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Talk of sense data has largely been replaced today by talk of representational perception in a broader sense, and scientific realists typically take perception to be representational and therefore assume that indirect realism is true. But the assumption is philosophical, and arguably little prevents
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The direct realist claims that the experience of a sunset, for instance, is the real sunset that we directly experience. The indirect realist claims that our relation to reality is indirect, so the experience of a sunset is a subjective representation of what really is radiation as described by
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Searle, for instance, disputes the popular assumption that "we can only directly perceive our own subjective experiences, but never objects and states of affairs in the world themselves". According to Searle, it has influenced many thinkers to reject direct realism. But Searle contends that the
225:, Hilary Putnam sums up with the following words: "Being an apple is not a natural kind in physics, but it is in biology, recall. Being complex and of no interest to fundamental physics isn't a failure to be "real". I think green is as real as applehood."
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Shaw, R. E./Turvey, M. T./Mace, W. M. (1982): Ecological psychology. The consequence of a commitment to realism. In: W. Weimer & D. Palermo (Eds.), Cognition and the symbolic processes. Vol. 2, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates, Inc.,
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According to the naïve realist, the objects of perception are not representations of external objects, but are in fact those external objects themselves. The naïve realist is typically also a
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physics. But the direct realist does not deny that the sunset is radiation; the experience has a hierarchical structure, and the radiation is part of what amounts to the direct experience.
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correctly. The indirect realist, by contrast, holds that the objects of perception are simply representations of reality based on sensory inputs, and thus adheres to the
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objects, which exist independently of being perceived, and which have properties such as shape, size, color, mass, and so on independently of being perceived
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IEEE Symposium on
Research Frontiers in Virtual Reality: Understanding Synthetic Experience Must Begin with the Analysis of Ordinary Perceptual Experience
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Gibson, J.J. (1972). A Theory of Direct Visual
Perception. In J. Royce, W. Rozenboom (Eds.). The Psychology of Knowing. New York: Gordon & Breach.
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has argued that whatever positions they may take in books, articles or lectures, naive realism is the view of "philosophers when they are off-duty."
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Putnam, Hilary. Sep. 1994. "The Dewey
Lectures 1994: Sense, Nonsense, and the Senses: An Inquiry into the Powers of the Human Mind."
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Naïve realism: By means of our senses, we perceive the world directly, and pretty much as it is, meaning that our claims to have
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in our beliefs; that our conscious experience is not of the real world but of an internal representation of the world.
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and retain all of their properties regardless of whether or not there is anyone to observe them. They are composed of
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John R. Searle, 'Seeing Things as They Are; A Theory of
Perception', Oxford University Press. 2015. p.111-114
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Blackburn, Simon (2008). Oxford
Dictionary of Philosophy (Second edition, revised), Oxford University Press
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Turvey, M. T., & Carello, C. (1986). "The ecological approach to perceiving-acting a pictorial essay".
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and depend for their existence upon the presence of some perceiver who can observe the objects.
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as they really are. When referred to as direct realism, naïve realism is often contrasted with
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This article is about the view in philosophy of perception. For the psychological theory, see
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In addition to indirect realism, naïve realism can also be contrasted with some forms of
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https://web.archive.org/web/20070621155304/http://ione.psy.uconn.edu/~psy254/MC.pdf
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Idea that the senses provide us with direct awareness of objects as they really are
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Physics and
Commonsense: Reassessing the connection in the light of quantum theory
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scientific account of the world, and that secondary qualities are in some sense
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Many philosophers claim that it is incompatible to accept naïve realism in the
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scientific realists from assuming direct realism to be true. In a blog post on
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Pierre Le Morvan, "Arguments against direct realism and how to counter them"
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Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Epistemological Problems of Perception
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Roger F. Gibson, "McDowell's Direct
Realism and Platonic Naturalism",
156:: Some statements about these objects can be known to be true through
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Ahlstrom, Sydney E. "The
Scottish Philosophy and American Theology,"
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
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James Feiser, "A Bibliography of Scottish Common Sense Philosophy"
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The naïve realist is generally committed to the following views:
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who defended direct realism one might refer to, for example,
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rejection of direct realism is based on a bad argument: the
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Graham, Gordon. "Scottish Philosophy in the 19th Century"
96:, holding that these objects continue to obey the laws of
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Selections from the Scottish Philosophy of Common Sense,
319:. The leading direct realist theorist in psychology was
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may not follow Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines
407:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2021.
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Naïve realism in philosophy has also inspired work on
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Nature Journal: Physicists bid farewell to reality?
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Naïve realism argues we perceive the world directly
1030:Seeing Things as They Are; A Theory of Perception.
667:Michaels, Claire & Carello, Claudia. (1981).
577:Seeing Things as They Are: A Theory of Perception
273:contains just those properties that feature in a
1226:A Direct Realist Account of Perceptual Awareness
1157:Quantum Enigma: Physics Encounters Consciousness
1233:Epistemological debate on PSYCHE-D mailing list
753:Cuneo, Terence, and René van Woudenberg, eds.
253:Scientific realism and naïve perceptual realism
801:(2004: New York, Barron's Educational Books),
747:Vol. 24, No. 3 (Sep., 1955), pp. 257–272
291:notably held that the world only contains the
243:For a history of direct realist theories, see
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116:in ascribing properties to external objects.
38:. For the view in philosophy of science, see
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1122:Naïve Realism and the Argument from Illusion
978:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
883:The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception
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827:David Edwards & Steven Wilcox (1982).
335:has promoted a direct realist approach to
1221:(2003), paper criticizing direct realism.
1103:Learn how and when to remove this message
988:Thomas Reid and the Story of Epistemology
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277:description of it, which would mean that
1132:Naïve Realism in Contemporary Philosophy
895:Claire F. Michaels and Claudia Carello.
536:. Harvard University Press, 1994, p. 26.
579:, Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 15.
391:
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755:The Cambridge companion to Thomas Reid
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2514:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
1202:Skepticism and the Veil of Perception
885:. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1987.
461:
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269:. Scientific realism states that the
246:Direct and indirect realism § History
114:primary/secondary quality distinction
7:
2615:Philosophical schools and traditions
1147:Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods
990:. Cambridge University Press, 2006.
1219:Steven Lehar, "Gestalt Isomorphism"
1195:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1183:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
823:, James Beattie, and Dugald Stewart
775:Fundamentalism and American Culture
765:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
443:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
590:Contemporary Theories of Knowledge
25:
1229:, dissertation on direct realism.
933:Common Sense: A Political History
917:. Oxford University Press, 2003.
223:"Naive realism and color realism"
34:. For the metaphysical view, see
1215:41, no. 3 (2004): 221–234. (pdf)
1213:American Philosophical Quarterly
1205:, book defending direct realism.
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1689:Analytic–synthetic distinction
1167:The reality of virtual reality
907:. 1981. Download this book at
788:The Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1:
2371:Hard problem of consciousness
874:10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30607-2
588:John L. Pollock, Joseph Cruz
958:10.1016/0001-6918(86)90060-0
848:10.1016/0001-6918(82)90032-4
815:ed. by G.A. Johnston (1915)
439:"The Contents of Perception"
379:Plato's allegory of the cave
1734:Internalism and externalism
738:Sources and further reading
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2610:19th century in philosophy
2605:18th century in philosophy
819:, essays by Thomas Reid,
794:(Collier Macmillan, 1967).
617:, Oxford: Clarendon. 1962.
374:Phenomenology (philosophy)
370:Phenomenology (psychology)
146:: There exists a world of
32:Naïve realism (psychology)
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2083:David Lewis (philosopher)
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1565:Evolutionary epistemology
1032:Oxford University Press.
1028:John R., Searle. (2015).
1018:Oxford University Press.
518:The Journal of Philosophy
404:The Problem of Perception
2630:Philosophy of psychology
2600:19th century in Scotland
2595:18th century in Scotland
2585:Epistemological theories
2580:Philosophy of perception
1837:Philosophy of perception
1640:Representational realism
1610:Naturalized epistemology
1002:The Slightest Philosophy
799:One Hundred Philosophers
592:, Rowman and Littlefield
281:like color are not real
259:philosophy of perception
125:philosophical skepticism
55:philosophy of perception
2221:Eliminative materialism
1817:Outline of epistemology
1650:Transcendental idealism
986:Nicholas Wolterstorff.
779:excerpt and text search
632:Putnamphil.blogspot.com
470:Theory of Knowledge.com
307:Influence in psychology
77:provide us with direct
73:) is the idea that the
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2473:Propositional attitude
2468:Problem of other minds
2376:Hypostatic abstraction
1764:Problem of other minds
1238:A Cartoon Epistemology
1004:Dog's Ear Publishing.
1000:Nelson, Quee. (2007).
915:Encountering the World
855:Fowler, C. A. (1986).
203:argument from illusion
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2544:Philosophers category
2448:Mental representation
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2098:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
2073:Frank Cameron Jackson
1842:Philosophy of science
1822:Faith and rationality
1704:Descriptive knowledge
1575:Feminist epistemology
1515:Nicholas Wolterstorff
1016:Sense and Sensibilia.
1014:J L. Austin. (1962).
786:, "Common Sense", in
564:"Real Direct Realism"
505:University of Reading
267:philosophy of science
175:analytic philosophers
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36:Philosophical realism
2590:Metaphysical realism
2226:Emergent materialism
1774:Procedural knowledge
1759:Problem of induction
1073:improve this article
861:Journal of Phonetics
615:Sense and Sensibilia
553:(1996), pp. 275–281.
547:Philosophical Issues
215:Sense and Sensibilia
144:Metaphysical realism
94:metaphysical realist
2625:Society of Scotland
2423:Language of thought
2173:Ludwig Wittgenstein
2003:Patricia Churchland
1852:Virtue epistemology
1847:Social epistemology
1827:Formal epistemology
1714:Epistemic injustice
1709:Exploratory thought
1510:Ludwig Wittgenstein
1193:, article from the
1181:, article form the
1127:Representationalism
1085:footnote references
773:Marsden, George M.
691:"Untitled Document"
483:Representationalism
327:, Robert Shaw, and
279:secondary qualities
166:of it are justified
2251:Neurophenomenology
1922:Philosophy of mind
1505:Timothy Williamson
1295:Augustine of Hippo
675:2007-06-21 at the
628:"Sardonic comment"
488:2012-09-05 at the
295:that feature in a
263:scientific realism
158:sensory experience
129:radically deceived
71:perceptual realism
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2458:Mind–body problem
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1938:G. E. M. Anscombe
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1390:Søren Kierkegaard
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1010:978-1-59858-378-6
946:Acta Psychologica
940:pp. 159–226.
905:978-0-13214-791-0
899:. Prentice-Hall.
897:Direct Perception
881:James J. Gibson.
836:Acta Psychologica
670:Direct Perception
360:Empirical realism
337:speech perception
331:. More recently,
313:visual perception
293:primary qualities
213:in a book titled
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18:Naive realism
2524: /
2520: /
2516: /
2433:Mental image
2428:Mental event
2391:Intelligence
2341:Chinese room
2245:
2187:
2138:Gilbert Ryle
2118:Derek Parfit
2108:Thomas Nagel
2038:Fred Dretske
1958:J. L. Austin
1930:Philosophers
1798:
1699:Common sense
1677:A posteriori
1676:
1668:
1630:Reductionism
1604:
1524:
1475:Gilbert Ryle
1345:Fred Dretske
1330:Keith DeRose
1274:Epistemology
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792:Paul Edwards
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724:. Retrieved
720:the original
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333:Carol Fowler
321:J. J. Gibson
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59:epistemology
52:
2518:information
2509:Metaphysics
2483:Tabula rasa
2293:Physicalism
2278:Parallelism
2206:Behaviorism
2163:Michael Tye
2158:Alan Turing
2143:John Searle
2018:Dharmakirti
1993:Tyler Burge
1988:C. D. Broad
1779:Proposition
1749:Objectivity
1635:Reliabilism
1625:Rationalism
1570:Fallibilism
1545:Coherentism
1490:Ernest Sosa
1465:Thomas Reid
1450:James Pryor
1420:G. E. Moore
1410:David Lewis
1400:Saul Kripke
1395:Peter Klein
1375:Susan Haack
1305:Robert Audi
784:S. A. Grave
2569:Categories
2554:Task Force
2522:perception
2396:Artificial
2346:Creativity
2268:Nondualism
2168:Vasubandhu
2088:John Locke
2058:David Hume
2013:Andy Clark
1880:Discussion
1870:Task Force
1789:Simplicity
1769:Perception
1645:Skepticism
1620:Positivism
1595:Infinitism
1560:Empiricism
1415:John Locke
1380:David Hume
1370:Anil Gupta
1365:Paul Grice
1340:John Dewey
1310:A. J. Ayer
1190:Sense Data
1093:April 2019
726:2011-03-27
701:2011-03-27
551:Perception
386:References
317:psychology
301:subjective
289:John Locke
275:scientific
207:sense data
154:Empiricism
2418:Intuition
2351:Cognition
2315:Solipsism
1978:Ned Block
1948:Armstrong
1943:Aristotle
1744:Knowledge
1729:Induction
1679:knowledge
1671:knowledge
1077:excessive
423:ignored (
413:cite book
164:knowledge
110:perceived
104:, occupy
79:awareness
2539:Category
2386:Identity
2329:Concepts
2199:Theories
2183:Zhuangzi
2113:Alva Noë
1865:Category
1684:Analysis
1669:A priori
1660:Concepts
1600:Innatism
1537:Theories
867:: 3–28.
749:in JSTOR
673:Archived
549:Vol. 7,
486:Archived
343:See also
271:universe
148:material
135:Overview
121:idealism
2549:Project
2502:Related
2361:Concept
2216:Dualism
2189:more...
2048:Goldman
1800:more...
1580:Fideism
1526:more...
1178:Realism
1071:Please
1063:use of
966:3591430
777:(2006)
767:(2009)
637:9 April
448:12 July
265:in the
239:History
98:physics
83:objects
2493:Zombie
2478:Qualia
1694:Belief
1590:Holism
1036:
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1008:
994:
964:
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817:online
805:
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769:online
757:(2004)
655:
365:Qualia
283:per se
193:, and
170:Among
102:matter
75:senses
2401:Human
2123:Plato
2043:Fodor
1875:Stubs
1794:Truth
1440:Plato
832:(PDF)
106:space
2526:self
2463:Pain
2453:Mind
2381:Idea
1034:ISBN
1020:ISBN
1006:ISBN
992:ISBN
980:link
962:PMID
919:ISBN
901:ISBN
887:ISBN
803:ISBN
653:ISBN
639:2019
450:2020
425:help
372:and
261:and
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