108:, which are simple responses of an organism to a specific stimulus, such as the contraction of the pupil in response to bright light or the spasmodic movement of the lower leg when the knee is tapped. The absence of volitional capacity must not be confused with an inability to modify fixed action patterns. For example, people may be able to modify a stimulated fixed action pattern by consciously recognizing the point of its activation and simply stop doing it, whereas animals without a sufficiently strong volitional capacity may not be able to disengage from their fixed action patterns, once activated.
392:(2010, pp. 35–42), Amanda Spink notes that "currently in the behavioral sciences instinct is generally understood as the innate part of behavior that emerges without any training or education in humans." She claims that the viewpoint that information behaviour has an instinctive basis is grounded in the latest thinking on human behaviour. Furthermore, she notes that "behaviors such as cooperation, sexual behavior, child rearing and aesthetics are seen as 'evolved psychological mechanisms' with an instinctive basis." Spink adds that
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certain pattern of behaviour when catching their prey, which Fabre called a fixed pattern. Then Fabre intervened in the wasps' process of catching prey, and only one of the species adjusted their behaviour in response to this unfamiliar interception. Fabre explained this contradiction by arguing that any individuals which stray from the norms of their species are merely an exception, while also admitting that there could be some room for growth within a species' instincts.
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647:. In a tit-for-tat strategy, cooperation and retaliation are comparable to forgiveness and revenge. The choice between the two can be beneficial or detrimental, depending on what the partner-organism chooses. Though this psychological example of game theory does not have such directly measurable results, it provides an interesting theory of unique thought. From a more biological standpoint, the brain's
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664:, detect pheromones from the opposite sex. These signals then travel to the medial amygdala, which disperses the signal to a variety of brain parts. The pathways involved with innate circuitry are extremely specialized and specific. Various organs and sensory receptors play parts in this complex process.
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that respond explicitly to predator stimuli that specifically relate to that individual species of rodent. The reception of a predatory stimulus usually creates a response of defense or fear. Mating in rats follows a similar mechanism. The vomeronasal organ and the main olfactory epithelium, together
207:
To better explain Wundt's research, Claudia
Wassman analyzed a large collection of sources. This included some of the earlier journals Wundt wrote, which pondered the idea of unconsciousness more than his later and more known research. Her paper concludes that he believed unconscious processes (which
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provides one example of instinct. This complex response may involve visual, auditory, and olfactory cues in the environment surrounding an organism. In some cases, imprinting attaches an offspring to its parent, which is a reproductive benefit to offspring survival. If an offspring has attachment to
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Some instinctive behaviours depend on maturational processes to appear. For instance, we commonly refer to birds "learning" to fly. However, young birds have been experimentally reared in devices that prevent them from moving their wings until they reached the age at which their cohorts were flying.
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An example of what Wundt studied to arrive at his conclusions regarding unconscious processes includes the facial expressions babies made in response to the sensations of sweet, sour, and bitter tastes. He concluded these facial expressions were the result of the babies trying to avoid unpleasant
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Fabre concluded a significant difference between humans and other animals is that most animals cannot reason. He came to this conclusion after observing how insects and wild birds continued to repeat a certain behaviour in response to a novel situation. While these instinctive behaviours appeared
137:(1823–1915) is said to be the first person to study small animals (other than birds) and insects, and he specifically specialized in the instincts of insects. Fabre considered an instinct to be a linked set of behaviours that an organism undergoes unconsciously in response to external conditions.
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Instinct is a phenomenon that can be investigated from a multitude of angles: genetics, limbic system, nervous pathways, and environment. Researchers can study levels of instincts, from molecular to groups of individuals. Extremely specialized systems have evolved, resulting in individuals which
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was restricted in its application. During the 1960s and 1970s, textbooks still contained some discussion of instincts in reference to human behaviour. By the year 2000, a survey of the 12 best selling textbooks in introductory psychology revealed only one reference to instincts, and that was in
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argued that humans no longer have instincts because we have the ability to override them in certain situations. He felt that what is called instinct is often imprecisely defined, and really amounts to strong "drives". For Maslow, an instinct is something which cannot be overridden, and therefore
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Fabre believed instincts were "fixed patterns", meaning these linked sets of behaviours do not change in response to novel environmental situations. One specific example that helped him arrive at this conclusion is his study of various wasp species. All of the wasp species he studied performed a
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F. B. Mandal proposed a set of criteria by which a behaviour might be considered instinctual: (a) be automatic, (b) be irresistible, (c) occur at some point in development, (d) be triggered by some event in the environment, (e) occur in every member of the species,
316:, who made the distinction between instinct and learned behaviours. Our modern understanding of instinctual behaviour in animals owes much to their work. For instance, there exists a sensitive period for a bird in which it learns the identity of its mother. Konrad Lorenz famously had a goose
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operates as the main control-area for response to certain stimuli, including a variety of instinctual behaviour. The limbic system processes external stimuli related to emotions, social activity, and motivation, which propagates a behavioural response. Some behaviours include maternal care,
233:. More specifically, his research suggests natural selection causes small changes in the nervous system over time. These changes bring about hereditary drives in organisms, which are then responsible for any unconscious processes. Another thing to note is that Wundt used the terms
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Examples of behaviours that do not require thought include many reflexes. The stimulus in a reflex may not require brain activity but instead may travel to the spinal cord as a message that is then transmitted back through the body, tracing a path called the
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towards change is the difficulty experienced by a person when they are trying to push against the suggestions made to change behavior or accept certain treatments regardless of whether it will improve their condition or not, it allows for instinctive
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Fabre's belief that instincts are fixed opposes the theory of evolution. He rejected that one species could evolve into another, and also rejected that the consciousness humans possess could be achieved through the evolution of unconscious traits.
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643:, explains that environment plays a key role in human behaviours such as forgiveness and revenge. This hypothesis theorizes that various social environments cause either forgiveness or revenge to prevail. McCollough relates his theory to
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or maternal instinct is when a mother develops a relationship to a child to provide for its well-being. Maternal oxytocin is the hormone and neuropeptide thought to be responsible for predisposing women to showing bonding behavior and
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emotions because there was something unpleasant in their mouths, and that these instincts (which he uses interchangeably with reflexive movements) only became innate because past generations learned it and it benefited their survival.
199:(1832–1920) is known for founding the first psychology laboratory, which occurred in 1879 at the University of Leipzig. He was able to draw conclusions about instinct from his careful observations of both animal and human behaviour.
611:. In rats, it has been observed that innate responses are related to specific chemicals, and these chemicals are detected by two organs located in the nose: the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and the main olfactory epithelium (MOE).
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on his boots. Thereafter the goose would follow whoever wore the boots. This suggests that the identity of the goose's mother was learned, but the goose's behaviour towards what it perceived as its mother was instinctive.
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a parent, it is more likely to stay nearby under parental protection. Attached offspring are also more likely to learn from a parental figure when interacting closely. (Reproductive benefits are a driving force behind
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Bornstein, Marc H.; Putnick, Diane L.; Rigo, Paola; Esposito, Gianluca; Swain, James E.; Suwalsky, Joan T. D.; Su, Xueyun; Du, Xiaoxia; Zhang, Kaihua; Cote, Linda R.; De
Pisapia, Nicola; Venuti, Paola (2017).
385:(f) be unmodifiable, and (g) govern behaviour for which the organism needs no training (although the organism may profit from experience and to that degree the behaviour is modifiable).
93:. Though an instinct is defined by its invariant innate characteristics, details of its performance can be changed by experience; for example, a dog can improve its listening skills by practice.
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Within the circuitry of the limbic system, there are various places where evolution could have taken place, or could take place in the future. For example, many rodents have receptors in the
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to environment is an inherited innate phenotypic characteristic, whether inherited as instincts intricately, or as a neuropsychological capacity that furthers learning. Examples are
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273:. As research became more rigorous and terms better defined, instinct as an explanation for human behaviour became less common. In 1932, McDougall argued that the word
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Grebe, Nicholas M.; Sarafin, Ruth E.; Strenth, Chance R.; Zilioli, Samuele (2019). "Pair-bonding, fatherhood, and the role of testosterone: A meta-analytic review".
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55:(FAP), in which a very short to medium length sequence of actions, without variation, are carried out in response to a corresponding clearly defined stimulus.
603:'s instinctive aggression towards anything red during his mating season is such an example. Examples of instinctive behaviours in humans include many of the
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manifest particularly in response to the infant cry. Its mechanism has been partly elucidated by observations with functional MRI of the parent's brain.
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These birds flew immediately and normally when released, showing that their improvement resulted from neuromuscular maturation and not true learning.
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Liang T, Brinkman BAW (2022) Evolution of innate behavioral strategies through competitive population dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol 18(3): e1009934.
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in that most reflexes meet the criteria of a fixed action pattern. However, a fixed action pattern can be processed in the brain as well; a male
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is believed to be a manifestation of instinct. The infant cannot otherwise protect itself for survival during its long period of maturation. The
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he called "instinctive movements") were the result of sensations and emotions, and these unconscious processes were building blocks towards
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Li, Ting; Horta, Marilyn; Mascaro, Jennifer S.; Bijanki, Kelly; Arnal, Luc H.; Adams, Melissa; Barr, Roland G.; Rilling, James K. (2018).
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Dabbs, J. M.; Frady, R. L.; Carr, T. S.; Besch, N. F. (1987). "Saliva testosterone and criminal violence in young adult prison inmates".
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The following are some insect and animal behaviours that Fabre observed and labelled "instinctive", for they do not involve reasoning:
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for goal-directed combinations of the many innate human abilities, which are loosely and variably linked, in a way that shows strong
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aggression, defense, and social hierarchy. These behaviours are influenced by sensory input — sight, sound, touch, and smell.
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Instincts are inborn complex patterns of behaviour that exist in most members of the species, and should be distinguished from
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response in human beings has been said to be a particular response to the arising harmful event, attack or threat to survival.
377:—representing nature and nurture—shows remarkable, and largely unrecognized, similarities between the contending sides in the
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wrote about the "instinct of curiosity" and its associated "emotion of wonder", though Spink's book does not mention this.
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Dickens, W. T.; Cohen, J. L. (2003). "Instinct and Choice: A Framework for
Analysis". In Garcia Coll, C. (ed.).
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Any behaviour is instinctive if it is performed without being based upon prior experience (that is, in the absence of
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complex, the insects and animals did not adjust their behaviour despite it not helping them in that novel situation.
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Nature and
Nurture: The Complex Interplay of Genetic and Environmental Influences on Human Behavior and Development
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Environment is an important factor in the evolution of innate behaviour. A hypothesis of
Michael McCollough, a
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Jaynes, Julian (1957). "Imprinting: The interaction of learned and innate behavior: II. The critical period".
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2286:"A Command Chemical Triggers an Innate Behavior by Sequential Activation of Multiple Peptidergic Ensembles"
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behavior or social instinct has been postulated as an instinct necessary for the future survival of people.
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Dabbs, James; Hargrove, Marian F. (1997). "Age, Testosterone, and
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M. S. Blumberg in 2017 examined the use of the word instinct, and found it varied significantly.
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Michael Mc
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climbs into its mother's pouch upon being born. Other examples include animal fighting, animal
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Kim, Young-Joon; Žitňan, Dušan; Galizia, C. Giovanni; Cho, Kook-Ho; Adams, Michael E. (2006).
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1045:"Physiological Optics, Cognition and Emotion: A Novel Look at the Early Work of Wilhelm Wundt"
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Curtis, Valerie; Biran, Adam (2001). "Dirt, disgust, and disease. Is hygiene in our genes?".
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Sigmund Freud considered that mental images of bodily needs, expressed in the form of mental
51:, containing innate (inborn) elements. The simplest example of an instinctive behaviour is a
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Psychology: An
Introductory Study of the Structure and Function of Human Consciousness
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Among possible examples of instinct-influenced behaviour in humans are the following.
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2175:"Wired for behaviors: From development to function of innate limbic system circuitry"
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470:. High levels of testosterone are often associated in a person (male or female) with
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1607:"Majority-Biased Transmission in Chimpanzees and Human Children, but Not Orangutans"
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In the early 20th century, there was recognized a "union of instinct and emotion".
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similarly asserts that language acquisition is instinctive in humans in his book
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appeared to have become outmoded for introductory textbooks on human psychology.
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1447:"Itsy Bitsy Spider…: Infants React with Increased Arousal to Spiders and Snakes"
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is more suitable for describing animal behaviour, while he recommended the word
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1801:"Longitudinal evidence that fatherhood decreases testosterone in human males"
1558:"Explaining individual variation in paternal brain responses to infant cries"
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Hoehl, Stefanie; Hellmer, Kahl; Johansson, Maria; Gredebäck, Gustaf (2017).
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while the term may have applied to humans in the past, it no longer does.
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1991:(7th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 262.
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81:, newly hatched on a beach, will instinctively move toward the ocean. A
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behaviour in humans was suggested to be partly instinctive, based on
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wrote: "A comparison of McDougall's theory of instinct and Skinner's
254:
105:
1499:"Neurobiology of culturally common maternal responses to infant cry"
996:
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975:(Fall 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
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269:
held that many instincts have their respective associated specific
229:
The process by which Wundt explained the existence of instincts is
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564:
172:
118:
95:
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607:, such as rooting and suckling, behaviours which are present in
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90:
77:), and is therefore an expression of innate biological factors.
41:
2777:
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2168:
2166:
2164:
1895:"Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour"
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308:
An interest in innate behaviours arose again in the 1950s with
1605:
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505:
in people generally is when they have the instinct to survive.
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1893:
Curtis, Valerie; Aunger, Robert; deBarra, Mícheál (2011).
89:
behaviour, internal escape functions, and the building of
478:
level after the birth of a child was found among fathers.
466:
are linked to specific forms of human behaviour, such as
1231:, second edition, Methuen & Co. Ltd, London, p. 99.
431:
of snakes and spiders was found in six-month-old babies.
1375:, 21st edition, Methuen & Co. Ltd, London, p. xxii.
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369:
In a classic paper published in 1972, the psychologist
1218:, 21st edition, Methuen & Co. Ltd, London, p. vii.
1049:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
100:
A wet dog instinctively shakes the water from its fur.
2104:
The Social Instinct: How Cooperation Shaped the World
361:(1961) selected a range of writings about the topic.
1329:
Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind
337:, and attended by luminaries in the field, the term
3158:
3137:
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2645:
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2251:
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology
1394:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science
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111:Instinctual behaviour in humans has been studied.
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456:infants, but is apparently absent in the young
245:interchangeably, often grouping them together.
2129:"The Concept of Resistance in Self Psychology"
390:Information Behavior: An Evolutionary Instinct
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8:
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1137:"IV.—An Attempt at a Psychology of Instinct"
1101:. Pabst Science Publishers. pp. 35–63.
582:hunts the pointer of a mouse, confused with
1263:Instinct: An Enduring Problem in Psychology
907:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
359:Instinct: An Enduring Problem in Psychology
3150:International Society for Applied Ethology
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668:exhibit behaviours without learning them.
27:Behaviour due to innate biological factors
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381:as applied to the analysis of behavior."
1852:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
57:
2146:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1996.50.1.66
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427:Congenital preparedness for developing
2055:
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350:" instincts. In this sense, the term
7:
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1944:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
1373:An Introduction to Social Psychology
1216:An Introduction to Social Psychology
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329:In a conference in 1960, chaired by
2179:Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
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850:Wheeler, William Morton (1916),
69:makes its way to the open ocean.
2500:Central pattern generator (CPG)
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452:is found in human children and
295:In the 1950s, the psychologist
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1302:Mandal, F. B. (2010).
1241:Maslow, Abraham H. (1954).
1095:Fahrenberg, Jochen (2019).
1043:Wassmann, C. (2008-10-23).
141:Insect and animal behaviour
3266:
2699:Infrared sensing in snakes
2684:Jamming avoidance response
2014:Human Evolutionary Biology
1388:Blumberg, Mark S. (2017).
1357:Geary, D. C. (2004).
1249:Motivation and Personality
969:"Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt"
856:Journal of Animal Behavior
595:. Reflexes are similar to
558:
416:
29:
3204:
2911:Evolutionary neuroscience
2739:
2359:10.1080/17439760903509614
2311:10.1016/j.cub.2006.06.027
2127:Rowe, Crayton E. (1996).
1632:10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.006
1562:Physiology & Behavior
32:Instinct (disambiguation)
2864:Behavioral endocrinology
2704:Caridoid escape reaction
2192:10.3389/fnmol.2012.00055
1464:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01710
257:, are called instincts.
3059:Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt
2839:Animal sexual behaviour
2557:Theodore Holmes Bullock
2401:Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand
2077:Cannon, Walter (1932).
1818:10.1073/pnas.1105403108
1524:10.1073/pnas.1712022114
1451:Frontiers in Psychology
748:Lorenz, Konrad (1977).
3245:Neuroethology concepts
2998:Tool use by non-humans
2951:Philosophical ethology
2896:Comparative psychology
2844:Animal welfare science
2714:Surface wave detection
2106:. St. Martin's Press.
1911:10.1098/rstb.2010.0117
1758:Psychosomatic Medicine
1715:Psychosomatic Medicine
1371:McDougall, W. (1928).
1227:McDougall, W. (1932).
1214:McDougall, W. (1928).
940:Raffles, Hugh (2010).
714:Psychological nativism
587:
335:comparative psychology
126:
101:
70:
2530:Anti-Hebbian learning
2405:"Instinct (or Drive)"
1956:10.1353/pbm.2001.0001
641:positive psychologist
597:fixed action patterns
577:
540:situational awareness
399:The Language Instinct
379:nature–nurture debate
243:instinctive movements
235:unconscious processes
203:Unconscious processes
122:
99:
61:
3104:William Homan Thorpe
2869:Behavioural genetics
2829:Animal consciousness
2824:Animal communication
2607:Bernhard Hassenstein
2540:Ultrasound avoidance
2515:Fixed action pattern
2478:Coincidence detector
1153:10.1093/mind/vi.1.59
1061:10.1093/jhmas/jrn058
901:Yavetz, Ido (1988).
375:reinforcement theory
346:'s referral to the "
53:fixed action pattern
30:For other uses, see
2859:Behavioural ecology
2674:Animal echolocation
2612:Werner E. Reichardt
2562:Walter Heiligenberg
2302:2006CBio...16.1395K
1811:(39): 16194–16199.
1623:2012CBio...22..727H
1515:2017PNAS..114E9465B
1509:(45): E9465–E9473.
806:1994SciAm.271a..74P
794:Scientific American
542:, establishing the
239:reflexive movements
3188:Behavioral Ecology
3109:Nikolaas Tinbergen
2901:Emotion in animals
2879:Cognitive ethology
2637:Fernando Nottebohm
2535:Sound localization
2510:Lateral inhibition
2079:Wisdom of the Body
1985:Chiras DD (2012).
1682:10.1093/icb/icw040
967:Kim, Alan (2016),
852:"Jean-Henri Fabre"
790:"Jean Henri Fabre"
710:(hunting instinct)
605:primitive reflexes
588:
536:searching for food
528:Adaptive behaviour
371:Richard Herrnstein
365:Richard Herrnstein
314:Nikolaas Tinbergen
216:Facial expressions
153:Maternal instincts
127:
124:Primitive reflexes
102:
71:
64:leatherback turtle
3222:
3221:
3114:Jakob von Uexküll
2884:Comfort behaviour
2771:
2770:
2658:Slice preparation
2520:Krogh's Principle
2495:Feature detection
2420:978-0-946-43949-2
2296:(14): 1395–1407.
2235:978-0-201-75054-6
2024:978-1-139-78900-4
1998:978-0-7637-8345-7
1905:(1563): 389–401.
1327:Buss, D. (2008).
1313:978-81-203-4035-0
1108:978-3-95853-574-9
953:978-0-375-42386-4
761:978-0-15-111699-7
657:vomeronasal organ
634:natural selection
575:
503:Self-preservation
404:William McDougall
402:(1994). In 1908,
267:William McDougall
261:William McDougall
231:natural selection
225:Natural selection
16:(Redirected from
3257:
3235:Animal cognition
3212:
3211:
3174:Animal Cognition
3167:Animal Behaviour
3119:Wolfgang Wickler
2819:Animal cognition
2798:
2791:
2784:
2775:
2759:
2758:
2747:
2746:
2724:Mechanoreception
2719:Electroreception
2632:Masakazu Konishi
2597:Jörg-Peter Ewert
2452:
2445:
2438:
2429:
2424:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2313:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2263:10.1037/h0044716
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2240:
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875:
874:
868:10.1037/h0070333
847:
834:
833:
785:
766:
765:
745:
729:Unconscious mind
662:olfactory system
576:
135:Jean Henri Fabre
130:Jean Henri Fabre
21:
18:Natural instinct
3265:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3256:
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3254:
3225:
3224:
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3200:
3154:
3133:
3129:Solly Zuckerman
3069:Karl von Frisch
3054:Richard Dawkins
3039:John B. Calhoun
3024:Patrick Bateson
3012:
2946:Pain in animals
2807:
2802:
2772:
2767:
2735:
2689:Vision in toads
2662:
2641:
2592:Erich von Holst
2587:Karl von Frisch
2545:
2461:
2456:
2421:
2397:Laplanche, Jean
2395:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2290:Current Biology
2283:
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1611:Current Biology
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565:
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557:
509:Fight-or-flight
421:
415:
367:
333:, a pioneer in
327:
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293:
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227:
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181:
143:
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115:Early theorists
35:
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3184:
3181:Animal Welfare
3177:
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3155:
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3141:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3132:
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3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3094:Desmond Morris
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3049:Marian Dawkins
3046:
3044:Charles Darwin
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
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2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2926:Human ethology
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2834:Animal culture
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2769:
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2766:
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2753:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:Vocal learning
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2582:Donald Kennedy
2579:
2577:Donald Griffin
2574:
2569:
2567:Niko Tinbergen
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2525:Hebbian theory
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2440:
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2426:
2425:
2419:
2391:
2390:External links
2388:
2385:
2384:
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2160:
2119:
2113:978-1250262820
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2088:978-0393002058
2087:
2069:
2049:978-1855759596
2048:
2030:
2023:
2004:
1997:
1977:
1934:
1885:
1842:
1791:
1764:(5): 477–480.
1748:
1721:(2): 174–182.
1705:
1656:
1617:(8): 727–731.
1597:
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1437:
1400:(1–2): e1371.
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698:Human ethology
695:
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688:Genetic memory
685:
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559:Main article:
556:
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524:gratification.
518:
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474:. Decrease in
472:aggressiveness
461:
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417:Main article:
414:
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297:Abraham Maslow
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291:Abraham Maslow
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3099:Thomas Sebeok
3097:
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3092:
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3089:Konrad Lorenz
3087:
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3084:Julian Huxley
3082:
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3079:Heini Hediger
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2849:Anthrozoology
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2572:Konrad Lorenz
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2528:
2526:
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2508:
2506:
2505:NMDA receptor
2503:
2501:
2498:
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2493:
2491:
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1676:(2): 207–24.
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1234:
1230:
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1217:
1211:
1208:
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1195:
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1187:
1185:9780070290631
1181:
1177:
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1123:
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1029:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1008:0-19-515154-2
1004:
1000:
999:
991:
989:
985:
974:
970:
963:
960:
955:
949:
945:
944:
936:
933:
928:
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920:
916:
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908:
904:
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869:
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836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
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791:
784:
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691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
671:
669:
665:
663:
658:
653:
650:
649:limbic system
646:
642:
637:
635:
630:
623:
621:
614:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
585:
581:
562:
554:
549:
548:vocalizations
545:
544:pecking order
541:
537:
533:
529:
526:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
497:
496:Maternal bond
494:
491:
487:
483:
480:
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:
459:
455:
451:
450:herd instinct
447:
444:
443:paternal bond
440:
436:
433:
430:
426:
425:
424:
420:
412:
410:
407:
405:
401:
400:
395:
394:Steven Pinker
391:
386:
382:
380:
376:
372:
364:
362:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
344:Sigmund Freud
340:
336:
332:
324:
322:
319:
315:
311:
310:Konrad Lorenz
304:Konrad Lorenz
303:
301:
298:
290:
288:
286:
282:
281:
276:
272:
268:
260:
258:
256:
249:Sigmund Freud
248:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
224:
222:
215:
213:
211:
210:consciousness
202:
200:
198:
197:Wilhelm Wundt
192:Wilhelm Wundt
191:
189:
185:
178:
174:
171:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
157:Metamorphosis
155:
152:
151:
150:
147:
140:
138:
136:
129:
125:
121:
114:
112:
109:
107:
98:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
68:
65:
60:
56:
54:
50:
46:
43:
39:
33:
19:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3124:E. O. Wilson
3074:Jane Goodall
3034:Donald Broom
3003:Zoosemiotics
2956:Sociobiology
2930:
2760:
2748:
2729:Lateral line
2679:Waggle dance
2617:Eric Knudsen
2489:
2482:
2409:
2375:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2225:
2219:
2182:
2178:
2139:(1): 66–74.
2136:
2132:
2122:
2103:
2097:
2078:
2072:
2039:
2033:
2013:
2007:
1987:
1980:
1950:(1): 17–31.
1947:
1943:
1937:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1568:(A): 43–54.
1565:
1561:
1551:
1506:
1502:
1491:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1397:
1393:
1372:
1367:
1358:
1352:
1343:
1337:
1328:
1322:
1303:
1297:
1283:(1): 23–52.
1280:
1276:
1270:
1262:
1257:
1248:
1236:
1228:
1223:
1215:
1210:
1199:
1194:
1175:
1169:
1147:(1): 59–70.
1144:
1140:
1097:
1052:
1048:
997:
977:, retrieved
972:
962:
943:Insectopedia
942:
935:
910:
906:
871:, retrieved
859:
855:
800:(1): 74–80.
797:
793:
750:
743:
724:Sociobiology
678:Drive theory
666:
654:
638:
627:
624:In evolution
618:
615:Maturational
589:
476:testosterone
422:
419:Human nature
408:
397:
389:
387:
383:
368:
358:
356:
351:
338:
328:
307:
294:
278:
274:
264:
252:
242:
238:
234:
228:
219:
206:
195:
186:
182:
169:Playing dead
148:
144:
133:
110:
103:
72:
37:
36:
3250:Unconscious
3064:Dian Fossey
3029:Marc Bekoff
3017:Ethologists
2653:Patch clamp
2622:Eric Kandel
2602:Franz Huber
2473:Feedforward
2257:(1): 6–10.
1858:: 221–233.
1277:Behaviorism
913:(1): 3–36.
719:Rationality
660:called the
645:game theory
601:stickleback
515:Cooperation
331:Frank Beach
325:Frank Beach
79:Sea turtles
3229:Categories
2966:Structures
2961:Stereotypy
2627:Nobuo Suga
2542:in insects
2353:: 97–100.
1117:1164647262
979:2022-05-06
873:2022-05-07
735:References
708:Prey drive
629:Imprinting
593:reflex arc
521:Resistance
458:orangutans
454:chimpanzee
435:Infant cry
342:regard to
285:plasticity
280:propensity
3195:Behaviour
3138:Societies
2976:Honeycomb
2367:144005845
2058:cite book
1414:1939-5078
1161:0026-4423
1069:0022-5045
919:0391-9714
862:: 74–80,
822:0036-8733
693:Heuristic
468:sexuality
413:In humans
357:The book
87:courtship
83:marsupial
67:hatchling
49:behaviour
3240:Ethology
3214:Category
3159:Journals
2986:Instinct
2936:Learning
2931:Instinct
2906:Ethogram
2889:Grooming
2812:Branches
2805:Ethology
2750:Category
2490:Instinct
2466:Concepts
2403:(1973).
2343:Cullough
2328:14745330
2320:16860738
2271:13406129
2211:22557946
1972:15675303
1964:11253302
1929:21199843
1880:58635068
1872:30639674
1837:21911391
1786:19900226
1743:39757740
1700:27252193
1651:22503497
1592:29730041
1543:29078366
1483:29093687
1457:: 1710.
1432:27906515
1289:27758791
1077:18948411
1017:49558592
927:23328997
830:43232778
703:Innatism
683:Ethology
672:See also
555:Reflexes
499:bonding.
488:such as
486:emotions
464:Hormones
439:maternal
352:instinct
339:instinct
275:instinct
271:emotions
106:reflexes
75:learning
45:organism
38:Instinct
2916:Feeding
2762:Commons
2667:Systems
2646:Methods
2298:Bibcode
2226:Biology
2202:3337482
2155:8867576
1920:3013466
1828:3182719
1778:9316179
1735:3575604
1691:5964798
1619:Bibcode
1583:6015531
1534:5692572
1511:Bibcode
1474:5651927
1423:5182125
802:Bibcode
609:mammals
490:disgust
482:Hygiene
318:imprint
255:desires
166:Molting
162:Mimicry
2550:People
2484:Umwelt
2417:
2365:
2326:
2318:
2269:
2232:
2209:
2199:
2185:: 55.
2153:
2110:
2085:
2046:
2021:
1995:
1970:
1962:
1927:
1917:
1878:
1870:
1835:
1825:
1784:
1776:
1741:
1733:
1698:
1688:
1649:
1590:
1580:
1541:
1531:
1481:
1471:
1430:
1420:
1412:
1310:
1287:
1182:
1159:
1115:
1105:
1075:
1067:
1015:
1005:
950:
925:
917:
828:
820:
758:
561:Reflex
532:mating
241:, and
42:living
2993:Swarm
2921:Hover
2874:Breed
2363:S2CID
2324:S2CID
1968:S2CID
1876:S2CID
1782:S2CID
1739:S2CID
1285:JSTOR
923:JSTOR
826:S2CID
580:gecko
173:Taxis
91:nests
2981:Nest
2971:Hive
2415:ISBN
2316:PMID
2267:PMID
2230:ISBN
2207:PMID
2151:PMID
2108:ISBN
2083:ISBN
2064:link
2044:ISBN
2019:ISBN
1993:ISBN
1960:PMID
1925:PMID
1868:PMID
1833:PMID
1774:PMID
1731:PMID
1696:PMID
1647:PMID
1588:PMID
1539:PMID
1479:PMID
1428:PMID
1410:ISSN
1308:ISBN
1180:ISBN
1157:ISSN
1141:Mind
1113:OCLC
1103:ISBN
1073:PMID
1065:ISSN
1013:OCLC
1003:ISBN
948:ISBN
915:ISSN
818:ISSN
756:ISBN
584:prey
546:and
448:The
441:and
429:fear
312:and
2355:doi
2345:".
2306:doi
2259:doi
2197:PMC
2187:doi
2141:doi
1952:doi
1915:PMC
1907:doi
1903:366
1860:doi
1823:PMC
1813:doi
1809:108
1766:doi
1723:doi
1686:PMC
1678:doi
1637:hdl
1627:doi
1578:PMC
1570:doi
1566:193
1529:PMC
1519:doi
1507:114
1469:PMC
1459:doi
1418:PMC
1402:doi
1149:doi
1057:doi
864:doi
810:doi
798:271
636:.)
388:In
3231::
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2322:.
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1948:44
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