1932:
1802:
29:
386:(EDL) on the other. Financial closing was reached in June 2005. The Nam Theun River diversion was begun in March 2006 and then closed in April 2008 following completion of the Nakai Dam wall. Impoundment of the Nakai Reservoir occurred over the 2008 wet season and the reservoir was close to full supply level by the end of 2008. Test hydro power generation began in mid-2009 and the commercial operation date was achieved in April 2010.
42:
2119:
1088:
2082:
1980:
1899:
2021:
1946:
1868:
1074:
1060:
49:
1043:
occurred in the upstream basin, the lifetime would be accordingly reduced and could affect the financial and economic viability of the project. This would especially be the case if sediments remained in the active storage area in the upper part of the reservoir instead of being washed into the dead
520:
The government has multiple roles related to NT2, some of which may be conflicting: It partially owns NTPC and thus has an interest in the financial profitability of the project; it is supposed to monitor compliance with environmental and social safeguards under the concession contract; and it buys
938:
According to a joint progress report issued by the World Bank and the ADB in
December 2007, implementation of the downstream program – particularly on implementing livelihood programs – was a challenge. Lessons from the 20 villages where the programs have been piloted in a participatory manner are
846:
payments and replacement land for villagers affected by construction activities have been "inadequate, unfair or non-existent". Poor resettlement planning has led to housing and infrastructure delays. Plans to restore the livelihoods of villagers on the Nakai
Plateau and along the Xe Bang Fai have
765:
The World Bank works with the Lao government to improve public financial management practices and increase transparency in order to increase the likelihood that revenues will be used to benefit the poor, including through investment in health and education. The government has agreed with the World
1018:
Construction of the villages and major facilities (new roads, water pumps, toilets, schools, mills, and electricity) was completed by mid-2008. Consultations on house design, location, and construction materials were held and continue to ensure the outcomes reflect the needs of the local people.
709:
According to the government "the
Project is an essential part of the country's development framework and the Project's implementation is likely to be the first real possibility for (Laos) to reduce gradually its dependence on Official Development Assistance." In the same vein, the then Managing
1014:
Seventeen villages and their 6,300 inhabitants moved from the area that became the NT2 reservoir on the Nakai
Plateau to custom-built villages built in consultation with the resettled communities. NTPC and the Lao Government have committed to doubling the income of resettled villagers, through
742:
Government revenue is estimated at US$ 1.9bn to US$ 2bn in nominal terms over 25 years. It has been estimated that at a 10% discount rate the net present value of the revenues will be six times higher than the net present value from the debt service, if all government equity was funded through
357:
By 2015, it was possible to see the effect of the dam and criticism mounted. A group of non-governmental organisations said: "Ten years after the start of the construction of the Nam Theun 2 Dam in
Central Laos, it is clear that this mega project has disastrous impacts on people and their
693:
in both Laos and
Thailand. According to MIGA, its guarantee "was key to lowering the project's risk profile, which in turn enabled the government and developers to attract commercial financing at better rates and gave the investor the assurance needed to go ahead with the deal".
506:(40%), Electricity Generating PCL (EGCO) of Thailand (35%), and the Government of Laos (25%). Governments and government-owned enterprises own a majority of NTPC. This arrangement is atypical of an IPP. Normally the power generating company is privately owned.
524:
Some of the owners of NTPC are also contractors engaged in the construction of the dam. For example, EDF International is the lead contractor for the project under a turnkey contract. It has engaged various sub-contractors for specific parts of the project.
743:
concessionary lending. Revenues are expected to increase progressively from approximately US$ 10M in 2009 to US$ 110 to 150M per year at the end of the concession period in 2033. Thereafter the government will receive all revenues accruing to the project.
770:
funds, and then from the government's taxes, royalties, and dividends once the project commences operation. Special administrative units are being established to deal with the effective management and allocation of the funds earned by the project.
335:
According to the government of Laos, "the project is an essential part of the country's development framework and the project's implementation is likely to be the first real possibility for (Laos) to reduce gradually its dependence on
1617:
889:
NTPC promised to stop power production when floods occur on the Xe Bang Fai. However, it is as yet unknown exactly how long this flooding period will last for each year. The length of the period affects the project's profitability.
983:), together nine times larger (4,106 km) than the flooded area, are expected to be better managed through significant resources made available under the project – more than 60 times what the government has spent on its entire
831:
The comprehensive environmental and social measures designed to mitigate potential environmental and social impacts could become a "global model", according to a group of social and environmental experts who advise on the project.
1031:. The report stresses that the pace of the development of the livelihood activities must be accelerated including engaging additional technical assistance to help villagers develop the most effective cropping systems possible.
861:
per MW and five persons resettled per MW) is neither very high nor very low, compared to 48 other large dams analyzed. Using this specific analytical framework, Nam Theun 2 could neither be considered a "good" or a "bad" dam.
762:. Power demand from Thailand is expected to be strong. In December 2007, Thailand and Laos signed an agreement increasing the total power to be supplied by Laos to Thailand from all sources in 2015 from 5,000 MW to 7,000 MW.
947:
There is relatively little information on downstream impacts on the Nam Theun River, where water flows will be significantly reduced. No permanent villages lie along the Nam Theun some 50 km downstream below the dam.
877:
speaks of up to 150,000 people. The impacts have been widely studied and have been discussed with local communities. Negative impacts on the downstream population include the washing away of river bank gardens, changes in
347:
and social impacts, and comprehensive measures have been designed to mitigate these. According to a group of social and environmental experts who advise on the project, these measures could become a global model. Although
495:(BOT) project. It has a concession period of 31 years, of which the operating period is 25 years. At the end of the concession period, the project facilities will be transferred to the government free of charge.
1044:
storage area closer to the dam in the lower part of the reservoir. The establishment of the relatively well-funded
Watershed Management Protection Authority is expected to protect forest cover and thus limit
1541:
1232:
1015:
livelihood programs, five years after they have been relocated. This means that people who used to make US$ 410 per household a year in 2005 should make at least US$ 820 per household a year by 2012.
1269:
1420:
857:
According to data in the World Bank publication "Good dams, bad dams", the ratio of area flooded and people resettled per megawatt of installed electricity generating capacity (flooded area of 41
920:. The objective is to help villagers generate money from a variety of different sources to compensate for any changes in fishing catches after the river diversion. Affected communities receive
1106:
324:
in Laos, the world's largest private sector cross-border power project financing, the largest private sector hydroelectric project financing, and one of the largest internationally financed
1621:
2153:
870:
The flow of water in the Xe Bang Fai (XBF), which received the water diverted through NT2, increased significantly, thus affecting the population living downstream of the release point.
1772:
991:
in the protected areas, which the government claims has now been largely brought under control despite growing evidence that villagers are using logging to supplement falling incomes.
1386:
854:, claims that the scientific consensus is that the dam's costs outweigh its benefits and that the dam represents a "complete failure of water governance in Mekong region."
366:
The Nam Theun 2 project was identified in the 1980s and a concession was awarded in 1993. It was subjected to a long anti-dam campaign. The project was frozen after the
409:
Nam Theun 2 is a trans-basin diversion power plant that uses water from the Nam Theun River and releases the water into the Xe Bang Fai River. The project site is in
969:
2143:
815:
2028:
1765:
399:
379:
247:
1273:
824:
Independent
Monitoring Agencies, reporting to the government. The Independent Monitoring Agencies were in the process of being assembled in December 2006.
1027:, as documented by various assessments. Experts are helping the resettled villagers to adopt improved practices to increase agricultural and income
980:
670:
1002:
in the area has been drawn up. A Watershed
Management Protection Authority (WMPA) has been established with the specific purpose of protecting the
2122:
1758:
635:
1667:
1604:
521:
some of the electricity generated from the project through the state-owned power company EDL and thus has an interest in low electricity prices.
1731:
1432:
1654:
939:
being applied as other villages were included. Micro-credit schemes that are being developed were not yet on a sustainable financial footing.
1555:
1404:
1019:
According to a World Bank report, the health of villagers who have already been resettled has significantly improved due to better water and
897:
in the reservoir. Because the impacts are unknown, monitoring systems are included and a commitment has been made to "adaptive management".
767:
698:
697:
The government's initial equity contribution of US$ 83 million (25%) was largely funded by donors, including a US$ 20 million grant from the
666:
1744:
1781:
1383:
805:. More details can be found in the Environmental and Social Impact assessment, and in the summary provided for the various impacts below.
790:
510:
1140:
1517:
88:
1719:
1468:
960:
content. Monitoring of the villages along the river conducted by NTPC has not yet detected any significant impacts to the fishery.
935:
systems, and access to electricity. The provision of this infrastructure is not the responsibility of NTPC, but of the government.
1572:
1170:
1205:
956:, however, do use this stretch of the river. Fish diversity and abundance is expected to be affected by reduced water flows and
1359:
900:
Livelihood development programs were put in place for the villagers living downstream on the Xe Bang Fai, in districts such as
337:
843:
616:
1006:
of the reservoir and the protected areas in it. WPMA will receive US$ 1M annually from NTPC through the concession period.
1101:
566:
811:
NT2 has a multi-layer environmental and social monitoring and evaluation mechanism consisting of the following elements:
41:
2148:
1244:
639:
1411:, NAM THEUN 2 HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT IN THE LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC, November 2004. Retrieved 5 November 2009.
775:
367:
631:
821:
An
International Advisory Group (IAG), advising the World Bank. The IAG normally visits Laos at least once per year.
1740:
779:
325:
1645:
608:
499:
371:
344:
321:
218:
747:
690:
673:(MIGA) of the World Bank Group (US$ 91 million). Specifically, MIGA has provided a US$ 86 million guarantee to
662:
647:
578:
375:
503:
987:
system so far. The flooded areas are not considered critical natural habitat. Formerly there was significant
1093:
2099:
1715:
1492:
582:
574:
492:
320:
as well as supplying the local area with electricity. At the time of signing in 2005, NT2 was the largest
1039:
At current sedimentation rates, the reservoir has a lifetime of more than five centuries. If substantial
754:
despite hydrological variation and consequently variation in power output. Revenues will be partially in
874:
842:, there have been substantial shortcomings in the mitigation of impacts. According to the organization,
558:
286:. Commercial operation of the plant began in April 2010. The scheme diverts water from the Nam Theun, a
2033:
1697:
1296:
847:
yet to be finalized. And the budget for the downstream program in particular is said to be inadequate.
1584:
873:
The exact number of people affected is disputed. While NTPC speaks of 40,000 affected people, the NGO
718:, but as a vehicle through which to make a considerable progress in the effort of poverty reduction."
2007:
1724:
839:
589:
459:
449:
414:
68:
1728:
1436:
711:
445:
2094:
2058:
2053:
2043:
2038:
1963:
1660:
798:
418:
383:
238:
72:
2068:
2063:
1890:
1552:
1401:
2089:
1885:
973:
682:
255:
1814:
1464:
686:
472:
463:
295:
275:
901:
782:
168 out of 179 countries assessed, making it one of the most corrupt countries on the index.
1148:
1111:
665:
provided by the above-mentioned three export credit agencies, the ADB (US$ 50 million), the
570:
546:
539:
538:
Construction costs were initially estimated at US$ 1,250 million plus US$ 331.5 million for
1668:
Doing a Dam Better : The Lao People's Democratic Republic and the Story of Nam Theun 2
28:
2012:
2002:
1906:
1834:
1735:
1701:
1656:
Ten Reasons Why the World Bank Should Not Finance the Nam Theun 2 Power Company in Lao PDR
1559:
1408:
1390:
1300:
1116:
998:
living only in the stretch of the river that will be inundated. A management plan for the
988:
678:
623:
601:
514:
417:
Provinces in central Laos, about 250 kilometers east of Vientiane. It stretches from the
1460:
Dead in the Water; Global Lessons from the World Bank's Model Hydropower Project in Laos
354:
referred to it as a "kinder and gentler dam", the project has also attracted criticism.
2073:
2048:
1997:
1880:
1849:
1809:
1178:
1003:
999:
932:
818:) (POE) reports to the government. The POE normally visits Laos at least once per year.
192:
2137:
2104:
1824:
1819:
1530:
1338:
1313:
1209:
984:
977:
879:
802:
453:
370:, but preparation resumed in 1999. In October 2002 a concession contract between the
310:
233:
1363:
1245:"International Rivers, "Model" Dam Encounters Similar Problems As Previous Projects"
1987:
1968:
1953:
1875:
1859:
1854:
1079:
1028:
1024:
794:
291:
1750:
1690:
Laos:Ministry of Energy and Mines, Department of Energy Promotion and Development
1992:
1839:
1829:
1087:
1065:
913:
905:
766:
Bank to implement a Poverty Reduction Fund that is being initially sourced from
674:
643:
627:
437:
146:
509:
Laos is a People's Democratic Republic (PDR) with a one-party system under the
1911:
1844:
1706:
1542:
World Bank:Nam Theun Moves Forward; Livelihood Activities Require Acceleration
1055:
1020:
925:
921:
422:
410:
329:
1270:"Both ENDS: 10 years after: 'Nam Theun 2 dam' has not delivered its promises"
462:, and a 27 km (17 mi) artificial downstream channel leading to the
103:
90:
1248:
1073:
949:
909:
883:
759:
751:
735:
654:
306:
301:
287:
279:
242:
156:
316:
It is the largest hydroelectric project so far in Laos, exporting power to
1458:
2081:
1979:
1898:
1605:
NTPC key communication facts:Resettlement on Nakai Plateau:Infrastructure
957:
725:
612:
374:(NTPC) and the government of Laos was signed, followed by the signing of
350:
317:
701:
of the World Bank Group, the ADB (US$ 20 million), France, and the EIB.
305:, from a 350 m (1,148 ft) difference in elevation between the
2020:
1045:
1040:
995:
917:
894:
858:
542:. More recently construction costs have been given as US$ 1.3 billion.
705:
Increase in government revenue and contribution to poverty alleviation
1790:
953:
593:
426:
1689:
1200:
1198:
1196:
332:
to funding large-scale infrastructure, after a decade-long hiatus.
1931:
1801:
1710:
1945:
1867:
928:
554:
550:
328:
projects in Southeast Asia. The dam also marked a return by the
283:
76:
1754:
836:
755:
730:
597:
141:
1647:
Update on the Lao PDR Nam Theun 2 (NT2) Hydroelectric Project
750:(PPA) between EGAT and NTPC was designed as to stabilize the
1694:
1457:
Shoemaker, Bruce; Robichaud, William, eds. (November 2019).
1293:
1682:
1228:
1226:
1107:
Energy Industry Liberalization and Privatization (Thailand)
545:
The project base cost is funded through US$ 330 million of
1463:(Paper ed.). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
458:
8,000,000 m (280,000,000 cu ft) artificial
968:
Three existing protected areas on the Nakai plateau (the
626:(grouped together in a "lead arrangers group" including
622:
nine international commercial banks providing finance in
378:(PPA) in November 2003 between NTPC on the one hand and,
1585:"Banking on sustainability in Nam Theun 2 - New Mandala"
893:
Water quality is negatively impacted through fouling of
669:(IDA) of the World Bank Group (US$ 50 million), and the
661:
All financing in hard currencies is guaranteed through
916:
to help them generate income beyond that derived from
793:
of the project include downstream impacts, impacts on
994:
Detailed fish surveys showed that there are no fish
714:, said in 2003 "We see Nam Theun 2 not as a project
1920:
1788:
254:
232:
224:
214:
209:
201:
191:
183:
178:
170:
162:
152:
140:
135:
127:
119:
82:
64:
21:
1421:World Bank Monitoring and Evaluation December 2006
1402:Summary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
653:seven Thai commercial banks providing finance in
382:(EGAT) and the Laotian state-owned power company
16:Dam in Bolikhamsai and Khammouane Provinces, Laos
2154:Buildings and structures in Bolikhamsai province
1023:, regular health check-ups and the provision of
1135:
1133:
1131:
721:The project generates three forms of revenue:
468:130 km (81 mi) long, double-circuit
1766:
1318:Electricity Generating Public Company Limited
816:The Panel of Environmental and Social Experts
502:, which is owned by a consortium composed of
478:70 km (43 mi) long, single-circuit
8:
1650:. The World Bank in Lao P.D.R., October 2006
380:Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
1711:The Nam Theun 2 Hydroelectric Project (NT2)
482:transmission line to the Lao domestic grid.
442:450 km (170 sq mi) reservoir
1773:
1759:
1751:
432:The main features of the project include:
27:
18:
1666:Ian C. Porter and Jayasankar Shivakumar:
1493:"Dams and Climate Change Kill the Mekong"
943:Downstream impacts on the Nam Theun River
1607:, March 2009. Retrieved 9 November 2009.
1553:Summary of 2004 Environmental Assessment
981:National Biodiversity Conservation Areas
671:Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
1127:
866:Downstream impacts in Xe Bang Fai River
48:
406:of capacity for domestic use in Laos.
768:International Development Association
699:International Development Association
667:International Development Association
197:4,039 km (1,559 sq mi)
187:3.53 km (2,860,000 acre⋅ft)
7:
2144:Hydroelectric power stations in Laos
607:three bilateral financing agencies (
298:, enabling a generation capacity of
1518:World Bank:Good Dams, Bad Dams 2003
1206:"Lao National Committee for Energy"
1048:in the watershed of the reservoir.
1491:Fawthrop, Tom (28 November 2019).
1384:Thailand Ups Demand for Lao Energy
14:
1720:Nam Theun 2 Hydroelectric Project
553:. It is financed through equity,
205:450 km (170 sq mi)
2118:
2117:
2080:
2019:
1978:
1944:
1930:
1897:
1866:
1800:
1339:"Nam Theun 2 Hydropower Project"
1314:"Operating Power Plants Lao PDR"
1175:Nam Theun 2 Power Company (NTPC)
1086:
1072:
1058:
791:Environmental and social impacts
786:Environmental and social impacts
677:of Belgium against the risks of
511:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
47:
40:
924:systems to allow for a second,
774:In 2007 Laos was ranked on the
491:The project is structured as a
421:to the lower Xe Bang Fai River
338:Official Development Assistance
56:Location of Nam Theun 2 in Laos
1782:Dams in the Mekong River Basin
904:. The programs are focused on
617:Export-Import Bank of Thailand
567:multilateral development banks
268:Nam Theun 2 Hydropower Project
1:
1573:Key facts, Downstream Program
1571:Nam Theun 2 Project Company:
1529:Nam Theun 2 Project Company:
1102:Environmental impacts of dams
498:The project was developed by
436:39 m (128 ft) high
250:: 4 × 250 MW Francis turbine
1683:Nam Theun 2 official website
1531:DSIP_080408_PUBLIC_Final.pdf
710:Director of the World Bank,
402:. The project also supplies
398:of electrical energy to the
343:The project has significant
131:December 2010 (Inauguration)
1433:"International Rivers NT 2"
850:Bruce Shoemaker, editor of
776:Corruption Perception Index
534:Project costs and financing
394:NT2 enables Laos to export
368:1997 Asian financial crisis
2170:
1741:Environmental Defense Fund
1294:Nam Theun official website
780:Transparency International
487:Institutional arrangements
362:History and current status
174:436 m (1,430 ft)
2113:
1745:Laos: Nam Theun 2 Project
1303:, accessed on 20 May 2010
1233:World Bank September 2007
809:Monitoring and Evaluation
691:transfer inconvertibility
609:French Development Agency
376:power purchase agreements
372:Nam Theun 2 Power Company
219:Nam Theun 2 Power Company
35:
26:
964:Biodiversity and forests
748:power purchase agreement
738:, i.e., concession fees.
663:political risk insurance
648:Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi
632:Crédit Agricole Indosuez
579:European Investment Bank
1171:"Technical Information"
1094:Renewable energy portal
1035:Reservoir sedimentation
557:and guarantees from 26
549:and US$ 920 million of
513:. It is one of the few
256:Installed capacity
166:39 m (128 ft)
120:Construction began
1716:Asian Development Bank
1670:, The World Bank, 2010
1644:The World Bank (2006)
1145:Nam Theun 2 Dam (NTPC)
590:export credit agencies
583:Nordic Investment Bank
575:Asian Development Bank
559:financial institutions
493:build-operate-transfer
104:17.99694°N 104.95278°E
875:Environmental Defense
827:The Lenders' Engineer
142:Type of dam
1725:International Rivers
840:International Rivers
225:Commission date
2149:Interbasin transfer
1695:Electricité du Laos
1661:Probe International
384:Electricite du Laos
193:Catchment area
184:Total capacity
109:17.99694; 104.95278
100: /
2100:Stung Battambang 1
1734:2007-12-30 at the
1700:2015-04-05 at the
1558:2007-04-15 at the
1407:2007-04-15 at the
1389:2008-10-10 at the
1341:. Power Technology
1299:2011-11-26 at the
683:breach of contract
390:Technical features
322:foreign investment
2131:
2130:
1921:On tributaries of
1653:Ryder, G. (2004)
1499:. Yale University
1497:YaleGlobal Online
882:, and impacts on
852:Dead in the Water
835:According to the
758:and partially in
687:civil disturbance
529:Financial aspects
473:transmission line
464:Xe Bang Fai River
296:Xe Bang Fai River
276:hydroelectric dam
264:
263:
202:Surface area
136:Dam and spillways
128:Opening date
2161:
2121:
2120:
2085:
2084:
2024:
2023:
2008:Lam Phra Phloeng
1983:
1982:
1949:
1948:
1935:
1934:
1923:the Mekong River
1902:
1901:
1871:
1870:
1805:
1804:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1752:
1686:
1685:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1620:. Archived from
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1550:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1435:. Archived from
1429:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1399:
1393:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1362:. Archived from
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1310:
1304:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1272:. Archived from
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1247:. Archived from
1241:
1235:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1208:. Archived from
1202:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1177:. Archived from
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1147:. Archived from
1141:"History of NT2"
1137:
1112:Wildlife of Laos
1096:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1061:
801:, and reservoir
640:Société Générale
638:from Australia,
571:World Bank Group
515:communist states
481:
475:to the Thai grid
471:
405:
397:
304:
115:
114:
112:
111:
110:
105:
101:
98:
97:
96:
93:
51:
50:
44:
31:
19:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2109:
2095:Lower Sre Pok 2
2079:
2078:
2018:
2017:
1977:
1976:
1943:
1942:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1896:
1895:
1865:
1864:
1799:
1784:
1779:
1747:, 15 March 2006
1736:Wayback Machine
1702:Wayback Machine
1681:
1680:
1677:
1641:
1639:Further reading
1636:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1560:Wayback Machine
1551:
1547:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1415:
1409:Wayback Machine
1400:
1396:
1391:Wayback Machine
1382:
1378:
1369:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1301:Wayback Machine
1292:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1181:on 5 March 2016
1169:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1151:on 4 March 2016
1139:
1138:
1129:
1125:
1117:Economy of Laos
1092:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1037:
1012:
1000:Asian elephants
989:illegal logging
970:Nakai-Nam Theun
966:
945:
868:
788:
707:
624:hard currencies
600:of Sweden, and
581:(EIB), and the
536:
531:
489:
479:
469:
460:regulating pond
450:pressure tunnel
403:
395:
392:
364:
299:
246:
108:
106:
102:
99:
94:
91:
89:
87:
86:
60:
59:
58:
57:
54:
53:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2167:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2090:Lower Se San 2
2087:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1940:
1937:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1796:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1692:
1687:
1676:
1675:External links
1673:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1651:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1609:
1597:
1576:
1564:
1545:
1534:
1522:
1510:
1483:
1469:
1449:
1424:
1413:
1394:
1376:
1351:
1330:
1305:
1286:
1261:
1236:
1222:
1192:
1162:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1083:
1069:
1053:
1050:
1036:
1033:
1011:
1008:
985:national parks
965:
962:
944:
941:
933:drinking water
867:
864:
829:
828:
825:
822:
819:
787:
784:
740:
739:
733:
728:
712:Shengman Zhang
706:
703:
659:
658:
651:
620:
605:
586:
535:
532:
530:
527:
517:in the world.
488:
485:
484:
483:
476:
466:
456:
446:Pressure shaft
443:
440:
391:
388:
363:
360:
358:environment."
262:
261:
258:
252:
251:
245:Pelton turbine
236:
230:
229:
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
207:
206:
203:
199:
198:
195:
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
176:
175:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
138:
137:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
84:
80:
79:
66:
62:
61:
55:
46:
45:
39:
38:
37:
36:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2166:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2124:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Buon Tua Srah
2032:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1964:Theun Hinboun
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1624:on 2008-04-03
1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1472:
1470:9780299317942
1466:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1450:
1439:on 2007-12-30
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1366:on 2008-04-01
1365:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1276:on 2016-08-11
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1251:on 2007-07-15
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1212:on 2007-12-17
1211:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1025:mosquito nets
1022:
1016:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
979:
978:Phou Hin Poun
975:
971:
963:
961:
959:
955:
951:
942:
940:
936:
934:
930:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
891:
887:
885:
881:
880:water quality
876:
871:
865:
863:
860:
855:
853:
848:
845:
841:
838:
833:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
813:
812:
810:
806:
804:
803:sedimentation
800:
796:
792:
785:
783:
781:
777:
772:
769:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
722:
719:
717:
713:
704:
702:
700:
695:
692:
689:, as well as
688:
684:
680:
679:expropriation
676:
672:
668:
664:
656:
652:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
618:
614:
610:
606:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
563:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
540:contingencies
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
496:
494:
486:
477:
474:
467:
465:
461:
457:
455:
451:
447:
444:
441:
439:
435:
434:
433:
430:
428:
424:
420:
419:Nakai Plateau
416:
412:
407:
401:
389:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
361:
359:
355:
353:
352:
346:
345:environmental
341:
339:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
311:power station
308:
303:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
259:
257:
253:
249:
244:
240:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
220:
217:
213:
210:Power Station
208:
204:
200:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:
145:
143:
139:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
85:
81:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
43:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1958:
1655:
1646:
1626:. Retrieved
1622:the original
1618:"World Bank"
1612:
1600:
1589:. Retrieved
1587:. 2010-11-15
1579:
1567:
1548:
1537:
1525:
1513:
1501:. Retrieved
1496:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1459:
1452:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:the original
1427:
1416:
1397:
1379:
1368:. Retrieved
1364:the original
1354:
1343:. Retrieved
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1317:
1308:
1289:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:the original
1264:
1253:. Retrieved
1249:the original
1239:
1214:. Retrieved
1210:the original
1183:. Retrieved
1179:the original
1174:
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1149:the original
1144:
1080:Water portal
1038:
1029:productivity
1017:
1013:
1010:Resettlement
993:
967:
946:
937:
899:
892:
888:
872:
869:
856:
851:
849:
844:compensation
834:
830:
808:
807:
799:resettlement
795:biodiversity
789:
773:
764:
745:
741:
720:
715:
708:
696:
660:
561:, including
544:
537:
523:
519:
508:
497:
490:
431:
408:
393:
365:
356:
349:
342:
334:
315:
292:Mekong River
271:
270:, or simply
267:
265:
2013:Lam Takhong
2003:Ubol Ratana
1959:Nam Theun 2
1907:Stung Treng
1835:Gongguoqiao
1729:Nam Theun 2
1503:26 November
1476:26 November
1323:26 November
1066:Laos portal
974:Hin Nam Nor
914:handicrafts
906:agriculture
675:Fortis Bank
644:Fortis Bank
628:BNP Paribas
604:of Norway),
596:of France,
577:(ADB), the
438:gravity dam
415:Bolikhamxay
241:: 2 × 37.5
215:Operator(s)
147:Gravity dam
107: /
95:104°57′10″E
83:Coordinates
75:Provinces,
69:Bolikhamsai
22:Nam Theun 2
2138:Categories
2049:Plei Krong
2039:Dray Hling
1998:Sirindhorn
1973:Xe Kaman 3
1881:Don Sahong
1850:Dachaoshan
1810:Wunonglong
1707:World Bank
1628:2007-12-31
1591:2016-07-19
1443:2007-12-31
1370:2007-12-31
1360:"MIGA NT2"
1345:2010-07-19
1280:2016-07-19
1255:2007-07-07
1216:2008-01-01
1123:References
1021:sanitation
976:, and the
926:dry season
922:irrigation
910:fish ponds
685:, war and
615:, and the
454:powerhouse
423:confluence
411:Khammouane
330:World Bank
228:April 2010
92:17°59′49″N
73:Khammouane
2105:Stung Sen
2059:Sre Pok 4
2054:Sre Pok 3
2044:Duc Xuyen
2029:Buon Kuop
1825:Dahuaqiao
1820:Huangdeng
1663:, Toronto
1004:watershed
950:Fishermen
884:fisheries
760:Thai baht
752:cash flow
736:royalties
726:dividends
655:Thai baht
425:with the
307:reservoir
294:, to the
288:tributary
282:River in
280:Nam Theun
179:Reservoir
157:Nam Theun
2123:Category
2069:Se San 4
2064:Se San 3
1988:Huai Kum
1969:Houay Ho
1954:Nam Ngum
1939:Xi'er He
1891:Ban Koum
1876:Xayaburi
1860:Jinghong
1855:Nuozhadu
1732:Archived
1698:Archived
1556:Archived
1405:Archived
1387:Archived
1297:Archived
1052:See also
958:sediment
613:PROPARCO
351:Newsweek
318:Thailand
309:and the
260:1,075 MW
234:Turbines
153:Impounds
65:Location
1993:Pak Mun
1886:Pakchom
1840:Xiaowan
1830:Miaowei
1562:, p. 39
1520:, p. 22
1185:6 March
1155:6 March
1046:erosion
1041:logging
996:species
954:hunters
918:fishing
902:Mahaxai
895:biomass
859:hectare
290:of the
278:on the
274:, is a
1912:Sambor
1845:Manwan
1791:Mekong
1467:
972:, the
931:crop,
912:, and
716:per se
650:), and
646:, and
594:Coface
588:three
573:, the
547:equity
480:115 kV
470:500 kV
452:and a
427:Mekong
396:995 MW
300:1,075
171:Length
163:Height
1793:River
731:taxes
569:(the
565:four
555:loans
404:75 MW
2074:Yaly
1815:Lidi
1505:2019
1478:2019
1465:ISBN
1325:2019
1187:2016
1157:2016
952:and
929:rice
746:The
602:GIEK
551:debt
500:NTPC
413:and
400:EGAT
284:Laos
266:The
248:EGAT
123:2005
77:Laos
71:and
1789:On
837:NGO
778:by
756:USD
636:ANZ
598:EKN
504:EDF
340:".
326:IPP
272:NT2
239:EDL
2140::
1659:.
1495:.
1316:.
1225:^
1195:^
1173:.
1143:.
1130:^
908:,
886:.
797:,
681:,
642:,
634:,
630:,
619:),
611:,
585:),
448:,
429:.
313:.
302:MW
243:MW
2086::
2025::
1984::
1950::
1936::
1903::
1872::
1806::
1774:e
1767:t
1760:v
1743::
1727::
1718::
1709::
1631:.
1594:.
1507:.
1480:.
1446:.
1373:.
1348:.
1327:.
1283:.
1258:.
1219:.
1189:.
1159:.
657:.
592:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
