600:, use the technique of communal hunting to increase their success rate at catching prey. Studies have shown that larger packs of African wild dogs tend to have a greater number of successful kills. A prime example of clumped distribution due to patchy resources is the wildlife in Africa during the dry season; lions, hyenas, giraffes, elephants, gazelles, and many more animals are clumped by small water sources that are present in the severe dry season. It has also been observed that extinct and threatened species are more likely to be clumped in their distribution on a phylogeny. The reasoning behind this is that they share traits that increase vulnerability to extinction because related taxa are often located within the same broad geographical or habitat types where human-induced threats are concentrated. Using recently developed complete phylogenies for mammalian carnivores and primates it has been shown that in the majority of instances threatened species are far from randomly distributed among
794:
of species distribution can create a bio-climate range, or bio-climate envelope. The envelope can range from a local to a global scale or from a density independence to dependence. The hierarchical model takes into consideration the requirements, impacts or resources as well as local extinctions in disturbance factors. Models can integrate the dispersal/migration model, the disturbance model, and abundance model. Species distribution models (SDMs) can be used to assess climate change impacts and conservation management issues. Species distribution models include: presence/absence models, the dispersal/migration models, disturbance models, and abundance models. A prevalent way of creating predicted distribution maps for different species is to reclassify a land cover layer depending on whether or not the species in question would be predicted to habit each cover type. This simple SDM is often modified through the use of range data or ancillary information, such as elevation or water distance.
133:
779:
a given area are more preferred because these models include an estimate of confidence in the likelihood of the species being present/absent. They are also more valuable than data collected based on simple presence or absence because models based on probability allow the formation of spatial maps that indicates how likely a species is to be found in a particular area. Similar areas can then be compared to see how likely it is that a species will occur there also; this leads to a relationship between habitat suitability and species occurrence.
579:, is the most common type of dispersion found in nature. In clumped distribution, the distance between neighboring individuals is minimized. This type of distribution is found in environments that are characterized by patchy resources. Animals need certain resources to survive, and when these resources become rare during certain parts of the year animals tend to "clump" together around these crucial resources. Individuals might be clustered together in an area due to social factors such as
665:
another. Random distribution is rare in nature as biotic factors, such as the interactions with neighboring individuals, and abiotic factors, such as climate or soil conditions, generally cause organisms to be either clustered or spread. Random distribution usually occurs in habitats where environmental conditions and resources are consistent. This pattern of dispersion is characterized by the lack of any strong social interactions between species. For example; When
842:
545:
830:
382:
quail, and their predators, such as the coyote. An advantage of a herd, community, or other clumped distribution allows a population to detect predators earlier, at a greater distance, and potentially mount an effective defense. Due to limited resources, populations may be evenly distributed to minimize competition, as is found in forests, where competition for sunlight produces an even distribution of trees.
818:
438:
36:
798:
conservation planning under climate change predictions (global climate models, which are frequently used in the creation of species distribution models, usually consist of 50–100 km size grids) which could lead to over-prediction of future ranges in species distribution modeling. This can result in the misidentification of protected areas intended for a species future habitat.
767:. If the variance/mean ratio is equal to 1, the population is found to be randomly distributed. If it is significantly greater than 1, the population is found to be clumped distribution. Finally, if the ratio is significantly less than 1, the population is found to be evenly distributed. Typical statistical tests used to find the significance of the variance/mean ratio include
591:'s nest of eaglets exhibits a clumped species distribution because all the offspring are in a small subset of a survey area before they learn to fly. Clumped distribution can be beneficial to the individuals in that group. However, in some herbivore cases, such as cows and wildebeests, the vegetation around them can suffer, especially if animals target one plant in particular.
690:
that are each other's nearest neighbor, the distance is recorded twice, once for each individual. To receive accurate results, it is suggested that the number of distance measurements is at least 50. The average distance between nearest neighbors is compared to the expected distance in the case of random distribution to give the ratio:
649:, which is the release of chemicals from plant parts by leaching, root exudation, volatilization, residue decomposition and other processes. Allelopathy can have beneficial, harmful, or neutral effects on surrounding organisms. Some allelochemicals even have selective effects on surrounding organisms; for example, the tree species
806:
The
Species Distribution Grids Project is an effort led out of the University of Columbia to create maps and databases of the whereabouts of various animal species. This work is centered on preventing deforestation and prioritizing areas based on species richness. As of April 2009, data are available
689:
can be used to determine if a distribution is clumped, uniform, or random. To utilize the Clark–Evans nearest neighbor method, researchers examine a population of a single species. The distance of an individual to its nearest neighbor is recorded for each individual in the sample. For two individuals
793:
Species distribution can be predicted based on the pattern of biodiversity at spatial scales. A general hierarchical model can integrate disturbance, dispersal and population dynamics. Based on factors of dispersal, disturbance, resources limiting climate, and other species distribution, predictions
778:
However, many researchers believe that species distribution models based on statistical analysis, without including ecological models and theories, are too incomplete for prediction. Instead of conclusions based on presence-absence data, probabilities that convey the likelihood a species will occupy
664:
Random distribution, also known as unpredictable spacing, is the least common form of distribution in nature and occurs when the members of a given species are found in environments in which the position of each individual is independent of the other individuals: they neither attract nor repel one
368:
Researchers from the Arctic Ocean
Diversity (ARCOD) project have documented rising numbers of warm-water crustaceans in the seas around Norway's Svalbard Islands. ARCOD is part of the Census of Marine Life, a huge 10-year project involving researchers in more than 80 nations that aims to chart the
672:
are dispersed by wind, random distribution will often occur as the seedlings land in random places determined by uncontrollable factors. Oyster larvae can also travel hundreds of kilometers powered by sea currents, which can result in their random distribution. Random distributions exhibit chance
381:
Biotic factors such as predation, disease, and inter- and intra-specific competition for resources such as food, water, and mates can also affect how a species is distributed. For example, biotic factors in a quail's environment would include their prey (insects and seeds), competition from other
630:
distribution, is evenly spaced. Uniform distributions are found in populations in which the distance between neighboring individuals is maximized. The need to maximize the space between individuals generally arises from competition for a resource such as moisture or nutrients, or as a result of
797:
Recent studies have indicated that the grid size used can have an effect on the output of these species distribution models. The standard 50x50 km grid size can select up to 2.89 times more area than when modeled with a 1x1 km grid for the same species. This has several effects on the species
762:
The variance/mean ratio method focuses mainly on determining whether a species fits a randomly spaced distribution, but can also be used as evidence for either an even or clumped distribution. To utilize the
Variance/Mean ratio method, data is collected from several random samples of a given
655:
exudes a chemical that inhibits the growth of other plants but not those of its own species, and thus can affect the distribution of specific rival species. Allelopathy usually results in uniform distributions, and its potential to suppress weeds is being researched. Farming and agricultural
389:
of the organism. Plants are well documented as examples showing how phenology is an adaptive trait that can influence fitness in changing climates. Physiology can influence species distributions in an environmentally sensitive manner because physiology underlies movement such as
763:
population. In this analysis, it is imperative that data from at least 50 sample plots is considered. The number of individuals present in each sample is compared to the expected counts in the case of random distribution. The expected distribution can be found using
172:, often represented as shaded areas on a map. Patterns of distribution change depending on the scale at which they are viewed, from the arrangement of individuals within a small family unit, to patterns within a population, or the distribution of the entire
506:. A separate example of a river corridor would be a river corridor that includes the entire drainage, having the edge of the range delimited by mountains, or higher elevations; the river itself would be a smaller percentage of this entire
631:
direct social interactions between individuals within the population, such as territoriality. For example, penguins often exhibit uniform spacing by aggressively defending their territory among their neighbors. The burrows of
586:
Other causes of clumped distributions are the inability of offspring to independently move from their habitat. This is seen in juvenile animals that are immobile and strongly dependent upon parental care. For example, the
738:
635:
for example are also regularly distributed, which can be seen on satellite images. Plants also exhibit uniform distributions, like the creosote bushes in the southwestern region of the United States.
365:
An example of the effects of abiotic factors on species distribution can be seen in drier areas, where most individuals of a species will gather around water sources, forming a clumped distribution.
245:, where it has historically originated and lived, and the range where a species has more recently established itself. Many terms are used to describe the new range, such as non-native, naturalized,
614:
A contiguous distribution is one in which individuals are closer together than they would be if they were randomly or evenly distributed, i.e., it is clumped distribution with a single clump.
373:. This study shows that as the ocean temperatures rise species are beginning to travel into the cold and harsh Arctic waters. Even the snow crab has extended its range 500 km north.
1470:"Mapping the distribution of the main host for plague in a complex landscape in Kazakhstan: An object-based approach using SPOT-5 XS, Landsat 7 ETM+, SRTM and multiple Random Forests"
1228:
Hülsmann, Norbert; Galil, Bella S. (2002), Leppäkoski, Erkki; Gollasch, Stephan; Olenin, Sergej (eds.), "Protists — A Dominant
Component of the Ballast-Transported Biota",
811:
contains sample maps for the
Species Grids data set. These maps are not inclusive but rather contain a representative sample of the types of data available for download:
2521:
1774:
1411:
Wilschut, L.I; Laudisoit, A.; Hughes, N.K; Addink, E.A.; de Jong, S.M.; Heesterbeek, J.A.P.; Reijniers, J.; Eagle, S.; Dubyanskiy, V.M.; Begon, M. (19 May 2015).
1742:
1468:
Wilschut, L.I; Addink, E.A.; Heesterbeek, J.A.P.; Dubyanskiy, V.M; Davis, S.A.; Laudisoit, A.; Begon, M.; Burdelov, L.A.; Atshabar, B.B.; de Jong, S.M. (2013).
1711:
2665:
556:
On large scales, the pattern of distribution among individuals in a population is clumped. On small scales, the pattern may be clumped, regular, or random.
755:
is significantly less than 1, the population is clumped. Statistical tests (such as t-test, chi squared, etc.) can then be used to determine whether
2735:
656:
practices often create uniform distribution in areas where it would not previously exist, for example, orange trees growing in rows on a plantation.
2272:
594:
Clumped distribution in species acts as a mechanism against predation as well as an efficient mechanism to trap or corner prey. African wild dogs,
902:
524:
Bird species in these corridors are connected to a main range for the species (contiguous range) or are in an isolated geographic range and be a
696:
2745:
2473:
1546:
583:
and family groups. Organisms that usually serve as prey form clumped distributions in areas where they can hide and detect predators easily.
459:
53:
2750:
2307:
498:
One common example of bird species' ranges are land mass areas bordering water bodies, such as oceans, rivers, or lakes; they are called a
2938:
2355:
2691:
2514:
1767:
1583:
Philip J. Clark and
Francis C. Evans (Oct 1954). "Distance to Nearest Neighbor as a Measure of Spatial Relationships in Populations".
2027:
1276:
1245:
485:
119:
100:
257:
typically means that a species has been transported by humans (intentionally or accidentally) across a major geographical barrier.
1373:
883:
370:
72:
2770:
2483:
2350:
2062:
532:, would leave connected to the main range or have to fly over land not connected to the wildlife corridor; thus, they would be
401:
398:. Individuals that are more disperse-prone have higher metabolism, locomotor performance, corticosterone levels, and immunity.
197:
502:. A second example, some species of bird depend on water, usually a river, swamp, etc., or water related forest and live in a
3028:
841:
788:
463:
416:
often fill their ballasts with water at one port and empty them in another, causing a wider distribution of aquatic species.
57:
3155:
2800:
79:
3201:
2755:
2507:
1760:
1534:
2633:
1387:
686:
3346:
3336:
829:
1331:
Purvis, A; Agapowe, P-M; Gittleman, JL; Mace, GM (2000). "Non-random extinction and the loss of evolutionary history".
3341:
2990:
1881:
521:
in the east are two examples of this habitat, used in summer, and winter, by separate species, for different reasons.
132:
86:
1413:"Spatial distribution patterns of plague hosts: point pattern analysis of the burrows of great gerbils in Kazakhstan"
817:
448:
513:
A further example of a bird wildlife corridor would be a mountain range corridor. In the U.S. of North
America, the
3055:
2775:
1979:
1876:
1025:
Richardson, David M.; Pysek, Petr; Rejmanek, Marcel; Barbour, Michael G.; Panetta, F. Dane; West, Carol J. (2000).
369:
diversity, distribution and abundance of life in the oceans. Marine Life has become largely affected by increasing
1719:
467:
452:
46:
3326:
3236:
2848:
2740:
2598:
2583:
2578:
1969:
878:
316:
occurs when two or more areas of the range of a taxon are considerably separated from each other geographically.
68:
2995:
3226:
3221:
3191:
2458:
2340:
645:
which inhibit the growth of other plants around it and results in uniform distribution. This is an example of
3070:
2933:
2843:
2711:
2593:
2563:
2420:
2385:
2105:
2072:
2047:
3216:
3160:
3095:
2958:
2893:
2828:
2488:
2390:
2178:
1886:
1866:
873:
858:
641:
is a species in
California that naturally grows in uniform spacing. This flower releases chemicals called
3331:
3120:
3065:
2928:
2913:
2696:
2653:
2643:
2638:
2395:
2375:
2231:
2221:
2163:
2158:
1994:
1846:
651:
525:
518:
313:
3246:
3211:
3206:
3130:
3125:
3080:
2978:
2948:
2943:
2658:
2648:
2193:
2032:
1821:
1669:
1592:
1538:
1481:
1424:
1340:
1038:
983:
764:
514:
395:
238:
177:
1752:
3296:
3271:
3135:
3105:
3050:
2963:
2853:
2838:
2785:
2618:
2553:
2435:
2365:
1896:
768:
2499:
928:"Interactions Among Spatial Scales Constrain Species Distributions in Fragmented Urban Landscapes"
807:
for global amphibian distributions, as well as birds and mammals in the
Americas. The map gallery
93:
3307:
3256:
3251:
3060:
3023:
2721:
2686:
2543:
2468:
2370:
2302:
2292:
2226:
2173:
1984:
1929:
1891:
1816:
1608:
1313:
1007:
637:
291:
246:
223:
185:
142:
2765:
1747:
3196:
3165:
2953:
2780:
2588:
2453:
2430:
2287:
2168:
1944:
1856:
1841:
1826:
1806:
1542:
1507:
1450:
1356:
1272:
1241:
1210:
1192:
1153:
1135:
1056:
999:
949:
507:
329:
140:
map represents the region where individuals of a species can be found. This is a range map of
3150:
3013:
3005:
2923:
2805:
2790:
2726:
2706:
2623:
2613:
2608:
2573:
2405:
2345:
2216:
2017:
1959:
1871:
1831:
1677:
1600:
1527:
1497:
1489:
1440:
1432:
1348:
1305:
1233:
1200:
1184:
1143:
1127:
1046:
991:
968:
939:
863:
772:
674:
333:
250:
181:
808:
424:
On large scales, the pattern of distribution among individuals in a population is clumped.
354:
factors are abiotic factors regarding soil, such as the coarseness of soil, local geology,
3286:
3145:
3115:
3110:
3100:
3033:
3018:
2898:
2878:
2760:
2628:
2534:
2425:
2335:
2277:
2262:
1861:
1787:
1111:
1097:
549:
533:
1074:
168:
is spatially arranged. The geographic limits of a particular taxon's distribution is its
1673:
1596:
1485:
1428:
1344:
1042:
987:
544:
275:
For species for which only part of their range is used for breeding activity, the terms
3266:
3090:
3043:
2973:
2968:
2863:
2730:
2603:
2410:
2400:
2380:
2257:
2183:
2148:
2087:
1964:
1919:
1811:
1502:
1469:
1445:
1412:
1265:
1205:
1172:
1148:
1115:
529:
409:
348:
climatic factors consist of sunlight, atmosphere, humidity, temperature, and salinity;
3320:
3291:
2267:
2241:
2198:
2188:
2143:
2130:
2110:
2002:
1836:
1791:
1682:
1657:
1309:
1051:
1026:
995:
751:
is significantly greater than 1, the population is evenly dispersed. Lastly, if
596:
413:
405:
1317:
1011:
214:
is the geographical area within which that species can be found. Within that range,
3276:
3261:
2918:
2888:
2833:
2716:
2681:
2558:
2057:
868:
632:
605:
580:
328:, distribution by humans, in response to the availability of resources, and other
1352:
1292:
Creel, N.M. and S. (1995). "Communal
Hunting and Pack Size in African Wild Dogs,
2568:
2297:
2115:
2077:
2052:
2042:
2007:
1954:
1934:
1628:
Nearest-Neighbour Distance Measurements for the Estimation of Animal Populations
1237:
646:
437:
391:
35:
1697:
1188:
3281:
2858:
2823:
2463:
2415:
2360:
2330:
2236:
2153:
2097:
1974:
1924:
1493:
588:
351:
260:
For species found in different regions at different times of year, especially
219:
1196:
1139:
1060:
1003:
953:
685:
There are various ways to determine the distribution pattern of species. The
17:
3186:
3140:
2868:
2312:
2282:
2082:
2037:
2012:
1949:
1939:
1914:
1906:
1851:
944:
927:
666:
386:
306:
1511:
1454:
1360:
1214:
1157:
1131:
733:{\displaystyle R=({\text{mean distance}})\times 2{\sqrt {\text{density}}}}
3241:
3170:
2701:
2208:
2120:
2067:
2022:
234:
1230:
Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe. Distribution, Impacts and Management
3231:
3038:
2908:
2903:
2530:
2478:
2138:
1783:
1612:
1027:"Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions"
642:
355:
211:
203:
173:
147:
1436:
1120:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1474:
International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
536:
over land that they stop on for an intermittent, hit or miss, visit.
325:
261:
1604:
1173:"Physiology can predict animal activity, exploration, and dispersal"
176:
as a whole (range). Species distribution is not to be confused with
305:. The typical geographic ranges could be the latitudinal range and
1658:"The continuing challenges of testing species distribution models"
669:
608:
543:
165:
1563:
404:
are one of the largest distributors due to the current trends in
1743:
Livestock Grazing Distribution Patterns: Does Animal Age Matter?
601:
2503:
1756:
1643:
Variance to mean ratio and the spatial distribution of animals
431:
297:
Geographic or temporal qualifiers are often added, such as in
29:
747:
is equal to 1, then the population is randomly dispersed. If
233:
Sometimes a distinction is made between a species' natural,
385:
One key factor in determining species distribution is the
1388:"Patterns of distribution dispersion - Species Richness"
290:
is often used, as opposed to areas where it occurs as a
361:
social factors include land use and water availability.
229:
Range is often described with the following qualities:
180:, which is the movement of individuals away from their
552:
are (from top to bottom) uniform, random, and clumped.
548:
Three basic types of population distribution within a
903:"Population size, density, & dispersal (article)"
699:
969:"A neutral terminology to define 'invasive' species"
510:, but the corridor is created because of the river.
3179:
3079:
3004:
2877:
2814:
2674:
2542:
2444:
2323:
2250:
2207:
2129:
2096:
1993:
1905:
1799:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1526:
1264:
732:
681:Statistical determination of distribution patterns
27:Geographical area in which a species can be found
1171:Wu, Nicholas C.; Seebacher, Frank (2022-02-03).
1116:"Why does phenology drive species distribution?"
1712:"Scientists develop Species Distribution Grids"
1564:"Allelopathy: How Plants Suppress Other Plants"
967:Colautti, Robert I.; MacIsaac, Hugh J. (2004).
344:There are three main types of abiotic factors:
1271:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
2515:
1768:
1591:(4). Ecological Society of America: 445–453.
8:
1374:"Aggregated/clumped/contiguous distribution"
1562:Fergusen, J.J; Rathinasabapathi, B (2003).
466:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
222:, while dispersion is the variation in its
2736:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
2522:
2508:
2500:
1775:
1761:
1753:
1681:
1501:
1444:
1258:
1256:
1204:
1147:
1050:
943:
723:
709:
698:
486:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2634:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
2273:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
1529:Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology
1232:, Springer Netherlands, pp. 20–26,
759:is significantly different from 1.
218:is the general structure of the species
131:
2666:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
1087:Campbell, Reece. Biology. eight edition
894:
813:
622:Less common than clumped distribution,
528:range. Birds leaving the area, if they
2474:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
320:Factors affecting species distribution
164:, is the manner in which a biological
1656:Ormerod, S.J.; Vaughan, I.P. (2005).
1645:. Birkhäuser Basel. pp. 993–994.
7:
2489:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
1748:Discrete Uniform Random Distribution
464:adding citations to reliable sources
324:Distribution patterns may change by
184:or from a population center of high
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2939:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
687:Clark–Evans nearest neighbor method
2692:Ecological effects of biodiversity
1267:Ecology: concepts and applications
802:Species Distribution Grids Project
611:and display clumped distribution.
25:
2028:Generalist and specialist species
823:Species richness map (amphibians)
2751:Occupancy–abundance relationship
1683:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01052.x
1052:10.1046/j.1472-4642.2000.00083.x
996:10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00061.x
884:Occupancy frequency distribution
840:
828:
816:
436:
371:effects of global climate change
34:
2771:Relative abundance distribution
2484:Plant defense against herbivory
2351:Competitive exclusion principle
2063:Mesopredator release hypothesis
1698:"Species Distribution Modeling"
198:Marginal distribution (biology)
45:needs additional citations for
2356:Consumer–resource interactions
1263:Molles, Manuel C. Jr. (2008).
847:Species richness map (mammals)
789:Species distribution modelling
714:
706:
1:
3202:Biological data visualization
3029:Environmental niche modelling
2756:Population viability analysis
1535:Jones and Bartlett Publishers
412:industry. For example, large
286:For mobile animals, the term
2687:Density-dependent inhibition
1630:. Ecology. pp. 147–150.
1353:10.1126/science.288.5464.328
1310:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80048-4
835:Species richness map (birds)
809:Gridded Species Distribution
626:distribution, also known as
3156:Liebig's law of the minimum
2991:Resource selection function
1882:Metabolic theory of ecology
1238:10.1007/978-94-015-9956-6_3
1031:Diversity and Distributions
976:Diversity and Distributions
926:Turner, Will (2006-08-16).
783:Species distribution models
517:range in the west, and the
3363:
3056:Niche apportionment models
2776:Relative species abundance
1980:Primary nutritional groups
1877:List of feeding behaviours
1662:Journal of Applied Ecology
1386:Doty, Lewis (2021-01-06).
1189:10.1038/s42003-022-03055-y
786:
195:
137:
3305:
3237:Ecosystem based fisheries
2849:Interspecific competition
2741:Minimum viable population
2599:Maximum sustainable yield
2584:Intraspecific competition
2579:Effective population size
2459:Anti-predator adaptations
1970:Photosynthetic efficiency
1494:10.1016/j.jag.2012.11.007
879:Cosmopolitan distribution
3227:Ecological stoichiometry
3192:Alternative stable state
1700:. University of Vermont.
1626:Blackith, R. E. (1958).
540:Patterns on small scales
420:Patterns on large scales
3071:Ontogenetic niche shift
2934:Ideal free distribution
2844:Ecological facilitation
2594:Malthusian growth model
2564:Consumer-resource model
2421:Paradox of the plankton
2386:Energy systems language
2106:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
2073:Optimal foraging theory
2048:Heterotrophic nutrition
1525:Mauseth, James (2008).
1417:Journal of Biogeography
945:10.5751/ES-01742-110206
569:aggregated distribution
428:Bird wildlife corridors
408:and the expanse of the
3217:Ecological forecasting
3161:Marginal value theorem
2959:Landscape epidemiology
2894:Cross-boundary subsidy
2829:Biological interaction
2179:Microbial intelligence
1867:Green world hypothesis
1177:Communications Biology
1132:10.1098/rstb.2010.0142
859:Geographic range limit
734:
553:
253:, or colonized range.
151:
69:"Species distribution"
3222:Ecological humanities
3121:Ecological energetics
3066:Niche differentiation
2929:Habitat fragmentation
2697:Ecological extinction
2644:Small population size
2396:Feed conversion ratio
2376:Ecological succession
2308:San Francisco Estuary
2222:Ecological efficiency
2164:Microbial cooperation
1641:Banerjee, B. (1976).
735:
652:Leucaena leucocephala
547:
519:Appalachian Mountains
314:Disjunct distribution
135:
3247:Evolutionary ecology
3212:Ecological footprint
3207:Ecological economics
3131:Ecological threshold
3126:Ecological indicator
2996:Source–sink dynamics
2949:Land change modeling
2944:Insular biogeography
2796:Species distribution
2535:Modelling ecosystems
2194:Microbial metabolism
2033:Intraguild predation
1822:Biogeochemical cycle
1788:Modelling ecosystems
765:Poisson distribution
697:
565:Clumped distribution
460:improve this section
155:Species distribution
54:improve this article
3347:Population genetics
3337:Ecology terminology
3297:Theoretical ecology
3272:Natural environment
3136:Ecosystem diversity
3106:Ecological collapse
3096:Bateman's principle
3051:Limiting similarity
2964:Landscape limnology
2786:Species homogeneity
2624:Population modeling
2619:Population dynamics
2436:Trophic state index
1674:2005JApEc..42..720V
1597:1954Ecol...35..445C
1486:2013IJAEO..23...81W
1429:2015JBiog..42.1281W
1345:2000Sci...288..328P
1126:(1555): 3149–3160.
1043:2000DivDi...6...93R
988:2004DivDi..10..135C
932:Ecology and Society
358:, and aeration; and
272:are often employed.
3342:Population ecology
3308:Outline of ecology
3257:Industrial ecology
3252:Functional ecology
3116:Ecological deficit
3061:Niche construction
3024:Ecosystem engineer
2801:Species–area curve
2722:Introduced species
2537:: Other components
2469:Deimatic behaviour
2371:Ecological network
2303:North Pacific Gyre
2288:hydrothermal vents
2227:Ecological pyramid
2174:Microbial food web
1985:Primary production
1930:Foundation species
730:
638:Salvia leucophylla
618:Regular or uniform
573:clumped dispersion
554:
281:non-breeding range
224:population density
152:
143:Juniperus communis
3314:
3313:
3197:Balance of nature
2954:Landscape ecology
2839:Community ecology
2781:Species diversity
2717:Indicator species
2712:Gradient analysis
2589:Logistic function
2497:
2496:
2454:Animal coloration
2431:Trophic mutualism
2169:Microbial ecology
1960:Photoheterotrophs
1945:Myco-heterotrophy
1857:Ecosystem ecology
1842:Carrying capacity
1807:Abiotic component
1548:978-0-7637-5345-0
1437:10.1111/jbi.12534
1339:(5464): 328–330.
1100:. 7 October 2019.
1077:. 7 October 2019.
728:
727:
712:
508:wildlife corridor
496:
495:
488:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3354:
3327:Animal migration
3014:Ecological niche
2986:selection theory
2806:Umbrella species
2791:Species richness
2727:Invasive species
2707:Flagship species
2614:Population cycle
2609:Overexploitation
2574:Ecological yield
2524:
2517:
2510:
2501:
2406:Mesotrophic soil
2346:Climax community
2278:Marine food webs
2217:Biomagnification
2018:Chemoorganotroph
1872:Keystone species
1832:Biotic component
1777:
1770:
1763:
1754:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1718:. Archived from
1708:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1532:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1448:
1423:(7): 1281–1292.
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1304:(5): 1325–1339.
1298:Animal Behaviour
1289:
1283:
1282:
1270:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1151:
1112:Chuine, Isabelle
1108:
1102:
1101:
1098:"Abiotic factor"
1094:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1054:
1022:
1016:
1015:
973:
964:
958:
957:
947:
923:
917:
916:
914:
913:
899:
864:Animal migration
844:
832:
820:
769:Student's t-test
739:
737:
736:
731:
729:
725:
724:
713:
710:
675:Poisson clumping
534:passage migrants
491:
484:
480:
477:
471:
440:
432:
264:, terms such as
249:, transplanted,
182:region of origin
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3301:
3287:Systems ecology
3175:
3146:Extinction debt
3111:Ecological debt
3101:Bioluminescence
3082:
3075:
3044:marine habitats
3019:Ecological trap
3000:
2880:
2873:
2816:
2810:
2766:Rapoport's rule
2761:Priority effect
2702:Endemic species
2670:
2629:Population size
2545:
2538:
2528:
2498:
2493:
2446:
2440:
2426:Trophic cascade
2336:Bioaccumulation
2319:
2246:
2203:
2125:
2092:
1989:
1901:
1862:Ecosystem model
1795:
1781:
1739:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1605:10.2307/1931034
1582:
1581:
1577:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1075:"Biotic factor"
1073:
1072:
1068:
1024:
1023:
1019:
971:
966:
965:
961:
925:
924:
920:
911:
909:
901:
900:
896:
892:
855:
848:
845:
836:
833:
824:
821:
804:
791:
785:
695:
694:
683:
662:
620:
562:
542:
492:
481:
475:
472:
457:
441:
430:
422:
379:
342:
322:
200:
194:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3360:
3358:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3267:Microecosystem
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3166:Thorson's rule
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3091:Assembly rules
3087:
3085:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2976:
2974:Patch dynamics
2971:
2969:Metapopulation
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2864:Storage effect
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2746:Neutral theory
2743:
2738:
2733:
2731:Native species
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2604:Overpopulation
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2411:Nutrient cycle
2408:
2403:
2401:Feeding frenzy
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2381:Energy quality
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2341:Cascade effect
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2184:Microbial loop
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2149:Lithoautotroph
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2131:Microorganisms
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2088:Prey switching
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1965:Photosynthesis
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1920:Chemosynthesis
1917:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1812:Abiotic stress
1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1737:External links
1735:
1733:
1732:
1703:
1689:
1668:(4): 720–730.
1648:
1633:
1618:
1575:
1554:
1547:
1517:
1480:(100): 81–94.
1460:
1403:
1392:Ecology Center
1378:
1366:
1323:
1284:
1277:
1252:
1246:
1220:
1163:
1103:
1089:
1080:
1066:
1017:
959:
918:
893:
891:
888:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
854:
851:
850:
849:
846:
839:
837:
834:
827:
825:
822:
815:
803:
800:
784:
781:
743:If this ratio
741:
740:
722:
719:
716:
708:
705:
702:
682:
679:
661:
658:
619:
616:
567:, also called
561:
558:
550:regional range
541:
538:
504:river corridor
494:
493:
444:
442:
435:
429:
426:
421:
418:
410:transportation
378:
375:
363:
362:
359:
349:
341:
338:
321:
318:
311:
310:
303:pre-1950 range
295:
284:
277:breeding range
273:
258:
196:Main article:
193:
190:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3359:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3292:Urban ecology
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Kleiber's law
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2924:Foster's rule
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2242:Trophic level
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2199:Phage ecology
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:Microbial mat
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:Bacteriophage
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2111:Decomposition
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2058:Mesopredators
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:Apex predator
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:Biotic stress
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1722:on 2009-04-14
1721:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:Lycaon pictus
1288:
1285:
1280:
1278:9780073050829
1274:
1269:
1268:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1247:9789401599566
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:(2): 93–107.
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
982:(2): 135–41.
981:
977:
970:
963:
960:
955:
951:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
922:
919:
908:
904:
898:
895:
889:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
852:
843:
838:
831:
826:
819:
814:
812:
810:
801:
799:
795:
790:
782:
780:
776:
774:
770:
766:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
720:
717:
711:mean distance
703:
700:
693:
692:
691:
688:
680:
678:
676:
671:
668:
659:
657:
654:
653:
648:
644:
640:
639:
634:
633:great gerbils
629:
625:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
603:
599:
598:
597:Lycaon pictus
592:
590:
584:
582:
581:selfish herds
578:
574:
570:
566:
559:
557:
551:
546:
539:
537:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
515:Sierra Nevada
511:
509:
505:
501:
500:coastal strip
490:
487:
479:
469:
465:
461:
455:
454:
450:
445:This section
443:
439:
434:
433:
427:
425:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
406:globalization
403:
399:
397:
393:
388:
383:
376:
374:
372:
366:
360:
357:
353:
350:
347:
346:
345:
339:
337:
335:
331:
327:
319:
317:
315:
308:
304:
300:
299:British range
296:
293:
289:
288:natural range
285:
282:
278:
274:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:
230:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
199:
191:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
156:
149:
146:, the common
145:
144:
139:
138:species range
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
18:Natural range
3332:Biogeography
3277:Regime shift
3262:Macroecology
2983:
2979:
2919:Edge effects
2889:Biogeography
2834:Commensalism
2795:
2682:Biodiversity
2559:Allee effect
2298:kelp forests
2251:Example webs
2116:Detritivores
1955:Organotrophs
1935:Kinetotrophs
1887:Productivity
1724:. Retrieved
1720:the original
1715:
1706:
1692:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1642:
1636:
1627:
1621:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1567:. Retrieved
1557:
1528:
1520:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1395:. Retrieved
1391:
1381:
1369:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1266:
1229:
1223:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1123:
1119:
1106:
1092:
1083:
1069:
1034:
1030:
1020:
979:
975:
962:
935:
931:
921:
910:. Retrieved
907:Khan Academy
906:
897:
874:Colonisation
869:Biogeography
805:
796:
792:
777:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
742:
684:
673:clumps (see
663:
650:
636:
627:
623:
621:
613:
606:phylogenetic
595:
593:
585:
576:
572:
568:
564:
563:
555:
523:
512:
503:
499:
497:
482:
473:
458:Please help
446:
423:
400:
384:
380:
367:
364:
343:
323:
312:
302:
298:
287:
280:
276:
270:winter range
269:
266:summer range
265:
254:
243:native range
242:
228:
216:distribution
215:
207:
201:
169:
161:
158:
154:
153:
141:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2914:Disturbance
2817:interaction
2639:Recruitment
2569:Depensation
2361:Copiotrophs
2232:Energy flow
2154:Lithotrophy
2098:Decomposers
2078:Planktivore
2053:Insectivore
2043:Heterotroph
2008:Bacterivore
1975:Phototrophs
1925:Chemotrophs
1897:Restoration
1847:Competition
1537:. pp.
773:chi squared
647:allelopathy
392:exploration
307:elevational
3321:Categories
3282:Sexecology
2859:Parasitism
2824:Antibiosis
2659:Resistance
2654:Resilience
2544:Population
2464:Camouflage
2416:Oligotroph
2331:Ascendency
2293:intertidal
2283:cold seeps
2237:Food chain
2038:Herbivores
2013:Carnivores
1940:Mixotrophs
1915:Autotrophs
1794:components
1726:2009-04-08
1569:2009-04-06
1397:2021-12-01
1183:(1): 109.
912:2021-10-31
787:See also:
589:bald eagle
577:patchiness
255:Introduced
247:introduced
239:indigenous
220:population
162:dispersion
80:newspapers
3187:Allometry
3141:Emergence
2869:Symbiosis
2854:Mutualism
2649:Stability
2554:Abundance
2366:Dominance
2324:Processes
2313:tide pool
2209:Food webs
2083:Predation
2068:Omnivores
1995:Consumers
1950:Mycotroph
1907:Producers
1852:Ecosystem
1817:Behaviour
1197:2399-3642
1140:0962-8436
1061:1366-9516
1004:1366-9516
954:1708-3087
718:×
667:dandelion
447:does not
396:dispersal
387:phenology
336:factors.
283:are used.
178:dispersal
3242:Endolith
3171:Xerosere
3083:networks
2899:Ecocline
2445:Defense,
2121:Detritus
2023:Foraging
1892:Resource
1716:EarthSky
1512:24817838
1455:26877580
1361:10764644
1318:53180378
1215:35115649
1158:20819809
1114:(2010).
1012:18971654
853:See also
643:terpenes
526:disjunct
476:May 2018
251:invasive
110:May 2018
3232:Ecopath
3039:Habitat
2909:Ecotype
2904:Ecotone
2881:ecology
2879:Spatial
2815:Species
2675:Species
2546:ecology
2531:Ecology
2479:Mimicry
2447:counter
2391:f-ratio
2139:Archaea
1827:Biomass
1800:General
1792:Trophic
1784:Ecology
1670:Bibcode
1613:1931034
1593:Bibcode
1585:Ecology
1503:4010295
1482:Bibcode
1446:4737218
1425:Bibcode
1341:Bibcode
1333:Science
1206:8814174
1149:2981946
1039:Bibcode
984:Bibcode
726:density
624:uniform
560:Clumped
530:migrate
468:removed
453:sources
414:tankers
356:soil pH
352:edaphic
340:Abiotic
330:abiotic
292:vagrant
262:seasons
235:endemic
212:species
204:biology
186:density
174:species
159:species
148:juniper
94:scholar
2263:Rivers
2159:Marine
1611:
1545:
1510:
1500:
1453:
1443:
1359:
1316:
1275:
1244:
1213:
1203:
1195:
1156:
1146:
1138:
1059:
1010:
1002:
952:
660:Random
609:clades
402:Humans
377:Biotic
334:biotic
326:season
309:range.
206:, the
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3180:Other
3081:Other
3034:Guild
3006:Niche
2258:Lakes
1609:JSTOR
1314:S2CID
1008:S2CID
972:(PDF)
938:(2).
890:Notes
670:seeds
241:, or
210:of a
208:range
192:Range
170:range
166:taxon
157:, or
101:JSTOR
87:books
2268:Soil
1543:ISBN
1508:PMID
1451:PMID
1357:PMID
1273:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1211:PMID
1193:ISSN
1154:PMID
1136:ISSN
1057:ISSN
1000:ISSN
950:ISSN
771:and
628:even
604:and
602:taxa
451:any
449:cite
394:and
332:and
279:and
268:and
73:news
1678:doi
1601:doi
1539:596
1498:PMC
1490:doi
1441:PMC
1433:doi
1349:doi
1337:288
1306:doi
1296:".
1234:doi
1201:PMC
1185:doi
1144:PMC
1128:doi
1124:365
1047:doi
992:doi
940:doi
677:).
575:or
462:by
301:or
202:In
56:by
3323::
2729:/
2533::
1790::
1786::
1714:.
1676:.
1666:42
1664:.
1660:.
1607:.
1599:.
1589:35
1587:.
1541:.
1533:.
1506:.
1496:.
1488:.
1478:23
1476:.
1472:.
1449:.
1439:.
1431:.
1421:42
1419:.
1415:.
1390:.
1355:.
1347:.
1335:.
1312:.
1302:50
1300:.
1255:^
1240:,
1209:.
1199:.
1191:.
1179:.
1175:.
1152:.
1142:.
1134:.
1122:.
1118:.
1055:.
1045:.
1033:.
1029:.
1006:.
998:.
990:.
980:10
978:.
974:.
948:.
936:11
934:.
930:.
905:.
775:.
571:,
237:,
226:.
188:.
136:A
2984:K
2982:/
2980:r
2523:e
2516:t
2509:v
1776:e
1769:t
1762:v
1729:.
1686:.
1680::
1672::
1615:.
1603::
1595::
1572:.
1551:.
1514:.
1492::
1484::
1457:.
1435::
1427::
1400:.
1376:,
1363:.
1351::
1343::
1320:.
1308::
1281:.
1236::
1217:.
1187::
1181:5
1160:.
1130::
1063:.
1049::
1041::
1035:6
1014:.
994::
986::
956:.
942::
915:.
757:R
753:R
749:R
745:R
721:2
715:)
707:(
704:=
701:R
489:)
483:(
478:)
474:(
470:.
456:.
294:.
150:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
