864:(FRET) to achieve optical detection. Quantum dots can be used as donors, and will transfer electronic excitation energy when positioned near acceptor molecules, thus losing their fluorescence. These quantum dots can be functionalized to determine which molecules will bind, upon which fluorescence will be restored. Gold nanoparticle-based optical sensors can be used to detect heavy metals very precisely; for example, mercury levels as low as 0.49 nanometers. This sensing modality takes advantage of FRET, in which the presence of metals inhibits the interaction between quantum dots and gold nanoparticles, and quenches the FRET response. Another potential implementation takes advantage of the size dependence of the LSPR spectrum to achieve ion sensing. In one study, Liu et al. functionalized gold nanoparticles with a Pb sensitive enzyme to produce a lead sensor. Generally, the gold nanoparticles would aggregate as they approached each other, and the change in size would result in a color change. Interactions between the enzyme and Pb ions would inhibit this aggregation, and thus the presence of ions could be detected.
960:(IoNT), drug delivery and more. With an adept nanonetwork, bio implantable nanodevices can provide higher accuracy, resolution, and safety compared to macroscale implants. Body area networks (BAN) enable sensors and actuators to collect physical and physiological data from the human body to better anticipate any diseases, which will thus facilitate the treatment. Potential applications of BAN include cardiovascular disease monitoring, insulin management, artificial vision and hearing, and hormonal therapy management. The Internet of Bio-Nano Things refers to networks of nanodevices that can be accessed by the internet. Development of IoBNT has paved the way to new treatments and diagnostic techniques. Nanonetworks may also help drug delivery by increasing localization and circulation time of drugs.
860:(LSPR) that arises at the nanoscale, which results in wavelength specific absorption. This LSPR spectrum is particularly sensitive, and its dependence on nanoparticle size and environment can be used in various ways to design optical sensors. To take advantage of the LSPR spectrum shift that occurs when molecules bind to the nanoparticle, their surfaces can be functionalized to dictate which molecules will bind and trigger a response. For environmental applications, quantum dot surfaces can be modified with antibodies that bind specifically to microorganisms or other pollutants. Spectroscopy can then be used to observe and quantify this spectrum shift, enabling precise detection, potentially on the order of molecules. Similarly, fluorescent semiconducting nanosensors may take advantage of
927:, molecular imprinting uses template molecules with functional monomers to form polymer matrices with specific shape corresponding to its target template molecules, thus increasing the selectivity and affinity of the matrices. This technique has enabled nanosensors to detect chemical species. In the field of biotechnology, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) are synthesized receptors that have shown promising, cost-effective alternatives to natural antibodies in that they are engineered to have high selectivity and affinity. For example, an experiment with MI sensor containing nanotips with non-conductive
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all lead to limitation in performance. In 2006, researchers in Berlin patented their invention of a novel diagnostic nanosensor fabricated with nanosphere lithography (NSL), which allows precise control oversize and shape of nanoparticles and creates nanoislands. The metallic nanoislands produced an increase in signal transduction and thus increased sensitivity of the sensor. The results also showed that the sensitivity and specification of the diagnostic nanosensor depend on the size of the nanoparticles, that decreasing the nanoparticle size increases the sensitivity.
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modifying the polymer matrices, molecular imprinting increases the affinity and selectivity. Although molecularly imprinted polymers provide advantages in selective molecular recognition of nanosensors, the technique itself is relatively recent and there still remains challenges such as attenuation signals, detection systems lacking effective transducers, and surfaces lacking efficient detection. Further investigation and research on the field of molecularly imprinted polymers is crucial for development of highly effective nanosensors.
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materials such as silicon, nanowires, and carbon nanotubes, which prevent commercialization and manufacturing of nanosensors requiring scale-up for implementation. To mitigate the drawback of cost, researchers are looking into manufacturing nanosensors made of more cost-effective materials. There is also a high degree of precision needed to reproducibly manufacture nanosensors, due to their small size and sensitivity to different synthesis techniques, which creates additional technical challenges to be overcome.
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549:, although as of 2009 they had not yet been demonstrated in real-world conditions. Chemical nanosensors contain a chemical recognition system (receptor) and a physiochemical transducer, in which the receptor interacts with analyte to produce electrical signals. In one case, upon interaction of the analyte with the receptor, the nanoporous transducer had a change in impedance which was determined as the sensor signal. Other examples include electromagnetic or
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414:, developing reproducible calibration methods, applying preconcentration and separation methods to attain a proper analyte concentration that avoids saturation, and integrating the nanosensor with other elements of a sensor package in a reliable manufacturable manner. Because nanosensors are a relatively new technology, there are many unanswered questions regarding nanotoxicology, which currently limits their application in biological systems.
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while transmitting data to allow for monitoring of the sensor input and response. However, this model remains a long-term goal, and research is currently focused on the immediate diagnostic capabilities of nanosensors. The intracellular implementation of nanosensor synthesized with biodegradable polymers induces signals that enable real-time monitoring and thus paves way for advancement in drug delivery and treatment.
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such large and complex institutions. In addition, visas and immigration status can become an issue for foreign researchers - as the subject matter is very sensitive, government clearance can sometimes be required. Finally, there are currently not well defined or clear regulations on nanosensor testing or applications in the sensor industry, which contributes to the difficulty of implementation.
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concentrated in the gas phase, whereby the gas is then pumped through the chamber to carry the aroma to the sensor that measures its unique fingerprint. The high surface area to volume ratio of the nanomaterials allows for greater interaction with analytes and the nanosensor's fast response time enables the separation of interfering responses. Chemical sensors, too, have been built using
454:) nanosensors may be able to distinguish between and recognize certain cells at the molecular level in order to deliver medicine or monitor development to specific places in the body. The type of signal transduction defines the major classification system for nanosensors. Some of the main types of nanosensor readouts include optical, mechanical, vibrational, or electromagnetic.
358:. There are different types of nanosensors in the market and in development for various applications, most notably in defense, environmental, and healthcare industries. These sensors share the same basic workflow: a selective binding of an analyte, signal generation from the interaction of the nanosensor with the bio-element, and processing of the signal into useful metrics.
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long-term. This is difficult to fully address because nanoparticle toxicity depends heavily on the type, size, and dosage of the particle as well as environmental variables including pH, temperature, and humidity. To mitigate potential risk, research is being done to manufacture safe, nontoxic nanomaterials, as part of an overall effort towards green nanotechnology.
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healthy, inflammatory, or contaminated with bacteria. However, a main drawback is found within the long term use of the implant, where tissue grows on top of the sensors, limiting their ability to compress. This impedes the production of electrical charges, thus shortening the lifetime of these nanosensors, as they use the piezoelectric effect to self-power.
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on the principle that gas molecules can be distinguished based on their mass using, for example, piezoelectric sensors. If a gas molecule is adsorbed at the surface of the detector, the resonance frequency of the crystal changes and this can be measured as a change in electrical properties. In addition, field effect transistors, used as
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Existing challenges with the aforementioned applications include biocompatibility of the nano implants, physical limitations leading to lack of power and memory storage, and bio compatibility of the transmitter and receiver design of IoBNT. The nanonetwork concept has numerous areas for improvements:
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of gaseous molecules while nanotubes made out of titanium have been employed to detect atmospheric concentrations of hydrogen at the molecular level. Some of these have been designed as field effect transistors, while others take advantage of optical sensing capabilities. Selective analyte binding is
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Since then, increasing amounts of research have gone into nanosensors, whereby modern nanosensors have been developed for many applications. Currently, the applications of nanosensors in the market include: healthcare, defense and military, and others such as food, environment, and agriculture.
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of individually addressable sensor units in a small device. Their operation is also "label free" in the sense of not requiring fluorescent or radioactive labels on the analytes. Zinc oxide nanowire is used for gas sensing applications, given that it exhibits high sensitivity toward low concentration
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There are still stringent regulations in place for the development of standards for nanosensors to be used in the medical industry, due to insufficient knowledge of the adverse effects of nanosensors as well as potential cytotoxic effects of nanosensors. Additionally, there can be a high cost of raw
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and thus demonstrated potential use of these nanosensors in detection and diagnosis of human papillomavirus, other human pathogens, and toxins. As shown above, nanosensors with molecular imprinting technique are capable of selectively detecting ultrasensitive chemical species in that by artificially
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Nanosensors possess great potential for diagnostic medicine, enabling early identification of disease without reliance on observable symptoms. Ideal nanosensor implementations look to emulate the response of immune cells in the body, incorporating both diagnostic and immune response functionalities,
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and detecting atmospheric gases. The "electronic nose" was developed in 1988 to determine the quality and freshness of food samples using traditional sensors, but more recently the sensing film has been improved with nanomaterials. A sample is placed in a chamber where volatile compounds become
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Although the conventional fabrication techniques have proven to be efficient, further improvements in the production method can lead to minimization of cost and enhancement in performance. Challenges with current production methods include uneven distribution, size, and shape of nanoparticles, which
689:, is polished and one end is placed in a container of hydrofluoric acid. The acid then begins to etch away the tip of the fiber without destroying the cladding. As the silica fiber is etched away, the polymer cladding acts as a wall, creating microcurrents in the hydrofluoric acid that, coupled with
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Another application of nanosensors involves using silicon nanowires in IV lines to monitor organ health. The nanowires are sensitive to detect trace biomarkers that diffuse into the IV line through blood which can monitor kidney or organ failure. These nanowires would allow for continuous biomarker
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Surprisingly, some of the most challenging aspects in creating nanosensors for defense and military use are political in nature, rather than technical. Many different government agencies must work together to allocate budgets and share information and progress in testing; this can be difficult with
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Nanoscience as a whole has many potential applications in the defense and military sector- including chemical detection, decontamination, and forensics. Some nanosensors in development for defense applications include nanosensors for the detection of explosives or toxic gases. Such nanosensors work
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size, but the most recent of these have begun to incorporate nanosized components. One of the most common method is called electron beam lithography. Although very costly, this technique effectively forms a distribution of circular or ellipsoidal plots on the two dimensional surface. Another method
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El
Kaoutit, Hamid; EstĂ©vez, Pedro; GarcĂa, FĂ©lix C.; Serna, Felipe; GarcĂa, JosĂ© M. (2013). "Sub-ppm quantification of Hg( ii ) in aqueous media using both the naked eye and digital information from pictures of a colorimetric sensory polymer membrane taken with the digital camera of a conventional
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nanoparticles as activity-based sensors to detect lung cancer. The two main advantages of the use of nanoparticles to detect diseases is that it allows early stage detection, as it can detect tumors the size in the order of millimeters. It also provides a cost-effective, easy-to-use, portable, and
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In addition to their sensitivity and specificity, nanosensors offer significant advantages in cost and response times, making them suitable for high-throughput applications. Nanosensors provide real-time monitoring compared to traditional detection methods such as chromatography and spectroscopy.
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In order to develop smart health care with nanosensors, a network of nanosensors, often called nanonetwork, need to be established to overcome the size and power limitations of individual nanosensors. Nanonetworks not only mitigates the existing challenges but also provides numerous improvements.
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Nanosensors can also be used to detect contamination in organ implants. The nanosensor is embedded into the implant and detects contamination in the cells surrounding the implant through an electric signal sent to a clinician or healthcare provider. The nanosensor can detect whether the cells are
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to detect various properties of gaseous molecules. Many carbon nanotube based sensors are designed as field effect transistors, taking advantage of their sensitivity. The electrical conductivity of these nanotubes will change due to charge transfer and chemical doping by other molecules, enabling
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and, as result, individual nanoparticles have been merged in a larger islands (i.e. 20 micrometer-sized) particles separated by 10 micrometers on average, while the smaller ones were dissolved and absorbed. On the other hand, applying twice as much (i.e. 10 microliters) of ethanol has damaged the
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as sensors to uncover tumors within the body. A downside to the cadmium selenide dots, however, is that they are highly toxic to the body. As a result, researchers are working on developing alternate dots made out of a different, less toxic material while still retaining some of the fluorescence
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Nanosensors can improve various sub-areas within food and environment sectors including food processing, agriculture, air and water quality monitoring, and packaging and transport. Due to their sensitivity, as well as their tunability and resulting binding selectivity, nanosensors are very
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The production method plays a central role in determining the characteristics of the manufactured nanosensor in that the function of nanosensor can be made through controlling the surface of nanoparticles. There are two main approaches in the manufacturing of nanosensors: top-down methods, which
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Biological nanosensors consist of a bio-receptor and a transducer. The transduction method of choice is currently fluorescence because of the high sensitivity and relative ease of measurement. The measurement can be achieved by using the following methods: binding active nanoparticles to active
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transduction has been suggested as an alternative to the classical electromagnetic telemetry and has monitoring applications in human bodies. Other suggested mechanisms include bioinspired molecular communications, wired and wireless active transport in molecular communications, Forster energy
681:. This technique has been shown to produce fibers with large taper angles (thus increasing the light reaching the tip of the fiber) and tip diameters comparable to the pulling method. The second method is tube etching, which involves etching an optical fiber with a single-component solution of
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Also known as “growing”, this method most often entails an already complete set of components that would automatically assemble themselves into a finished product. Accurately being able to reproduce this effect for a desired sensor in a laboratory would imply that scientists could manufacture
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over sensors made from traditional materials, due to nanomaterial features not present in bulk material that arise at the nanoscale. Nanosensors can have increased specificity because they operate at a similar scale as natural biological processes, allowing functionalization with chemical and
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The main challenge associated with using nanosensors in food and the environment is determining their associated toxicity and overall effect on the environment. Currently, there is insufficient knowledge on how the implementation of nanosensors will affect the soil, plants, and humans in the
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Agnivo Gosai, Brendan Shin Hau Yeah, Marit Nilsen-Hamilton, Pranav
Shrotriya, Label free thrombin detection in presence of high concentration of albumin using an aptamer-functionalized nanoporous membrane, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Volume 126, 2019, Pages 88-95, ISSN 0956-5663,
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biological molecules, with recognition events that cause detectable physical changes. Enhancements in sensitivity stem from the high surface-to-volume ratio of nanomaterials, as well as novel physical properties of nanomaterials that can be used as the basis for detection, including
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require further study in that nanosensors are different from traditional sensors. The most common mechanism of sensor networks are through electromagnetic communications. However, the current paradigm is not applicable to nanodevices due to their low range and power.
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sensors. As the name suggests, these sensors produce light based signals in forms of chemiluminescence, resonance, and fluorescence. As described by the examples, the type of change that the sensor detects and type of signal it induces depend on the type of sensor
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Witlicki, Edward H.; Hansen, Stinne W.; Christensen, Martin; Hansen, Thomas S.; Nygaard, Sune D.; Jeppesen, Jan O.; Wong, Eric W.; Jensen, Lasse; Flood, Amar H. (2009). "Determination of
Binding Strengths of a Host–Guest Complex Using Resonance Raman Scattering".
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and identifying biological materials. Nanoparticles layered with polymers and other receptor molecules will change color when contacted by analytes such as toxic gases. This alerts the user that they are in danger. Other projects involve embedding clothing with
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Witlicki, Edward H.; Andersen, Sissel S.; Hansen, Stinne W.; Jeppesen, Jan O.; Wong, Eric W.; Jensen, Lasse; Flood, Amar H. (2010). "Turning on
Resonant SERRS Using the Chromophore-Plasmon Coupling Created by Host–Guest Complexation at a Plasmonic Nanoarray".
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properties. In particular, they have been investigating the particular benefits of zinc sulfide quantum dots which, though they are not quite as fluorescent as cadmium selenide, can be augmented with other metals including manganese and various
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Søndergaard, Rikke V.; Christensen, Nynne M.; Henriksen, Jonas R.; Kumar, E. K. Pramod; Almdal, Kristoffer; Andresen, Thomas L. (2015). "Facing the Design
Challenges of Particle-Based Nanosensors for Metabolite Quantification in Living Cells".
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Handford, Caroline E.; Dean, Moira; Henchion, Maeve; Spence, Michelle; Elliott, Christopher T.; Campbell, Katrina (December 2014). "Implications of nanotechnology for the agri-food industry: Opportunities, benefits and risks".
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This method consists in using a tension device to stretch the major axis of a fiber while it is heated, to achieve nano-sized scales. This method is specially used in optical fiber to develop optical-fiber-based nanosensors.
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to produce indicator proteins, allowing for real-time measurements, or by creating a nanomaterial (e.g. nanofibers) with attachment sites for the bio-receptors. Even though electrochemical nanosensors can be used to measure
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devices can also be used as nanosensors to quantify concentrations of clinically relevant samples. A principle of operation of these sensors is based on the chemical modulation of a hydrogel film volume that incorporates a
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effective and can be designed for a wide variety of environmental applications. Such applications of nanosensors help in a convenient, rapid, and ultrasensitive assessment of many types of environmental pollutants.
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planar devices. They can function both as transducers and wires to transmit the signal. Their high surface area can cause large signal changes upon binding of an analyte. Their small size can enable extensive
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Potential applications for nanosensors include medicine, detection of contaminants and pathogens, and monitoring manufacturing processes and transportation systems. By measuring changes in physical properties
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swells or shrinks upon chemical stimulation, the Bragg grating changes color and diffracts light at different wavelengths. The diffracted light can be correlated with the concentration of a target analyte.
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Palomares, E.; MartĂnez-DĂaz, M. V.; Torres, T.; Coronado, E. (2006-06-06). "A Highly
Sensitive Hybrid Colorimetric and Fluorometric Molecular Probe for Cyanide Sensing Based on a Subphthalocyanine Dye".
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Yetisen, AK; Montelongo, Y; Vasconcellos, FC; Martinez-Hurtado, JL; Neupane, S; Butt, H; Qasim, MM; Blyth, J; Burling, K; Carmody, JB; Evans, M; Wilkinson, TD; Kubota, LT; Monteiro, MJ; Lowe, CR (2014).
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nanosensors much more quickly and potentially far more cheaply by letting numerous molecules assemble themselves with little or no outside influence, rather than having to manually assemble each sensor.
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their detection. To enhance their selectivity, many of these involve a system by which nanosensors are built to have a specific pocket for another molecule. Carbon nanotubes have been used to sense
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are nanoscale devices that measure physical quantities and convert these to signals that can be detected and analyzed. There are several ways proposed today to make nanosensors; these include
1346:"Nanobiotechnology approach using plant rooting hormone synthesized silver nanoparticle as "nanobullets" for the dynamic applications in horticulture – an in vitro and ex vitro study"
693:, cause the fiber to be etched into the shape of a cone with large, smooth tapers. This method shows much less susceptibility to environmental parameters than the Turner method.
613:. These provide an alternative to bulky, lab-scale systems, as these can be miniaturized to be used for point-of-sample devices. For example, many chemicals are regulated by the
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Lupan, O.; Emelchenko, G. A.; Ursaki, V. V.; Chai, G.; Redkin, A. N.; Gruzintsev, A. N.; Tiginyanu, I. M.; Chow, L.; Ono, L. K.; Roldan Cuenya, B.; Heinrich, H. (2010-08-01).
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In a similar application, nanosensors can be utilized in military and law enforcement clothing and gear. The Navy
Research Laboratory's Institute for Nanoscience has studied
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Cai, Dong; Ren, Lu; Zhao, Huaizhou; Xu, Chenjia; Zhang, Lu; Yu, Ying; Wang, Hengzhi; Lan, Yucheng; Roberts, Mary F.; Chuang, Jeffrey H.; Naughton, Michael J. (August 2010).
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Similarly to those used to measure atmospheric pollutants, gold-particle based nanosensors are used to give an early diagnosis to several types of cancer by detecting
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of the nanotube both with and without the particle. The discrepancy between the two frequencies allowed the researchers to measure the mass of the attached particle.
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Khan, Tooba; Civas, Meltem; Cetinkaya, Oktay; Abbasi, Naveed A.; Akan, Ozgur B. (2020-01-01), Han, Baoguo; Tomer, Vijay K.; Nguyen, Tuan Anh; Farmani, Ali (eds.),
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begin with a pattern generated at a larger scale, and then reduced to microscale. Bottom-up methods start with atoms or molecules that build up to nanostructures.
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into a measurable signal; generally, these take advantage of the nanomaterial sensitivity and other unique properties to detect a selectively bound analyte.
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Thangavelu, Raja
Muthuramalingam; Gunasekaran, Dharanivasan; Jesse, Michael Immanuel; s.u, Mohammed Riyaz; Sundarajan, Deepan; Krishnan, Kathiravan (2018).
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can be used for the detection of heavy metals. Many harmful gases can also be detected by a colorimetric change, such as through the commercially available
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Cell-level resolution of nanosensors will enable treatments to eliminate side effects, enable continuous monitoring and reporting of patients’ conditions.
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It involves starting out with a larger block of some material and carving out the desired form. These carved out devices, notably put to use in specific
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These traditional methods may take days to weeks to obtain results and often require investment in capital costs as well as time for sample preparation.
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properties, they are typically less selective for biological measurements, as they lack the high specificity of bio-receptors (e.g. antibody, DNA).
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Priyadarshini, E.; Pradhan, N. (January 2017). "Gold nanoparticles as efficient sensors in colorimetric detection of toxic metal ions: A review".
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Prosa, Mario; Bolognesi, Margherita; Fornasari, Lucia; Grasso, Gerardo; Lopez-Sanchez, Laura; Marabelli, Franco; Toffanin, Stefano (2020-03-07).
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Wei, Qingshan; Nagi, Richie; Sadeghi, Kayvon; Feng, Steve; Yan, Eddie; Ki, So Jung; Caire, Romain; Tseng, Derek; Ozcan, Aydogan (2014-02-25).
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measurement, which provides some benefits in terms of temporal sensitivity over traditional biomarker quantification assays such as ELISA.
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sensors. Electrochemical sensors induce a change in the electrochemical properties of the sensing material, which includes
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Yonzon, Chanda Ranjit; Stuart, Douglas A.; Zhang, Xiaoyu; McFarland, Adam D.; Haynes, Christy L.; Van Duyne, Richard P. (2005-09-15).
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levels are within the appropriate limits. Colorimetric nanosensors provide a method for on-site determination of many contaminants.
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Fehr, M.; Okumoto, S.; Deuschle, K.; Lager, I.; Looger, L. L.; Persson, J.; Kozhukh, L.; Lalonde, S.; Frommer, W. B. (2005-02-01).
2017:
Ngo C., Van de Voorde M.H. (2014) Nanotechnology for
Defense and Security. In: Nanotechnology in a Nutshell. Atlantis Press, Paris
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transfer, and more. It is crucial to build an efficient nanonetwork so that it can be applied in fields such as medical implants,
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or molecules. This is done by arranging atoms in specific patterns, which has been achieved in laboratory tests through use of
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sensors to relay information regarding the user's health and vitals, which would be useful for monitoring soldiers in combat.
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923:, which is a technique used to synthesize polymer matrices that act as a receptor in molecular recognition. Analogous to the
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Kong J; Franklin NR; Zhou C; Chapline MG; Peng S; Cho K; Dai H. (2000). "Nanotubes
Molecular Wires as Chemical Sensors".
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Akyildiz, I. F.; Pierobon, M.; Balasubramaniam, S.; Koucheryavy, Y. (March 2015). "The internet of Bio-Nano things".
2630:"Detection of lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers from exhaled breath using a single array of nanosensors"
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Keçili, Rüstem; Büyüktiryaki, Sibel; Hussain, Chaudhery Mustansar (2018-01-01), Mustansar Hussain, Chaudhery (ed.),
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is influenced by distribution, size, or shape of nanoparticles. These properties can be improved by exploitation of
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Modi A; Koratkar N; Lass E; Wei B; Ajayan PM (2003). "Miniaturized Gas Ionization Sensors using Carbon Nanotubes".
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1958:; Ugarte D; de Heer WA (1999). "Electrostatic Deflections and Electromechanical Resonances of Carbon Nanotubes".
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detected through spectral shift or fluorescence modulation. In a similar fashion, Flood et al. have shown that
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elements. In addition, these newer quantum dots become more fluorescent when they bond to their target cells.
485:. Piezoelectric sensors either convert mechanical force into electric force or vice versa. This force is then
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of the cell membrane. Another cancer related application, though still in mice probing stage, is the use of
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Peng, G; Hakim, M; Broza, Y Y; Billan, S; Abdah-Bortnyak, R; Kuten, A; Tisch, U; Haick, H (August 2010).
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nanolayers, while applying too small (i.e. two microliters) of ethanol has failed to spread across them.
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Weighing the Very Small: 'Nanobalance' Based on Carbon Nanotubes Shows New Application for Nanomechanics
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2370:. 1st Swift-WFD workshop on validation of Robustness of sensors and bioassays for Screening Pollutants.
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https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/nanotechnology-and-national-security-small-changes-big-impact
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1110:"Nanostructured Organic/Hybrid Materials and Components in Miniaturized Optical and Chemical Sensors"
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or morphological alteration for a visible color change to occur. One such application, is that gold
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This type of methods involve assembling the sensors out of smaller components, usually individual
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1802:"Detection and Spatial Mapping of Mercury Contamination in Water Samples Using a Smart-Phone"
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One of the first working examples of a synthetic nanosensor was built by researchers at the
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into a signal. MIP spectroscopic sensors can be divided into three subcategories, which are
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Callaway DJ, Matsui T, Weiss T, Stingaciu LR, Stanley CB, Heller WT, Bu ZM (7 April 2017).
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is electrodeposition, which requires conductive elements to produce miniaturized devices.
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1304:
1289:"Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering: From Discovery to Applications"
3363:
3139:
3134:
3097:
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3058:
2793:
2752:
2711:
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2612:
2576:
2536:"A Nanoparticle-based Sensor Platform for Cell Tracking and Status/Function Assessment"
2535:
2445:
2410:
2202:
1955:
1915:"Capillary-Driven Self-Assembled Microclusters for Highly Performing UV Photodetectors"
1834:
1801:
1535:"Development and use of fluorescent nanosensors for metabolite imaging in living cells"
1472:
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2411:"Recent Advances in Optical Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring and Early Warning"
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1940:
1903:
Pison, U., Giersig, M., & Schaefer, Alex. (2014). US 8846580 B2. Berlin, Germany.
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736:. In recent research, capillary forces were induced by applying five microliters of
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2534:
Yeo, David; Wiraja, Christian; Chuah, Yon Jin; Gao, Yu; Xu, Chenjie (2015-10-06).
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880:
One example of these nanosensors involves using the fluorescence properties of
3254:
2992:
2894:
2026:
Carafano, J. Nanotechnology and National Security: Small Changes, Big Impact.
1742:
1461:"Chapter 57 - Engineered Nanosensors Based on Molecular Imprinting Technology"
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https://www.technologyreview.com/s/410426/nanosensors-for-medical-monitoring/
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1402:
1379:"Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanowires for nanosensor applications"
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of gas under ambient conditions and can be fabricated easily with low cost.
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1613:
1582:"Optical nanosensors—an enabling technology for intracellular measurements"
1566:
1330:
1273:
1153:
1075:
Guisbiers, GrĂ©gory; MejĂa-Rosales, Sergio; Leonard Deepak, Francis (2012).
410:
There are several challenges for nanosensors, including avoiding drift and
17:
1224:
1203:
GarciaAnoveros, J; Corey, DP (1997). "The molecules of mechanosensation".
1093:
1076:
919:
A recent effort towards advancement in nanosensor technology has employed
3075:
2712:"A molecular-imprint nanosensor for ultrasensitive detection of proteins"
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change in the nanomaterial upon binding of an analyte, due to changes in
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419:
2470:
Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1682:"Reusable, Robust, and Accurate Laser-Generated Photonic Nanosensor"
1634:"The development of optical nanosensors for biological measurements"
673:, a fiber is etched to a point while placed in the meniscus between
2003:
Technavio. Investment in the Global Nanosensors Market. 2017.
753:
in 1999. It involved attaching a single particle onto the end of a
669:
Two different types of chemical etching have been reported. In the
2832:"Nano-networks communication architecture: Modeling and functions"
2314:"Towards advanced chemical and biological nanosensors—An overview"
968:, protocol stack issues, power provisioning techniques, and more.
786:, can detect toxic gases if their gate is made sensitive to them.
767:
702:
518:
There are multiple mechanisms by which a recognition event can be
504:
1502:
http://nano-bio.ehu.es/files/chemical_sensors1.doc_definitivo.pdf
1440:
Lim, T.-C.; Ramakrishna, S. A Conceptual Review of Nanosensors.
1178:
772:
Brief breakdown of current industry applications of nanosensors.
3008:
397:
are well suited for use in nanosensors, as compared to bulk or
2611:
McIntosh, J. Nanosensors: the future of diagnostic medicine?
1467:, Micro and Nano Technologies, Elsevier, pp. 1031–1046,
1050:
Medical Nanotechnology: Science, Innovation, and Opportunity
2788:, Micro and Nano Technologies, Elsevier, pp. 387–403,
2362:
Riu, Jordi; Maroto, Alicia; Rius, F. Xavier (2006-04-15).
2204:
Nanotechnology: A Gentle Introduction to the Next Big Idea
931:
nano-coating (PPn coating) showed selective detection of
2782:"Chapter 23 - Nanosensor networks for smart health care"
2988:
Nanotechnology, Privacy and Shifting Social Conventions
1913:
Chen, Xiaohu; Bagnall, Darren; Nasiri, Noushin (2023).
837:
host–guest chemistry offers quantitative sensing using
593:
Another type of nanosensor is one that works through a
382:
to add native processing capability to the nanosensor.
1077:"Nanomaterial Properties: Size and Shape Dependencies"
461:(MIP) can be divided into three categories, which are
457:
As an example of classification, nanosensors that use
378:. Nanosensors can also potentially be integrated with
1465:
Handbook of Nanomaterials for Industrial Applications
907:(VOCs) in breath, as tumor growth is associated with
818:
Chemical sensors are useful for analyzing odors from
525:
Electrochemical nanosensors are based on detecting a
2613:
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/299663.php
3247:
3049:
3042:
2201:
2093:Ramgir, N. S. ISRN Nanomaterials 2013, 2013, 1–21.
1047:
2690:GEN - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News
2598:Bourzac, K. Nanosensors for Medical Monitoring.
2468:Omanovic-Miklicanin, E.; Maksimovic, M. (2016).
1442:http://www.znaturforsch.com/aa/v61a/s61a0402.pdf
3145:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence
2830:Galal, Akram; Hesselbach, Xavier (2018-09-01).
2686:"Nanosensors Enable Urine Test for Lung Cancer"
647:used as microsensors, generally only reach the
553:nanosensors, spectroscopic nanosensors such as
537:. One possibility is to use nanowires such as
1632:Cullum, Brian M.; Vo-Dinh, Tuan (2000-09-01).
3020:
685:. A silica fiber, surrounded with an organic
328:
8:
2069:"Advanced Environmental Monitoring Systems"
3409:
3046:
3027:
3013:
3005:
2983:Nanotechnology and Societal Transformation
1516:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.10.010
1418:Nanomedicine, Volume 1: Basic Capabilities
509:Overview of a general nanosensor workflow.
335:
321:
29:
2978:Emerging Technologies and the Environment
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2661:
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2444:
2434:
1930:
1833:
1705:
1361:
1320:
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1143:
1125:
1092:
1054:. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education.
561:nanosensors, and mechanical nanosensors.
617:and require extensive testing to ensure
369:-based sensors have several benefits in
352:top-down lithography, bottom-up assembly
2364:"Nanosensors in environmental analysis"
2200:Ratner MA; Ratner D; Ratner M. (2003).
2043:Trends in Food Science & Technology
1033:
545:, or metal oxide nanowires as gates in
533:or to the depletion or accumulation of
253:
215:
172:
144:
116:
74:
41:
3265:Differential technological development
2775:
2773:
2771:
2490:
2479:
862:fluorescence resonance energy transfer
848:Other types of nanosensors, including
389:One-dimensional nanomaterials such as
2623:
2621:
2357:
2355:
2208:. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
2195:
2193:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1999:
1997:
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1897:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1528:
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7:
3071:Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1041:
1039:
1037:
709:, but is still difficult to achieve
3354:Future-oriented technology analysis
925:enzyme-substrate lock and key model
858:localized surface plasmon resonance
555:surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
2794:10.1016/b978-0-12-819870-4.00022-0
2409:Long, F.; Zhu, A.; Shi, H (2013).
2320:. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.
1580:Aylott, Jonathan W. (2003-04-07).
1473:10.1016/b978-0-12-813351-4.00059-6
1395:10.1016/j.materresbull.2010.03.027
1183:National Nanotechnology Initiative
25:
1731:Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
597:basis. Here, the presence of the
3408:
1539:Biochemical Society Transactions
1179:"Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensing"
996:
982:
713:and is not economically viable.
565:proteins within the cell, using
302:
290:
203:Semiconductor device fabrication
2993:Nanotechnology and Surveillance
751:Georgia Institute of Technology
615:Environmental Protection Agency
1217:10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.567
916:non-invasive diagnostic tool.
645:microelectromechanical systems
459:molecularly imprinted polymers
1:
3381:Technology in science fiction
2974:, Georgia Tech Research News.
2509:"Medical Research Highlights"
2380:10.1016/j.talanta.2005.09.045
2330:10.1016/j.talanta.2005.06.039
1980:10.1126/science.283.5407.1513
1919:Advanced Functional Materials
1759:Advanced Functional Materials
1650:10.1016/S0167-7799(00)01477-3
1420:. Austin: Landes Bioscience.
1205:Annual Review of Neuroscience
1017:List of nanotechnology topics
231:Scanning tunneling microscope
2883:IEEE Communications Magazine
2849:10.1016/j.nancom.2018.07.001
2786:Nanosensors for Smart Cities
2176:10.1126/science.287.5453.622
1363:10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.09.022
1350:Arabian Journal of Chemistry
1244:Journal of Molecular Biology
208:Semiconductor scale examples
2836:Nano Communication Networks
1383:Materials Research Bulletin
371:sensitivity and specificity
241:Super resolution microscopy
183:Molecular scale electronics
3458:
3386:Technology readiness level
3322:Technological unemployment
2055:10.1016/j.tifs.2014.09.007
905:volatile organic compounds
3404:
3369:Technological singularity
3329:Technological convergence
2895:10.1109/MCOM.2015.7060516
2634:British Journal of Cancer
1743:10.1016/j.snb.2016.06.081
1256:10.1016/j.jmb.2017.03.003
1022:Surface plasmon resonance
964:these include developing
567:site-directed mutagenesis
495:surface plasmon resonance
3064:Microgravity bioprinting
1081:Journal of Nanomaterials
810:Food and the environment
547:field-effect transistors
255:Molecular nanotechnology
155:Self-assembled monolayer
3334:Technological evolution
3307:Exploratory engineering
3235:Whole genome sequencing
1638:Trends in Biotechnology
1416:Freitas Jr. RA (1999).
1287:Langer, Robert (2010).
958:internet of nano things
707:atomic force microscopy
557:, magnetoelectronic or
514:Mechanisms of operation
356:molecular self-assembly
226:Atomic force microscopy
160:Supramolecular assembly
146:Molecular self-assembly
27:Extremely small sensors
3344:Technology forecasting
3339:Technological paradigm
3312:Proactionary principle
3196:Robot-assisted surgery
2736:10.1038/nnano.2010.114
2646:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605810
2030:(accessed Dec 3, 2018)
1932:10.1002/adfm.202302808
1771:10.1002/adfm.200500517
1504:(accessed Dec 6, 2018)
773:
510:
3270:Disruptive innovation
3179:Regenerative medicine
3174:Personalized medicine
3036:Emerging technologies
2716:Nature Nanotechnology
839:Raman scattered light
771:
759:vibrational frequency
508:
309:Technology portal
279:Molecular engineering
3317:Technological change
3260:Collingridge dilemma
1127:10.3390/nano10030480
921:molecular imprinting
777:Defense and military
188:Molecular logic gate
99:Green nanotechnology
3374:Technology scouting
3349:Accelerating change
3118:Genetic engineering
2728:2010NatNa...5..597C
2552:2015NatSR...514768Y
2427:2013Senso..1313928L
2421:(10): 13928–13948.
2246:2009JPCA..113.9450W
2168:2000Sci...287..622K
2125:10.1038/nature01777
2117:2003Natur.424..171M
1972:1999Sci...283.1513P
1966:(5407): 1513–1516.
1698:2014NanoL..14.3587Y
1598:2003Ana...128..309A
1305:2010NanoL..10.3223S
1094:10.1155/2012/180976
793:for application in
543:conductive polymers
264:Molecular assembler
236:Electron microscope
3391:Technology roadmap
3211:Synthetic genomics
3201:Relational biology
3189:Tissue engineering
3113:Generative biology
2998:2018-04-12 at the
2540:Scientific Reports
2436:10.3390/s131013928
1872:10.1039/C2AY26307F
1551:10.1042/BST0330287
1500:Chemical Sensors.
1046:Foster LE (2006).
954:body area networks
854:gold nanoparticles
774:
757:and measuring the
625:Production methods
511:
483:electric potential
297:Science portal
165:DNA nanotechnology
3424:
3423:
3243:
3242:
3206:Synthetic biology
3184:Stem-cell therapy
3167:engineered uterus
3081:Artificial organs
2939:10.1021/cr400636x
2933:(16): 8344–8378.
2803:978-0-12-819870-4
2560:10.1038/srep14768
2489:Missing or empty
2291:10.1021/ja910155b
2285:(17): 6099–6107.
2279:J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2254:10.1021/jp905202x
2240:(34): 9450–9457.
2162:(5453): 622–625.
2111:(6945): 171–174.
1818:10.1021/nn406571t
1707:10.1021/nl5012504
1482:978-0-12-813351-4
1313:10.1021/nl102184c
1004:Technology portal
697:Bottom-up methods
683:hydrogen fluoride
675:hydrofluoric acid
603:chemical reaction
345:
344:
16:(Redirected from
3449:
3412:
3411:
3359:Horizon scanning
3275:Ephemeralization
3103:Brain transplant
3047:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3006:
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2958:
2927:Chemical Reviews
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2233:J. Phys. Chem. A
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1812:(2): 1121–1129.
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1765:(9): 1166–1170.
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1692:(6): 3587–3593.
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1606:10.1039/b302174m
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1000:
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987:
986:
882:cadmium selenide
734:capillary forces
691:capillary action
665:Chemical etching
634:Top-down methods
539:carbon nanotubes
491:chemiluminescent
337:
330:
323:
307:
306:
295:
294:
274:Mechanosynthesis
132:Carbon nanotubes
30:
21:
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3228:Oncolytic virus
3130:Head transplant
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3000:Wayback Machine
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2515:. 14 March 2018
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2075:. 12 March 2018
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2016:
2007:
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1995:
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1858:mobile phone".
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1002:
995:
988:
981:
978:
874:
812:
779:
755:carbon nanotube
747:
730:Current density
719:
699:
677:and an organic
667:
658:
641:
636:
627:
535:charge carriers
516:
463:electrochemical
380:nanoelectronics
364:
362:Characteristics
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193:Nanolithography
174:Nanoelectronics
62:Popular culture
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3140:Life extension
3137:
3135:Isolated brain
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3098:Biofabrication
3095:
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3086:Organ printing
3078:
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3059:3D bioprinting
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2966:External links
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2873:
2822:
2802:
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2722:(8): 597–601.
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2374:(2): 288–301.
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1014:
1012:Nanotechnology
1008:
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993:
990:Science portal
977:
974:
949:Optical signal
913:peptide-coated
873:
870:
835:supramolecular
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808:
784:potentiometers
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775:
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43:Nanotechnology
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3396:Transhumanism
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2073:sensigent.com
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1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:Poncharal P;
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671:Turner method
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656:Fiber pulling
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624:
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579:
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573:
572:intracellular
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536:
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523:
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468:
467:piezoelectric
464:
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436:gravitational
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425:
424:concentration
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367:Nanomaterials
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324:
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247:
246:Nanotribology
244:
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227:
224:
223:
222:
221:
218:
217:Nanometrology
214:
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184:
181:
180:
179:
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137:Nanoparticles
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118:Nanomaterials
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57:Organizations
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53:
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49:
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32:
31:
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3442:Nanomedicine
3413:
3300:Robot ethics
3156:
3152:Nanomedicine
3123:Gene therapy
2930:
2926:
2919:
2889:(3): 32–40.
2886:
2882:
2876:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2815:, retrieved
2785:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2694:. Retrieved
2692:. 2020-04-02
2689:
2680:
2637:
2633:
2607:
2594:
2546:(1): 14768.
2543:
2539:
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2512:
2503:
2491:|title=
2482:cite journal
2473:
2469:
2463:
2418:
2414:
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2149:
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2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2072:
2063:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2022:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1866:(1): 54–58.
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1464:
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1243:
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1204:
1198:
1187:. Retrieved
1182:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1049:
970:
966:nanomachines
962:
944:Nanonetworks
942:
938:
918:
909:peroxidation
902:
898:
894:
885:quantum dots
879:
875:
866:
850:quantum dots
847:
820:food samples
817:
813:
804:
791:quantum dots
788:
780:
763:
748:
745:Applications
728:
724:
720:
700:
668:
659:
642:
628:
595:colorimetric
592:
576:
563:
524:
517:
499:fluorescence
479:conductivity
456:
428:displacement
416:
409:
404:multiplexing
388:
384:
365:
347:
346:
269:Nanorobotics
89:Nanomedicine
80:applications
3364:Moore's law
3295:Neuroethics
3290:Cyberethics
3223:Virotherapy
3157:Nanosensors
2859:2117/121894
1737:: 888–902.
1586:The Analyst
841:as well as
639:Lithography
619:contaminant
611:Dräger Tube
452:temperature
348:Nanosensors
198:Moore's law
18:Nanosensors
3431:Categories
3255:Automation
3051:Biomedical
2817:2020-05-05
2696:2020-05-05
1488:2020-05-05
1211:: 567–94.
1189:2017-06-22
1120:(3): 480.
1028:References
933:E7 protein
929:polyphenol
890:lanthanide
872:Healthcare
830:ionization
559:spintronic
531:scattering
527:resistance
520:transduced
487:transduced
440:electrical
127:Fullerenes
109:Regulation
3285:Bioethics
3218:Tricorder
2955:206899716
2903:1558-1896
2868:1878-7789
2842:: 45–62.
2812:214117684
2744:1748-3395
2654:0007-0920
2568:2045-2322
2388:0039-9140
2338:0039-9140
1941:260666252
1880:1759-9660
1826:1936-0851
1779:1616-301X
1686:Nano Lett
1658:0167-7799
1559:0300-5127
1403:0025-5408
1356:: 48–61.
1293:Nano Lett
1136:2079-4991
825:nanotubes
800:biometric
679:overlayer
601:causes a
585:. As the
551:plasmonic
493:sensors,
399:thin-film
395:nanotubes
391:nanowires
3076:Ampakine
2996:Archived
2947:26244372
2762:20581835
2672:20648015
2586:26440504
2476:: 59–70.
2455:24132229
2396:18970568
2346:18970187
2299:20387841
2262:19645430
2184:10649989
2133:12853951
1988:10066169
1888:98751207
1844:24437470
1806:ACS Nano
1787:94134700
1716:24844116
1666:10942963
1614:12741632
1567:15667328
1331:20726522
1274:28285124
1154:32155993
976:See also
711:en masse
687:cladding
587:hydrogel
578:Photonic
448:pressure
446:forces,
444:magnetic
432:velocity
35:a series
33:Part of
2911:1904209
2753:3064708
2724:Bibcode
2663:2939793
2602:. 2016.
2577:4593999
2548:Bibcode
2519:17 July
2446:3859100
2423:Bibcode
2415:Sensors
2368:Talanta
2318:Talanta
2242:Bibcode
2164:Bibcode
2156:Science
2141:4431542
2113:Bibcode
2079:17 July
1968:Bibcode
1960:Science
1956:Wang ZL
1835:3949663
1694:Bibcode
1594:Bibcode
1322:2935937
1301:Bibcode
1265:5399307
1225:9056725
1145:7153587
1087:: 1–2.
956:(BAN),
738:ethanol
599:analyte
412:fouling
104:Hazards
67:Outline
52:History
3280:Ethics
3248:Topics
3043:Fields
2953:
2945:
2909:
2901:
2866:
2810:
2800:
2760:
2750:
2742:
2670:
2660:
2652:
2615:. 2017
2584:
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2394:
2386:
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2105:Nature
1986:
1939:
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1223:
1185:. 2009
1152:
1142:
1134:
1058:
481:, and
475:charge
442:, and
420:volume
354:, and
76:Impact
2951:S2CID
2907:S2CID
2808:S2CID
2137:S2CID
1937:S2CID
1884:S2CID
1783:S2CID
703:atoms
649:micro
469:, or
450:, or
3415:List
3091:Womb
2943:PMID
2899:ISSN
2864:ISSN
2798:ISBN
2758:PMID
2740:ISSN
2668:PMID
2650:ISSN
2582:PMID
2564:ISSN
2521:2023
2495:help
2451:PMID
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2295:PMID
2258:PMID
2210:ISBN
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2129:PMID
2081:2023
1984:PMID
1876:ISSN
1840:PMID
1822:ISSN
1775:ISSN
1712:PMID
1662:PMID
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