794:2011-10-27
736:2020-09-29
712:2020-09-29
687:2020-09-29
663:2020-09-29
639:2020-09-29
615:2020-09-29
591:2020-09-29
567:2020-05-29
501:2020-10-22
477:2020-10-22
454:References
362:Hydropower
335:(CSP) and
329:Casablanca
290:Wind power
252:(32%) and
202:Ten known
79:newspapers
1889:Mauritius
1614:Plan Azur
1453:Companies
1253:uneca.org
1210:"Morocco"
1187:"Morocco"
1052:: 46–57.
789:0208-189X
767:CiteSeerX
682:afrol.com
543:2192-0567
527:(1): 25.
222:shale oil
192:Oil shale
133:Morocco's
109:June 2009
2080: /
2076: /
2069:(France)
2063: /
2041: /
2037: /
1989:Zimbabwe
1964:Tanzania
1814:Ethiopia
1809:Eswatini
1789:Djibouti
1754:Cameroon
1739:Botswana
1504:Airlines
1369:Desertec
1321:Overview
1173:Helioscp
1155:Helioscp
561:Afrik 21
407:See also
183:Refining
2065:RĂ©union
2061:Mayotte
2052:Madeira
2047:(Spain)
2043:Melilla
1974:Tunisia
1944:Somalia
1929:Senegal
1914:Nigeria
1904:Namibia
1894:Morocco
1859:Liberia
1854:Lesotho
1804:Eritrea
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1749:Burundi
1724:Algeria
1633:History
1552:Tangier
1374:Medgrid
1348:Tourism
1343:Fishing
1338:Finance
701:EJOLT.
254:Siemens
208:Morocco
93:scholar
2084:
2067:
2054:
1984:Zambia
1979:Uganda
1919:Rwanda
1874:Malawi
1834:Guinea
1729:Angola
1357:Energy
929:
861:
787:
769:
541:
468:"Home"
448:Sahara
348:Noor I
323:2,000
250:Endesa
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
2039:Ceuta
1959:Sudan
1909:Niger
1864:Libya
1849:Kenya
1829:Ghana
1819:Gabon
1794:Egypt
1734:Benin
1645:Falus
1583:GAFTA
1463:Trade
1438:MADEX
1249:(PDF)
1190:(PDF)
987:(PDF)
976:(PDF)
923:(PDF)
872:(PDF)
847:(PDF)
822:(PDF)
815:(PDF)
755:(PDF)
100:JSTOR
86:books
1969:Togo
1879:Mali
1769:Chad
1499:ONCF
1443:MASI
995:2017
927:ISBN
859:ISBN
785:ISSN
539:ISSN
352:BOOT
72:news
1489:ADM
1054:doi
777:doi
529:doi
206:in
55:by
2104::
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978:.
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325:MW
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218:^
212:Ă—
122:)
116:(
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107:(
97:·
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49:.
20:)
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