43:
638:
Madrid radio in which he explained what was being done. He quoted the communication from the
National Defense Council to the Nationalist Government, in which the council said it was willing to start negotiations that would ensure an honorable peace and at the same time avoid needless bloodshed. However, Franco had no interest in negotiations. On 19 March 1939 the reply was received from Franco saying that he was not prepared to receive the senior officers at Burgos and deal with them as equals. He would only accept unconditional surrender.
365:
681:, and Casado told his troops to disarm and offer no resistance to the rebels. The next day Franco's forces entered Madrid. Julián Besteiro and Rafael Sánchez Guerra were the only two members of the council who remained in the capital when rebel troops entered the city. They received the first indictment for war crimes to be tried by military tribunals. By 31 March 1939, the rebels had control of all Spanish territory.
690:
622:
Mera, overcame resistance. A counter-rebellion caused fighting in Madrid between Casado's forces and communists from 7 to 12 March. The cause was probably a well-justified fear of an anti-communist purge rather than opposition to capitulation. Cipriano Mera's forces played a crucial role in the defeat of the communists. The counter-rebellion failed at the cost of nearly 2,000 lives.
599:
334:
indispensable minimum for continuing the struggle." By contrast, the enemy had "high morale of victory ... In such conditions, the fall of Madrid is inevitable causing enormous loss of lives, which will be sacrificed in vain." Negrin agreed that the situation was extremely grave, but said "circumstances demand that we continue fighting."
350:
chief of staff
Antonio Verardini, and the CNT central zone defense committee leaders Eduardo Val and Manuel Salgado Moreira. They were told that the communists were planning a coup for 6–7 March, so had to act fast. At this meeting they decided on the names of most of the men who would form the Council of National Defense.
637:
to negotiate peace terms. The council prepared an eight-point peace proposal. They requested a political amnesty, time to be given for those who wanted to leave Spain to do so, and "respect for the lives, liberties, and careers of professional soldiers." On 18 March 1939, Besteiro gave a broadcast on
375:
Casado set up his base at 7 p.m. on Sunday, 5 March 1939 in the building of the former
Ministry of Finance. As he wrote later "This very old building lent itself to a good plan of defense in the event of a Communist uprising." He had been joined by most of his fellow conspirators by 8 p.m. Besteiro,
345:
On 2 March 1939 the
Ministry of Defense decreed a major set of changes to the military command. Miaja was moved from Commander in Chief of Land Forces to the symbolic Inspector General of Air, Sea and Land Forces. Various communists were promoted and assigned to important positions of command, while
672:
National
Defense Council to Nationalist Government: This Council , which has done everything humanly possible for the benefit of peace with the unconditional support of the people reiterates to the Government that the reaction which the offensive may produce is its main concern, and it hopes that
621:
The controversial decision of the anarchist CNT-FAI to collaborate with Casado and his political supporters in the council proved vital to the success of the coup. The anarchists gave their political support to the council, and the troops commanded by anarchists, particularly those under
Cipriano
349:
In the event it was the trigger for Casado claimed was a preemptive coup. There had however been months of preparation by Casado before that, including negotiations by Casado with supporters of Franco. On 4 March 1939 there was a meeting in Casado's residence between Casado, Cipriano Mera and his
733:
in the early morning of 30 March 1939. He moved from there to
Marseille, and then to Paris. His family had previously been exchanged, and he sailed with them to Mexico in May 1939. Franco's authorities sentenced him to 15 years of exile and the loss of his nationality. He died in Mexico in 1958.
308:. They asked him to form "a Government of Spanish significance, which doesn't have in fact and law, as the present one does, the hallmark of dependence on Russia, composed of men free of responsibility for all the disastrous and irresponsible behaviors which characterize the present Government."
663:
aerodrome on 25 March 1939, where the
Republican Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Garijo was told the pace of surrender was too slow. When the National Defense Council heard the report of this meeting they gave orders for immediate delivery of the Republican aviation. They were too late. Franco had
625:
The council abolished the five-pointed red star that had been worn by all ranks from sergeant up in the
Republican army. The stated reason was that it "has no hierarchical significance", but the real reason was its association with communism. To prevent pointless waste of life the council let
333:
Negrín returned to Spain on 10 February 1939 and met
Segismundo Casado two days later. Casado reported that with the loss of Catalonia, production of war material had dropped by 50%. There was an alarming shortage of raw materials. He said that "Under the circumstances we cannot produce the
752:
Carrillo stayed in Britain during the war, where he continued to attack Negrín, then moved to France and was a member of the executive committee of the PSOE. In his last years he lived in Belgium, where he died in 1963. Del Val and González also took refuge in England during the war.
376:
the most prominent person among them, proposed that Casado become both president and responsible for defense. Casado said he would only temporarily preside over the council until General Miaja arrived from Valencia. Mera reached the Ministry of Finance at 9 p.m.
383:) was announced on Union Radio at 10 p.m. The members of the council were named, with representatives from most of the political parties and groups who had supported the Republic. Besteiro and Casado both spoke. Casado claimed that Negrín was planning a
282:
and replace it with a government that excluded communists, since he thought the policy of the Western democracies towards the civil war was determined by anti-communism rather than appeasement of Hitler and Mussolini. Besteiro contacted Colonel
391:
and end the fratricidal war. Cipriano Mera, Miguel San Andrés and José del Rio also spoke. San Andrés, now responsible for Justice, read the somewhat vague official manifesto of the council. The president and directors of the council were:
346:
opponents of communists were moved to insignificant posts. Enemies of Negrín would use the decree as evidence that he was preparing a communist coup. Others deny this and say that it would have been against Stalin's policies at the time.
319:, who had supreme command of the Republican forces, communicated with Negrin, who was in Toulouse, on 9 February 1939. Miaja wanted permission to negotiate a peace given the extreme weakness of his remaining forces.
315:
in February 1939 virtually ensured that the rebels would win the war. The Negrín government temporarily took refuge in France, where 400,000 civilian and military refugees had fled. General
708:, where a British ship was waiting. When they reached that port they found a chaotic situation with masses of refugees attempting to board the ship. The refugees were persuaded to go on to
712:, where they were told they would find British merchant ships that could take them. At dawn on 30 March 1939, Casado, with 143 men, 19 women and 2 children, boarded the British ship
673:
irreparable damage can be avoided when evacuation of responsible people is allowed – otherwise it is the inescapable duty of the Council to resist the advance of those forces.
647:(SIM) intelligence agency, which seems to have mostly been staffed by PSOE or UGT members, a few days before the rebels occupied Madrid. On 23 March Casado sent emissaries to
614:
and the remainder of Republican-held territory accepted the authority of the council. Juan Negrín did little to oppose the coup. He and his former Foreign Secretary
1948:
606:
The 61-year-old Miaja knew that he had little future, and would be a figurehead in the council. But with Miaja as president, many professional officers in Madrid,
1920:
42:
338:, commander of the IV Army Corps of the center, was also convinced that the Republicans would be defeated. When President Negrín refused to surrender to
1943:
665:
243:
388:
235:
231:
1938:
1904:
1882:
1854:
1827:
1800:
1779:
1754:
1718:
1691:
1664:
1605:
1536:
1509:
1482:
1461:
1431:
564:
491:
582:
had been appointed military governor of Madrid in December 1938 by Negrín's government. Casado appointed him undersecretary in the council.
151:
457:
440:
296:
259:
323:
1584:
1561:
643:
1953:
506:
656:
246:. By the end of the month he controlled the whole country. Most of the council members escaped into exile on British warships.
547:
590:(National Committee of the Spanish Libertarian Movement) was formed on 7 March 1939 with Juan López as secretary-general.
278:
on 26 January 1939, and Azaña's resignation as president, Besteiro decided to seek peace. Besteiro wanted to dissolve the
652:
737:
Casado was allowed to land in Britain, where he published a book in English in which he justified his actions. During
579:
359:
227:
1447:
615:
384:
583:
1622:
530:
474:
421:
288:
219:
767:
Besteiro was tried by a court martial on 8 July 1939 and sentenced to 30 years. He died in prison in 1940.
484:
651:, the capital of the rebels. Franco would still only accept unconditional surrender. He demanded that the
300:(FAI, Iberian Anarchist Federation) tried to persuade President Manuel Azaña to dismiss the government of
122:
20:
1734:
Juliá, Santos; Casanova, Julían; Solé i Sabaté, Josep Maria; Villarroya, Joan; Moreno, Francisco (2006).
1637:
364:
279:
626:
Republican troops disband, and arranged to evacuate civilians and soldiers who wanted to leave Madrid.
516:
1870:
574:
726:
on 1 April 1939, which reached Marseille on 3 April 1939. From there they went on to Great Britain.
607:
312:
305:
540:
1914:
450:
136:
52:
521:
433:
368:
255:
1451:
1421:
1900:
1892:
1878:
1850:
1844:
1823:
1796:
1790:
1775:
1750:
1744:
1714:
1687:
1681:
1660:
1641:
1601:
1595:
1580:
1557:
1532:
1526:
1505:
1499:
1478:
1472:
1457:
1427:
467:
284:
223:
48:
1817:
1708:
1654:
720:
713:
694:
630:
339:
270:
asked him to inquire if the British government would mediate in the civil war. Besteiro met
239:
211:
704:
The council members reached Valencia on 28 March 1939. The British consul directed them to
16:
Short-lived governing council of Republican Spain in the last year of the Civil War (1939)
267:
242:. However, Franco insisted on unconditional surrender, and on 26 March 1939 launched the
1453:
La guerra civil en Castilla-La Mancha, 70 años después: actas del Congreso Internacional
586:
was another member of the council. After the National Defense Council was formed, a new
611:
598:
301:
274:
on 11 May 1937, but did not get any positive assurances. With the news of the fall of
47:
The leaders of the National Defence Council upon their arrival to the United Kingdom:
1932:
1573:
414:
335:
326:
316:
198:
1623:"Fondos sobre la Guerra Civil Española en el Archivo General de la Región de Murcia"
764:. He worked as a waiter in a Spanish restaurant in London until his death in 1967.
738:
271:
677:
The council met for the last time on 27 March 1939. That day the council left for
629:
On 12 March 1939, Casado communicated to the rebel government that he and General
1746:
Odisea en Albión: los republicanos españoles exiliados en Gran Bretaña 1936–1977
689:
557:
234:
had lost the war. The leaders hoped to negotiate an end to hostilities with the
1683:
Socialism and War: The Spanish Socialist Party in Power and Crisis, 1936–1939
1645:
166:
153:
746:
275:
263:
322:
262:
went to London to represent the Spanish Republic at the coronation of King
1302:
1300:
1298:
664:
ordered a general offensive to start on the morning on 26 March 1939, the
387:
takeover. The objective of the council was to seek an armistice with the
709:
678:
843:
749:. He returned to Spain in 1961. He was tried, but was absolved in 1965.
668:. That morning Casado sent a message to Burgos, which was not answered,
660:
1710:
Juan Negrín: Physiologist, Socialist and Spanish Republican War Leader
705:
648:
634:
1010:
1450:; Valle Calzado, Angel Ramón del; Morales Encinas, Olga M. (2008).
1819:
Franco's Justice: Repression in Madrid After the Spanish Civil War
688:
597:
363:
321:
1066:
730:
618:
boarded a plane for France late in the evening of 6 March 1939.
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
742:
719:
at Gandia. They were transferred to the British hospital ship
1621:
Castillo Fernández, Javier; Herrero Pascual, Ana Mª. (2008).
1528:
Los Diputados por Andalucía de la Segunda República 1931–1939
342:, Mera decided to support Casado and Besteiro in their coup.
1182:
1180:
1021:
1019:
982:
980:
905:
903:
803:
801:
799:
797:
1772:
The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge
1155:
1153:
1116:
1114:
1089:
1087:
1038:
1036:
1034:
659:
surrender by 27 March. A second meeting was held at the
1597:
The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution
1501:
The Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939
854:
852:
844:
Alía Miranda, Valle Calzado & Morales Encinas 2008
819:
1575:
The battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939
655:
surrender by 25 March 1939, and the remainder of the
1306:
1265:
1253:
1210:
1198:
1171:
788:
192:
182:
145:
129:
117:
109:
101:
83:
75:
60:
19:Not to be confused with the nationalist equivalent
1572:
329:, whose troops ensured the survival of the council
1366:
588:Comité Nacional del Movimiento Libertario Español
304:at the start of December 1938, before the rebel
670:
379:The formation of the National Defense Council (
1792:Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War
1552:Bahamonde, Ángel; Cervera Gil, Javier (1999).
1378:
1054:
1241:
1067:Castillo Fernández & Herrero Pascual 2008
700:, which evacuated many members of the council
554:Director of Communications & Public Works
8:
1656:Longman Handbook of Twentieth Century Europe
1531:(in Spanish). Centro de Estudios Andaluces.
26:
1789:Romero Salvadó, Francisco J. (2013-03-14).
1653:Cook, Chris; Stevenson, John (2014-09-19).
1354:
230:on 5 March 1939 when it was clear that the
226:(1936–1939). The council seized power with
1919:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
41:
25:
1186:
1105:
1078:
1025:
986:
959:
921:
909:
831:
971:
882:
870:
666:final offensive of the Spanish Civil War
396:
244:final offensive of the Spanish Civil War
1423:The Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War
1402:
1289:
1159:
1120:
998:
781:
572:Rafael Sánchez Requena represented the
1949:Organisations of the Spanish Civil War
1912:
1895:; Hernández Sánchez, Fernando (2009).
1390:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1222:
1144:
1132:
1093:
1042:
894:
858:
807:
1749:(in Spanish). Ediciones de la Torre.
948:The Last Days of the Spanish Republic
935:The Last Days of the Spanish Republic
7:
1277:
1474:La guerra civil española en el mar
820:Viñas & Hernández Sánchez 2009
537:Director of Education & Health
14:
1738:. Madrid: Ediciones Temas de Hoy.
644:Servicio de Investigacion Militar
602:Map of the two Spains, March 1939
291:of the center to discuss a coup.
1743:Monferrer Catalán, Luis (2007).
1600:. Univ of North Carolina Press.
1307:Bahamonde & Cervera Gil 1999
1266:Bahamonde & Cervera Gil 1999
1254:Bahamonde & Cervera Gil 1999
1211:Bahamonde & Cervera Gil 1999
1199:Bahamonde & Cervera Gil 1999
1172:Bahamonde & Cervera Gil 1999
789:Bahamonde & Cervera Gil 1999
729:Miaja left Valencia by plane to
458:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
441:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
260:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
228:Colonel Segismundo Casado's coup
1944:1939 disestablishments in Spain
1554:Así terminó la Guerra de España
565:National Confederation of Labor
492:National Confederation of Labor
1686:. Cambridge University Press.
1504:. Cambridge University Press.
1498:Alpert, Michael (2013-02-28).
1456:. Univ de Castilla La Mancha.
741:(1939–1945) he worked for the
1:
1525:Álvarez Rey, Leandro (2009).
1420:Alexander, Robert J. (1999).
578:as secretary to the council.
297:Federación Anarquista Ibérica
32:
1939:1939 establishments in Spain
1774:. London: Harper Perennial.
1680:Graham, Helen (1991-06-28).
1426:. Janus Publishing Company.
760:. He was sentenced to death
756:Moreira also escaped on the
745:. After the war he moved to
653:Spanish Republican Air Force
218:) was the governing body in
1897:El desplome de la República
1736:Víctimas de la guerra civil
430:Director of Foreign Affairs
381:Consejo Nacional de Defensa
254:As early as May 1937, when
216:Consejo Nacional de Defensa
34:Consejo Nacional de Defensa
1970:
1594:Bolloten, Burnett (1991).
693:The British hospital ship
641:The council abolished the
360:Spanish coup of March 1939
357:
18:
1899:(in Spanish). Barcelona.
1877:. London: Penguin Books.
1713:. Sussex Academic Press.
1707:Jackson, Gabriel (2010).
1579:. London: Penguin Books.
1242:Cook & Stevenson 2014
405:
371:, one of the coup leaders
40:
31:
1556:. Madrid: Marcial Pons.
1471:Alpert, Michael (2008).
580:Toribio Martínez Cabrera
507:General Union of Workers
447:Director of the Interior
208:National Defence Council
27:National Defence Council
1954:Second Spanish Republic
1843:Stewart, Jules (2012).
1630:Anales de Documentación
1571:Beevor, Antony (2006).
1448:Alía Miranda, Francisco
950:. William Collins 2016.
937:. William Collins 2016.
1770:Preston, Paul (2006).
1367:Monferrer Catalán 2007
701:
675:
616:Julio Álvarez del Vayo
603:
372:
330:
215:
167:40.417281°N 3.701827°W
123:Real Casa de la Aduana
89:; 85 years ago
64:5 March 1939
21:National Defense Junta
1875:The Spanish Civil War
1816:Ruiz, Julius (2005).
1638:Universidad de Murcia
1477:. Editorial Critica.
692:
601:
485:Manuel González Marín
367:
325:
575:Partido Sindicalista
172:40.417281; -3.701827
1846:Madrid: The History
1822:. Clarendon Press.
1795:. Scarecrow Press.
1379:Romero Salvadó 2013
1292:, pp. 298–299.
1268:, pp. 460–461.
1256:, pp. 458–459.
1201:, pp. 450–451.
1174:, pp. 448–450.
1055:Romero Salvadó 2013
897:, pp. 388–389.
810:, pp. 391–392.
513:Director of Justice
481:Director of Finance
464:Director of Defense
306:Catalonia Offensive
287:, commander of the
163: /
28:
1309:, p. 475–487.
702:
633:wanted to come to
604:
584:Juan López Sánchez
451:Wenceslao Carrillo
428:Vice-president and
373:
331:
222:at the end of the
137:Palacio de Cibeles
87:28 March 1939
53:Wenceslao Carrillo
1906:978-84-9892-108-3
1884:978-0-14-101161-5
1856:978-1-78076-281-4
1829:978-0-19-928183-1
1802:978-0-8108-8009-2
1781:978-0-00-723207-9
1756:978-84-7960-386-1
1720:978-1-84519-376-8
1693:978-0-521-39257-0
1666:978-1-317-89225-0
1607:978-0-8078-1906-7
1538:978-84-613-1326-6
1511:978-1-107-32857-0
1484:978-84-8432-975-6
1463:978-84-8427-555-8
1433:978-1-85756-412-9
1011:Juliá et al. 2006
657:Republican forces
570:
569:
517:Miguel San Andrés
498:Director of Labor
468:Segismundo Casado
313:fall of Catalonia
285:Segismundo Casado
224:Spanish Civil War
204:
203:
125:, Calle de Alcalá
105:Governing Council
49:Segismundo Casado
1961:
1924:
1918:
1910:
1888:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1785:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1739:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1649:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1590:
1578:
1567:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1494:
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1491:
1467:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1355:Álvarez Rey 2009
1352:
1346:
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1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
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898:
892:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
822:, p. 93–94.
817:
811:
805:
792:
786:
631:Manuel Matallana
548:Republican Union
525:
397:
340:Francisco Franco
240:Francisco Franco
220:Republican Spain
178:
177:
175:
174:
173:
168:
164:
161:
160:
159:
156:
113:Defense of Spain
97:
95:
90:
71:
69:
55:, wearing a hat.
45:
29:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1911:
1907:
1891:
1885:
1869:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1842:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1815:
1807:
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1803:
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1769:
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1497:
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1377:
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1353:
1349:
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1325:
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1260:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1189:, p. 1073.
1185:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1135:, pp. 394.
1131:
1127:
1119:
1112:
1108:, p. 1055.
1104:
1100:
1092:
1085:
1081:, p. 1077.
1077:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1032:
1028:, p. 1068.
1024:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
989:, p. 1067.
985:
978:
970:
966:
962:, p. 1066.
958:
954:
946:Preston, Paul.
945:
941:
933:Preston, Paul.
932:
928:
924:, p. 1064.
920:
916:
912:, p. 1063.
908:
901:
893:
889:
881:
877:
869:
865:
857:
850:
846:, p. 1134.
842:
838:
834:, p. 1056.
830:
826:
818:
814:
806:
795:
787:
783:
778:
773:
687:
596:
531:Republican Left
519:
434:Julián Besteiro
429:
369:Julián Besteiro
362:
356:
289:Republican Army
256:Julián Besteiro
252:
238:led by General
195:
188:Southeast Spain
185:
171:
169:
165:
162:
157:
154:
152:
150:
149:
141:
93:
91:
88:
67:
65:
56:
51:, on the left;
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1905:
1889:
1883:
1867:
1855:
1849:. I.B.Tauris.
1840:
1828:
1813:
1801:
1786:
1780:
1767:
1755:
1740:
1731:
1719:
1704:
1692:
1677:
1665:
1650:
1618:
1606:
1591:
1585:
1568:
1562:
1549:
1537:
1522:
1510:
1495:
1483:
1468:
1462:
1444:
1432:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1405:, p. 319.
1395:
1393:, p. 888.
1383:
1381:, p. 299.
1371:
1369:, p. 364.
1359:
1357:, p. 545.
1347:
1345:, p. 396.
1335:
1333:, p. 328.
1323:
1321:, p. 352.
1311:
1294:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1227:
1225:, p. 255.
1215:
1213:, p. 450.
1203:
1191:
1187:Alexander 1999
1176:
1164:
1162:, p. 179.
1149:
1147:, p. 155.
1137:
1125:
1123:, p. 298.
1110:
1106:Alexander 1999
1098:
1096:, p. 106.
1083:
1079:Alexander 1999
1071:
1059:
1057:, p. 207.
1047:
1045:, p. 236.
1030:
1026:Alexander 1999
1015:
1013:, p. 266.
1003:
1001:, p. xiv.
991:
987:Alexander 1999
976:
974:, p. 726.
964:
960:Alexander 1999
952:
939:
926:
922:Alexander 1999
914:
910:Alexander 1999
899:
887:
885:, p. 697.
875:
873:, p. 696.
863:
861:, p. 289.
848:
836:
832:Alexander 1999
824:
812:
793:
791:, p. 271.
780:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
686:
683:
595:
592:
568:
567:
562:
560:
555:
551:
550:
545:
543:
538:
534:
533:
528:
526:
514:
510:
509:
504:
502:
499:
495:
494:
489:
487:
482:
478:
477:
472:
470:
465:
461:
460:
455:
453:
448:
444:
443:
438:
436:
431:
425:
424:
419:
417:
412:
408:
407:
404:
401:
358:Main article:
355:
352:
251:
248:
202:
201:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
147:
143:
142:
140:
139:
133:
131:
127:
126:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
62:
58:
57:
46:
38:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1966:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1814:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1668:
1662:
1659:. Routledge.
1658:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1586:9780143037651
1582:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1565:
1563:84-95379-00-7
1559:
1555:
1550:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1418:
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1412:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1280:, p. 65.
1279:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1244:, p. 58.
1243:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1069:, p. 37.
1068:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1000:
995:
992:
988:
983:
981:
977:
973:
972:Bolloten 1991
968:
965:
961:
956:
953:
949:
943:
940:
936:
930:
927:
923:
918:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
891:
888:
884:
883:Bolloten 1991
879:
876:
872:
871:Bolloten 1991
867:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
840:
837:
833:
828:
825:
821:
816:
813:
809:
804:
802:
800:
798:
794:
790:
785:
782:
775:
770:
768:
765:
763:
759:
754:
750:
748:
744:
740:
735:
732:
727:
725:
724:
718:
717:
711:
707:
699:
698:
691:
684:
682:
680:
674:
669:
667:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:
639:
636:
632:
627:
623:
619:
617:
613:
609:
600:
593:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:
566:
563:
561:
559:
556:
553:
552:
549:
546:
544:
542:
539:
536:
535:
532:
529:
527:
523:
518:
515:
512:
511:
508:
505:
503:
501:Antonio Pérez
500:
497:
496:
493:
490:
488:
486:
483:
480:
479:
476:
473:
471:
469:
466:
463:
462:
459:
456:
454:
452:
449:
446:
445:
442:
439:
437:
435:
432:
427:
426:
423:
420:
418:
416:
413:
410:
409:
403:Office holder
402:
399:
398:
395:
393:
390:
386:
382:
377:
370:
366:
361:
353:
351:
347:
343:
341:
337:
336:Cipriano Mera
328:
327:Cipriano Mera
324:
320:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
298:
292:
290:
286:
281:
280:Popular Front
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
249:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
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200:
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176:
148:
144:
138:
135:
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128:
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108:
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100:
86:
82:
78:
74:
63:
59:
54:
50:
44:
39:
35:
30:
22:
1896:
1893:Viñas, Ángel
1874:
1871:Thomas, Hugh
1860:. Retrieved
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1791:
1771:
1760:. Retrieved
1745:
1735:
1724:. Retrieved
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1655:
1633:
1629:
1611:. Retrieved
1596:
1574:
1553:
1542:. Retrieved
1527:
1515:. Retrieved
1500:
1488:. Retrieved
1473:
1452:
1437:. Retrieved
1422:
1403:Preston 2006
1398:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1290:Preston 2006
1285:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1167:
1160:Stewart 2012
1140:
1128:
1121:Preston 2006
1101:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1006:
999:Jackson 2010
994:
967:
955:
947:
942:
934:
929:
917:
890:
878:
866:
839:
827:
815:
784:
766:
761:
757:
755:
751:
739:World War II
736:
728:
722:
715:
703:
696:
676:
671:
642:
640:
628:
624:
620:
605:
587:
573:
571:
541:José del Río
394:
380:
378:
374:
348:
344:
332:
310:
295:
293:
272:Anthony Eden
268:Manuel Azaña
266:, president
253:
236:rebel forces
207:
205:
118:Headquarters
33:
1391:Thomas 2003
1343:Beevor 2006
1331:Alpert 2013
1319:Alpert 2008
1223:Alpert 2013
1145:Alpert 2013
1133:Beevor 2006
1094:Alpert 2013
1043:Graham 1991
895:Beevor 2006
859:Alpert 2013
808:Beevor 2006
762:in absentia
608:New Castile
558:Eduardo Val
520: [
302:Juan Negrín
232:Republicans
170: /
146:Coordinates
1933:Categories
1862:2015-10-07
1835:2015-10-07
1808:2015-08-31
1762:2015-10-08
1726:2015-10-08
1699:2015-10-07
1672:2015-10-07
1613:2015-10-08
1544:2015-10-08
1517:2015-08-31
1490:2015-10-08
1439:2015-08-25
776:References
415:José Miaja
317:José Miaja
250:Background
199:José Miaja
155:40°25′02″N
94:1939-03-28
76:Founded at
68:1939-03-05
1915:cite book
1646:1575-2437
1278:Ruiz 2005
747:Venezuela
685:Aftermath
411:President
400:Portfolio
385:Communist
276:Barcelona
264:George VI
194:President
158:3°42′07″W
84:Dissolved
61:Formation
1873:(2003).
710:Alicante
679:Valencia
130:Location
121:Madrid,
1413:Sources
758:Galatea
716:Galatea
661:Gamonal
612:Levante
594:History
258:of the
212:Spanish
184:Region
110:Purpose
92: (
66: (
1903:
1881:
1853:
1826:
1799:
1778:
1753:
1717:
1690:
1663:
1644:
1604:
1583:
1560:
1535:
1508:
1481:
1460:
1430:
706:Gandia
649:Burgos
635:Burgos
610:, the
406:Party
389:rebels
79:Madrid
1626:(PDF)
771:Notes
723:Maine
697:Maine
524:]
1921:link
1901:ISBN
1879:ISBN
1851:ISBN
1824:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1776:ISBN
1751:ISBN
1715:ISBN
1688:ISBN
1661:ISBN
1642:ISSN
1602:ISBN
1581:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1533:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1479:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1428:ISBN
731:Oran
721:RFA
714:HMS
695:RFA
475:Army
422:Army
354:Coup
311:The
294:The
206:The
102:Type
743:BBC
1935::
1917:}}
1913:{{
1640:.
1636:.
1634:11
1632:.
1628:.
1297:^
1230:^
1179:^
1152:^
1113:^
1086:^
1033:^
1018:^
979:^
902:^
851:^
796:^
522:es
214::
1923:)
1909:.
1887:.
1865:.
1838:.
1811:.
1784:.
1765:.
1729:.
1702:.
1675:.
1648:.
1616:.
1589:.
1566:.
1547:.
1520:.
1493:.
1466:.
1442:.
210:(
96:)
70:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
