42:
33:
55:
225:, or intermediate depths of the sea. Since the mesopelagic zone allows some light penetration, one of the biggest limiting factors of the fish population in this zone is predation. This limiting factor is especially present in the daytime, when more light is penetrating the water column and there is generally more visibility.
238:
and other closely related lanternfishes are evolutionarily fit to have greater visual capabilities in the mesopelagic due to the presence of larger eyes. These larger eyes help increase sensitivity to the light reflected through the water column above and the light of other bioluminescent organisms.
220:
was documented in various oceans and regions around the world, reaching as far as 51°N latitude. The majority of the species, however, lives in tropical and subtropical regions, not exceeding 45° latitude in the
Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The species also lives a majority of its life between
242:
The known feeding habits of the
Neoscopelus genera are limited, however, a common behavior of micronekton is diel vertical migration. This type of migration includes a daily routine of navigating through the bathypelagic zone during the day and swimming up to the mesopelagic at night. This behavior
303:
since their ventral surface is darker and therefore their body contrasts more with the downwelling light from above. The use of the photophores found in their tongues is unknown, but could be a possible aid in feeding and species recognition in the dim mesopelagic and the dark bathypelagic. The
298:
In terms of functional use, the photophores on the ventral surface of the fish are most likely used to aid in ventral counter-illumination. This is a form of camouflage that fish use to match the intensity of light in the mesopelagic zone in order to hide their silhouettes from larger predators
259:
contains photophores that allow the emission of light. These bioluminescent structures were first exclusively found on the ventral surface of the body, until a scientific study conducted by Seishi
Kuwabara examined photophores found in the tongues of individuals belonging to the species
233:
Marine organisms in the mesopelagic zone must adapt to the environmental and behavioral constraints present as light is diminished. These constraints force species to use various senses, such as sight and smell, in order to navigate and survive. For instance,
196:
is described as having a dark grey ventral surface, a greyish-silver head, pinkish-red fins, and rows of photophores along the ventral portion of the body and along the sides of the tongue. These photophores produce and emit light in the process of
284:, which allowed for another distinguishing factor from the otherwise extremely similar species. These morphological differences in species are subtle, which can make it difficult to distinguish the difference between the species
201:. The species generally does not exceed 25 cm in length and is found exclusively in marine environments, along various parts of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans on continental shelves.
185:. Neoscopelidae can be classified by the presence of an adipose fin. The presence of photophores, or light-producing organs, further classify the species into the genus Neoscopelus.
328:"First record of Neoscopelus macrolepidotus Johnson, 1863 (Actinopterygii: Myctophiformes: Neoscopelidae) from Irish waters (Porcupine Bank, north-eastern Atlantic)"
755:
243:
is an attempt to avoid large-scale predators during the day while having the ability to feed on smaller organisms, such as zooplankton, at night. Since the species
280:
by having more photophores and a larger head and pectoral fin. Based on
Kuwabara's experiments, there were larger photophores and more of them in the tongues of
807:
729:
768:
304:
bioluminescence is done endogenously, meaning that light is produced from their own bodies instead of from symbiotic bacteria in photophores.
843:
508:
247:
has rows of small teeth, the feeding capabilities can be expanded to other types of micronekton, such as smaller fishes or crustaceans.
703:
882:
41:
389:
773:
189:
tends to be mesopelagic until the individuals become large adults, which is when they settle down to the bathypelagic zone.
212:
was originally discovered at
Madeira, an autonomous region of Portugal, by English naturalist James Yate Johnson in 1863.
181:, which contains six species total along three genera. The family Neoscopelidae is one of the two families of the order
677:
664:
54:
216:
is an archipelago, or island chain, located southwest of
Portugal's mainland. After this initial species discovery,
812:
177:, also known as a large-scaled lantern fish, is a species of small mesopelagic or bathypelagic fish of the family
900:
923:
32:
619:
528:
682:
149:
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49:
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is the second species comprising the genus
Neoscopelus. Prior to the experiment, the species
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349:
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The presence of a larger mouth with a posteriorly expanded jaw also helps aid in feeding.
198:
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Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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570:"Species-specific bioluminescence facilitates speciation in the deep sea"
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below. This camouflage can be seen as a necessity for species such as
529:"Occurrence of Luminous Organs on the Tongue of Two Scopelid Fishes,
76:
613:
869:
848:
568:
Davis MP, Holcroft NI, Wiley EO, Sparks JS, Leo Smith W (2014).
221:
depths of 300 and 1100 m, which most directly correlates to the
617:
444:"Seeing in the deep-sea: visual adaptations in lanternfishes"
491:
Pearcy WG, Brodeur RD (2009). "Nekton". In Steele JH (ed.).
384:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
382:
The living marine resources of the
Western Central Atlantic
326:
Ordines F, Fricke R, González F, Baldó F (2017-03-31).
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442:de Busserolles F, Marshall NJ (April 2017).
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901:5C6ECEE3-38AB-4C5E-A836-B2749C328ED5
875:DD0409D3-C2D2-B038-F12C-E48FBA2D8F46
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544:Acta Pchthyologica et Piscatoria
501:10.1016/b978-012374473-9.00663-9
332:Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria
53:
495:(2nd ed.). pp. 1–7.
493:Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences
1:
422:"Neoscopelus macrolepidotus"
301:Neoscopelus macrolepidotus,
940:
670:Neoscopelus_macrolepidotus
657:Neoscopelus_macrolepidotus
628:Neoscopelus macrolepidotus
531:Neoscopelus macrolepidotus
278:Neoscopelus macrolepidotus
262:Neoscopelus macrolepidotus
257:Neoscopelus macrolepidotus
245:Neoscopelus macrolepidotus
236:Neoscopelus macrolepidetus
210:Neoscopelus macrolepidotus
194:Neoscopelus macrolepidotus
174:Neoscopelus macrolepidotus
159:Neoscopelus macrolepidotus
25:Neoscopelus macrolepidotus
586:10.1007/s00227-014-2406-x
292:when working in the field
155:
148:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
229:Adaptations and behavior
276:was distinguished from
460:10.1098/rstb.2016.0070
141:N. macrolepidotus
380:Carpenter KE (2002).
274:Neoscopelus microchir
270:Neoscopelus microchir
266:Neoscopelus microchir
255:As mentioned before,
527:Kuwabara S (2010).
426:Fishes of Australia
345:10.3750/AIEP/02141
911:
910:
857:Open Tree of Life
620:Taxon identifiers
510:978-0-12-374473-9
286:N. macrolepidotus
218:N. macrolepidotus
187:N. macrolepidotus
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16:Species of fish
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183:Myctophiformes
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150:Binomial name
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535:N. microchir
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381:
338:(1): 85–89.
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290:N. microchir
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282:N. microchir
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795:NatureServe
743:iNaturalist
355:10508/10882
223:mesopelagic
128:Neoscopelus
391:9251048266
308:References
552:0370-9361
400:492731184
364:0137-1592
135:Species:
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
918:Category
800:2.733010
787:15601909
761:10148301
717:FishBase
643:Q1549563
637:Wikidata
604:24771948
478:28193815
454:(1717).
420:Bray D.
113:Family:
87:Chordata
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
896:ZooBank
735:5213276
595:3996283
469:5312020
214:Madeira
123:Genus:
103:Order:
93:Class:
888:126634
862:190714
849:126634
836:794435
820:NZOR:
774:162774
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709:125184
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883:WoRMS
870:Plazi
813:88701
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696:46SS3
683:56047
540:(PDF)
205:Range
844:OBIS
808:NCBI
782:IUCN
769:ITIS
730:GBIF
722:7422
678:BOLD
600:PMID
548:ISSN
533:and
505:ISBN
474:PMID
396:OCLC
386:ISBN
360:ISSN
288:and
264:and
691:CoL
665:AFD
652:ADW
590:PMC
582:doi
578:161
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464:PMC
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350:hdl
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
