662:
433:
40:
378:
specifier is necessary and/or sufficient for the expression of all other specifiers, demonstrating the existence of extensive cross-regulation. Moreover, this model organism was instrumental in the elucidation of the role of the
Hedgehog signaling pathway in the specification of the neural crest, with the transcription factor Gli2 playing a key role.
261:
embryo respectively. However, this method suffers from drawbacks of stability, since every time the labeled cell divides the signal is diluted. Modern cell labeling techniques such as rhodamine-lysinated dextran and the vital dye diI have also been developed to transiently mark neural crest lineages.
346:
has been suggested as a source of neural crest inductive signal. Researchers have demonstrated that the expression of dominate-negative Fgf receptor in ectoderm explants blocks neural crest induction when recombined with paraxial mesoderm. The understanding of the role of BMP, Wnt, and Fgf pathways
1091:. Despite these, and other advances much remains to be discovered about how ethanol affects neural crest development. For example, it appears that ethanol differentially affects certain neural crest cells over others; that is, while craniofacial abnormalities are common in PAE, neural crest-derived
825:
result from the abnormal specification, migration, differentiation or death of neural crest cells throughout embryonic development. This group of diseases comprises a wide spectrum of congenital malformations affecting many newborns. Additionally, they arise because of genetic defects affecting the
1318:
Several structures that distinguish the vertebrates from other chordates are formed from the derivatives of neural crest cells. In their "New head" theory, Gans and
Northcut argue that the presence of neural crest was the basis for vertebrate specific features, such as sensory ganglia and cranial
256:
in 1868 as "the cord in between" (Zwischenstrang) because of its origin between the neural plate and non-neural ectoderm. He named the tissue ganglionic crest since its final destination was each lateral side of the neural tube where it differentiated into spinal ganglia. During the first half of
416:
Putative neural crest gene-regulatory network functioning at the neural plate border in vertebrates. Red arrows represent proven direct regulatory interactions. Black arrows show genetic interactions based on loss-of-function and gain-of-functions studies. Gray lines denote repression. Adapted
355:
Signaling events that establish the neural plate border lead to the expression of a set of transcription factors delineated here as neural plate border specifiers. These molecules include Zic factors, Pax3/7, Dlx5, Msx1/2 which may mediate the influence of Wnts, BMPs, and Fgfs. These genes are
260:
Cell labeling techniques advanced the field of neural crest because they allowed researchers to visualize the migration of the tissue throughout the developing embryos. In the 1960s, Weston and Chibon utilized radioisotopic labeling of the nucleus with tritiated thymidine in chick and amphibian
377:
Following the expression of neural plate border specifiers is a collection of genes including Slug/Snail, FoxD3, Sox10, Sox9, AP-2 and c-Myc. This suite of genes, designated here as neural crest specifiers, are activated in emergent neural crest cells. At least in
Xenopus, every neural crest
338:
The current role of BMP in neural crest formation is associated with the induction of the neural plate. BMP antagonists diffusing from the ectoderm generates a gradient of BMP activity. In this manner, the neural crest lineage forms from intermediate levels of BMP signaling required for the
1772:
Le
Douarin, N.M. (1969). "Particularités du noyau interphasique chez la Caille japonaise (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Utilisation de ces particularités comme "marquage biologique" dans les recherches sur les interactions tissulaires et les migrations cellulaires au cours de l'ontogenÚse"".
741:
Semaphorin-neuropilin repulsive signaling works synergistically with EphB signaling to guide neural crest cells down the rostral half of somites in mice. In chick embryos, semaphorin acts in the cephalic region to guide neural crest cells through the
1237:
Cranial neural crest migrates dorsolaterally to form the craniofacial mesenchyme that differentiates into various cranial ganglia and craniofacial cartilages and bones. These cells enter the pharyngeal pouches and arches where they contribute to the
413:
1223:-posterior axis develop into various tissues. These regions of neural crest can be divided into four main functional domains, which include the cranial neural crest, trunk neural crest, vagal and sacral neural crest, and cardiac neural crest.
268:, generated through transplantation, enabled researchers to distinguish neural crest cells of one species from the surrounding tissue of another species. With this technique, generations of scientists were able to reliably mark and study the
220:
genes that confer cell characteristics such as multipotency and migratory capabilities. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of neural crest formation is important for our knowledge of human disease because of its contributions to multiple
1305:
develops into melanocytes, cartilage, connective tissue and neurons of some pharyngeal arches. Also, this domain gives rise to regions of the heart such as the musculo-connective tissue of the large arteries, and part of the
409:, function in delamination by regulating cell morphology and adhesive properties. Sox9 and Sox10 regulate neural crest differentiation by activating many cell-type-specific effectors including Mitf, P0, Cx32, Trp and cKit.
713:
with one another. While Ephrin and Eph proteins have the capacity to undergo bi-directional signaling, neural crest cell repulsion employs predominantly forward signaling to initiate a response within the
2953:
Takamura, Kazushi; Okishima, Takahiro; Ohdo, Shozo; Hayakawa, Kunio (1990). "Association of cephalic neural crest cells with cardiovascular development, particularly that of the semilunar valves".
3757:
1968:
Dottori, M.; Gross, M.K.; Labosky, P.; Goulding, M. (2001). "The winged-helix transcription factor Foxd3 suppresses interneuron differentiation and promotes neural crest cell fate".
323:
Wnt signaling has been demonstrated in neural crest induction in several species through gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments. In coherence with this observation, the
762:
of the extracellular matrix as they travel. Additionally, crest cells have intrinsic contact inhibition with one another while freely invading tissues of different origin such as
1502:
872:. Type III gives rise to upper limb abnormalities. Lastly, type IV is also known as Waardenburg-Shah syndrome, and afflicted individuals display both Waardenburg's syndrome and
397:
Finally, neural crest specifiers turn on the expression of effector genes, which confer certain properties such as migration and multipotency. Two neural crest effectors,
2647:
Rogers, J. M. (2016). "Search for the missing lncs: gene regulatory networks in neural crest development and long non-coding RNA biomarkers of
Hirschsprung's disease".
1344:
a lineage of cells (melanocytes) has been identified, which are similar to neural crest cells in vertebrates. This implies that a rudimentary neural crest existed in a
479:
into different populations, in this case neural crest cells separating from the surrounding tissue. Conversely, EMT is a series of events coordinating a change from an
1064:
and decreased distances travelled by migrating neural crest cells. The mechanisms behind these changes are not well understood, but evidence suggests PAE can increase
436:
Delamination of neural crest cells during development. Downregulation of CAMs and tight junction proteins is followed by secretion of MMPs and subsequent delamination.
1328:. Instead, new structures often arise through modification of existing developmental regulatory programs. For example, regulatory programs may be changed by the
257:
the 20th century, the majority of research on neural crest was done using amphibian embryos which was reviewed by Hörstadius (1950) in a well known monograph.
96:
1310:, which divides the pulmonary circulation from the aorta. The semilunar valves of the heart are associated with neural crest cells according to new research.
1264:
migrates dorsolaterally into the ectoderm towards the ventral midline. A second group of cells migrates ventrolaterally through the anterior portion of each
738:
rearrangements within the crest cells inducing them to repel. This phenomenon allows neural crest cells to funnel through the rostral portion of each somite.
1332:
of new upstream regulators or by the employment of new downstream gene targets, thus placing existing networks in a novel context. This idea is supported by
1340:, which suggest that part of the neural crest precursor network was present in a common ancestor to the chordates. In some non-vertebrate chordates such as
3750:
3401:
1479:
3743:
665:
Migration of neural crest cells during development. Grey arrows indicate the direction of the paths crest cells migrate. (R=Rostral, C=Caudal)
590:
472:
4032:
2303:
3428:
264:
The quail-chick marking system, devised by Nicole Le
Douarin in 1969, was another instrumental technique used to track neural crest cells.
3082:
Sauka-Spengler, T.; Bronner-Fraser, M. (2006). "Development and evolution of the migratory neural crest: a gene regulatory perspective".
244:
Therefore, defining the mechanisms of neural crest development may reveal key insights into vertebrate evolution and neurocristopathies.
1319:
skeleton. Furthermore, the appearance of these features was pivotal in vertebrate evolution because it enabled a predatory lifestyle.
2708:
2691:
2172:
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involved in the activation of Wnt-dependent target genes, suggestive of a direct role of Wnt signaling in neural crest specification.
3392:
2512:
Cerrizuela, Santiago; VegaâLopez, Guillermo A.; Aybar, Manuel J. (2020-01-11). "The role of teratogens in neural crest development".
280:
A molecular cascade of events is involved in establishing the migratory and multipotent characteristics of neural crest cells. This
868:
and physiological features. Types I and II are distinguished based on whether or not family members of the affected individual have
678:
197:
and migrating through the periphery where they differentiate into varied cell types. The emergence of neural crest was important in
190:
2321:
Taneyhill, L.A. (2008). "To adhere or not to adhere: the role of
Cadherins in neural crest development". Cell Adh Migr. 2, 223â30.
2477:
Bolande, Robert P. (1974-07-01). "The neurocristopathies: A unifying concept of disease arising in neural crest maldevelopment".
520:. Although all neural crest cells undergo EMT, the timing of delamination occurs at different stages in different organisms: in
381:
Outside of the tightly regulated network of neural crest specifiers are two other transcription factors Twist and Id. Twist, a
1016:
602:
653:, during migration. Once the basal lamina becomes permeable the neural crest cells can begin migrating throughout the embryo.
4047:
2568:
Mallory, S.B.; Wiener, E; Nordlund, J.J. (1986). "Waardenburg's
Syndrome with Hirschprung's Disease: A Neural Crest Defect".
803:
1087:
stores. It has also been proposed that the decreased viability of ethanol-exposed neural crest cells is caused by increased
234:
2690:
Sampson, P. D.; Streissguth, A. P.; Bookstein, F. L.; Little, R. E.; Clarren, S. K.; Dehaene, P.; Graham, J. M. Jr (1997).
3373:
1130:
606:
554:
91:
84:
1837:"Cloning and characterization of the three Xenopus slug promoters reveal direct regulation by Lef/beta-catenin signaling"
3860:
779:
674:
670:
566:
471:. For migration to begin, neural crest cells must undergo a process called delamination that involves a full or partial
441:
389:
structures. Id is a direct target of c-Myc and is known to be important for the maintenance of neural crest stem cells.
2003:
Cerrizuela, Santiago; Vega-LĂłpez, Guillermo A.; Palacio, MarĂa BelĂ©n; TrĂbulo, Celeste; Aybar, Manuel J. (2018-12-01).
3713:
3658:
3437:
1126:
893:
3222:
Kalcheim, C. and Le
Douarin, N. M. (1998). The Neural Crest (2nd ed.). Cambridge, U. K.: Cambridge University Press.
440:
The migration of neural crest cells involves a highly coordinated cascade of events that begins with closure of the
369:
for the expression of Slug, Snail, and FoxD3. Furthermore, Pax3 is essential for FoxD3 expression in mouse embryos.
44:
The formation of neural crest during the process of neurulation. Neural crest is first induced in the region of the
1302:
1176:
during the early embryonic stage, which ultimately leads to mid and lower face abnormalities. TCS is caused by the
1024:
771:
586:
570:
498:
305:
1532:
Huang, X.; Saint-Jeannet, J.P. (2004). "Induction of the neural crest and the opportunities of life on the edge".
356:
expressed broadly at the neural plate border region and precede the expression of bona fide neural crest markers.
4042:
3919:
3383:
1169:
913:
873:
775:
427:
147:
79:
2878:
2247:"Neural crest delamination and migration: From epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition to collective cell migration"
3718:
3630:
3515:
3421:
1138:
973:
889:
799:
719:
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366:
359:
Experimental evidence places these transcription factors upstream of neural crest specifiers. For example, in
309:
67:
3482:
849:
811:
715:
633:
of the neural tube to allow neural crest cells to escape. Additionally, neural crest cells begin expressing
281:
209:
2692:"The incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome and prevalence of the alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder"
3971:
3703:
3602:
3396:
2113:"Xenopus Id3 is required downstream of Myc for the formation of multipotent neural crest progenitor cells"
1717:"The avian embryo as a model to study the development of the neural crest: a long and still ongoing story"
1466:
1285:
1076:
941:
787:
661:
550:
103:
685:. For this reason the crest cell migration process is termed "free migration". Instead of scaffolding on
3708:
3698:
3542:
1800:
Le
Douarin, N.M. (1973). "A biological cell labeling technique and its use in experimental embryology".
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1150:
1004:
731:
723:
502:
484:
399:
301:
230:
213:
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that results from defective neural crest cell migration. The condition's main characteristics include
3867:
3855:
3179:
3005:
1452:
1297:
1269:
1232:
837:
706:
638:
541:
Prior to delamination, presumptive neural crest cells are initially anchored to neighboring cells by
509:
332:
194:
3234:"Epidermal progenitors give rise to Merkel cells during embryonic development and adult homeostasis"
3452:
3414:
1491:
1440:
1376:
1107:
521:
505:
432:
324:
2375:
Sakuka-Spengler, Tatjana (2008). "A gene regulatory network orchestrates neural crest formation".
3837:
3790:
3029:
2978:
2672:
2593:
2545:
2418:
Vega-Lopez, Guillermo A.; Cerrizuela, Santiago; Tribulo, Celeste; Aybar, Manuel J. (2018-12-01).
2400:
1255:
1080:
1028:
969:
949:
909:
857:
822:
710:
265:
217:
1755:
948:. Genes playing a role in the healthy migration of these neural crest cells to the gut include
52:
closure, neural crest delaminates from the region between the dorsal neural tube and overlying
4037:
3885:
3681:
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3457:
3353:
3304:
3263:
3205:
3148:
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3021:
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2803:
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2713:
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2620:
2585:
2537:
2529:
2494:
2459:
2451:
2392:
2354:
2299:
2271:
2222:
2168:
2134:
2093:
2044:
2036:
1985:
1950:
1899:
1858:
1817:
1782:
1738:
1694:
1650:
1584:
1549:
1408:
1177:
1173:
1103:
1039:
682:
343:
238:
2996:
Gans, C.; Northcutt, R. G. (1983). "Neural crest and the origin of vertebrates: A new head".
1260:
Trunk neural crest gives rise two populations of cells. One group of cells fated to become
992:
are then implicated in the same signaling network. When this signaling is disrupted in mice,
730:. When these two domains interact it causes receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, activation of
201:
evolution because many of its structural derivatives are defining features of the vertebrate
3976:
3904:
3899:
3620:
3583:
3564:
3343:
3335:
3294:
3253:
3245:
3195:
3187:
3138:
3130:
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3013:
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2917:
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2834:
2793:
2752:
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2703:
2656:
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2521:
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2441:
2431:
2384:
2344:
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2204:
2124:
2083:
2075:
2026:
2016:
1977:
1940:
1930:
1889:
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1809:
1728:
1684:
1640:
1576:
1541:
1444:
1158:
1088:
945:
885:
881:
841:
476:
317:
226:
1011:. Depending on the extent of the exposure and the severity of the resulting abnormalities,
3948:
3934:
3909:
3497:
1422:
1322:
However, considering the neural crest a vertebrate innovation does not mean that it arose
1273:
1046:
929:
743:
694:
686:
610:
386:
253:
155:
766:. Neural crest cells that migrate through the rostral half of somites differentiate into
3183:
3009:
900:
are equally affected. There is no current cure or treatment for Waardenburg's syndrome.
3767:
3676:
3574:
3348:
3323:
3258:
3233:
3200:
3167:
3143:
3118:
2847:
2822:
2757:
2732:
2581:
2217:
2192:
2088:
2063:
1436:
1396:
1372:
1368:
1122:
1111:
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1020:
767:
542:
468:
151:
3377:
3299:
3282:
2490:
1760:
The Neural Crest: Its Properties and Derivatives in the Light of Experimental Research
1196:
of the TCOF1 gene are among the best characterized in their role in TCS, mutations in
4026:
3961:
3825:
3810:
3625:
3569:
2549:
1919:"Regulation of Msx genes by Bmp gradient is essential for neural crest specification"
1813:
1337:
1189:
1154:
1142:
1118:
1084:
993:
940:, or even slowed growth. In healthy development, neural crest cells migrate into the
925:
189:. Subsequently, neural crest cells from the roof plate of the neural tube undergo an
139:
3735:
3033:
2982:
2676:
2597:
2404:
1153:. Patients with 22q11 deletions have also been reported to have higher incidence of
4009:
3999:
3981:
3832:
3815:
3775:
3595:
3590:
2246:
1456:
1364:
1243:
1208:
1146:
1043:
1008:
735:
630:
527:
464:
328:
222:
170:
166:
135:
45:
3017:
2005:"Gli2 is required for the induction and migration of Xenopus laevis neural crest"
1689:
1672:
1645:
1628:
72:
3966:
3956:
3877:
3820:
3795:
3635:
3560:
3502:
2436:
2419:
2266:
2079:
1545:
1448:
1426:
1261:
921:
759:
646:
574:
535:
460:
456:
444:
186:
182:
178:
131:
49:
1568:
864:. There are four different types of Waardenburg's syndrome, each with distinct
746:. On top of repulsive repulsive signaling, neural crest cells express ÎČ1and α4
3929:
3914:
3894:
3691:
3578:
3552:
3492:
3487:
3472:
3387:
3095:
2021:
2004:
1733:
1716:
1473:
1345:
1329:
1265:
1092:
861:
853:
845:
791:
702:
480:
198:
127:
3339:
3324:"Enteric nervous system development: migration, differentiation, and disease"
3049:
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
2931:
2533:
2498:
2455:
2420:"Neurocristopathies: New insights 150 years after the neural crest discovery"
2064:"An absence of Twist1 results in aberrant cardiac neural crest morphogenesis"
2040:
1399:(membranous bones), dorsal fins and the turtle plastron (lower vertebrates),
3924:
3890:
3805:
3524:
2798:
2781:
1981:
1580:
1341:
1193:
1185:
1133:
system, which receives contribution from rostral migratory crest cells. The
1065:
1054:
933:
917:
827:
783:
613:
residues to decrease adhesiveness. Neural crest cells also begin expressing
487:
405:
293:
17:
3357:
3308:
3267:
3209:
3168:"Identification of a rudimentary neural crest in a non-vertebrate chordate"
3152:
3103:
3068:
3025:
2939:
2856:
2838:
2807:
2766:
2668:
2541:
2463:
2396:
2358:
2275:
2226:
2138:
2097:
2048:
1989:
1954:
1894:
1877:
1862:
1853:
1836:
1742:
1698:
1654:
1588:
1553:
1272:, whereas those that continue more ventrally form the sympathetic ganglia,
3249:
2974:
2912:
2895:
2717:
2624:
2589:
1903:
1821:
1786:
1411:
of head and neck glands (pituitary, salivary, lachrymal, thymus, thyroid)
1336:
data that shows the conservation of the neural plate border specifiers in
1324:
39:
4004:
3668:
3650:
3612:
3529:
2894:
Vega-Lopez, Guillermo A.; Cerrizuela, Santiago; Aybar, Manuel J. (2017).
2709:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199711)56:5<317::AID-TERA5>3.0.CO;2-U
1673:"Ancient evolutionary origin of the neural crest gene regulatory network"
1671:
Sauka-Spengler, T.; Meulemans, D.; Jones, M.; Bronner-Fraser, M. (2007).
1400:
1220:
1134:
1032:
1012:
888:
pattern of inheritance. Overall, Waardenburg's syndrome is rare, with an
877:
865:
807:
763:
751:
747:
718:
bearing neural crest cell. Burgeoning neural crest cells express EphB, a
642:
634:
618:
614:
594:
546:
313:
297:
269:
174:
124:
53:
3191:
3060:
2611:
Arias, S (1971). "Genetic heterogeneity in the Waardenburg's syndrome".
2446:
2031:
1629:"Gene-regulatory interactions in neural crest evolution and development"
1284:
The vagal and sacral neural crest cells develop into the ganglia of the
908:
Also implicated in defects related to neural crest cell development and
385:
transcription factor, is required for mesenchyme differentiation of the
284:
can be subdivided into the following four sub-networks described below.
109:
3800:
3134:
2966:
2922:
2748:
2349:
2332:
1945:
1404:
1388:
1172:(TCS) results from the compromised development of the first and second
1072:
1069:
1057:
1050:
1036:
981:
957:
916:(HD or HSCR), characterized by a lack of innervation in regions of the
869:
755:
650:
531:
491:
361:
3232:
Van Keymeulen, A; Mascre, G; Youseff, KK; et al. (October 2009).
2660:
2525:
2129:
2112:
1935:
1918:
1042:, the mechanisms by which these abnormalities arise is still unclear.
412:
3686:
3477:
3462:
3328:
American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
1608:
Brooker, R.J. 2014, Biology, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1084
1412:
1392:
1307:
1239:
1201:
1197:
937:
795:
727:
698:
622:
494:
292:
First, extracellular signaling molecules, secreted from the adjacent
143:
27:
Pluripotent embyronic cell group giving rise to diverse cell lineages
2388:
2208:
339:
development of the neural plate (low BMP) and epidermis (high BMP).
123:
cells are a temporary group of cells that arise from the embryonic
1496:
1219:
Neural crest cells originating from different positions along the
1204:
1181:
1115:
989:
965:
690:
660:
582:
578:
517:
513:
431:
411:
202:
689:, neural crest migration is the result of repulsive guidance via
3166:
Abitua, P. B.; Wagner, E.; Navarrete, I. A.; Levine, M. (2012).
2298:. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 1197â1199.
985:
977:
961:
953:
802:
and specification into their final cell type is biased by their
598:
558:
382:
159:
3739:
3410:
2731:
Smith, S. M.; Garic, A.; Flentke, G. R.; Berres, M. E. (2014).
3281:
Szeder, V; Grim, M; Halata, Z; Sieber-Blum, M (January 2003).
3047:
Northcutt, Glenn (2005). "The new head hypothesis revisited".
2637:"Waardenburg syndrome". Genetics Home Reference. October 2012.
1015:
are diagnosed within a continuum of disorders broadly labeled
897:
526:
embryos there is a massive delamination that occurs when the
856:
areas are caused by a total absence of neural crest-derived
130:, and in turn give rise to a diverse cell lineageâincluding
2896:"Trunk neural crest cells: formation, migration and beyond"
2193:"Molecular mechanisms of epithelialâmesenchymal transition"
347:
on neural crest specifier expression remains incomplete.
327:
region of slug (a neural crest specific gene) contains a
573:
initiate delamination by inducing the expression of the
252:
Neural crest was first described in the chick embryo by
169:, neural crest cells are specified at the border of the
826:
formation of neural crest and because of the action of
790:. Cells migrating through this path differentiate into
1415:
and adipose tissue of calvaria, ventral neck and face
806:
subjection to morphogenic cues such as BMP, Wnt, FGF,
1503:
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
750:
which allows for binding and guided interaction with
181:, the borders of the neural plate, also known as the
2737:
Birth Defects Research Part C: Embryo Today: Reviews
2733:"Neural crest development in fetal alcohol syndrome"
2426:. The Neural Crest: 150 years after His' discovery.
1443:, cephalic ganglia (VII and in part, V, IX, and X),
3992:
3947:
3876:
3846:
3783:
3774:
3667:
3649:
3611:
3551:
3538:
3511:
3445:
1403:and smooth muscle of branchial arteries and veins,
589:. These factors play a direct role in inducing the
530:is not entirely fused, whereas delamination in the
90:
78:
66:
61:
32:
2900:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
2823:"Review of the Genetic Basis of Jaw Malformations"
1878:"Role of FGF and noggin in neural crest induction"
1268:. The cells that stay in the sclerotome form the
778:. The other main route neural crest cells take is
225:. Abnormalities in neural crest development cause
1184:gene, which causes neural crest cells to undergo
1121:. This deletion may disrupt rostral neural crest
3117:Donoghue, P.C.; Graham, A.; Kelsh, R.N. (2008).
1478:, and even associated with some tumors (such as
892:of ~ 2/100,000 people in the United States. All
208:Underlying the development of neural crest is a
3283:"Neural crest origin of mammalian Merkel cells"
996:, or the lack of these enteric ganglia occurs.
475:. Delamination is defined as the separation of
3119:"The origin and evolution of the neural crest"
1876:Mayor, R.; Guerrero, N.; Martinez, C. (1997).
1060:exposed to ethanol show a decreased number of
3751:
3422:
1387:, quadrate, articular, hyoid and columella),
508:that induces the expression of EMT promoting
212:, described as a set of interacting signals,
185:, converge at the dorsal midline to form the
8:
1035:. However, due to the promiscuous nature of
1019:(FASD). Severe FASD can impair neural crest
1031:, an elongated upper lip, and a smoothened
852:. In the case of piebaldism, the colorless
3780:
3758:
3744:
3736:
3548:
3429:
3415:
3407:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
1627:Meulemans, D.; Bronner-Fraser, M. (2004).
1480:melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy
1242:, bones of the middle ear and jaw and the
1129:. Some defects observed are linked to the
85:crest_by_E5.0.2.1.0.0.2 E5.0.2.1.0.0.2
38:
3347:
3298:
3257:
3199:
3142:
2921:
2911:
2846:
2797:
2756:
2707:
2445:
2435:
2348:
2265:
2216:
2165:Development of the Nervous System, 3rd ed
2128:
2087:
2030:
2020:
1944:
1934:
1893:
1852:
1762:. Oxford University Press, London, 111 p.
1732:
1710:
1708:
1688:
1644:
1007:(PAE) is among the most common causes of
677:direction without the need of a neuronal
316:(epidermis) from the neural plate during
3322:Lake, JI; Heuckeroth, RO (1 July 2013).
2167:. Oxford: ELSEVIER INC. pp. 70â72.
1499:âmay control neural crest cell migration
1276:, and the nerves surrounding the aorta.
722:, which binds the EphrinB transmembrane
669:Neural crest cell migration occurs in a
1513:
473:epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
56:and migrates out towards the periphery.
1666:
1664:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1567:Shakhova, Olga; Sommer, Lukas (2008).
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1455:of all autonomic and sensory ganglia,
107:
29:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2377:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
2370:
2368:
2317:
2315:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2197:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
2186:
2184:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
726:expressed in the caudal half of each
7:
2821:Ahmed, M.; Ye, X.; Taub, P. (2016).
2062:Vincentz, J.W.; et al. (2008).
884:fashion, while II and IV exhibit an
191:epithelial to mesenchymal transition
1407:of ocular and masticatory muscles,
534:embryo occurs during fusion of the
229:, which include conditions such as
2582:10.1111/j.1525-1470.1986.tb00501.x
463:, cells originally located in the
25:
1917:Tribulo, C.; et al. (2003).
1569:"Neural crest-derived stem cells"
1288:and the parasympathetic ganglia.
1095:appear to be minimally affected.
1049:of neural crest cells as well as
1023:, as evidenced by characteristic
705:signaling, interactions with the
591:epithelial-mesenchymal transition
1835:Vallin, J.; et al. (2001).
1459:cells of all peripheral nerves.
627:matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)
2111:Light, W.; et al. (2005).
1575:. Harvard Stem Cell Institute.
1476:, iris muscle and pigment cells
1017:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
1000:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
928:abnormalities like an enlarged
490:. For example, delamination in
2782:"The 22q11 deletion syndromes"
1348:of vertebrates and tunicates.
577:protein transcription factors
351:Neural plate border specifiers
1:
3300:10.1016/s0012-1606(02)00015-5
2827:Journal of Pediatric Genetics
2491:10.1016/S0046-8177(74)80021-3
1280:Vagal and sacral neural crest
1207:have also been linked to the
1137:of DiGeorge syndrome include
4033:Embryology of nervous system
3861:Cardiac neural crest complex
3018:10.1126/science.220.4594.268
2296:Principles of Neural Science
1814:10.1016/0012-1606(73)90061-4
1690:10.1016/j.devcel.2007.08.005
1646:10.1016/j.devcel.2004.08.007
976:(RTK), forms a complex with
798:. Further neural crest cell
3714:Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme
3659:Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme
3438:Human embryonic development
2780:Scambler, Peter J. (2000).
2437:10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.05.013
2267:10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.12.041
2080:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.04.037
1546:10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.07.033
629:that degrade the overlying
467:border become neural crest
393:Neural crest effector genes
4064:
2877:Gilbert, Scott F. (2000).
1295:
1253:
1230:
1114:of a small segment in the
1025:craniofacial abnormalities
593:by reducing expression of
425:
3096:10.1016/j.gde.2006.06.006
2022:10.1016/j.mod.2018.07.010
2009:Mechanisms of Development
1734:10.1016/j.mod.2004.06.003
1715:Le Douarin, N.M. (2004).
1433:Peripheral nervous system
1170:Treacher Collins Syndrome
1165:Treacher Collins Syndrome
1005:Prenatal alcohol exposure
776:peripheral nervous system
601:in addition to promoting
428:Collective cell migration
235:WaardenburgâShah syndrome
102:
37:
3719:Somatopleuric mesenchyme
3631:Somatopleuric mesenchyme
3440:in the first three weeks
3340:10.1152/ajpgi.00452.2012
2786:Human Molecular Genetics
2649:Neurogastroenterol Motil
2245:Theveneau, Eric (2012).
2191:Lamouille, Samy (2014).
1425:of the adrenal medulla,
1352:Neural crest derivatives
1246:of the tooth primordia.
1139:congenital heart defects
974:receptor tyrosine kinase
832:
720:receptor tyrosine kinase
417:from Bronner-Fraser 2004
367:necessary and sufficient
312:separate the non-neural
193:, delaminating from the
2331:Mayor, Roberto (2013).
1982:10.1242/dev.128.21.4127
1581:10.3824/stembook.1.51.1
903:
551:cell adhesion molecules
373:Neural crest specifiers
282:gene regulatory network
272:of neural crest cells.
210:gene regulatory network
3603:Regional specification
3397:University of Michigan
2955:Anatomy and Embryology
2839:10.1055/s-0036-1593505
2514:Birth Defects Research
1895:10.1006/dbio.1997.8634
1854:10.1074/jbc.M103167200
1467:Enterochromaffin cells
1286:enteric nervous system
936:), obstruction of the
914:Hirschsprung's disease
904:Hirschsprung's Disease
876:. Types I and III are
874:Hirschsprung's disease
838:Waardenburg's syndrome
833:Waardenburg's syndrome
666:
437:
418:
104:Anatomical terminology
4048:Animal nervous system
3709:Intraembryonic coelom
3402:Hox domains in chicks
3250:10.1083/jcb.200907080
2913:10.1387/ijdb.160408gv
2883:. Sinauer Associates.
2799:10.1093/hmg/9.16.2421
2570:Pediatric Dermatology
2424:Developmental Biology
2294:Kandel, Eric (2013).
2254:Developmental Biology
1453:Satellite glial cells
1334:in situ hybridization
1151:learning disabilities
1009:developmental defects
818:Clinical significance
664:
617:capable of degrading
510:transcription factors
435:
426:Further information:
415:
333:transcription factors
231:frontonasal dysplasia
214:transcription factors
3868:Truncal neural crest
3856:Cranial neural crest
1303:Cardiac neural crest
1298:cardiac neural crest
1292:Cardiac neural crest
1233:cranial neural crest
1227:Cranial neural crest
924:can lead to further
707:extracellular matrix
641:proteins, including
639:extracellular matrix
637:that associate with
455:After fusion of the
138:cartilage and bone,
3766:Development of the
3192:10.1038/nature11589
3184:2012Natur.492..104A
3084:Curr Opin Genet Dev
3061:10.1002/jez.b.21063
3010:1983Sci...220..268G
2163:Sanes, Dan (2012).
1492:First arch syndrome
1441:dorsal root ganglia
1270:dorsal root ganglia
1106:is associated with
886:autosomal recessive
850:congenital deafness
173:and the non-neural
3838:Adult neurogenesis
3791:Neural development
3374:Embryology at UNSW
3135:10.1002/bies.20767
2967:10.1007/BF00185519
2749:10.1002/bdrc.21078
2350:10.1242/dev.091751
2333:"The Neural Crest"
1381:Meckel's cartilage
1256:trunk neural crest
1250:Trunk neural crest
1081:release of calcium
1029:palpebral fissures
882:autosomal dominant
870:dystopia canthorum
823:Neurocristopathies
711:contact inhibition
667:
497:is triggered by a
438:
419:
227:neurocristopathies
4020:
4019:
3943:
3942:
3886:Rostral neuropore
3733:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3458:Oocyte activation
3178:(7427): 104â107.
3004:(4594): 268â274.
2792:(16): 2421â2426.
2661:10.1111/nmo.12776
2526:10.1002/bdr2.1644
2343:(11): 2247â2251.
2305:978-0-07-139011-8
2130:10.1242/dev.01734
1976:(21): 4127â4138.
1936:10.1242/dev.00878
1775:Bull Biol Fr Belg
1451:in the whisker,
1445:Rohon-Beard cells
1409:connective tissue
1178:missense mutation
1174:pharyngeal arches
1104:DiGeorge syndrome
1099:DiGeorge syndrome
1075:levels caused by
1068:due to increased
744:pharyngeal arches
683:radial glial cell
545:proteins such as
344:paraxial mesoderm
288:Inductive signals
239:DiGeorge syndrome
216:, and downstream
118:
117:
113:
16:(Redirected from
4055:
4043:Chordate anatomy
3977:Surface ectoderm
3905:Cervical flexure
3900:Cephalic flexure
3781:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3737:
3621:Surface ectoderm
3584:Primitive groove
3565:Primitive streak
3549:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3408:
3362:
3361:
3351:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3278:
3272:
3271:
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3108:
3107:
3079:
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3037:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2925:
2915:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2880:The Neural Crest
2874:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2711:
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2091:
2059:
2053:
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2034:
2024:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1938:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1897:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1856:
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1797:
1791:
1790:
1769:
1763:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1624:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1529:
1439:and glia of the
1423:chromaffin cells
1385:scleral ossicles
1159:bipolar disorder
1131:pharyngeal pouch
1089:oxidative stress
1027:including short
842:neurocristopathy
687:progenitor cells
681:such as along a
318:neural induction
110:edit on Wikidata
42:
30:
21:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4016:
3988:
3939:
3935:Germinal matrix
3910:Pontine flexure
3872:
3842:
3770:
3764:
3734:
3725:
3663:
3645:
3607:
3540:
3534:
3513:
3507:
3498:Inner cell mass
3441:
3435:
3370:
3365:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3231:
3230:
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2725:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2613:Birth Defects B
2610:
2609:
2605:
2567:
2566:
2557:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2479:Human Pathology
2476:
2475:
2471:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2389:10.1038/nrm2428
2374:
2373:
2366:
2330:
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2209:10.1038/nrm3758
2190:
2189:
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2161:
2146:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1929:(26): 6441â52.
1916:
1915:
1911:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1847:(32): 30350â8.
1834:
1833:
1829:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1754:
1750:
1727:(9): 1089â102.
1714:
1713:
1706:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1626:
1625:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1531:
1530:
1515:
1511:
1488:
1437:Sensory neurons
1419:Endocrine cells
1395:cartilage, the
1369:dental papillae
1359:(also known as
1354:
1346:common ancestor
1316:
1300:
1294:
1282:
1274:adrenal medulla
1258:
1252:
1235:
1229:
1217:
1167:
1101:
1062:migratory cells
1002:
946:enteric ganglia
920:. This lack of
906:
835:
820:
800:differentiation
774:neurons of the
734:, and eventual
659:
611:polysialic acid
453:
430:
424:
395:
387:pharyngeal arch
375:
353:
296:and underlying
290:
278:
254:Wilhelm His Sr.
250:
195:neuroepithelium
156:adrenal medulla
152:enteric neurons
114:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4061:
4059:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4025:
4024:
4018:
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4014:
4013:
4012:
4007:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3945:
3944:
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3902:
3897:
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3823:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3768:nervous system
3765:
3763:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3740:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3679:
3677:Axial mesoderm
3673:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
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3609:
3608:
3606:
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3600:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3575:Primitive node
3572:
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3555:
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3536:
3535:
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3368:External links
3366:
3364:
3363:
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3215:
3158:
3109:
3074:
3055:(4): 274â297.
3039:
2988:
2945:
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2862:
2833:(4): 209â219.
2813:
2772:
2743:(3): 210â220.
2723:
2702:(5): 317â326.
2682:
2655:(2): 161â166.
2639:
2630:
2603:
2576:(2): 119â124.
2555:
2520:(8): 584â632.
2504:
2485:(4): 409â429.
2469:
2410:
2383:(7): 557â568.
2364:
2323:
2311:
2304:
2281:
2232:
2203:(3): 178â196.
2180:
2174:978-0123745392
2173:
2144:
2123:(8): 1831â41.
2103:
2054:
1995:
1960:
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1507:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1397:dermatocranium
1373:chondrocranium
1357:Ectomesenchyme
1353:
1350:
1338:protochordates
1315:
1312:
1296:Main article:
1293:
1290:
1281:
1278:
1254:Main article:
1251:
1248:
1231:Main article:
1228:
1225:
1216:
1213:
1166:
1163:
1143:facial defects
1123:cell migration
1112:translocations
1100:
1097:
1001:
998:
905:
902:
834:
831:
819:
816:
804:spatiotemporal
780:dorsolaterally
658:
655:
625:and secreting
543:tight junction
523:Xenopus laevis
459:to create the
452:
449:
423:
420:
394:
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3962:Optic vesicle
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3853:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3826:Neural groove
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3811:Neuroectoderm
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3704:Lateral plate
3702:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3626:Neuroectoderm
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:Primitive pit
3568:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:Fertilization
3451:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3293:(2): 258â63.
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3244:(1): 91â100.
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3129:(6): 530â41.
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2961:(3): 263â72.
2960:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2906:(1â2): 5â15.
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2619:(4): 87â101.
2618:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2430:: S110âS143.
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1808:(1): 217â22.
1807:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1781:(3): 435â52.
1780:
1776:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:, S. (1950).
1757:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1683:(3): 405â20.
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1463:Enteric cells
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:nasal capsule
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1215:Cell lineages
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:embryogenesis
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1155:schizophrenia
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:chromosome 22
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1093:pigment cells
1090:
1086:
1085:intracellular
1082:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
997:
995:
994:aganglionosis
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
944:and form the
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:physiological
923:
919:
915:
911:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
830:
829:
824:
817:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:pigment cells
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
663:
656:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
562:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
504:
500:
496:
493:
489:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
450:
448:
446:
443:
434:
429:
421:
414:
410:
408:
407:
402:
401:
392:
390:
388:
384:
379:
372:
370:
368:
364:
363:
357:
350:
348:
345:
342:Fgf from the
340:
336:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
287:
285:
283:
275:
273:
271:
267:
262:
258:
255:
247:
245:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:cell lineages
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:smooth muscle
137:
133:
129:
126:
122:
111:
105:
101:
98:
95:
93:
89:
86:
83:
81:
77:
74:
71:
69:
65:
60:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4010:Otic vesicle
4000:Otic placode
3982:Lens placode
3848:Neural crest
3847:
3833:Neuropoiesis
3816:Neural plate
3776:Neurogenesis
3699:Intermediate
3641:Neural crest
3640:
3596:Gastrulation
3378:Notes/ncrest
3376:
3334:(1): G1â24.
3331:
3327:
3317:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3241:
3238:J. Cell Biol
3237:
3227:
3218:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3090:(4): 360â6.
3087:
3083:
3077:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2879:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2633:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2573:
2569:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2447:11336/101713
2427:
2423:
2413:
2380:
2376:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2295:
2260:(1): 34â54.
2257:
2253:
2200:
2196:
2164:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2074:(1): 131â9.
2071:
2067:
2057:
2032:11336/101714
2012:
2008:
1998:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1724:
1720:
1680:
1676:
1639:(3): 291â9.
1636:
1632:
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1572:
1562:
1537:
1533:
1472:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1449:Merkel cells
1432:
1431:
1427:glomus cells
1418:
1417:
1365:odontoblasts
1360:
1356:
1355:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1301:
1283:
1259:
1244:odontoblasts
1236:
1218:
1209:pathogenesis
1168:
1147:neurological
1102:
1044:Cell culture
1003:
907:
836:
821:
788:dermamyotome
782:between the
740:
736:cytoskeletal
668:
631:basal lamina
603:modification
560:
540:
528:neural plate
522:
465:neural plate
454:
451:Delamination
439:
404:
398:
396:
380:
376:
360:
358:
354:
341:
337:
329:binding site
322:
291:
279:
263:
259:
251:
243:
207:
183:neural folds
171:neural plate
167:gastrulation
164:
136:craniofacial
121:Neural crest
120:
119:
46:neural plate
33:Neural crest
18:Neural-crest
3967:Optic stalk
3957:Neural tube
3920:Basal plate
3878:Neural tube
3821:Neural fold
3796:Neurulation
3636:Neurulation
3561:Archenteron
3553:Germ layers
3503:Trophoblast
2923:11336/53692
2337:Development
2117:Development
2015:: 219â239.
1970:Development
1946:11336/95313
1923:Development
1888:(1): 1â12.
1841:J Biol Chem
1594:27 December
1540:(1): 1â11.
1474:Melanocytes
1429:type I/II.
1361:mesectoderm
1262:melanocytes
1192:. Although
1145:, and some
1127:development
1053:developing
922:innervation
862:melanocytes
860:-producing
772:sympathetic
760:fibronectin
647:fibronectin
575:zinc finger
536:neural fold
485:mesenchymal
461:neural tube
457:neural fold
445:neural tube
400:Rho GTPases
187:neural tube
179:neurulation
132:melanocytes
62:Identifiers
50:neural tube
4027:Categories
3930:Neuroblast
3915:Alar plate
3895:Rhombomere
3692:Somitomere
3579:Blastopore
3543:Trilaminar
3493:Blastocyst
3488:Blastocoel
3483:Cavitation
3473:Blastomere
3388:NeuroNames
2696:Teratology
1756:Hörstadius
1509:References
1266:sclerotome
1079:-mediated
846:piebaldism
828:Teratogens
732:rhoGTPases
703:neuropilin
699:semaphorin
599:N-Cadherin
569:expressed
481:epithelial
199:vertebrate
177:. During
148:peripheral
128:germ layer
3972:Optic cup
3925:Glioblast
3891:Neuromere
3806:Notochord
3525:Hypoblast
3516:Bilaminar
3384:ancil-445
3287:Dev. Biol
3123:BioEssays
2932:0214-6282
2550:210151171
2534:2472-1727
2499:0046-8177
2456:0012-1606
2041:0925-4773
1721:Mech. Dev
1534:Dev. Biol
1401:pericytes
1393:laryngeal
1342:tunicates
1330:co-option
1314:Evolution
1194:mutations
1186:apoptosis
1108:deletions
1070:cytosolic
1066:apoptosis
1055:zebrafish
1021:migration
934:megacolon
918:intestine
910:migration
890:incidence
878:inherited
784:epidermis
748:integrins
657:Migration
635:integrins
619:cadherins
615:proteases
488:phenotype
422:Migration
406:cadherins
294:epidermis
276:Induction
4038:Ectoderm
4005:Otic pit
3682:Paraxial
3669:Mesoderm
3651:Endoderm
3613:Ectoderm
3591:Gastrula
3530:Epiblast
3468:Cleavage
3358:23639815
3309:12645929
3268:19786578
3210:23135395
3153:18478530
3104:16793256
3069:16003768
3034:39290007
3026:17732898
2983:32986727
2940:28287247
2857:27895973
2808:11005797
2767:25219761
2677:12394126
2669:26806097
2598:23858201
2542:31926062
2464:29802835
2405:10746234
2397:18523435
2359:23674598
2276:22261150
2227:24556840
2139:15772131
2098:18539270
2068:Dev Biol
2049:30086335
1990:11684651
1955:14627721
1882:Dev Biol
1863:11402039
1802:Dev Biol
1743:15296974
1699:17765683
1677:Dev Cell
1655:15363405
1633:Dev Cell
1589:20614636
1573:StemBook
1554:15464568
1486:See also
1389:tracheal
1221:anterior
1211:of TCS.
1135:symptoms
1047:explants
1033:philtrum
1013:patients
786:and the
764:mesoderm
752:collagen
716:receptor
679:scaffold
643:collagen
621:such as
595:occludin
567:Dorsally
563:Cadherin
553:such as
547:occludin
512:such as
365:Msx1 is
325:promoter
314:ectoderm
300:such as
298:mesoderm
270:ontogeny
266:Chimeras
218:effector
175:ectoderm
125:ectoderm
54:ectoderm
3801:Neurula
3784:General
3539:Week 3
3512:Week 2
3393:Diagram
3349:3725693
3259:2762088
3201:4257486
3180:Bibcode
3144:2692079
3006:Bibcode
2998:Science
2975:2268069
2848:5123890
2758:4827602
2718:9451756
2625:5006208
2590:3952027
2218:4240281
2089:2572997
1904:9281332
1822:4121410
1787:4191116
1457:Schwann
1447:, some
1405:tendons
1325:de novo
1188:during
1180:of the
1073:calcium
1058:embryos
1051:in vivo
1040:binding
1037:ethanol
866:genetic
858:pigment
794:of the
768:sensory
756:laminin
695:EphrinB
671:rostral
651:laminin
506:cascade
495:embryos
362:Xenopus
248:History
73:D009432
3687:Somite
3478:Morula
3463:Zygote
3446:Week 1
3356:
3346:
3307:
3266:
3256:
3208:
3198:
3172:Nature
3151:
3141:
3102:
3067:
3032:
3024:
2981:
2973:
2938:
2930:
2855:
2845:
2806:
2765:
2755:
2716:
2675:
2667:
2623:
2596:
2588:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2497:
2462:
2454:
2403:
2395:
2357:
2302:
2274:
2225:
2215:
2171:
2137:
2096:
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