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the Greek word epiphania, which means "manifestation." New Year's Eve or Day is often celebrated in the United
Methodist tradition with a Covenant Renewal Service. In addition to acts and services of worship for the Christmas Season on the following pages, see The Great Thanksgivings and the scripture readings for the Christmas Season in the lectionary.... Signs of the season include a Chrismon tree, a nativity scene (include the magi on the Day of Epiphany), a Christmas star, angels, poinsettias, and roses.
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1282:(PETA) claimed in 2014 that animals in living displays lacked proper care and suffered abuse. In the United States, nativity scenes on public lands and in public buildings have provoked court challenges, and the prankish theft of ceramic or plastic nativity figurines from outdoor displays has become commonplace.
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Every year in
Lanciano, Abruzzo (Italy), a nativity scene exhibition (called in Italian "Riscopriamo il presepe") takes place at Auditorium Diocleziano, usually until 6 January. An average of one hundred nativity scenes are shown, coming from every region of Italy. There are also many nativity scenes
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Distinctive nativity scenes and traditions have been created around the world, and are displayed during the
Christmas season in churches, homes, shopping malls, and other venues, and occasionally on public lands and in public buildings. Nativity scenes have not escaped controversy, and in the United
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Christmas is a season of praise and thanksgiving for the incarnation of God in Jesus Christ, which begins with
Christmas Eve (December 24 after sundown) or Day and continues through the Day of Epiphany. The name Christmas comes from the season's first service, the Christ Mass. Epiphany comes from
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presepio. The presepio was handcrafted between 1700 and 1830, and re-creates the nativity within a panorama of 18th-century
Italian village life. More than 100 human and angelic figures, along with animals, accessories, and architectural elements, cover 250 square feet and create a depiction of the
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During the
Christmas time, locals and visitors visit places around their towns and suburbs to view the outdoor and indoor displays. All over the towns, the places are lit with colorful and modern spectacular lighting displays. The displays of nativity scenes with Aussie featured native animals like
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In later centuries the
Nativity scenes became beautiful works of art in wooden sculptures and ceramic figures. The most remarkable ones were created in southern Italy, especially in Naples, Calabria, and Sicily, Today, in most Christian homes the Presepio, Creche, or Nativity Scene is in a special
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For
Moravian Christians, the nativity scene serves to celebrate "the story of the wonder of Christ’s birth so that the Son of God can be welcomed into the hearts of the home at the Christmas." By the end of the 19th century nativity scenes became widely popular in many Christian denominations, and
850:
The
Neapolitan crib art has remained unchanged for centuries, becoming part of the most consolidated and followed Christmas traditions of the city. Famous in Naples, in fact, is the well-known via dei presepi (via San Gregorio Armeno) which offers a showcase of all the local crafts concerning the
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He was responsible for staging the first living
Nativity scene or creche, in Christian history; and he was also Christianity's first stigmatic. He shares the honor of being patron saint of Italy with Saint Catherine of Siena. His feast day is celbrated on October 4, the day of his death; many
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The issue of cost arose, and paper-cut crèches, "the crèche of the poor", became one major expression, as well as wood-carved ones, some of them complex and detailed. Many major Czech artists, sculptors and illustrators have as a significant part of their legacy the crèches that they created.
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In Melbourne, a traditional and authentic nativity Scene is on display at St. Elizabeth's Parish, Dandenong North. This annual Australian Nativity Scene creator and artist Wilson Fernandez has been building and creating the traditional nativity scenes since 2003 at St. Elizabeth's Parish.
534:) are extremely popular. They may be elaborate affairs, featuring not only the classic nativity scene but also a mock rural 19th-century village, complete with artisans in traditional costumes working at their trades. These attract many visitors and have been televised on
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place of honor reserved for it beneath the Christmas tree. In both Italy and in Italian parishes...the Nativity Scenes is placed, significantly, right in front of the main altar of the church, and Christmas trees adorn the spaces behind or on the side of the altar.
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Static nativity scenes depict Jesus, Mary, Joseph, farm animals, and sometimes other characters. While most home nativity scenes are packed away at Christmas or shortly thereafter, nativity scenes in churches usually remain on display until the feast of the
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of the time, vendors with their banks and miniatures of cheese, bread, sheep, pigs, ducks or geese, and typical figures of the time like Roma fortune tellers predicting the future, people playing cards, housewives doing shopping, dogs, cats and chickens.
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Tomáš Krýza (1838–1918) built in a period of over 60 years a nativity scene covering 60 m (length 17 m, size and height 2 m) which contains 1,398 figures of humans and animals, of which 133 are moveable. It is on display in southern Bohemian town
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has over 200 members, with a major conference every two years. FotC maintains a list of permanent exhibits of nativity scenes in the United States and a list of permanent exhibits of nativity scenes in other parts of the world.
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ruled, that a crèche placed on the grand staircase of the Allegheny County Courthouse in Pittsburgh, PA violated the Establishment Clause, because the "principal or primary effect" of the display was to advance religion.
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353:, which is "built to tell the Good News of the coming of the Christ Child" and "is the Gospel in miniature from Isaiah’s prophecy and Mary’s annunciation to the visit of the wisemen and the flight into Egypt."
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1935:
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666:, Manitoba, Canada. The production includes a reconstruction of the ancient town of Bethlehem and seven individual vignettes. There is also an annual, highly publicized nativity scene at the
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that nativity scenes on public lands were unconstitutional unless they also displayed non-religious symbols. This principle was further clarified in 1989, when Pittsburgh attorney
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Australian Nativity Scene (ANS) gained popularity and recognition over the years and in December 2016, the Australian Channel 7 captured the news of this famous creativity.
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1044:, Pennsylvania. The Pittsburgh Creche is the world's only authorized replica of the Vatican's Christmas crèche, on display in St. Peter's Square in Rome. Pittsburgh's
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240:. Francis' 1223 living nativity scene is commemorated on the calendars of the Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican liturgical calendars, and its creation is described by
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1110:, World association of Friends of Cribs was founded in 1952, counting today 20 national associations dedicated to this subject. The Central office is in Austria.
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and a twenty-foot blue spruce decorated with a host of 18th-century angels. The nativity figures are placed at the tree's base. The crèche was the gift of
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1306:. It depicts a person defecating. In 2005, the Barcelona city council provoked a public outcry by commissioning a nativity scene which did not include a
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sculpted cribs, often exported from Italy, were set up in many Christian churches and homes. These elaborate scenes reached their artistic apogee in the
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702:(literally "Bethlehems"), crèches. The tradition of home nativity scenes is often traced to the 1782 ban of church and institutional crèches by emperor
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935:). They were introduced by the Spanish since the 16th century. They are an iconic and ubiquitous Christmas symbol in the Philippines, on par with the
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Perhaps the best known nativity scene in America is the Neapolitan Baroque Crèche displayed annually in the Medieval Sculpture Hall of the
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The ox, the ass, and the infant Jesus in one of the earliest depictions of the nativity, (Ancient Roman Christian sarcophagus, 4th century)
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The nativity scene may not accurately reflect gospel events. With no basis in the gospels, for example, the shepherds, the Magi, and the
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on Australian Nativity Scene on 24 December 2022. On 2 December 2023, Australian Nativity Scene marked its 20 years—a great moment for
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Christmas is celebrated by Australians in a number of ways. In Australia, it is summer season and is very hot during Christmas time.
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Francis Weiser (1952) says that the first known depiction of the nativity scene, found in the catacombs of Rome, dates from AD 380.
811:) have around 200 figures and houses, the tradition dates from since 1972; every year new ones are baked and after holidays eaten.
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The tradition of the nativity scene comes from Italy. One of the earliest representation in art of the nativity was found in the
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made by local kindergarten, primary, secondary and high school. The event is organised by Associazione Amici di Lancianovecchia
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in Pittsburgh annually display Neapolitan Baroque nativity scenes which both originated from the collection of Eugenio Catello.
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Foundation in 1956. Both this presepio and the one displayed in Pittsburgh originated from the collection of Eugenio Catello.
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celebrated the Vigil Mass on the first Sunday of Advent (Saturday 2 December). Here is an article to mark the celebration -
473:. Neapolitan nativity scenes do not represent Palestine at the time of Jesus but the life of the Naples of 1700, during the
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Nativity scenes are permitted on public lands in the United States as long as equal time is given to non-religious symbols.
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but not a nativity scene. Because of the lawsuit, the decision was made to permit a nativity scene to be displayed in the
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706:, officially responding to public disturbances and the resulting "loss of dignity" of such displays. As this followed the
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typically appear in nativity scenes. Besides the necessity of animals for an operating manger, this is an allusion to the
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The first seasonal nativity scene, which seems to have been a dramatic rather than sculptural rendition, is attributed to
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in Basilicata hosted the world's largest living nativity scene of the time, which was performed in the historic center,
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churches, including the Anglican, Lutheran, and Episcopal churches, commemorate this with the blessing of the animals.
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578:: "the ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master's crib; but Israel doth not know, my people doth not consider" (
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1865:"Met Museum Celebrates Christmas andHanukkah at Main Building and Cloisters | the Metropolitan Museum of Art"
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Archbishop of Melbourne celebrated the Vigil Mass and blessed the nativity scene on Saturday, 14 December 2013.
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proclaimed the previous year, it reduced State support of the Catholic church in this multi-confessional land.
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period. Families competed with each other to produce the most elegant and elaborate scenes and so, next to the
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639:, the Catholic, commercial-free, 24/7, HD family entertainment channel, reached out to the world with a
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Other characters from the nativity story, such as shepherds, sheep, and angels may be displayed near the
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States of America their inclusion on public lands or in public buildings has provoked court challenges.
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137:. While the term "nativity scene" may be used of any representation of the very common subject of the
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Bethlehem Live is an all-volunteer living nativity produced by Gateway Christian Community Church in
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in New York City annually displays a Neapolitan Baroque nativity scene before a 20 feet (6.1 m)
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displays a notable collection of nativity scenes from the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries.
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may be displayed together at the manger. The art form can be traced back to eighteenth-century
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Nativity scenes have been involved in controversies and lawsuits surrounding the principle of
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celebrities provoked outrage in 2004, and, in Spain, a city council forbade the exhibition of
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Saint Francis' manger scene is said to have been enacted at Christmas 1223 in a cave near the
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3040:"PETA mistakenly targets nativity scene – US news – Weird news – Animal weirdness – NBC News"
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and the shepherds, were placed ladies and gentlemen of the nobility, representatives of the
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862:) in which historical pieces or entire scenes set during the birth of Jesus are exhibited.
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2372:"Christmas in our isles, a long enduring feast (First published 1978, TV Times magazine)"
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Museums dedicated specifically to paper nativity scenes exist in Pečky (Czech Republic).
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in November through Epiphany in January, the Pittsburgh Crèche is on display in downtown
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3143:. An article portraying how pagan elements have become part of this Christian art form.
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Nativity Scene at St. Elizabeth's, Dandenong North. Creator and Artist Wilson Fernandez
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943:) which are often incorporated into the scene as the source of illumination. Both the
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Gingerbread nativity scenes and cribs in the church of St. Matthew in Šárka (Prague 6
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Marie Fischerová-Kvěchová (1892–1984), illustrator of a large number of children books
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Different traditions of nativity scenes emerged in different countries. Hand-painted
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172:. Several cultures add other characters and objects that may or may not be Biblical.
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Discover the Christmas Cribs and Santons of Provence on Notreprovence.fr (English)
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has over 400 examples dated from the 18th until early 20th century, including the
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for several decades as part of the large outdoor Christmas displays sponsored by
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Filipino American Faith in Action: Immigration, Religion, and Civic Engagement
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2997:"Roslyn Litman, Antitrust Lawyer and Civil Liberties Advocate, Dies at 88"
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2319:"Presepe napoletano, la storia. Quali sono i personaggi e che significano"
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1932:"Most people in a nativity scene: Welton Baptist Church sets world record"
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Curious Customs: The Stories Behind More Than 300 Popular American Rituals
971:), government buildings, commercial establishments, and in public spaces.
793:. It figures as the largest mechanical nativity scene in the world in the
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20 December 2013 at Wikiwix. CitiesItaly.com. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
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nativity as seen through the eyes of Neapolitan artisans and collectors.
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which would allow school districts in Texas to display nativity scenes.
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Just Say Noel: A History of Christmas from the Nativity to the Nineties
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Close up of Outdoor Christmas Crib in Siolim, Goa, India December 2023
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region where an additional figure is added to the nativity scene: the
963:. Most churches in the Philippines also transform their altars into a
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many versions in various sizes and made of various materials, such as
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in Rome around 1290. The surviving portion includes figures for the
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Moreover, there are numerous city and non-city museums (such as the
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The following people are known for creating Czech paper crèches:
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Crib family with shepherds at the crib exhibition in Bamberg 2015
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2475:"Christmas Belen tradition brings Baby Jesus to Vancouver homes"
2210:. New Hartford, New York: New Hartford Central School District.
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2577:"'Belenismo' continues tradition of bringing hope, inspiration"
2551:"The Philippines Has the Longest Christmas Season in the World"
168:, are also included. Many also include a representation of the
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at Christmas. They are also found in schools (which also hold
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Icons of the Middle Ages: Rulers, Writers, Rebels, and Saints
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Living nativity at St. Wojciech Church, Wyszków, Poland, 2006
653:‘Back in time’: Australian Nativity Scene celebrates 20 years
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2005:
The Eucharist in Romanesque France: iconography and theology
1892:"Christmas creches help Catholics enter into Nativity story"
386:, were marketed, often with a backdrop setting of a stable.
2732:"Living nativity scene in Radio City Christmas Spectacular"
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when it permitted a public display of a holiday tree and a
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462:
157:
102:
79:
1021:
A life-size nativity scene has been displayed annually at
759:(1885–1939), illustrator, theatre decorator and playwright
321:
The scene's popularity inspired much imitation throughout
105:
82:
2205:"Edict of Toleration (2 January 1782): Emperor Joseph II"
1373:
Christmas crib inside the Saint Peter's Basilica, Vatican
2919:"BBC News – A traditional Nativity scene, Catalan-style"
1265:, as long as other symbols of the season were included.
690:, and the cultures represented in its predecessors i.e.
566:
Christmas crib parish Church St. James in Ebing, Germany
1958:
Holy Dogs and Asses: Animals in the Christian Tradition
1503:
Christmas crib and tree display in House Mumbai, India.
1139:
A static outdoor nativity scene in the United States, (
520:, which also contains a mock rural 19th-century village
3158:
The International Association of Friends of the Creche
1165:. A life-sized scene in the United Kingdom featuring
129:) is the special exhibition, particularly during the
96:
73:
1838:"The Star of Bethlehem Is Moravian Church Tradition"
1491:
Christmas crib outside a Catholic church Goa, India
1349:
Christmas crib on the Saint Peter's square, Vatican
1063:
In 2005, President of the United States of America,
99:
76:
5824:
5749:
5714:
5657:
5558:
5540:
5519:
5498:
5482:
5433:
5362:
5290:
5254:
5227:
5154:
5147:
5119:
5103:
5069:
5041:
5008:
5001:
4876:
4845:
4792:
4766:
4745:
4624:
4569:
4556:
4354:
4249:
4160:
3991:
3713:
3634:
3545:
3422:
3276:
497:Peruvian crucifix with nativity scene at its base,
1014:in 1964, and the choir screen was the gift of The
445:Outdoor nativity scene of life-sized figurines in
5705:Quatre petites prières de saint François d'Assise
3130:. Also links to bibliographies in other languages
3016:"Nonbelievers' sign at Capitol counters Nativity"
2120:"Business-Class Web Hosting by (mt) Media Temple"
750:(1852–1913), painter famed for his murals of the
1831:
1829:
1689:Catholic Customs and Traditions: A Popular Guide
1200:, the nativity scene was not displayed in 1973.
183:. Francis had been inspired by his visit to the
2676:"Pittsburgh Créche – Pittsburgh Nativity Scene"
2313:
2311:
1802:
1800:
1475:Nativity display at the St. Xavier's Church of
1031:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
175:The first living nativity scene, attributed to
5567:Nativity with Saint Francis and Saint Lawrence
1651:
1649:
982:in a festival known as "Belenismo sa Tarlac".
349:, nativity scenes have been the center of the
306:, a leading sculptor of the day, was made for
5411:
4979:
3188:
2951:. University of Illinois Press. 1990. p. 165.
2396:Ferrolino, Mark Louis F. (15 December 2017).
1916:"Neapolitan Crib: The crib and 1700s Naples."
1307:
1301:
407:, the wooden figurines are handcut. Colorful
160:are typically depicted in the scene, and the
8:
2104:. CBC News. 12 December 2010. Archived from
1598:Rome in the Eighth Century: A History in Art
1586:. Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 30 (1946), p. 251.
16:Representation of the birth of Christianity
1934:. worldrecordacademy.com. 4 December 2011.
1280:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
530:In southern Italy, living nativity scenes (
179:, occurred in 1223 in the Italian town of
5418:
5404:
5396:
5151:
5005:
4986:
4972:
4964:
4566:
3195:
3181:
3173:
3080:"Els pessebres més polèmics de Sant Jaume"
2151:. Bridge Publishing House. December 2010.
1544:
1542:
1329:The Chapel of the First Live Nativity, in
626:To mark this special event, Most Reverend
2889:"Celebrity wax Nativity scene vandalized"
1207:A nativity scene inside an American home.
1087:in the last decades of the 20th century.
1002:in New York City. Its backdrop is a 1763
318:, and the ox and ass from the neck up.
5832:List of places named after Saint Francis
2964:. The Westminster Press, 1983 pp. 51–52.
2602:Concepcion, Pocholo (15 November 2017).
2424:"'Belen most important Christmas decor'"
1337:presented the first live nativity scene.
677:
38:
20:
1836:Hillinger, Charles (25 December 1985).
1538:
1319:
1196:. After the matter was resolved by the
619:kangaroos and koalas are also evident.
3124:A selected English bibliography – 2013
2796:"Universalis Foederatio Praesepistica"
2629:Dayrit, Christine (16 December 2018).
1960:. University of Illinois Press, 2008.
1683:
1681:
302:A substantial set of stone figures by
5527:Feast of Saints Francis and Catherine
4525:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
3156:Universalis Foederatio Praesepistica
3050:from the original on 26 December 2014
2929:from the original on 24 December 2010
2899:from the original on 28 December 2014
2802:from the original on 2 December 2013.
2686:from the original on 26 December 2014
2422:Macairan, Evelyn (19 December 2010).
2296:from the original on 1 September 2021
2146:"From Nutshells to Life‑size Statues"
2052:from the original on 23 December 2015
1871:from the original on 21 December 2016
1556:. The United Methodist Church. 2013.
1397:Nativity scene in Buenos Aires (1924)
1296:There is a regional tradition in the
978:holds an annual competition of giant
682:Part of the Krýza's crèche – a castle
647:in Dandenong. To mark this occasion,
7:
5623:Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata
5599:Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata
3168:The Living Nativity by Larry Peacock
3090:from the original on 9 December 2019
2820:from the original on 2 December 2013
2243:from the original on 2 December 2013
2217:from the original on 3 December 2013
2185:from the original on 3 December 2013
2158:from the original on 2 December 2013
2042:"Australian Nativity Scene Homepage"
2022:from the original on 7 November 2021
1991:from the original on 21 August 2010.
1890:Burke, Jennifer (30 November 2021).
1725:from the original on 7 November 2021
1554:General Board of Discipleship (GBOD)
1463:Abstract nativity display in a home.
1171:a traditional toilet humor character
1108:Universalis Foederatio Praesepistica
1102:Associations and notable collections
3134:The Mermaid in Mexican Folk Creches
2949:Religion and the Life of the Nation
2742:from the original on 10 March 2017.
2526:The World Encyclopedia of Christmas
2503:. Infobase Publishing. p. 33.
2370:Bondoc, Joshua (22 December 2021).
1984:John Gill's Exposition of the Bible
1746:"The Life of St. Francis of Assisi"
1702:Vitality of the Christian Tradition
1560:from the original on 6 January 2015
927:of the nativity scene are known as
765:(1887–1957), known for his work in
730:Probošt's mechanical Christmas crib
720:Probošt's mechanical Christmas crib
269:at the Assisi Lower Church, and by
164:and their camels, described in the
5639:Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy
5591:Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy
2764:from the original on 9 March 2017.
2575:Moaje, Marita (15 November 2021).
2046:Australian Nativity Scene Homepage
1550:"Introduction to Christmas Season"
1385:Nativity scene in Buchach, Ukraine
1162:
1075:displayed an 18th-century Italian
939:(Christmas lanterns depicting the
919:, miniature, full-scale, or giant
698:, have a long tradition regarding
133:, of art objects representing the
43:Detail of an elaborate Neapolitan
14:
5666:All Creatures of Our God and King
2549:Llamas, Cora (20 December 2021).
2177:Velinger, Jan (7 December 2005).
2082:from the original on 4 March 2016
1938:from the original on 4 March 2016
1756:from the original on 14 June 2014
1231:argued, and the Supreme Court in
1192:did not want a nativity scene at
724:The Museum of Nativity Scenes in
5889:
5473:
5094:
4946:
4945:
4401:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
4296:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
3110:
3086:(in Catalan). 26 November 2018.
2631:"Belenismo: A spectacle of hope"
1691:Twenty-Third Publications, 2000.
1508:
1496:
1484:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1417:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1322:
1113:In the United States and Canada
1058:Radio City Christmas Spectacular
994:White House nativity scene, 2008
92:
69:
2995:Roberts, Sam (8 October 2016).
2349:associazionepresepialemaiori.it
2345:"Storia del presepe napoletano"
1333:Italy, is believed to be where
1069:First Lady of the United States
246:Life of Saint Francis of Assisi
4381:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
4310:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
3693:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
3472:Legend of the Christmas Spider
3147:links to national associations
2448:Gonzalez, Joaquin Jay (2009).
2325:(in Italian). 26 December 2019
2008:. Boydell Press. p. 107.
1629:. BBS Publishing Corporation.
1198:United States Court of Appeals
1190:American Civil Liberties Union
796:Guinness Book of World Records
668:St. Patrick's Basilica, Ottawa
189:Jesus's traditional birthplace
51:In the Christian tradition, a
1:
5877:Pranchiyettan & the Saint
5549:Little Flowers of St. Francis
5242:Annunciation to the shepherds
4332:Christmas television specials
4231:The New Oxford Book of Carols
3318:Annunciation to the shepherds
2840:"Riscopriamo il presepe 2014"
2583:. Republic of the Philippines
1596:Osborne, John (31 May 2020).
1477:St. Xavier's College, Kolkata
498:
293:
261:in the Central Italy town of
248:
5463:Third Order of Saint Francis
4386:Christmas and holiday season
2977:. Simon and Schuster, 1995.
2962:Christmas in the White House
2528:. McClelland & Stewart.
2292:. Jindřichův Hradec Museum.
2072:"Kairos, Volume 25 Issue 23"
1704:. Ayer Co. Publishing, 1944.
1656:Matheson, Lister M. (2012).
1625:Tuleja, Thaddeus F. (1999).
1173:in a public nativity scene.
876:Christmas in the Philippines
649:Archbishop Peter A Comensoli
5575:Saint Francis in Meditation
2610:. Philippine Daily Inquirer
2604:"Bringing back the 'belen'"
2499:Dice, Elizabeth A. (2009).
2398:"A Christmas like no other"
1808:"The Putz and Illumination"
1234:County of Allegheny v. ACLU
1225:ACLU v. Scarsdale, New York
1221:United States Supreme Court
931:(from the Spanish name for
896:set up in the altar of the
839:is a representation of the
538:. In 2010, the old city of
5968:
5766:The Flowers of St. Francis
5471:
3298:Adoration of the Shepherds
2664:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1775:Orsini, Joseph E. (2000).
1602:Cambridge University Press
1289:
1272:signed into Texas law the
1241:In 2006, a lawsuit by the
1092:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1036:Each holiday season, from
1000:Metropolitan Museum of Art
873:
781:
717:
550:Animals in nativity scenes
523:
422:Metropolitan Museum of Art
420:In the United States, the
345:. In the tradition of the
187:, where he had been shown
5886:
5870:The Sermon of St. Francis
5092:
4941:
4542:WWE Tribute to the Troops
4303:A Visit from St. Nicholas
4224:The Oxford Book of Carols
3800:Feast of the Seven Fishes
3363:Massacre of the Innocents
3212:
2452:. NYU Press. p. 18.
2002:Saxon, Elizabeth (2006).
1660:. ABC-CLIO. p. 324.
1584:The Origins of the Creche
1094:in New York City and the
955:in Filipino homes before
837:Neapolitan nativity scene
825:Neapolitan nativity scene
570:A donkey (or ass) and an
199:Origins and early history
5940:Nativity of Jesus in art
5859:Society of Saint Francis
5790:Brother Sun, Sister Moon
5742:(1983 Stockhausen opera)
5458:Secular Franciscan Order
5447:Custody of the Holy Land
4344:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
2868:Papirove-betlemy.sweb.cz
2706:"Carnegie Museum of Art"
2239:. LITURGIE &CETERA.
2237:"The Eighteenth Century"
1123:Bavarian National Museum
734:Třebechovice's Bethlehem
694:and the lands of former
584:Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew
382:, paper, wood, wax, and
139:Nativity of Jesus in art
5945:Animals in Christianity
5854:Prayer of Saint Francis
5731:Saint François d'Assise
5673:The Canticle of the Sun
5583:Saint Francis in Prayer
4506:Small Business Saturday
4376:Black Friday (shopping)
4371:Black Friday (partying)
3865:Nine Lessons and Carols
3795:Events and celebrations
3021:22 January 2012 at the
2814:"Friends of the Creche"
2660:4 December 2009 at the
2179:"Czech Nativity scenes"
1335:Saint Francis of Assisi
1163:not escaped controversy
1016:William Randolph Hearst
1008:Cathedral of Valladolid
860:Royal Palace of Caserta
829:Royal Palace of Caserta
726:Třebechovice pod Orebem
714:Třebechovice pod Orebem
593:Living scene in Germany
399:. In southern Germany,
238:Saint Francis of Assisi
177:Saint Francis of Assisi
5896:Catholicism portal
5647:St. Francis in Ecstasy
5631:St. Francis in Ecstasy
5380:Church of the Nativity
4150:Post-War United States
2581:Philippine News Agency
2524:Bowler, Gerry (2012).
2501:Christmas and Hanukkah
2290:"Krýza Nativity Scene"
1956:Hobgood-Oster, Laura.
1777:Italian Family Cooking
1424:Nativity scene in the
1308:
1302:
1216:
1208:
1148:
1096:Carnegie Museum of Art
1046:Carnegie Museum of Art
995:
909:
832:
777:
768:The Good Soldier Švejk
683:
612:
594:
567:
559:
521:
508:Living nativity scenes
504:
450:
437:Static nativity scenes
374:
299:
215:
208:St. Francis at Greccio
48:
36:
33:Carnegie Museum of Art
5920:Christmas decorations
5734:(1983 Messiaen opera)
5511:Nativity scene (live)
5443:Order of Friars Minor
5277:Saint Joseph's dreams
5272:Virgin birth of Jesus
5214:Adoration of the Magi
4199:Hit singles in the US
4194:Hit singles in the UK
3755:Carols by Candlelight
3683:Santa Claus' daughter
3291:Adoration of the Magi
3139:1 August 2016 at the
3128:Friends of the Creche
3119:at Wikimedia Commons
2960:Menendez, Albert J..
2947:Sherrill, Roland A..
2776:"Ask the White House"
2102:"Doing the time-warp"
1243:Alliance Defense Fund
1214:
1206:
1161:Nativity scenes have
1138:
1115:Friends of the Creche
993:
953:Christmas decorations
951:were the traditional
891:
856:museum of San Martino
847:in the 18th century.
843:traditionally set in
822:
681:
645:St Elizabeth’s Parish
610:
592:
565:
557:
515:
496:
444:
359:
283:
206:
42:
24:
5925:Christmas traditions
5642:(studio of El Greco)
5506:Sanctuary of Greccio
5453:Order of Saint Clare
4491:Santa's Candy Castle
3815:Google Santa Tracker
3046:. 25 November 2006.
2925:. 23 December 2010.
2895:. 14 December 2004.
2852:on 19 December 2014.
2781:12 July 2017 at the
2479:CanadianFilipino.net
2473:Laquian, Eleanor R.
1274:Merry Christmas bill
1027:Salt Lake City, Utah
1012:Loretta Hines Howard
670:in Ottawa, Ontario.
586:of the 7th century.
308:Santa Maria Maggiore
290:Santa Maria Maggiore
259:Sanctuary of Greccio
231:Sant'Ambrogio, Milan
5782:Francesco di Assisi
5723:Nobilissima Visione
5490:Canticle of the Sun
4496:Santa Claus Village
4411:Christmas Mountains
4317:Journey of the Magi
3323:Baptism of the Lord
3152:10 May 2023 at the
2760:. 8 November 2013.
2655:Special Exhibitions
2270:on 31 December 2014
1715:"#MyLivingNativity"
1700:Thomas, George F..
1247:state of Washington
1083:was donated to the
803:Gingerbread crèches
708:Edict of Toleration
516:Living nativity in
456:Baptism of the Lord
405:Trentino-Alto Adige
327:early modern period
323:Christian countries
5915:Catholic devotions
5838:Madonna of Foligno
5700:(Reulein oratorio)
4606:Twelve-dish supper
4456:Jews and Christmas
4406:Christmas Lectures
4135:American Civil War
3870:NORAD Tracks Santa
3246:Saint Nicholas Day
3029:. 2 December 2008.
2864:"Papírové betlémy"
2738:. 2 October 2012.
2555:Christianity Today
1814:. 19 November 2018
1409:Nativity scene in
1217:
1209:
1149:
996:
910:
833:
684:
613:
595:
568:
560:
522:
505:
451:
375:
300:
216:
156:. A donkey and an
49:
37:
5935:Francis of Assisi
5930:Culture in Naples
5902:
5901:
5814:Clare and Francis
5774:Francis of Assisi
5739:Samstag aus Licht
5427:Francis of Assisi
5393:
5392:
5325:Nativity displays
5315:Christmas village
5282:Flight into Egypt
5267:Star of Bethlehem
5250:
5249:
5156:Gospel of Matthew
5121:Gifts of the Magi
5090:
5089:
4995:Nativity of Jesus
4961:
4960:
4937:
4936:
4601:Thirteen desserts
4521:Virginia O'Hanlon
4366:Advent Conspiracy
4280:Films (Christmas,
4272:A Christmas Carol
4217:Carols for Choirs
3760:Cavalcade of Magi
3740:Boar's Head Feast
3409:Star of Bethlehem
3380:Nativity of Jesus
3368:flight into Egypt
3253:St. Stephen's Day
3115:Media related to
2674:Albrecht Powell.
2015:978-1-84383-256-0
1843:Los Angeles Times
1786:978-0-312-24225-1
1744:St. Bonaventure.
1667:978-0-313-34080-2
1636:978-1-57866-070-4
1611:978-1-108-87372-7
1145:Chicago, Illinois
1141:Christkindlmarket
941:Star of Bethlehem
851:nativity scene.
791:Jindřichův Hradec
339:Kingdom of Naples
304:Arnolfo di Cambio
286:Arnolfo di Cambio
242:Saint Bonaventure
170:Star of Bethlehem
166:Gospel of Matthew
113:), or in Italian
55:(also known as a
5957:
5894:
5893:
5684:(Suter oratorio)
5541:Literature about
5532:World Animal Day
5483:Works by Francis
5477:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5397:
5152:
5098:
5006:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4965:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4784:Redcurrant sauce
4573:
4567:
4562:
4536:Winter festivals
4286:Christmas horror
4253:
4164:
3995:
3850:Meals and feasts
3770:Christmas jumper
3717:
3688:Santa's reindeer
3640:
3586:Father Christmas
3550:
3507:Santa's workshop
3428:
3390:in later culture
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3206:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3174:
3114:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3036:
3030:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2992:
2986:
2973:Comfort, David.
2971:
2965:
2958:
2952:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2845:. Archived from
2844:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2792:
2786:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2708:. Archived from
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2671:
2665:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2266:. Archived from
2262:Osborne (2004).
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2150:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2122:. Archived from
2116:
2110:
2109:
2108:on 4 March 2011.
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1975:
1969:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1928:
1922:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1896:Catholic Courier
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1719:Upper Room Books
1711:
1705:
1698:
1692:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1593:
1587:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1546:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1421:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1326:
1311:
1305:
1183:accommodationism
1048:also displays a
912:In the majority-
752:National Theatre
503:
500:
298:
295:
253:
250:
131:Christmas season
112:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
89:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
5967:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5888:
5882:
5820:
5745:
5710:
5653:
5554:
5536:
5515:
5494:
5478:
5469:
5429:
5424:
5394:
5389:
5358:
5286:
5246:
5223:
5143:
5115:
5099:
5086:
5082:Herod the Great
5065:
5037:
4997:
4992:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4933:
4899:Pickled herring
4872:
4841:
4788:
4779:Cranberry sauce
4762:
4741:
4717:Red velvet cake
4702:Poppy seed roll
4620:
4571:
4560:
4558:
4552:
4531:White Christmas
4421:Christmas truce
4416:Christmas seals
4396:Christmas creep
4358:
4356:
4350:
4251:
4245:
4162:
4156:
3993:
3987:
3840:Lord of Misrule
3775:Christmas Peace
3725:Advent calendar
3715:
3709:
3658:Knecht Ruprecht
3638:
3636:
3630:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3430:
3426:
3418:
3343:Herod the Great
3278:
3272:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3154:Wayback Machine
3141:Wayback Machine
3117:Nativity scenes
3108:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3023:Wayback Machine
3014:
3010:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2972:
2968:
2959:
2955:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2893:Chicago Tribune
2887:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2783:Wayback Machine
2774:Walters, Gary.
2773:
2769:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2662:Wayback Machine
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2635:PhilStar Global
2628:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2428:PhilStar Global
2421:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2376:PhilStar Global
2369:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2264:"Paper Crèches"
2261:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2126:on 4 March 2016
2118:
2117:
2113:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2016:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1812:Moravian Church
1806:
1805:
1798:
1787:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1750:e-Catholic 2000
1743:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1713:
1712:
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1492:
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1428:
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1413:
1407:
1398:
1395:
1386:
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1374:
1371:
1362:
1359:
1350:
1347:
1338:
1327:
1318:
1294:
1288:
1179:
1159:
1154:
1104:
988:
959:introduced the
886:
872:
817:
805:
786:
780:
722:
716:
676:
660:
605:
600:
552:
532:presepe vivente
528:
510:
501:
439:
434:
413:are typical in
395:are popular in
347:Moravian Church
296:
251:
227:Saint Valentine
220:early Christian
201:
95:
91:
72:
68:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5965:
5964:
5961:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
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5927:
5922:
5917:
5907:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5844:Wolf of Gubbio
5841:
5834:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5810:
5802:
5794:
5786:
5778:
5770:
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5751:
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5735:
5727:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
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5685:
5677:
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5635:
5627:
5619:
5611:
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5555:
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5544:
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5538:
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5523:
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5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
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5500:
5496:
5495:
5493:
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5480:
5479:
5472:
5470:
5468:
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5465:
5455:
5450:
5439:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5415:
5408:
5400:
5391:
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5377:
5372:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5359:
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5350:
5349:
5339:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5296:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5233:
5231:
5229:Gospel of Luke
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5149:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5125:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5014:
5012:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4968:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4830:Smoking Bishop
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4564:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4518:
4513:
4511:Super Saturday
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4441:Giving Tuesday
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4391:Christmas club
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4289:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4268:
4257:
4255:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4238:Piae Cantiones
4234:
4227:
4220:
4210:
4204:Music charts (
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4168:
4166:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3673:Père Fouettard
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3639:Saint Nicholas
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3591:Grandpa Indian
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3559:Saint Nicholas
3555:
3553:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3497:Old Man Winter
3494:
3489:
3484:
3482:Miner's figure
3479:
3474:
3469:
3467:Kallikantzaros
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3397:Nativity scene
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3232:Children's Day
3228:
3221:
3218:Blue Christmas
3213:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3144:
3131:
3107:
3106:External links
3104:
3102:
3101:
3071:
3061:
3031:
3008:
3002:New York Times
2987:
2966:
2953:
2940:
2910:
2880:
2855:
2831:
2805:
2787:
2767:
2745:
2723:
2712:on 14 May 2013
2697:
2666:
2647:
2621:
2594:
2567:
2541:
2534:
2516:
2509:
2491:
2465:
2458:
2440:
2414:
2388:
2362:
2336:
2307:
2281:
2254:
2228:
2196:
2169:
2137:
2111:
2093:
2076:www.cam.org.au
2063:
2033:
2014:
1994:
1970:
1949:
1923:
1908:
1882:
1856:
1825:
1796:
1785:
1767:
1736:
1706:
1693:
1677:
1666:
1645:
1635:
1617:
1610:
1604:. p. 31.
1588:
1575:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1527:Weihnachtsberg
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1443:
1441:
1439:Christmas crib
1438:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1408:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1328:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1290:Main article:
1287:
1284:
1268:In 2013, Gov.
1178:
1175:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1103:
1100:
1067:and his wife,
1065:George W. Bush
1038:Light Up Night
987:
984:
969:nativity plays
961:Christmas tree
871:
864:
841:birth of Jesus
816:
813:
804:
801:
784:Krýza's crèche
782:Main article:
779:
778:Krýza's crèche
776:
775:
774:
771:
760:
754:
718:Main article:
715:
712:
692:Czechoslovakia
688:Czech Republic
675:
674:Czech Republic
672:
659:
656:
604:
601:
599:
596:
576:Book of Isaiah
551:
548:
509:
506:
438:
435:
433:
430:
351:Christmas putz
223:Roman catacomb
200:
197:
154:Gospel of Luke
135:birth of Jesus
53:nativity scene
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5963:
5962:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5897:
5892:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5726:(1938 ballet)
5725:
5724:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5689:Légende No. 1
5686:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5607:São Francisco
5604:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5435:Organisations
5432:
5428:
5421:
5416:
5414:
5409:
5407:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5386:
5385:Nativity Fast
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5337:Nativity play
5335:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5146:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5097:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
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5023:
5019:
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5013:
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5007:
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5000:
4996:
4989:
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4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:Meat and fish
4875:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4815:Hot chocolate
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4797:
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4785:
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4780:
4777:
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4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
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4690:
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4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
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4609:
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4579:
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4546:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4516:Ugly sweaters
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
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4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4426:Controversies
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
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4364:
4363:
4361:
4353:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4261:In literature
4259:
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4256:
4254:
4248:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4226:
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4209:
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4182:
4178:
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4159:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
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4130:United States
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
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4026:
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4019:
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4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
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3966:
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3907:
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3898:
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3885:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3860:Moravian star
3858:
3856:
3855:Midnight Mass
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
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3818:
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3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:Candle arches
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3735:Advent wreath
3733:
3731:
3730:Advent candle
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3694:
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3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3637:Companions of
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
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3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:Gift-bringers
3544:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
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3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3421:
3415:
3414:Twelfth Night
3412:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3375:Nativity Fast
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3333:Christmastide
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3308:Angel Gabriel
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3286:Biblical Magi
3284:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3239:Christmas Eve
3236:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3186:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3113:
3105:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3027:Seattle Times
3024:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2983:0-684-80057-8
2980:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2963:
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2928:
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2859:
2856:
2848:
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2835:
2832:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2788:
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2780:
2777:
2771:
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2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2609:
2608:Lifestyle.Inq
2605:
2598:
2595:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2535:9781551996073
2531:
2527:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2510:9781438119717
2506:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2459:9780814732977
2455:
2451:
2444:
2441:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2415:
2403:
2402:BusinessWorld
2399:
2392:
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2366:
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2350:
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2340:
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2320:
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2308:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2154:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1981:(1748–1763).
1980:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1966:0-252-03213-6
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1897:
1893:
1886:
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1866:
1860:
1857:
1845:
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1839:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1779:. Macmillan.
1778:
1771:
1768:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1710:
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1632:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:Berliner, R.
1579:
1576:
1572:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1524:
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1511:
1506:
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1471:
1466:
1459:
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1442:
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1427:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1393:
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1336:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1257:of the state
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1229:Roslyn Litman
1226:
1222:
1219:In 1985, the
1213:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:In 1969, the
1186:
1184:
1177:United States
1176:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1152:Controversies
1151:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:Temple Square
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
992:
986:United States
985:
983:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
915:
907:
903:
899:
898:Candon Church
895:
890:
885:
881:
877:
869:
866:Philippines (
865:
863:
861:
857:
852:
848:
846:
842:
838:
830:
826:
821:
814:
812:
810:
802:
800:
798:
797:
792:
785:
772:
770:
769:
764:
761:
758:
755:
753:
749:
746:
745:
744:
741:
737:
735:
731:
727:
721:
713:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
680:
673:
671:
669:
665:
657:
655:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:live telecast
638:
634:
631:
629:
624:
620:
616:
609:
602:
597:
591:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
564:
556:
549:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
527:
526:Nativity play
519:
514:
507:
495:
491:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:Naples, Italy
468:
464:
459:
457:
448:
443:
436:
431:
429:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
411:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:
387:
385:
381:
372:
368:
367:Cretan School
364:
363:
358:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
325:, and in the
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
291:
287:
282:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
221:
213:
209:
205:
198:
196:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:
118:
117:
110:
87:
66:
62:
58:
54:
46:
41:
35:in Pittsburgh
34:
30:
29:
23:
19:
5875:
5864:Pope Francis
5836:
5817: (2007)
5812:
5809: (2002)
5804:
5801: (1989)
5796:
5793: (1972)
5788:
5785: (1966)
5780:
5777: (1961)
5772:
5769: (1950)
5764:
5761: (1918)
5756:
5737:
5729:
5721:
5703:
5695:
5688:
5679:
5671:
5645:
5637:
5629:
5621:
5613:
5605:
5597:
5594:(Caravaggio)
5589:
5586:(Caravaggio)
5581:
5578:(Caravaggio)
5573:
5570:(Caravaggio)
5565:
5547:
5510:
5363:Remembrances
5324:
5209:Matthew 2:11
5204:Matthew 1:25
5199:Matthew 1:24
5194:Matthew 1:23
5189:Matthew 1:22
5184:Matthew 1:21
5179:Matthew 1:20
5174:Matthew 1:19
5169:Matthew 1:18
5134:Frankincense
5018:Christ Child
4889:Gefilte fish
4837:Ponche crema
4672:Melomakarono
4540:
4431:Cyber Monday
4336:
4301:
4270:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4212:Music books
4205:
4043:Nazi Germany
3935:
3931:Secret Santa
3918:
3805:Flying Santa
3512:Tió de Nadal
3462:Korvatunturi
3396:
3313:Annunciation
3279:Christianity
3260:Sol Invictus
3157:
3109:
3092:. Retrieved
3083:
3074:
3064:
3052:. Retrieved
3043:
3034:
3026:
3011:
3000:
2990:
2974:
2969:
2961:
2956:
2948:
2943:
2931:. Retrieved
2922:
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2892:
2883:
2871:. Retrieved
2867:
2858:
2847:the original
2834:
2822:. Retrieved
2808:
2790:
2770:
2757:
2748:
2735:
2726:
2714:. Retrieved
2710:the original
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2679:
2669:
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2634:
2624:
2612:. Retrieved
2607:
2597:
2585:. Retrieved
2580:
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2554:
2544:
2525:
2519:
2500:
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2478:
2468:
2449:
2443:
2431:. Retrieved
2427:
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2401:
2391:
2379:. Retrieved
2375:
2365:
2353:. Retrieved
2351:(in Italian)
2348:
2339:
2327:. Retrieved
2323:Positanonews
2322:
2300:27 September
2298:. Retrieved
2284:
2272:. Retrieved
2268:the original
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2231:
2219:. Retrieved
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2124:the original
2114:
2106:the original
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2075:
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2045:
2036:
2024:. Retrieved
2004:
1997:
1983:
1973:
1957:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1926:
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1895:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1859:
1847:. Retrieved
1841:
1816:. Retrieved
1790:
1776:
1770:
1760:28 September
1758:. Retrieved
1749:
1739:
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5618:(Zurbarán)
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1534:References
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3137:Archived
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2897:Archived
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