499:. It has been suggested that by detecting and orienting themselves toward the electric fields, cells can move towards damages or wounds to repair them. It also is suggested that such a movement may contribute to directional growth of cells and tissues during development and regeneration. This notion is based on the existence of measurable electric fields that naturally occur during wound healing, development and regeneration; and cells in cultures respond to applied electric fields by directional cell migration – electrotaxis / galvanotaxis.
617:: that is, the response to variation in light intensity and direction. Negative phototaxis, or movement away from a light source, is demonstrated in some insects, such as cockroaches. Positive phototaxis, or movement towards a light source, is advantageous for phototrophic organisms as they can orient themselves most efficiently to receive light for
467:. Unicellular (e.g. protozoa) or multicellular (e.g. worms) organisms are targets of chemotactic substances. A concentration gradient of chemicals developed in a fluid phase guides the vectorial movement of responder cells or organisms. Inducers of locomotion towards increasing steps of concentrations are considered as
635:
of higher plants positively phototactic, moving towards a light source. Two types of positive phototaxis are observed in prokaryotes: scotophobotaxis is observable as the movement of a bacterium out of the area illuminated by a microscope, when entering darkness signals the cell to reverse direction
353:
by turning its head sideways and comparing the intensity of the stimulus. Their direction of movement is then based on the stronger stimulus, either moving toward a desirable stimulus or away from an undesired one. When the intensity of stimuli is balanced equally from all sides, the organism moves
502:
Energy taxis is the orientation of bacteria towards conditions of optimal metabolic activity by sensing the internal energetic conditions of cell. Therefore, in contrast to chemotaxis (taxis towards or away from a specific extracellular compound), energy taxis responds on an intracellular stimulus
434:
Anemotaxis is the response of an organism to wind. Many insects show a positive anemotactic response (turning/flying into the wind) upon exposure to an airborne stimulus cue from a food source or pheromones. Cross-wind anemotactic search is exhibited by some olfactory animals in the absence of a
128:
Taxes are classified based on the type of stimulus, and on whether the organism's response is to move towards or away from the stimulus. If the organism moves towards the stimulus the taxis are positive, while if it moves away the taxis are negative. For example, flagellate
646:
in a fluid. Positive rheotaxis is shown by fish turning to face against the current. In a flowing stream, this behaviour leads them to hold their position in a stream rather than being swept downstream. Some fish will exhibit negative rheotaxis where they will avoid
1301:
Verasztó, Csaba; Gühmann, Martin; Jia, Huiyong; Rajan, Vinoth Babu Veedin; Bezares-Calderón, Luis A.; Piñeiro-Lopez, Cristina; Randel, Nadine; Shahidi, Réza; Michiels, Nico K.; Yokoyama, Shozo; Tessmar-Raible, Kristin; Jékely, Gáspár (29 May 2018).
668:
larvae are believed to use thigmotactic sense to locate fruits to feed on. Mice and rats, when inhabiting human-made structures, tend to stick close to vertical surfaces; this primarily manifests as running along the floor/wall juncture. Whiskers
636:
and reenter the light; a second type of positive phototaxis is true phototaxis, which is a directed movement up a gradient to an increasing amount of light. There is a different classification to orientation towards dark areas called scototaxis.
441:
is a response elicited by chemicals: that is, a response to a chemical concentration gradient. For example, chemotaxis in response to a sugar gradient has been observed in motile bacteria such as
664:
Thigmotaxis is the response of an organism to physical contact or to the proximity of a physical discontinuity in the environment (e.g. rats preferring to swim near the edge of a water maze).
1108:
Mugnaini, Matias; Mehrotra, Dhruv; Davoine, Federico; Sharma, Varun; Mendes, Ana Rita; Gerhardt, Ben; Concha-Miranda, Miguel; Brecht, Michael; Clemens, Ann M. (2023).
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also requires paired receptors. The movement occurs along the direction where the intensity of the stimuli is stronger. Telotaxis is clearly seen in the movement of
1457:. Handbook of Sensory Physiology. Vol. VII/6A. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 503–580. See section D: Wavelength–Specific Behavior and Color Vision.
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can migrate along amazingly small temperature gradients of less than 0.1 °C/cm. They apparently use this behaviour to move to an optimal level in soil.
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but not paired receptor organs. The cells for reception may be located all over the body, but often towards the anterior side. The organism detects the
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and coordinate movement in response. However, the term is commonly applied to bacteria that contain magnets and are physically rotated by the force of
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target odor including moths, albatrosses, and polar bears. Rats have specialized supra-orbital whiskers that detect wind and cause anemotactic turning.
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673:) are often used to detect the presence of a wall or surface in the absence of sufficient light in rodents and felines to aid in thigmotaxis.
597:. In this case, the "behaviour" has nothing to do with sensation and the bacteria are more accurately described as "magnetic bacteria".
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Pharotaxis is the movement to a specific location in response to learned or conditioned stimuli, or navigation by means of landmarks.
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1462:
1231:
933:
1222:
Blass, E.M (1987). "Opioids, sweets and a mechanism for positive affect: Broad motivational implications". In
Dobbing, J (ed.).
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with paired receptor cells, comparing the strength of the signals and turning toward the strongest signal. The movement of
539:, combine positive phototaxis (movement towards the light) and negative gravitaxis (upward movement). Also the larvae of a
411:. A clear demonstration is shown by bees returning to their hive at night and the movement of ants with respect to the sun.
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Aerotaxis is the response of an organism to variation in oxygen concentration, and is mainly found in aerobic bacteria.
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cells, but signalling mechanisms (receptors, intracellular signaling) and effectors are significantly different.
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and demonstrates guided movement towards or away from the stimulus source. It is sometimes distinguished from a
112:(turning response, often growth towards or away from a stimulus) in that in the case of taxis, the organism has
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C. F. Adams & A. J. Paul (1999). "Phototaxis and geotaxis of light-adapted zoeae of the golden king crab
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24:
1304:"Ciliary and rhabdomeric photoreceptor-cell circuits form a spectral depth gauge in marine zooplankton"
1453:
Menzel, Randolf (1979). "Spectral
Sensitivity and Color Vision in Invertebrates". In H. Autrum (ed.).
1429:
Animal
Behavior Desk Reference: A Dictionary of Animal Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, Third Edition
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since phototaxis refers to a response to light and the organism is moving towards the stimulus.
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Comparative
Physiology and Evolution of Vision in Invertebrates- A: Invertebrate Photoreceptors
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1515:, 60:431–437 (1989). "A simple animal can use a complex stimulus patter to find a location:…"
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495:(or galvanotaxis) is the directional movement of motile cells along the vector of an
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Kennedy, J. S.; Marsh, D. (1974). "Pheromone-regulated anemotaxis in flying moths".
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326:, where bilateral sense organs are used to determine the stimulus direction; and a
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517:(known historically as geotaxis) is the directional movement (along the vector of
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Directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to an external stimulus
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Nevitt, Gabrielle A.; Losekoot, Marcel; WeimerskirchWeimerskirch, Henri (2008).
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to follow trails that organisms have left when travelling to or from their home.
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Vergassola, Massimo; Villermaux, Emmanuel; Shraiman, Boris I. (January 2007).
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553:-induced positive gravitaxis (downward movement) to form a ratio-chromatic
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Reddy, Gautam; Murthy, Venkatesh N.; Vergassola, Massimo (10 March 2022).
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Nossal, Ralph (1980). Jäger, Willi; Rost, Hermann; Tautu, Petre (eds.).
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1002:"Evidence for olfactory search in wandering albatross, Diomedea exulans"
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to look for food. They balance the stimuli from the sun as well as from
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This article is about the behavioural response. For the vehicle, see
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557:. Both positive and negative gravitaxes are found in a variety of
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There are five types of taxes based on the movement of organisms.
271:
120:, a non-directional change in activity in response to a stimulus.
1502:, 22:219–223 (1988). "Avoided temperature leads to the surface:…"
1393:, pp.164–167. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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is the directional movement of a cell along a stiffness gradient.
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move towards a light source. This reaction or behavior is called
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but land on the flower whose stimulus is most intense for them.
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81:
1527:"Searching Behavior and Survival of 1st-Instar Codling Moths"
1110:"Supra-orbital whiskers act as wind-sensing antennae in rats"
848:, Ch. 14. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts
1432:(3, illustrated, revised ed.). CRC Press. p. 463.
1169:"Olfactory Sensing and Navigation in Turbulent Environments"
1601:"'Infotaxis' as a strategy for searching without gradients"
550:
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result moving off the chemical. Chemotaxis is described in
603:
Phonotaxis is the movement of an organism in response to
72:
1053:"Windscapes and olfactory foraging in a large carnivore"
830:. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. pp.
928:(2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Press. p. 362.
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is a migration along a gradient of temperature. Some
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Many types of taxis have been identified, including:
84:
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104:such as light or the presence of food. Taxes are
407:describes organisms' maintenance of a constant
1531:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
613:is the movement of an organism in response to
589:is, strictly speaking, the ability to sense a
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1226:. London: Springer-Verlag. pp. 115–124.
723:, science of categorisation or classification
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1353:T. Fenchel & B. J. Finlay (1 May 1984).
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741:Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott (1940).
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1264:(Anomura: Lithodidae) in the laboratory".
1248:Bacterial energy taxis: a global strategy?
1576:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer: 410–439.
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1173:Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics
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463:in response to chemicals secreted by the
147:Terminology derived from type of stimulus
1193:10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031720-032754
334:Terminology derived from taxis direction
318:present, a taxis can be classified as a
1250:Arch Microbiol. 2010 Jul;192(7):507-20.
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926:Macmillan Dictionary of Life Sciences
7:
1570:"Mathematical Theories of Topotaxis"
1355:"Geotaxis in the ciliated protozoon
354:in a straight line. The movement of
1525:Jackson, D. Michael (15 May 1982).
1500:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
54:
1666:(directional movements in biology)
511:) and requires metabolic activity.
108:responses. A taxis differs from a
14:
1481:, p.114. W.H. Freeman, New York.
877:Mackenzie, Dana (6 March 2023).
447:. Chemotaxis also occurs in the
383:clearly demonstrates tropotaxis.
365:clearly demonstrates klinotaxis.
62:
1363:Journal of Experimental Biology
879:"How animals follow their nose"
790:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1:
1267:Journal of Crustacean Biology
1246:Schweinitzer T, Josenhans C.
1582:10.1007/978-3-642-61850-5_37
1574:Biological Growth and Spread
1477:Dusenbery, David B. (1992).
1389:Dusenbery, David B. (2009).
1127:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002168
971:10.1126/science.184.4140.999
844:Dusenbery, David B. (2009).
53: 'arrangement, order';
1426:Barrows, Edward M. (2011).
1863:
924:Martin, E.A., ed. (1983).
18:
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892:10.1146/knowable-030623-4
810:Dictionary.com Unabridged
345:occurs in organisms with
314:Depending on the type of
192:or "gradient search" (by
824:Kendeigh, S. C. (1961).
715:Different, wider context
1413:pharotaxis at Word Info
1019:10.1073/pnas.0709047105
748:A Greek–English Lexicon
1513:Biological Cybernetics
595:Earth's magnetic field
393:when they leave their
23:. For other uses, see
1543:10.1093/aesa/75.3.284
1391:Living at Micro Scale
1051:Togunov, Ron (2017).
846:Living at Micro Scale
546:Platynereis dumerilii
25:Taxi (disambiguation)
1376:10.1242/jeb.110.1.17
1262:Lithodes aequispinus
536:Lithodes aequispinus
377:grayling butterflies
1617:10.1038/nature05464
1321:10.7554/eLife.36440
1185:2022ARCMP..13..191R
1069:2017NatSR...746332T
963:1974Sci...184..999K
771:The Free Dictionary
642:is a response to a
505:proton motive force
409:angular orientation
141:positive phototaxis
1057:Scientific Reports
957:(4140): 999–1001.
885:. Annual Reviews.
793:. Merriam-Webster.
704:Optomotor response
106:innate behavioural
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1611:(7126): 406–409.
1591:978-3-642-61850-5
1439:978-1-4398-3652-1
1399:978-0-674-03116-6
1077:10.1038/srep46332
1012:(12): 4576–4581.
883:Knowable Magazine
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1847:Cell biology
1815:
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1769:Magnetotaxis
1767:
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1736:Galvanotaxis
1735:
1732:Electrotaxis
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769:– via
761:
746:
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699:Mechanotaxis
666:Codling moth
633:chloroplasts
626:
587:Magnetotaxis
578:
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529:larvae of a
493:Electrotaxis
449:antherozoids
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255:Magnetotaxis
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58:
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1816:Thigmotaxis
1810:temperature
1805:Thermotaxis
655:slime molds
651:Thermotaxis
555:depth-gauge
477:prokaryotic
303:Thigmotaxis
296:temperature
291:Thermotaxis
1836:Categories
1798:fluid flow
1781:Phototaxis
1758:Hydrotaxis
1747:Gravitaxis
1709:Chemotaxis
1688:Anemotaxis
751:. Oxford:
728:References
694:Haptotaxis
657:and small
631:, and the
611:Phototaxis
580:Paramecium
559:protozoans
541:polychaete
527:planktonic
515:Gravitaxis
481:eukaryotic
465:archegonia
453:liverworts
439:Chemotaxis
415:Mnemotaxis
369:Tropotaxis
343:Klinotaxis
324:tropotaxis
320:klinotaxis
284:fluid flow
267:Phototaxis
244:Hydrotaxis
229:Gravitaxis
189:Chemotaxis
168:Anemotaxis
131:protozoans
40:(from
1793:Rheotaxis
1726:stiffness
1721:Durotaxis
1714:chemicals
1698:Barotaxis
1677:Aerotaxis
1662:Types of
1625:1476-4687
1551:0013-8746
1224:Sweetness
1209:243966350
1201:1947-5454
1136:1545-7885
1063:: 46332.
671:vibrissae
659:nematodes
647:currents.
640:Rheotaxis
574:Remanella
531:king crab
521:) to the
487:Durotaxis
405:Menotaxis
387:Telotaxis
381:fish lice
373:organisms
360:butterfly
328:telotaxis
279:Rheotaxis
206:stiffness
201:Durotaxis
194:chemicals
178:Barotaxis
157:Aerotaxis
92:) is the
1762:moisture
1702:pressure
1340:29809157
1154:37410722
1145:10325054
1095:28402340
1038:18326025
987:41768056
898:13 March
721:Taxonomy
678:See also
471:, while
426:Examples
248:moisture
234:geotaxis
182:pressure
114:motility
102:stimulus
98:organism
94:movement
29:Taxonomy
1752:gravity
1357:Loxodes
1331:6019069
1288:1549552
1181:Bibcode
1086:5389353
1065:Bibcode
1029:2290754
979:4826172
959:Bibcode
951:Science
805:"taxis"
785:"taxis"
767:"taxis"
743:"τάξις"
709:Tropism
683:Biology
644:current
628:Euglena
625:, e.g.
621:. Many
568:Loxodes
519:gravity
444:E. coli
399:flowers
356:blowfly
351:stimuli
238:gravity
136:Euglena
118:kinesis
110:tropism
51:(táxis)
1682:oxygen
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1605:Nature
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525:. The
509:NDH- 1
503:(e.g.
461:mosses
459:, and
419:memory
363:larvae
162:oxygen
96:of an
1786:light
1664:taxes
1308:eLife
1284:JSTOR
1205:S2CID
983:S2CID
615:light
605:sound
457:ferns
272:light
59:taxes
48:τάξις
44:
38:taxis
1818:(by
1796:(by
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1772:(by
1760:(by
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1586:ISBN
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1483:ISBN
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1395:ISBN
1336:PMID
1228:ISBN
1197:ISSN
1150:PMID
1132:ISSN
1091:PMID
1034:PMID
1006:PNAS
975:PMID
930:ISBN
900:2023
850:ISBN
577:and
563:e.g.
479:and
395:hive
391:bees
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306:(by
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21:Taxi
1734:or
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1371:doi
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1140:PMC
1122:doi
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1024:PMC
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