610:
cabinet, it looks for all the world like a trash compactor. Inside, however, beats a heart of the purest silicon...Our impression of the Nestar is one of quality—albeit expensive—workmanship and high performance." They praised even small features: "The speaker on the PC 'ticks' to indicate that communication is occurring between your PC and the file server; so, even in lengthy data transfers, you know that something is happening." PC Tech
Journal called it "The grandfather of local area networks for the PC" and said "PLAN 4000 is well endowed with software that makes the network a truly useful tool...it is clear that PLAN 4000 has taken a big step toward bringing maturity to the IBM PC local networking market". Corporate Times said Nestar is "Leading the Networking Systems Pack".
401:
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650:). The Toolkit was packaged for retail distribution and was sold internationally through dealers. It was favorably reviewed ("...may change your life") in trade magazines and newsletters. The Toolkit became extremely popular, and in the first six months there were over a million dollars in retail sales, which attracted the production of unauthorized copies by counterfeiters.
290:
employees. By 1983 Rank had made additional investments which increased their ownership in Nestar to 59%. By
October 1984 they owned 85%. Annual revenue had grown from $ 318.000 in 1979 to $ 10,032,000 in 1984, but profitability had still not been achieved even though they were one of the top 10 PC local area network vendors
850:"Nestar Systems Inc./Zynar Ltd: Turnover of the companies' products increased with broader market acceptance of microcomputer-based local area networks. Continuing product development and promotion costs in a competifr1e market prevented the achievement of profitability, but losses were substantially reduced.
605:
Unlike the prior systems, Nestar advertised the PLAN Series primarily to corporations, who were increasingly adopting the IBM PC for desktop use. They also educated corporate executives generally about the new field of personal computer networks. Several papers were published giving technical details
442:
The Model A network used 8-bit parallel data transmission over 16-wire flat ribbon cable. Up to 64 stations could be interconnected by any arbitrary cable topology without loops, using up to 1000 feet of cable. In addition to the 8 data lines, the cable had one carrier assert line, 2 handshake lines,
333:
Nestar only filed two trademark registrations: one for "Toolkit" (first used 8/27/79, filed 10/13/81, registered 12/13/82, cancelled 4/17/90), and one for "Cluster/One" (first used 12/1/78, filed 5/29/79, registered 4/6/82, cancelled 11/18/88). They received one patent for the addressing scheme used
329:
In August 1979 Nestar had created a wholly-owned subsidiary called "Palo Alto ICs'". Its only product was an add-on to the
Commodore PET computer called the "BASIC Programmer's Toolkit" a collection of programming aids for the Commodore PET computer distributed as a hardware read-only-memory (ROM).
387:
were divided into groups of 3 and 5, which are relatively prime. A drone is selected only when the first line of each group is activated. Both groups are rotated as they pass through the Drone's network connector, so exactly one of the 15 Drones will be selected when the Queen activates one line in
533:
The first file server in the PLAN series was the PLAN 4000, delivered at the end of 1982. It was a 26" high floor-standing unit with one processor cabinet that contained an optional 60 MB 8" hard disk, and up to three attached storage cabinets containing a 137 MB 14" hard disk. The processor was a
470:
Suggested retail prices at the time of the
February 1980 Model A announcement ranged from $ 5995 for a dual floppy disk system to $ 9995 for a 33 MB hard disk system. By July 1981 the floppy disk system suggested retail price had been reduced to $ 3595, but the hard disk system was increased to $
367:
The hardware for the
Cluster/One network used a 26-wire flat ribbon cable daisy-chained from the Queen to each successive Drone; each Drone had an "in" and an "out" network connection. The Queen could attach to two network segments, each with up to 15 Drones connected through up to 250' of cable.
289:
In July 1980, the Rank
Organization in the UK purchased a 40% stake in Nestar Systems, and created a wholly Rank-owned subsidiary, Zynar Ltd in Uxbridge, England, to cooperate in the development of future systems. In March 1982 there was a $ 2.5M second round of financing, and there were over 50
391:
The
Cluster/One was sold through retail computer dealers and system integrators, including in Japan. Despite publicity, marketing efforts, and good reviews, it did not sell well. As Shustek says in a 2002 oral history interview, "This is before the IBM PC. Businesses didn’t treat any of these
609:
The PLAN system was reviewed in many trade press articles. PC Magazine said "When Nestar System builds a network, it doesn't fool around...Nestar has clearly done its homework in designing the PLAN 4000". In a later article they said of the PLAN 4000 file server, "In its sober gray vertical
347:
The
Cluster/One system released in September 1979 allowed Commodore PET, Apple II, or TRS-80 user stations called "Drones" to save and load programs from a PET central file server called the "Queen". The price for the Queen started at $ 4995, and Drone interfaces ranged from $ 25 to $ 150.
482:
Unlike Nestar's first two systems, which were based on proprietary local area network designs and standard microcomputers as servers, the third system did the opposite: it used a commercially-available network and proprietary servers. The PLAN Series began shipping in 1982 based around the
392:
machines as serious computers. We couldn’t get a business to buy Apple II’s or
Commodore PETs or TRS-80s, because they were toys... We had some modest success selling to schools, who used them for kids for training and games and whatnot. But schools didn’t have a lot of money."
991:
265:
Nestar
Systems employees, July 1980; front, L to R: Mary Kroenig, Nonie Sparks, Harry Saal, Kim Franzetti, Nick Fortis, Carol D'Esopo Saal, Jeff Levin. back, L to R: John Henry, Colin Crook (from Rank), Len Shustek, Don Anderson, Skip
645:
In August 1979 a wholly-owned subsidiary of Nestar called "Palo Alto IC's" released the "BASIC Programmer's Toolkit", a collection of programming aids for the Commodore PET computer distributed as a hardware read-only-memory
601:
PLAN 2000 was a software package that allowed 2 to 4 IBM PCs to share the hard disk and printer of one of them. It was an entry-level system compatible with Nestar's larger systems with dedicated file servers.
422:
One or more Apple II computers could be a dedicated networked file server (NFS). Each had a dual 1.2 MB floppy disk unit whose drives were monitored for diskette changes. An external 16.5 MB or 33 MB 14"
510:
protocol for link acquisition rather than polling (like for the Cluster/One) or CSMA (like for the Cluster/One Model A). The networking protocols at layers 3 ("Network") and 4 ("Transport") of the
301:, Inc. The acquisition was even announced, but it never happened. Nestar was instead acquired a year later, in October 1986, by Digital Switch Corporation (soon to become DSC Communications) of
1041:
Nestar Systems, Palo Alto, Calif., received a patent on the Self-Assigning System developed for its Cluster/One system which forms the hub of a local network of as many as 30 microcomputers...
379:
The Drones were addressed by the Queen using a patented scheme that allowed the hardware and software at each station to be identical, yet gave each Drone a unique address without switches or
907:
DSC Communications Corp, known for its digital switches and T-1 multiplexers, entered the local net business in October 1986 when it acquired Nestar Systems, Inc., a pioneer in the industry.
316:
At the time of the acquisition by DSC, Nestar founders Saal and Shustek left the company and received the rights to a Nestar internal local area network test tool that they developed into
2000:
591:
PLAN 5000 was a floor-standing unit that had one or two 8" hard disks with a total capacity of 289, 578, 867, or 1156 MB, and a backup tape drive for 60 MB streaming tape cartridges.
444:
598:
processor and booted over the network from any file server. Two printers with parallel interfaces and one printer with a serial interface could be connected simultaneously.
2010:
253:
In 1986 Nestar was sold to Digital Switch Corporation (now DSC Communications) of Plano, Texas, which continued to develop some of the product line for about two years.
1262:
2005:
959:
935:
1985:
522:
networking protocols, which had been placed in the public domain in 1977. At layer 5 ("Session") and above, Nestar developed their own client-server protocols
1995:
1980:
293:
In August 1985 it was announced that Nestar was to be bought by Net America, a Dallas-based startup common carrier founded by Sam Wyly, who also founded
282:, Jim Hinds, and Nick Fortis, to make networks that allowed sharing of centralized services like disks and printers for the then-new personal computers:
427:
was optional. A clock/calendar card with battery maintained the date and time. Other Apple II computers could be print servers, file transfer servers,
871:
Nestar president Charles Hart confirmed that his company is negotiating with Wyly's group and said the contract should be completed in about 30 days.
671:
The only other offering of Palo Alto IC's was a vending machine that was installed in the Palo Alto Byte Shop computer store. It dispensed a random
1661:
1990:
286:, Apple II, and Radio Shack TRS-80. Initial funding was provided by the founders, primarily Saal. By July 1980 the company had 11 employees.
400:
234:
print servers, and communications servers. Applications included file sharing, electronic mail, database management, financial management,
158:
1114:
187:(with floppy disks, hard disks, and cartridge tape backup), print servers, and communications servers linking multiple networks over
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processor, a 5 1/4" hard disk with capacity of 24,40, or 56 MB, and a backup tape unit for 45 or 60 MB streaming tape cartridges.
1629:
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of the system design and implementation. The average sales price of the PLAN 3000 was $ 14,000, and of the PLAN 4000, $ 24,000.
1339:
664:
637:
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Data was sent in 8-bit parallel using 3 clock lines. The transfer speed was 80K bits/second, and the proprietary block-oriented
1370:
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1747:
1679:
1571:
989:, Saal, Harry J., "Self-assigning address system", published 1981-02-24, assigned to Nestar Systems Inc.
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per second, which was the fastest rate that could be supported by a software-driven network interface running on an
131:
from 1978 to 1986 and was considered "a pioneer in the industry". It produced three major generations of products:
490:
1077:
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The company believes that networks of this type will have a profound effect on commerce and industry world-wide.
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1934:
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local area networking for up to 64 Apple II and Apple III personal computers. The system is described in the
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1005:
919:
451:, the separate carrier line was asserted between related data transmissions so that the ACK or NAK for a
519:
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9995 because of hard disk supply shortages, with a separate $ 1995 charge for the file server software.
432:
271:
217:
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chip in a plastic container for 50 cents. It is unclear whether any of the ICs were ever purchased.
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and other manufacturers. The client nodes could be any combination of Apple II computers running
474:
The Model A was described in published papers, trade magazine reviews and customer testimonials.
455:
could follow immediately without having to reacquire the channel. The transmission speed was 240
380:
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1769:. Vol. SAC-1, No. 5. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. pp. 857–868.
752:
695:
647:
546:
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180:
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1168:
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1920:
The BASIC Programmer's Toolkit: Lift the lid on Nestar's toolkit and have a look inside
862:
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577:
539:
452:
428:
227:
224:
1918:
1974:
507:
283:
139:
86:
658:
594:
PLAN 1000 was a diskless desktop server used as a print server. It used a Motorola
408:
384:
302:
192:
162:
26:
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for the Toolkit has been lost. In 2008 Chuck reconstructed the source code from a
1746:
Pearson, W.; Ellis, G.M.; Whitnell, J.D.; Payne, C.W.; Dillon, S. (1982-12-29).
654:
554:
279:
184:
154:
147:
740:
1763:
Ellis, Gary M.; Dillon, Sam; Stritter, Skip; Whitnell, Jerry (November 1983).
562:
275:
106:
1141:
Shustek, Len (Leonard J.) oral history | 102657987 | Computer History Museum
550:
511:
499:
242:
206:
172:
1573:
Creating an Appealing Educational Computer Center for Children and Families
1279:
Local network links personal computers in a multiuser, multifunction system
305:. They operated the company as a subsidiary called "DSC Nestar Systems".
901:
Petrosky, Mary (July 25, 1988). "Local net firms see safety in mergers".
756:
542:
448:
235:
231:
143:
121:
1662:"Introducing the first personal computer network with bundled software"
456:
1766:
Nestar Experience With A Layered Approach To LAN Design, IEEE Nov 1983
1951:"Nestar Systems BASIC_Programmer's_Toolkit reconstructed source code"
1712:"Personal computer networks: an executive briefing from the pioneers"
618:
503:
230:, served as file servers (including tape backup and shadow servers),
209:
188:
150:
407:
The Cluster/One Model A system, released in July 1980, implemented
663:
636:
567:
524:
515:
489:
460:
399:
358:
350:
307:
294:
260:
246:
213:
201:(December 1982) provided general communication among Apple II and
98:
195:, electronic mail, database management, and financial management.
622:
558:
443:
and 4 grounds. The link-level network protocol was a version of
157:
was the program server that polled for client requests using a
1923:. Kilobaud Microcomputing Magazine. April 1980. pp. 34–35.
171:(March 1980) provided general communication among Apple II and
77:
Acquired by Digital Switch Corporation (now DSC Communications)
613:
Competitors for some aspects of Nestar's PLAN series included
330:
It was sold both by Nestar and the Zynar subsidiary of Rank.
1904:
Palo Alto ICs BASIC Programmer's Toolkit, as sold in Germany
138:(September 1979) provided program file sharing for up to 30
1888:
Palo Alto ICs BASIC Programmer's Toolkit, as sold in the UK
1681:
Personal Computer-Based Networks for the Large Organization
921:
Nestar Says Firm's Acquisition To Improve LAN and PBX Links
1872:
Palo Alto ICs BASIC Programmer's Toolkit, as sold in Japan
1847:"Nestar Systems Palo Alto ICs, BASIC Programmer's Toolkit"
419:" physical and virtual exhibit, in the networking gallery
1310:
Local-Area Networks: Possibilities for Personal Computers
1078:"Cluster/One: Timesharing has come to the microcomputers"
223:. Proprietary small, medium, and large servers, using
576:
PLAN 3000 was a desktop file server with a Motorola
1247:. IEEE Spring COMPCON 81 Proceedings. pp. 2–5.
183:up to 1000 feet long. Apple II computers served as
105:
93:
81:
73:
65:
57:
49:
41:
33:
1372:File-transfer servers carry big loads between LANs
1835:. Corporate Times. October 1984. pp. 12, 25.
1732:Community Microcomputing: A PLAN for the Eighties
1097:"Cluster/One Connects 30 Apples, PETs Or TRS-80s"
810:Zynar: Silicon Technology & Computer Sciences
545:microprocessor board, which had been licensed to
97:Cluster/One and PLAN series local area networks;
1631:A client-server protocol for local area networks
2001:Defunct computer companies of the United States
1936:"The ten commands: will they change your life?"
120:, was an early independent manufacturer of pre-
61:Harry Saal, Len Shustek, Jim Hinds, Nick Fortis
1341:The microcomputer connection to local networks
1201:"Network Operating Systems, in CHM Revolution"
1749:3-in-1 local network links personal computers
1647:"Most LANs Cant Pass This Test" advertisement
1542:File-transfer software enhances local network
1055:"Nestar to Aim Micro Sales at Business Users"
741:"Distributed Computing at the Personal Level"
417:Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing
8:
19:
1832:Nestar: Leading the Networking Systems Pack
1261:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
960:"Trademark Status & Document Retrieval"
936:"Trademark Status & Document Retrieval"
843:"Rank Organization Report and Account 1984"
478:PLAN ("Personal Local Area Network") Series
447:carrier sense, multiple access. Unlike for
179:flat ribbon cable with arbitrary branching
1785:. PC Magazine. Jan 1983. pp. 162–167.
1782:The Arcnet Alternative: Nestar's Plan 4000
1634:. System & Software. pp. 127–131.
484:
25:
18:
2011:Computer companies disestablished in 1986
773:Nestar Background Information 9 Sept 1980
1434:Network Links units, includes mass store
1403:Print servers raise productivity in LANs
582:
1227:Nestar LANs Link PCs Electronics Jun 81
700:. Network World. 1988-07-25. p. 9.
684:
153:personal computers. A PET with two 8"
2006:Computer companies established in 1978
1579:
1548:
1500:
1470:
1440:
1409:
1378:
1347:
1316:
1285:
1250:
1241:Stritter, Saal, Shustek (1981-02-23).
1183:"Nestar Cluster/One Model A documents"
1164:
1154:
863:"Nestar in Merger Talks With Sam Wyly"
739:Prins, G.A. (November–December 1979).
703:
1939:. Practical Computing. February 1980.
1623:
1621:
1494:Tomorrow's office, today's technology
981:
979:
7:
1986:1986 disestablishments in California
1697:Introducing Community Microcomputing
1467:. Data Communications. January 1981.
1244:Local Networks of Personal Computers
690:
688:
653:Written by Chuck Bond, the original
494:IBM PC ARCNET network interface card
1996:Defunct computer hardware companies
1464:Paring a local net with some Apples
1224:Electronics magazine (1981-06-16).
726:"California corporate registration"
435:for remote access to mainframe and
1819:. PC Tech Journal. pp. 58–70.
1813:Churchill, Bruce (February 1984).
14:
1981:1978 establishments in California
1875:. ASCII magazine. September 1979.
1497:. Mini-Micro Systems. 1981-06-01.
1115:"Cluster/One Disk Sharing System"
1076:Voakes, Paul (January 25, 1979).
890:. September 30, 1985. p. 93.
334:in the first Cluster/One system.
249:simulation, and interactive chat.
1891:. Computing Today. January 1980.
1796:Machrone, Bill (November 1983).
1276:Stritter, Shustek (1981-06-16).
363:Nestar Cluster/One system in use
1802:. PC Magazine. pp. 92–104.
1628:Shustek, Leonard (March 1984).
1570:Hakansson, Joyce (1981-03-01).
1602:"Nestar PLAN series documents"
1522:Morgan, Chris (October 1981).
1095:Baker, Stan (April 16, 1979).
1053:Beeler, Jeffry (May 5, 1980).
825:"Rank Organization's Problems"
789:""Microsystems of the Future""
641:BASIC Programmer's Toolkit box
498:The PLAN network was based on
312:Nestar Systems employees, 1986
45:Local area computer networking
16:Pre-internet networking vendor
1:
1991:Companies based in California
1586:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1555:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1507:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1477:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1447:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1416:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1400:Malone, Joseph (1982-10-01).
1385:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1369:Malone, Joseph (1982-06-10).
1354:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1323:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1292:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1257:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1128:: 58. September–October 1979.
1006:"Nestar Systems, Cluster/One"
787:Rank Report (February 1981).
770:Nestar Systems (1980-09-09).
710:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1539:Bailey, Chris (1982-03-31).
1431:LeBoss, Bruce (1980-01-31).
1307:Saal, Harry J (1981-10-01).
1101:Electronic Engineering Times
295:University Computing Company
1799:Battle Of The Network Stars
813:. Zynar, Ltd. October 1981.
175:personal computers using a
2027:
1525:Local Networks Are Buzzing
1338:Malone, Joe (1981-12-01).
1816:Nestar PLAN 4000 Overview
1406:. Systems & Software.
884:"Net America buys Nestar"
205:personal computers using
24:
924:. Infoworld. 1986-11-24.
355:Nestar Cluster/One Queen
274:on October 13, 1978. by
191:. Applications included
1907:. Nestar Systems. 1979.
1752:. Electronics magazine.
1729:Saal, Harry J. (1982).
1700:. Nestar Systems. 1984.
1684:. Nestar Systems. 1985.
1650:. Nestar Systems. 1984.
1437:. Electronics magazine.
1205:www.computerhistory.org
413:Computer History Museum
343:Cluster/One (Model One)
1122:Recreational Computing
668:
642:
588:
573:
561:, and IBM PCs running
530:
495:
463:processor such as the
433:communications servers
404:
364:
356:
313:
270:Nestar was founded in
267:
37:Privately held company
1344:. DataCommunications.
867:Computer Systems News
745:Electronics and Power
697:Top 10 PC LAN Vendors
667:
640:
587:PLAN 5000 file server
586:
572:PLAN 3000 file server
571:
529:PLAN 4000 file server
528:
493:
403:
362:
354:
311:
272:Palo Alto, California
264:
1668:. September 7, 1984.
1545:. Electronic Design.
757:10.1049/ep.1979.0422
425:Winchester hard disk
297:and was chairman of
221:networking protocols
165:up to 250 feet long.
118:Nestar Systems, Inc.
101:Programmer's Toolkit
20:Nestar Systems, Inc.
1718:: 17. May 18, 1984.
1716:Wall Street Journal
1666:Wall Street Journal
1375:. ElectronicDesign.
869:. August 26, 1985.
396:Cluster/One Model A
326:protocol analyzer.
169:Cluster/One Model A
125:local area networks
21:
673:integrated circuit
669:
643:
589:
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496:
405:
365:
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239:terminal emulation
129:personal computers
1735:. Nestar Systems.
1664:. advertisement.
1039:: 179. May 1981.
467:in the Apple II.
299:Sterling Software
257:Corporate history
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1528:. BYTE Magazine.
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1313:. BYTE Magazine.
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565:or UCSD Pascal.
536:Sun Microsystems
53:October 13, 1978
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831:. June 6, 1983.
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1282:. Electronics.
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633:Other products
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615:Corvus Systems
540:Motorola 68000
514:were based on
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848:. p. 9.
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111:Palo Alto ICs
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87:Palo Alto, CA
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1958:. Retrieved
1954:
1945:
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1929:
1919:
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1903:
1897:
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1854:. Retrieved
1850:
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1609:. Retrieved
1605:
1596:
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1208:. Retrieved
1204:
1195:
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1146:. Retrieved
1140:
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1121:
1109:
1100:
1090:
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1058:
1048:
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1024:
1013:. Retrieved
1009:
1000:
967:. Retrieved
963:
954:
943:. Retrieved
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532:
497:
487:file server.
481:
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409:peer-to-peer
406:
390:
388:each group.
378:
366:
346:
332:
328:
322:
315:
303:Plano, Texas
292:
288:
269:
252:
212:network and
198:
193:file sharing
185:file servers
168:
163:ribbon cable
155:floppy disks
135:
117:
116:
107:Subsidiaries
82:Headquarters
34:Company type
1851:archive.org
1606:archive.org
1187:archive.org
1010:archive.org
751:(11): 765.
659:disassembly
655:source code
555:UCSD Pascal
538:8Mhz 256KB
338:LAN systems
280:Len Shustek
241:to link to
207:Datapoint's
199:PLAN Series
148:Radio Shack
136:Cluster/One
1975:Categories
1960:2021-11-03
1856:2022-02-15
1611:2022-02-15
1576:. COMPCON.
1210:2021-11-08
1148:2021-09-08
1037:Datamation
1030:"Off-Line"
1015:2022-02-15
987:US 4253087
969:2021-09-06
945:2021-09-06
679:References
276:Harry Saal
243:mainframes
1582:cite book
1551:cite book
1503:cite book
1473:cite book
1443:cite book
1412:cite book
1381:cite book
1350:cite book
1319:cite book
1288:cite book
1253:cite book
1167:ignored (
1157:cite book
706:cite book
551:Apple DOS
512:ISO model
500:Datapoint
485:PLAN 4000
437:terminals
173:Apple III
543:Multibus
457:kilobits
449:Ethernet
445:CSMA/CD:
383:. Eight
370:protocol
266:Stritter
236:IBM 3270
181:topology
177:parallel
144:Apple II
122:internet
94:Products
42:Industry
381:jumpers
323:Sniffer
232:spooled
66:Defunct
58:Founder
50:Founded
1955:GitHub
993:
625:, and
619:Novell
563:PC DOS
547:Codata
504:ARCNET
453:packet
431:, and
210:ARCNET
203:IBM PC
189:modems
151:TRS-80
146:, and
1118:(PDF)
1065:: 64.
1033:(PDF)
846:(PDF)
792:(PDF)
596:68008
578:68008
557:, or
516:Xerox
461:8-bit
247:Telex
214:Xerox
161:flat
99:BASIC
1588:link
1557:link
1509:link
1479:link
1449:link
1418:link
1387:link
1356:link
1325:link
1294:link
1263:link
1259:link
1169:help
712:link
623:3Com
559:CP/M
465:6502
415:'s "
127:for
74:Fate
69:1986
1063:XIV
753:doi
648:ROM
520:XNS
518:'s
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