138:
41:
2532:
newline as starting a new (empty) line. Conversely, if a newline is considered a terminator, all text lines including the last are expected to be terminated by a newline. If the final character sequence in a text file is not a newline, the final line of the file may be considered to be an improper or incomplete text line, or the file may be considered to be improperly truncated.
1951:
2614:+008C PARTIAL LINE BACKWARD, decimal 140) can be used to advance or reverse the text printing position by some fraction of the vertical line spacing (typically, half). These can be used in combination for subscripts (by advancing and then reversing) and superscripts (by reversing and then advancing), and may also be useful for printing diacritics.
2180:) to automatically select either binary or ASCII mode, but in the end it is up to users to make sure their files are transferred in the correct mode. If there is any doubt as to the correct mode, binary mode should be used, as then no files will be altered by FTP, though they may display incorrectly.
1081:
operating systems. In such a system, an implicit end-of-line was assumed every 72 or 80 characters, for example. No newline character was stored. If a file was imported from the outside world, lines shorter than the line length had to be padded with spaces, while lines longer than the line length had
2531:
lines. If a newline is considered a separator, there will be no newline after the last line of a file. Some programs have problems processing the last line of a file if it is not terminated by a newline. On the other hand, programs that expect newline to be used as a separator will interpret a final
2590:
8D, decimal 141) is used to move the printing position back one line (by reverse feeding the paper, or by moving a display cursor up one line) so that other characters may be printed over existing text. This may be done to make them bolder, or to add underlines, strike-throughs or other characters
1055:
facility can transparently add a terminator to each line when it is retrieved by an application. The records themselves can contain the same line terminator characters, which can either be considered a feature or a nuisance depending on the application. RMS not only stores records, but also stores
2787:
As with any change to a long-established tool, there's a chance that this new behavior may not work for your scenarios, or you may prefer to disable this new behavior and return to
Notepad's original behavior. To do this, you can change to tweak how Notepad handles pasting of text, and which EOL
2167:
with different newline representations when the transfer is done in "ASCII mode". However, transferring binary files in this mode usually has disastrous results: any occurrence of the newline byte sequenceâwhich does not have line terminator semantics in this context, but is just part of a normal
2155:
The standard
Internet Message Format for email states: "CR and LF MUST only occur together as CRLF; they MUST NOT appear independently in the body". Differences between SMTP implementations in how they treat bare LF and/or bare CR characters have led to SMTP spoofing attacks referred to as "SMTP
1056:
metadata about the record separators in different bits for the file to complicate matters even more (since files can have fixed length records, records that are prefixed by a count or records that are terminated by a specific character). The bits are not generic, so while they can specify that
305:
ASRâas a console device, because this sequence was required to position those printers at the start of a new line. The separation of newline into two functions concealed the fact that the print head could not return from the far right to the beginning of the next line in time to print the next
1645:
is best avoided in binary mode because any file not written with the Unix newline convention will be misread. Also, in text mode, any file not written with the system's native newline sequence (such as a file created on a Unix system, then copied to a
Windows system) will be misread as well.
2049:
Even if a program supports different newline conventions, these features are often not sufficiently labeled, described, or documented. Typically a menu or combo-box enumerating different newline conventions will be displayed to users without an indication if the selection will re-interpret,
1737:
The Java I/O libraries do not transparently translate these into platform-dependent newline sequences on input or output. Instead, they provide functions for writing a full line that automatically add the native newline sequence, and functions for reading lines that accept any of
2132:
above). This accidental use of the wrong escape sequences leads to problems when trying to communicate with systems adhering to the stricter interpretation of the standards instead of the suggested tolerant interpretation. One such intolerant system is the
1635:, and Unix has no notion of text mode or binary mode. This has caused many programmers who developed their software on Unix systems simply to ignore the distinction completely, resulting in code that is not portable to different platforms.
2752:
fter decades of frustration, and having to download a real text editor to change a single line in a config file from a Linux box, Microsoft has updated
Notepad to be able to handle end of line characters used in Unix, Linux, and macOS
2555:
and is known as a "hard return", in contrast to "soft returns" which are dynamically created to implement word wrapping and are changeable with each display instance. In many applications a separate
1603:
is transparently translated to the native newline sequence used by the system, which may be longer than one character. When reading in text mode, the native newline sequence is translated back to
1334:. The approach taken in the Unicode standard allows round-trip transformation to be information-preserving while still enabling applications to recognize all possible types of line terminators.
333:
hiding such hardware details from the application was not yet well developed. Therefore, text was routinely composed to satisfy the needs of
Teletype machines. Most minicomputer systems from
310:
would often print as a smudge in the middle of the page while the print head was still moving the carriage back to the first position. "The solution was to make the newline two characters:
239:
ext) represented by the concatenation of literal textual Morse codes "B" and "T" characters sent without the normal inter-character spacing is used in Morse code to encode and indicate a
452:. Although the design of a machine (typewriter or printer) must consider them separately, the abstract logic of software can combine them together as one event. This is why a newline in
2731:
1094:
record; this could indicate whether the next record was a continuation of the line started by the previous record, or a new line, or should overprint the previous line (similar to a
2292:
system and can be used to perform arbitrary replacement operations on single characters. A DOS/Windows text file can be converted to Unix format by simply removing all ASCII
2539:
feature, a newline character typically only needs to be stored if a line break is required independent of whether the next word would fit on the same line, such as between
322:âextraneous CRs or NULsâwhich are ignored but give the print head time to move to the left margin. Many early video displays also required multiple character times to
1086:, on which each line was stored on a separate card, usually with 80 columns on each card, often with sequence numbers in columns 73â80. Many of these systems added a
2019:
Furthermore, programs other than text editors may not accept a file, e.g. some configuration file, encoded using the foreign newline convention, as a valid file.
255:
2227:
Editors can be unsuitable for converting larger files or bulk conversion of many files. For larger files (on
Windows NT) the following command is often used:
2191:
are often used for converting a text file between different newline formats; most modern editors can read and write files using at least the different ASCII
1051:
also use a record-based file system, which stores text files as one record per line. In most file formats, no line terminators are actually stored, but the
1037:
defined a newline as two or more zero-valued six-bit characters at the end of a 60-bit word. Some configurations also defined a zero-valued character as a
1102:
that thus could not be used as the first character in a line. Some early line printers interpreted these characters directly in the records sent to them.
2820:
2462:(extended grep) command can be used to print filenames of Unix or DOS files (assuming Unix and DOS-style files only, no classic Mac OS-style files):
2050:
temporarily convert, or permanently convert the newlines. Some programs will implicitly convert on open, copy, paste, or saveâoften inconsistently.
3358:
2766:
1631:
was simply defined to be that value. With the internal and external representation being identical, the translation performed in text mode is a
1558:
programs, programming languages provide some abstractions to deal with the different types of newline sequences used in different environments.
1974:
The different newline conventions cause text files that have been transferred between systems of different types to be displayed incorrectly.
259:
2739:
416:, whereby files composed on one operating system could not be properly formatted or interpreted by another operating system (for example a
254:, standardized character set control codes were developed to aid in white space text formatting. ASCII was developed simultaneously by the
1293:), because Unicode is designed to preserve all information when converting a text file from any existing encoding to Unicode and back (
2833:
372:
alone as its newline. Multics used a device driver to translate this character to whatever sequence a printer needed (including extra
1539:
intended for presenting a user-visible character to the reader of the document, and are thus not recognized themselves as a newline.
2699:
124:
2678:
1289:
While it may seem overly complicated compared to an approach such as converting all line terminators to a single character (e.g.
3290:
3268:
2022:
The problem can be hard to spot because some programs handle the foreign newlines properly while others do not. For example, a
1826:
1818:
Python permits "Universal
Newline Support" when opening a file for reading, when importing modules, and when executing a file.
1112:
1087:
3129:
1857:
1685:
436:(CR) and line feed (LF) are closely associated and can be considered either separately or together. In the physical media of
62:
329:
On such systems, applications had to talk directly to the
Teletype machine and follow its conventions since the concept of
2065:
1755:
1711:
655:
582:
334:
3147:
2173:
1294:
3383:
1822:
1703:
445:
105:
77:
1052:
1027:
51:
3249:
3061:
1762:
738:
20:
3079:
1030:, which stores text files as one record per line. In most file formats, no line terminators are actually stored.
2105:
1562:
1111:
Many communications protocols have some sort of new line convention. In particular, protocols published by the
994:) as the character combining the functions of line feed and carriage return. The equivalent Unicode character (
222:
84:
58:
1588:
Each of these escape sequences maps to a unique implementation-defined number that can be stored in a single
2948:
2931:
1323:
1242:
218:
2168:
sequence of bytesâwill be translated to whatever newline representation the other system uses, effectively
1137:
standard defines a number of characters that conforming applications should recognize as line terminators:
2160:
2069:
2027:
1548:
2969:
2881:
IBM System/360 Reference Data Card, Publication GX20-1703, IBM Data
Processing Division, White Plains, NY
91:
1853:. In PHP, to avoid portability problems, newline sequences should be issued using the PHP_EOL constant.
1041:
character, with the result that multiple colons could be interpreted as a newline depending on position.
843:
385:
2774:
2046:
are usually also capable of displaying text files and websites which use different types of newlines.
1693:
3231:
3022:
2856:
2057:
2004:
Conversely, when viewing a file originating from a
Windows computer on a Unix-like system, the extra
1397:
298:
258:(ISO) and the American Standards Association (ASA), the latter being the predecessor organization to
2987:
2026:
may fail with obscure syntax errors even though the source file looks correct when displayed on the
73:
3388:
3197:
2137:
2073:
1468:
1038:
441:
376:), and the single byte was more convenient for programming. What seems like a more obvious choiceâ
2177:
1078:
939:
935:
534:
517:) control code, as well as control codes for "line separator" and "paragraph separator" markers.
476:
453:
178:
2691:
262:(ANSI). During the period of 1963 to 1968, the ISO draft standards supported the use of either
2829:
2695:
2556:
2203:
1990:
1439:
929:
522:
510:
421:
417:
358:
302:
174:
27:
1026:
but assign a different numeric code to the character. However, those operating systems use a
3221:
3012:
2164:
2116:) instead of the correct combination of carriage return escape and newline escape sequences
1297:), Unicode needs to make the same distinctions between line breaks made by other encodings.
820:
529:
413:
194:
3165:
1424:
no longer recognizes them as line breaks as of version 1.2, in order to be compatible with
1126:"Paragraph separator" redirects here. For the symbol also known as a "paragraph sign", see
137:
3362:
3002:
2687:
2520:
2169:
1566:
1431:
1205:
1197:
1034:
554:
433:
3339:
2559:
called "manual line break" exists for forcing line breaks inside a single paragraph. The
1118:
In some older protocols, the new line may be followed by a checksum or parity character.
341:
also used it in order to print on the same terminals that minicomputers used. From there
221:
to encode white space text formatting in formal written text messages. In particular the
3353:
2252:
Special purpose programs to convert files between different newline conventions include
3179:
2544:
2440:
2378:# DOS to UNIX (removing CRs on Linux and BSD based OS that haven't GNU extensions)
1982:
1274:
1258:
742:
521:
Software applications and operating system representation of a newline with one or two
373:
319:
2705:
3377:
3294:
3272:
2367:# UNIX to DOS (adding CRs on Linux and BSD based OS that haven't GNU extensions)
1842:
718:
400:
alone as a line terminator had already been incorporated into drafts of the eventual
393:
330:
98:
3057:
2983:
2965:
2892:
2652:
2535:
In text intended primarily to be read by humans using software which implements the
193:, etc. This character, or a sequence of characters, is used to signify the end of a
3075:
2587:
1370:
1327:
1167:
1159:
1083:
750:
746:
714:
449:
214:
357:
in order to be compatible, and this convention was inherited by Microsoft's later
3039:
2801:
2092:) on the protocol level, but recommend that tolerant applications recognize lone
1576:(carriage return). However, these are not required to be equivalent to the ASCII
3234:
3093:
3025:
3006:
2623:
2583:
2548:
2188:
2104:) as well. Despite the dictated standard, many applications erroneously use the
2043:
2031:
1967:
1845:
are required to perform escape substitution for all escape sequences, including
1461:
1435:
1326:. As such, it is defined by ECMA 48, and recognized by encodings compliant with
726:
686:
542:
401:
251:
206:
40:
3308:
3368:
2633:
2592:
1963:
1830:
1632:
1415:
1377:
1331:
678:
437:
389:
210:
3111:
2363:'{sub("$ ","\r\n"); printf("%s",$ 0);}'
1653:
when communicating using an Internet protocol that mandates the use of ASCII
384:
provided the useful function of overprinting one line with another to create
2732:"Windows Notepad finally understands everyone else's end of line characters"
2628:
2540:
2536:
2329:
2300:
2289:
2284:
2206:
can make a file compatible with the Windows Notepad text editor. Within vim
1978:
1955:
1950:
1665:
to a text mode stream works correctly on Windows systems, but produces only
1619:
On Unix platforms, where C originated, the native newline sequence is ASCII
1186:
1178:
1143:
781:
722:
651:
570:
412:
systems followed Unix. This created conflicts between Windows and Unix-like
409:
323:
2567:(¶), and for the manual line break is usually a carriage return arrow (â”).
1833:
to facilitate newlines during program execution. In some languages such as
1611:, no translation is performed, and the internal representation produced by
1669:
on Unix, and something completely different on more exotic systems. Using
2253:
2054:
2023:
1362:
1330:(which is equivalent to ECMA 35). C1 control set is also compatible with
734:
2906:
2611:
2603:
2579:
2564:
2400:# DOS to UNIX (removing CRs on Linux based OS that use GNU extensions)
1555:
1134:
1127:
1048:
848:
785:
682:
658:
643:
610:
598:
586:
548:
496:
448:
of motion, "down" and "across", are needed to create a new line on the
365:
190:
3215:
2163:
can automatically convert newlines in files being transferred between
3293:. Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics. Archived from
3226:
3017:
2389:# UNIX to DOS (adding CRs on Linux based OS that use GNU extensions)
2140:
that actively refuses to accept messages from systems that send bare
2042:
newlines and allow users to convert between the different standards.
1986:
1307:
1302:
1044:
983:
975:
963:
894:
888:
880:
730:
647:
480:
342:
186:
3200:
16:
Special characters in computing signifying the end of a line of text
1677:
2735:
2560:
2134:
1959:
1726:). In contrast to C, these are guaranteed to represent the values
1640:
1536:
1465:
1457:
1354:
979:
884:
662:
616:
606:
590:
578:
574:
561:
500:
297:
was commonly used on many early computer systems that had adopted
182:
136:
1700:
can be used to output a newline (and flushes the stream buffer).
3346:
2459:
2351:
2061:
1966:. Besides the text objects, there are only EOL markers with the
1838:
1681:
1425:
1421:
1403:
1071:
is the line terminator, they can not substitute some other code.
971:
925:
921:
876:
754:
674:
670:
666:
602:
566:
405:
346:
338:
1584:
control characters. The C standard only guarantees two things:
318:
to move the paper up." In fact, it was often necessary to send
2347:
2343:
1834:
1766:
method can be used to retrieve the underlying line separator.
1707:
967:
872:
813:
689:, and most other early non-Unix and non-IBM operating systems
594:
34:
3008:
The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format
2819:
Bray, Andrew C.; Dickens, Adrian C.; Holmes, Mark A. (1983).
2491:
Other tools permit the user to visualise the EOL characters:
2954:(Report) (6th ed.). ECMA International. December 1994.
2453:
myfile.txt: ASCII English text, with CRLF line terminators
2034:. Modern text editors generally recognize all flavours of
1985:, appear as a single long line on most programs common to
1547:"\n" redirects here. For the similar number notation, see
2563:
for the control character for a hard return is usually a
3291:"ASCII text converstion between UNIX, Macintosh, MS-DOS"
1977:
Text in files created with programs which are common on
278:
alone as a newline, while the ASA drafts supported only
1595:
When writing to a file, device node, or socket/fifo in
1418:
treated them as newlines, and therefore illegal syntax.
1002:(Next Line). EBCDIC also has control characters called
2767:"Introducing extended line endings support in Notepad"
1098:). Often this was a normal printing character such as
141:
Newline inserted between the words "Hello" and "world"
2828:. Cambridge Microcomputer Centre. pp. 103, 104.
2374:'{gsub("\r",""); print;}'
1414:
characters within strings, while ECMAScript prior to
1337:
Recognizing and using the newline codes greater than
368:
operating system began development in 1964 and used
1998:
1994:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1366:
1099:
995:
469:
465:
461:
457:
65:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2543:and in vertical lists. Therefore, in the logic of
2949:Character Code Structure and Extension Techniques
2822:The Advanced User Guide for the BBC Microcomputer
1353:) is not often done. They are multiple bytes in
2444:command can identify the type of line endings:
1022:). Additionally, some EBCDIC variants also use
1115:(IETF) typically use the ASCII CRLF sequence.
396:effects. Perhaps more importantly, the use of
256:International Organization for Standardization
3250:"SMTP Smuggling - Spoofing E-Mails Worldwide"
2606:+008B PARTIAL LINE FORWARD, decimal 139) and
2519:Two ways to view newlines, both of which are
2129:
26:"Endl" redirects here. For the botanist, see
8:
3338:The Unicode reference; see paragraph 5.8 in
2342:The same tasks are sometimes performed with
2076:, and many others) mandate the use of ASCII
2008:may be displayed as a second line break, as
205:In the mid-1800s, long before the advent of
479:provide a separate newline character code.
2932:Control Functions for Coded Character Sets
2893:"UAX #14: Unicode Line Breaking Algorithm"
1082:to be truncated. This mimicked the use of
816:pre-POSIX implementation (version < 4)
519:
3271:. Old Dominion University. Archived from
3225:
3098:YAML Ain't Markup Language revision 1.2.2
3040:"Subsume JSON (a.k.a. JSON â ECMAScript)"
3016:
2788:character to use when Enter/Return is hit
408:followed the Multics practice, and later
306:character. Any character printed after a
125:Learn how and when to remove this message
3076:"ECMAScript 2018 Language Specification"
3058:"ECMAScript 2019 Language Specification"
2984:"ECMAScript 2019 Language Specification"
2966:"ECMAScript 2019 Language Specification"
2937:(Report). ECMA International. June 1991.
2354:if the platform has a Perl interpreter:
2288:command is available on virtually every
2172:the file. FTP clients often employ some
1949:
314:to move the carriage to column one, and
3277:When in doubt, transfer in binary mode.
2863:. 3QD Developments Ltd. 3 November 2015
2861:RISC OS 3 Programmers' Reference Manual
2644:
2486:# show DOS style file (CRLF terminated)
2907:"C1 Control Character Set of ISO 6429"
2475:# show UNIX style file (LF terminated)
1993:because these do not display a single
1322:, which is a control character in the
1018:) differs from the one used by ASCII (
420:written in a Windows text editor like
3347:"The [NEL] Newline Character"
1946:Issues with different newline formats
1649:Another common problem is the use of
260:American National Standards Institute
177:or sequence of control characters in
7:
3309:"C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement"
3180:"PHP: Predefined Constants - Manual"
2891:Heninger, Andy (20 September 2013).
1821:Some languages have created special
63:adding citations to reliable sources
1688:provide the same interpretation of
1673:in binary mode is slightly better.
1314:; it is normally mapped to Unicode
464:combined into one (commonly called
273:
263:
2184:Conversion between newline formats
487:character code in addition to the
14:
3342:of the Unicode 4.0 standard (PDF)
3248:Longin, Timo (18 December 2023).
3078:. ECMA International. June 2018.
3060:. ECMA International. June 2019.
2986:. ECMA International. June 2019.
2968:. ECMA International. June 2019.
3267:Zeil, Steven (19 January 2015).
2130:Newline in programming languages
39:
1487:The Unicode special characters
1113:Internet Engineering Task Force
513:, also provides a "next line" (
499:, in addition to providing the
50:needs additional citations for
3365: (archived 20 August 2006)
2571:Reverse and partial line feeds
1554:To facilitate the creation of
1388:as line breaks, but considers
1:
3168:. Python Software Foundation.
3152:The Python Language Reference
2912:. ITSCJ. IPSJ. 1 October 1983
1010:, but the numerical value of
970:mainframe systems, including
875:mainframe systems, including
3214:Resnick, Pete (April 2001).
3094:"5.4. Line Break Characters"
2800:Kahn-Greene, Will Guaraldi.
2765:Lopez, Michel (8 May 2018).
2317:newlines, by converting all
2176:(for example, inspection of
250:Later, in the age of modern
197:and the start of a new one.
2523:, are that newlines either
2407:'s/\r?\n|\r/\r\n/g'
483:, for example, provides an
3407:
3166:"What's new in Python 2.3"
1754:as a line terminator (see
1661:for ending lines. Writing
1546:
1517:SYMBOL FOR CARRIAGE RETURN
1125:
1088:carriage control character
1053:Record Management Services
1033:Operating systems for the
564:standard oriented systems:
247:in a formal text message.
25:
18:
2895:. The Unicode Consortium.
2429:'s/\r?\n|\r/\r/g'
2418:'s/\r?\n|\r/\n/g'
2313:or, if the text has only
2016:at the end of each line.
1757:BufferedReader.readLine()
920:
871:
847:
842:
812:
780:
713:
642:
615:
560:
553:
547:
541:
538:
533:
528:
21:New Line (disambiguation)
3154:. The Python Foundation.
3001:Bray, Tim (March 2014).
2677:Qualline, Steve (2001).
2493:
2464:
2446:
2356:
2229:
2208:
2202:For example, the editor
2144:instead of the required
2108:newline escape sequence
1862:
1771:
1676:Many languages, such as
1543:In programming languages
1442:, does not treat any of
1400:instead of a line break.
1028:record-based file system
320:extra padding characters
3369:"The End-of-Line Story"
3217:Internet Message Format
3130:"PHP: Strings - Manual"
2551:, newline is used as a
2431:inputfile>outputfile
2420:inputfile>outputfile
2409:inputfile>outputfile
2398:inputfile>outputfile
2387:inputfile>outputfile
2376:inputfile>outputfile
2365:inputfile>outputfile
1931:"Color: Blue"
1638:The C library function
1107:Communication protocols
1077:was used by some early
209:and teletype machines,
181:specifications such as
3359:Understanding Newlines
3354:The End of Line Puzzle
3080:11.8.4 String Literals
3062:11.8.4 String Literals
2161:File Transfer Protocol
1971:
1895:"Color: Red"
1804:"Color: Red"
1763:System.lineSeparator()
1696:where the manipulator
1563:C programming language
337:used this convention.
142:
3148:"2. Lexical analysis"
2970:11.3 Line Terminators
1953:
1694:alternative I/O model
1549:\nnn (disambiguation)
1361:has been used as the
1282:Paragraph Separator,
942:proprietary encoding
930:Sinclair Research Ltd
928:(home computers from
844:Atari 8-bit computers
301:machinesâtypically a
140:
3289:Sapp, Craig Stuart.
2771:Windows Command Line
2657:www.computerhope.com
2653:"What is a Newline?"
2510:hexdump-cmyfile.txt
2433:# Convert to old Mac
1718:sequence (for ASCII
1529:SYMBOL FOR LINE FEED
1295:round-trip integrity
1090:to the start of the
788:spooled text output
59:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
3297:on 9 February 2009.
2527:lines or that they
2178:filename extensions
2138:mail transfer agent
1615:is output directly.
1469:desktop environment
1357:, and the code for
525:
219:Morse code prosigns
149:(frequently called
3384:Control characters
3201:"Bare LFs in SMTP"
3116:Perl documentation
2857:"Character Output"
2396:'s/\r$ //'
2385:'s/$ /\r/'
1972:
1962:and viewed with a
1493:SYMBOL FOR NEWLINE
1310:, which uses code
1280:
1264:
1203:
1184:
1165:
1149:
535:Character encoding
523:control characters
520:
456:can be defined as
454:character encoding
380:âwas not used, as
374:padding characters
361:operating system.
217:invented and used
179:character encoding
143:
3118:. Perl 5 Porters.
3100:. 1 October 2021.
2680:Vi Improved - Vim
2584:REVERSE LINE FEED
2557:control character
2422:# Convert to UNIX
2001:as a line break.
1991:Microsoft Windows
1692:as C. C++ has an
1483:, as line breaks.
1440:Microsoft Windows
1075:Fixed line length
960:
959:
418:UNIX shell script
414:operating systems
303:Teletype Model 33
175:control character
135:
134:
127:
109:
28:Stephan Endlicher
3396:
3350:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3313:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3275:on 14 May 2016.
3264:
3258:
3257:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3229:
3227:10.17487/RFC2822
3211:
3205:
3204:
3198:Bernstein, D. J.
3194:
3188:
3187:
3186:. The PHP Group.
3176:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3136:. The PHP Group.
3126:
3120:
3119:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3020:
3018:10.17487/RFC7159
2998:
2992:
2991:
2988:11.2 White Space
2980:
2974:
2973:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2827:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2773:. Archived from
2762:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2738:. Archived from
2730:Duckett, Chris.
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2704:. Archived from
2685:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2649:
2609:
2601:
2577:
2509:
2506:cat-vmyfile.txt
2505:
2502:cat-emyfile.txt
2501:
2497:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2411:# Convert to DOS
2408:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2296:characters with
2295:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2198:
2194:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2041:
2037:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1996:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1852:
1848:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:, respectively.
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1699:
1691:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:escape sequences
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1413:
1409:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1373:. For instance:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1292:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1266:Line Separator,
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1101:
1097:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
954:
949:
916:
911:
906:
901:
865:
860:
855:
838:
833:
828:
823:
808:
803:
798:
793:
776:
771:
766:
761:
709:
704:
699:
694:
638:
633:
628:
623:
530:Operating system
526:
516:
509:
505:
494:
490:
486:
471:
467:
463:
459:
432:The concepts of
399:
383:
379:
371:
356:
352:
317:
313:
309:
296:
292:
285:
281:
276:
270:
266:
238:
234:
229:
130:
123:
119:
116:
110:
108:
67:
43:
35:
3406:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3374:
3373:
3363:Wayback Machine
3345:
3335:
3330:
3320:
3318:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3269:"File Transfer"
3266:
3265:
3261:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3011:. sec. 7.
3000:
2999:
2995:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2825:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2780:
2778:
2777:on 6 April 2019
2764:
2763:
2759:
2745:
2743:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2711:on 8 April 2022
2708:
2702:
2688:Sams Publishing
2683:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2620:
2607:
2599:
2575:
2573:
2553:paragraph break
2545:word processing
2521:self-consistent
2517:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2498:od-amyfile.txt
2495:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:filemyfile.txt
2448:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2340:
2332:'\r' '\n' <
2322:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2293:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2128:) (see section
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2039:
2035:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1999:carriage return
1948:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1850:
1846:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1697:
1689:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1639:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1552:
1545:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1454:as line breaks.
1451:
1447:
1443:
1432:Windows Notepad
1411:
1407:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1369:) character in
1358:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1206:Carriage Return
1202:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1131:
1124:
1109:
1095:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1035:CDC 6000 series
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
991:
987:
966:systemsâmainly
952:
947:
914:
909:
904:
899:
863:
858:
853:
836:
831:
826:
819:
806:
801:
796:
791:
774:
769:
764:
759:
707:
702:
697:
692:
636:
631:
626:
621:
565:
555:Escape sequence
514:
507:
503:
492:
488:
484:
434:carriage return
430:
397:
381:
377:
369:
354:
350:
345:(1981) adopted
315:
311:
307:
294:
290:
283:
279:
274:
268:
264:
236:
232:
227:
203:
131:
120:
114:
111:
68:
66:
56:
44:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3356:
3351:
3343:
3334:
3333:External links
3331:
3329:
3328:
3300:
3281:
3259:
3240:
3206:
3189:
3171:
3157:
3139:
3121:
3103:
3085:
3067:
3049:
3046:. 22 May 2018.
3031:
2993:
2975:
2957:
2940:
2923:
2898:
2883:
2874:
2848:
2835:978-0946827008
2834:
2811:
2792:
2757:
2742:on 13 May 2018
2722:
2700:
2669:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2619:
2616:
2572:
2569:
2516:
2515:Interpretation
2513:
2494:
2482:'\r\n'
2471:'\r\n'
2465:
2447:
2357:
2327:
2298:
2230:
2209:
2185:
2182:
1983:classic Mac OS
1947:
1944:
1916:"\n"
1863:
1772:
1617:
1616:
1593:
1572:(newline) and
1544:
1541:
1485:
1484:
1460:, the default
1455:
1434:, the default
1429:
1419:
1401:
1324:C1 control set
1287:
1286:
1270:
1254:
1238:
1229:) followed by
1212:
1193:
1174:
1155:
1123:
1120:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1072:
1042:
1031:
958:
957:
955:
950:
945:
943:
933:
918:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
869:
868:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
840:
839:
834:
829:
824:
817:
810:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
778:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
743:classic Mac OS
711:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
640:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
558:
557:
552:
546:
540:
537:
532:
477:character sets
429:
428:Representation
426:
331:device drivers
202:
199:
133:
132:
47:
45:
38:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3402:
3401:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3317:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2837:
2831:
2824:
2823:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2802:"ASCII chart"
2796:
2793:
2789:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2753:environments.
2741:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2723:
2707:
2703:
2701:9780735710016
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2681:
2673:
2670:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2605:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2492:
2463:
2461:
2445:
2442:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2310:
2306:
2303:-d '\r' <
2302:
2297:
2291:
2286:
2261:
2228:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2199:conventions.
2190:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2107:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2053:Most textual
2051:
2047:
2045:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2002:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:created with
1957:
1952:
1945:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1844:
1843:double quotes
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1789:lineSeparator
1770:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1735:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1610:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1568:
1565:provides the
1564:
1559:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1505:RETURN SYMBOL
1470:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1309:
1304:
1300:For example:
1298:
1296:
1276:
1271:
1260:
1255:
1244:
1239:
1213:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1161:
1156:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1106:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:punched cards
1080:
1076:
1073:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
962:
961:
956:
951:
946:
944:
941:
937:
934:
931:
927:
923:
919:
913:
908:
903:
898:
896:
893:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
867:
862:
857:
852:
850:
845:
841:
835:
830:
825:
822:
818:
815:
811:
805:
800:
795:
790:
787:
783:
779:
773:
768:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:Commodore 128
716:
712:
706:
701:
696:
691:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
657:
653:
650:compatibles,
649:
645:
641:
635:
630:
625:
620:
618:
613:, and others
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
559:
556:
550:
544:
539:Abbreviation
536:
531:
527:
524:
518:
512:
511:control codes
502:
498:
482:
478:
473:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
427:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
395:
394:strikethrough
391:
387:
375:
367:
362:
360:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
326:the display.
325:
321:
304:
300:
289:The sequence
287:
277:
271:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
230:
224:
220:
216:
215:telegraphists
213:operators or
212:
208:
200:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
139:
129:
126:
118:
115:February 2016
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76: â
75:
71:
70:Find sources:
64:
60:
54:
53:
48:This article
46:
42:
37:
36:
33:
29:
22:
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3315:
3303:
3295:the original
3284:
3276:
3273:the original
3262:
3253:
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3192:
3183:
3174:
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2901:
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2877:
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2821:
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2806:bluesock.org
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2786:
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2775:the original
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2656:
2647:
2597:
2588:ISO/IEC 6429
2574:
2552:
2549:text editors
2534:
2528:
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2457:
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2321:newlines to
2312:
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1132:
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751:Lisp Machine
747:HP Series 80
715:Commodore 64
474:
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363:
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288:
252:teleprinters
249:
244:
240:
226:
207:teleprinters
204:
195:line of text
170:
166:
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154:
150:
146:
144:
121:
112:
102:
95:
88:
81:
69:
57:Please help
52:verification
49:
32:
3321:13 February
3316:unicode.org
3254:SEC Consult
2624:End-of-file
2598:Similarly,
2220:dos :
2060:(including
1968:hexadecimal
1874:Environment
1856:Example in
1831:subroutines
1609:binary mode
1462:text editor
1436:text editor
1306:is part of
1250:Next Line,
1151:Line Feed,
990:(New Line,
727:ZX Spectrum
687:Amstrad CPC
438:typewriters
402:ISO/IEC 646
245:new section
155:end of line
151:line ending
3389:Whitespace
3378:Categories
3184:PHP Manual
3134:PHP Manual
2841:30 January
2690:. p.
2640:References
2634:Page break
2593:diacritics
2541:paragraphs
2484:myfile.txt
2473:myfile.txt
2338:outputfile
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2174:heuristics
2170:corrupting
2014:<cr>
1964:hex editor
1925:lineColor2
1479:, but not
1398:whitespace
1378:ECMAScript
1332:ISO-8859-1
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404:standard.
390:underscore
231:(mnemonic
211:Morse code
171:line break
85:newspapers
3340:Chapter 5
3112:"binmode"
3003:"Strings"
2781:4 January
2746:4 January
2715:4 January
2629:Enter key
2547:and most
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2458:The Unix
2334:inputfile
2305:inputfile
2290:Unix-like
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2058:protocols
2030:or in an
1995:line feed
1979:Unix-like
1970:value 0A.
1956:text file
1889:lineColor
1827:constants
1823:variables
1798:lineColor
1769:Example:
1698:std::endl
1597:text mode
1471:, treats
1187:Form Feed
1079:mainframe
782:Acorn BBC
723:Acorn BBC
652:Atari TOS
593:, etc.),
573:systems (
571:Unix-like
410:Unix-like
163:next line
74:"Newline"
2618:See also
2591:such as
2525:separate
2350:, or in
2268:unix2mac
2264:mac2unix
2259:dos2unix
2255:unix2dos
2241:FIND /V
2055:Internet
2024:compiler
2012:, or as
1556:portable
1380:accepts
1363:ellipsis
1215: CR
1067:or even
735:Apple II
442:printers
386:boldface
299:Teletype
241:new line
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3361:at the
2916:3 March
2867:18 July
2565:pilcrow
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2469:egrep-L
2427:perl-pe
2416:perl-pe
2405:perl-pe
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2165:systems
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1686:Haskell
1464:of the
1406:allows
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1122:Unicode
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849:ATASCII
786:RISC OS
683:Palm OS
659:TOPS-10
644:Windows
611:RISC OS
599:Multics
497:Unicode
495:codes.
422:Notepad
366:Multics
359:Windows
201:History
191:Unicode
173:) is a
147:newline
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3044:GitHub
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2662:10 May
2582:+008D
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1865:string
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1728:U+000D
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1489:U+2424
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1390:U+0085
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1268:U+2028
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1177:
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883:) and
881:OS/390
753:, and
749:, MIT
739:Oberon
731:TRS-80
648:MS-DOS
551:value
545:value
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343:MS-DOS
324:scroll
187:EBCDIC
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2561:glyph
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1466:GNOME
1458:gedit
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1039:colon
980:IBM i
885:IBM i
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693:CR LF
663:RT-11
617:ASCII
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591:Xenix
579:macOS
575:Linux
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501:ASCII
475:Some
466:CR+LF
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183:ASCII
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106:JSTOR
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2159:The
2110:'\n'
2102:0x0A
2098:'\n'
2066:SMTP
2062:HTTP
1989:and
1937:eol2
1910:eol2
1851:'\r'
1849:and
1847:'\n'
1839:Perl
1837:and
1730:and
1704:Java
1690:'\n'
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1663:'\n'
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506:and
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