559:(NLD or NVLD), a neurodevelopmental disorder thought to be linked to white matter in the right hemisphere of the brain and generally considered to include (a) low visuospatial intelligence; (b) discrepancy between verbal and visuospatial intelligence; (c) visuoconstructive and fine-motor coordination skills; (d) visuospatial memory tasks; (e) reading better than mathematical achievement; and (f) socioemotional skills. While Nonverbal learning disorder is not categorized in the ICD or DSM as a discrete classification, "the majority of researchers and clinicians agree that the profile of NLD clearly exists (but see Spreen, 2011, for an exception), but they disagree on the need for a specific clinical category and on the criteria for its identification."
431:(ASC), is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of deficient reciprocal social communication and the presence of restricted, repetitive, and inflexible patterns of behavior. While its severity and specific manifestations vary widely across the spectrum, autism generally affects a person's ability to understand and connect with others, as well as their adaptability to everyday situations. Like most developmental disorders, autism exists along a dimension of symptom severity, subjective distress, and functional impairment. A consequence of this dimensionality is substantial variability in the nature and extent of support a person with ASD requires.
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et al. 2002, Cacioppo & Patrick 2008, Campbell et al. 2006, Tun et al. 2012), sleep deprived (Barnes et al. 2012, Huang et al. 2007), or not physically fit (Best 2010, Chaddock et al. 2011, Hillman et al. 2008). Any of these can cause you to appear to have a disorder of EFs, such as ADHD, when you do not.
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childhood, usually before children start school, and can persist into adulthood. The key characteristic of all these disorders is that they negatively impact a person's functioning in one or more domains of life (personal, social, academic, occupational) depending on the disorder and deficits it has
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and prefrontal cortex are the first to suffer, and suffer disproportionately, if something is not right in your life. They suffer first, and most, if you are stressed (Arnsten 1998, Liston et al. 2009, Oaten & Cheng 2005), sad (Hirt et al. 2008, von Hecker & Meiser 2005), lonely (Baumeister
483:
ADHD symptoms arise from executive dysfunction, and emotional dysregulation is often considered a core symptom. Difficulties in self-regulation such as time management, inhibition and sustained attention may cause poor professional performance, relationship difficulties and numerous health risks,
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deficiency in the mother, a B vitamin usually found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and milk products. (Neural tube defects are also caused by medications and other environmental causes, many of which interfere with folate metabolism, thus they are considered to have multifactorial causes.)
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is tightly regulated and timed; it is influenced by both genetic programs and the prenatal environment. Any significant deviation from the normal developmental trajectory early in life can result in missing or abnormal neuronal architecture or connectivity. Because of the temporal and spatial
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Deficits in any area of information processing can manifest in a variety of specific learning disabilities (SLD). It is possible for an individual to have more than one of these difficulties. This is referred to as comorbidity or co-occurrence of learning disabilities. In the UK, the term
2224:
Cattoi B, Alpern I, Katz JS, Keepnews D, Solanto MV (April 2022). "The
Adverse Health Outcomes, Economic Burden, and Public Health Implications of Unmanaged Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Call to Action Resulting from CHADD Summit, Washington, DC, October 17, 2019".
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Hart H, Radua J, Nakao T, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K (February 2013). "Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: exploring task-specific, stimulant medication, and age effects".
955:. Maternal diabetes causes excessive birth size, making it harder for the infant to pass through the birth canal without injury or it can directly produce early neurodevelopmental deficits. Usually the neurodevelopmental symptoms will decrease in later childhood.
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Brain trauma in the developing human is a common cause (over 400,000 injuries per year in the US alone, without clear information as to how many produce developmental sequellae) of neurodevelopmental syndromes. It may be subdivided into two major categories,
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The multitude of neurodevelopmental disorders span a wide range of associated symptoms and severity, resulting in different degrees of mental, emotional, physical, and economic consequences for individuals, and in turn families, social groups, and society.
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Faraone SV, Rostain AL, Blader J, Busch B, Childress AC, Connor DF, et al. (February 2019). "Practitioner Review: Emotional dysregulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - implications for clinical recognition and intervention".
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on the developing brain. These effects are time-dependent. The longer children stayed in negligent institutional care, the greater the consequences. By contrast, adoption at an early age mitigated some of the effects of earlier
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complexity of the developmental trajectory, there are many potential causes of neurodevelopmental disorders that may affect different areas of the nervous system at different times and ages. These range from social deprivation,
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Neurodevelopmental disorders are diagnosed by evaluating the presence of characteristic symptoms or behaviors in a child, typically after a parent, guardian, teacher, or other responsible adult has raised concerns to a doctor.
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Richardson AJ, Ross MA (July 2000). "Fatty acid metabolism in neurodevelopmental disorder: a new perspective on associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia, dyspraxia and the autistic spectrum".
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Rouse B, Azen C, Koch R, Matalon R, Hanley W, de la Cruz F, et al. (March 1997). "Maternal
Phenylketonuria Collaborative Study (MPKUCS) offspring: facial anomalies, malformations, and early neurological sequelae".
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Lee YC, Yang HJ, Chen VC, Lee WT, Teng MJ, Lin CH, et al. (2016-04-01). "Meta-analysis of quality of life in children and adolescents with ADHD: By both parent proxy-report and child self-report using PedsQLβ’".
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A formal diagnosis of ASD requires not merely the presence of ASD symptoms, but symptoms that cause significant impairment in multiple domains of functioning, in addition to being excessive or atypical enough to be
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Early results with structural MRI show thinning of the cerebral cortex in ADHD subjects compared with age-matched controls in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex, areas involved in working memory and
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caused. All of these disorders and their levels of impairment exist on a spectrum, and affected individuals can experience varying degrees of symptoms and deficits, despite having the same diagnosis.
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Systemic infections can result in neurodevelopmental consequences, when they occur in infancy and childhood of humans, but would not be called a primary neurodevelopmental disorder. For example
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which have many causes that converge to a more specific neurodevelopmental manifestation. Some deficits may be predicted from observed deviations in the maturation patterns of the infant gut
961:, also known as PKU, can induce neurodevelopmental problems and children with PKU require a strict diet to prevent intellectual disability and other disorders. In the maternal form of
2181:
Barkley RA, Fischer M (July 2019). "Hyperactive Child
Syndrome and Estimated Life Expectancy at Young Adult Follow-Up: The Role of ADHD Persistence and Other Potential Predictors".
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Nelson CA, Zeanah CH, Fox NA, Marshall PJ, Smyke AT, Guthrie D (December 2007). "Cognitive recovery in socially deprived young children: the
Bucharest Early Intervention Project".
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Amir RE, Van den Veyver IB, Wan M, Tran CQ, Francke U, Zoghbi HY (October 1999). "Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2".
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Pavone P, Bianchini R, Parano E, Incorpora G, Rizzo R, Mazzone L, et al. (February 2004). "Anti-brain antibodies in PANDAS versus uncomplicated streptococcal infection".
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collectively predisposing to a diminished quality of life and a direct average reduction in life expectancy of 13 years. ADHD is associated with other neurodevelopmental and
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Deprivation from social and emotional care causes severe delays in brain and cognitive development. Studies with children growing up in
Romanian orphanages during
794:, which results in more abnormal movements of the body and fewer psychological sequellae. Both are immune reactions against brain tissue that follow infection by
1066:(including injury resulting from otherwise uncomplicated premature birth) and injury occurring in infancy or childhood. Common causes of congenital injury are
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bacteria. Susceptibility to these immune diseases may be genetically determined, so sometimes several family members may have one or both of them following an
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51:
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found a pattern of "craniofacial, limb, and cardiovascular defects associated with prenatal onset growth deficiency and developmental delay" in children of
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Schoechlin C, Engel RR (August 2005). "Neuropsychological performance in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of empirical data".
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and its supporting structures, leading to serious physical disability and emotional sequelae. The most common nutritional cause of neural tube defects is
1927:
Retz W, Stieglitz RD, Corbisiero S, Retz-Junginger P, RΓΆsler M (October 2012). "Emotional dysregulation in adult ADHD: What is the empirical evidence?".
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2063:"The Nature of Executive Function (EF) Deficits in Daily Life Activities in Adults with ADHD and Their Relationship to Performance on EF Tests"
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782:, both maternal and of the developing child, may produce neurodevelopmental disorders. One typical immune reaction in infants and children is
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can be absorbed by the fetus even if the fetus has not inherited the disease. This can produce intellectual disability and other disorders.
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is a disorder that affects the ability to learn, retain, or process information; to think critically or abstractly, and to solve problems.
3636:
1005:, produces a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders ranging from mild emotional disturbance to severe intellectual disability. (see also
843:
can be transmitted congenitally (either before or at birth), and can cause serious neurodevelopmental problems, as for example the viruses
2478:
Mammarella IC, Cornoldi C (2014-05-04). "An analysis of the criteria used to diagnose children with
Nonverbal Learning Disability (NLD)".
197:
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833:
500:
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2973:"Submicroscopic deletion in patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome influences expression levels of the nonhemizygous flanking genes"
2596:"Epigenetic overlap in autism-spectrum neurodevelopmental disorders: MECP2 deficiency causes reduced expression of UBE3A and GABRB3"
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is categorized under intellectual disability and is diagnosed when several areas of intellectual functioning are affected.
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1118:, which detects clinically significant genetic abnormalities for 5% of children with a diagnosed disorder. As of 2017,
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852:
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Antshel KM, Hier BO, Barkley RA (2014). "Executive
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1713:"Brain Imaging of the Cortex in ADHD: A Coordinated Analysis of Large-Scale Clinical and Population-Based Samples"
155:
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1122:(CMA) was proposed to replace karyotyping because of its ability to detect smaller chromosome abnormalities and
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1459:(Fifth, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing. February 2022.
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van IJzendoorn MH, Palacios J, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Gunnar MR, Vorria P, McCall RB, et al. (December 2011).
732:. Fragile X syndrome was first described in 1943 by Martin and Bell, studying persons with family history of
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Mammarella IC, Cornoldi C (2020). "Nonverbal learning disability (developmental visuospatial disorder)".
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2268:
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Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Zheng Y, Biederman J, Bellgrove MA, et al. (September 2021).
1032:, It has significant symptom overlap with several other entirely unrelated neurodevelopmental disorders.
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3453:"Neurodevelopmental outcome at early school age of children born to mothers with gestational diabetes"
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2340:"Nonverbal Learning Disabilities (Nld) β Clinical Description about Neurodevelopmental Disabilities"
940:. The problems continue and may worsen throughout childhood if the diabetes is not well controlled.
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1601:"The Neurocognitive Profile of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review of Meta-Analyses"
989:
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2102:"Educational and Health Outcomes of Children Treated for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder"
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with multiple cysts in the brain and other organs, leading to a variety of neurological deficits.
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have a high risk of causing neurodevelopmental problems and eventually a disorder. For example,
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to engage in dialogue effectively with others. This also encompasses deficiencies in verbal and
3785:
3176:"Genetics of childhood disorders: XXXIII. Autoimmunity, part 6: poststreptococcal autoimmunity"
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Hoogman M, Muetzel R, Guimaraes JP, Shumskaya E, Mennes M, Zwiers MP, et al. (July 2019).
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Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapters 10 and 13". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
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3041:"Chromosomal Microarray Testing for Children With Unexplained Neurodevelopmental Disorders"
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in either the mother or the child can cause neurodevelopmental disorders. Two examples are
611:, and toxic and prenatal environmental factors. Some neurodevelopmental disorders, such as
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3363:"Neuropsychological profiles of children with type 1 diabetes 6 years after disease onset"
2533:"Temporal specification and bilaterality of human neocortical topographic gene expression"
1760:
Brown TE (October 2008). "ADD/ADHD and
Impaired Executive Function in Clinical Practice".
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Collins, John
William. "The greenwood dictionary of education". Greenwood, 2011. page 86.
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321:
3229:"Reducing neurodevelopmental disorders and disability through research and interventions"
1310:(5th ed.). Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. pp. 58β65.
1229:(5th ed.). Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. pp. 31β33.
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and brain, a growing number of studies are linking placenta to fetal brain development.
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Merla G, Howald C, Henrichsen CN, Lyle R, Wyss C, Zabot MT, et al. (August 2006).
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Pediatric
Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infection
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27:
Group of neurological disorders, meaning a specific biodisfunction; the presumed causes
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2531:
Pletikos M, Sousa AM, Sedmak G, Meyer KA, Zhu Y, Cheng F, et al. (January 2014).
2100:
Fleming M, Fitton CA, Steiner MF, McLay JS, Clark D, King A, et al. (July 2017).
1409:
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proving toxic in large amounts. For instance in 1973 K.L. Jones and D.W. Smith of the
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Excesses in both maternal and infant diets may cause disorders as well, with foods or
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3972:, America's Children and the Environment (3 ed.), EPA, August 2017, p. 12,
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and neural development but less commonly they can indirectly affect the child during
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Northam EA, Anderson PJ, Jacobs R, Hughes M, Warne GL, Werther GA (September 2001).
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Sizemore N, Oliphant K, Zheng R, Martin CR, Claud EC, Chattopadhyay I (2024-04-12).
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may be related to congenital infections, though the majority are of unknown causes.
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4237:
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4111:
3135:"Incidence of anti-brain antibodies in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder"
2957:
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2023:
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981:
825:
745:
508:
3628:
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Diamandopoulos K, Green J (October 2018). "Down syndrome: An integrative review".
552:
research projects examining potential new classifications of disorders including:
2548:
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4529:
4376:
2645:"A digital twin of the infant microbiome to predict neurodevelopmental deficits"
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Less commonly known genetically determined neurodevelopmental disorders include
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can produce neurodevelopmental damage by the effects of excess or insufficient
677:
A prominent example of a genetically determined neurodevelopmental disorder is
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The DSM-5 classifies neurodevelopmental disorders into six overarching groups:
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3717:"Iodine deficiency in pregnancy: the effect on neurodevelopment in the child"
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2086:
1567:
1257:"Neurodevelopmental disorders-the history and future of a diagnostic concept"
1114:. Traditionally, disease related genetic and genomic factors are detected by
488:
as well as non-psychiatric disorders, which can cause additional impairment.
4635:
4326:
3517:
3293:
3227:
Boivin MJ, Kakooza AM, Warf BC, Davidson LL, Grigorenko EL (November 2015).
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10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19970303)69:1<89::AID-AJMG17>3.0.CO;2-K
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3502:"Maternal phenylketonuria: report from the United Kingdom Registry 1978-97"
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2375:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 174. Elsevier. pp. 83β91.
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1992:
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1807:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 266, 315, 318β323.
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and nutritional deficits may cause neurodevelopmental disorders, such as
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1984:
1940:
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, (
154:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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951:
can also be subjected to glucose effects if its mother has undetected
476:
that are excessive and pervasive, impairing in multiple contexts, and
4069:
2269:"Amanda Kirby speaking on the co-occurrence of learning difficulties"
1490:"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: legal and ethical aspects"
1431:"IACC Subcommittee Diagnostic Criteria - DSM-5 Planning Group | IACC"
783:
740:, another X-linked disorder, produces severe functional limitations.
702:
612:
420:
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Fetal alcohol syndrome: guidelines for referral and diagnosis (PDF).
2710:"Children in Institutional Care: Delayed Development and Resilience"
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2008:"Emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"
1805:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
3180:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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1973:
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
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665:
540:
is often used to refer to co-occurrence of learning difficulties.
293:
276:
are a group of mental conditions affecting the development of the
2293:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 174. pp. 83β91.
1126:, leading to greater diagnostic yield in about 20% of cases. The
3451:
Ornoy A, Wolf A, Ratzon N, Greenbaum C, Dulitzky M (July 1999).
944:
may be preceded in its onset by impaired cognitive functioning.
917:). Many such inherited diseases may directly affect the child's
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4080:
3404:"Cognitive function in children and subsequent type 2 diabetes"
1094:
Although it not clear yet as strong is the correlation between
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119:
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31:
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Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
1308:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5
1227:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5
3133:
Dale RC, Heyman I, Giovannoni G, Church AW (October 2005).
2714:
Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development
296:) published in 2013, these conditions generally appear in
3500:
Lee PJ, Ridout D, Walter JH, Cockburn F (February 2005).
2006:
Shaw P, Stringaris A, Nigg J, Leibenluft E (March 2014).
460:(ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by
689:, although in uncommon instances it is related to other
382:
is any disorder that affects an individual's ability to
3328:
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids
3278:"Prenatal infection as a risk factor for schizophrenia"
1348:"Definitions of Communication Disorders and Variations"
1250:
1248:
1246:
1157:
398:
styles. The delays and disorders can range from simple
151:
2373:
Neurocognitive Development: Disorders and Disabilities
2291:
Neurocognitive Development: Disorders and Disabilities
1110:
Neurodevelopmental disorders may also be confirmed by
744:
is caused by small deletions of genetic material from
697:
of the genetic material. It is characterized by short
1456:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
2422:"Nonverbal learning disabilities: a critical review"
2067:
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
4598:
4460:
4400:
4275:
4136:
3917:"Placental programming of neuropsychiatric disease"
3402:Olsson GM, Hulting AL, Montgomery SM (March 2008).
255:
250:
1373:
3819:"Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder?"
2881:"A Pedigree of Mental Defect Showing Sex-Linkage"
2594:Samaco RC, Hogart A, LaSalle JM (February 2005).
1128:American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics
3693:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
3664:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
3868:"Birth Injury: Birth Asphyxia and Birth Trauma"
3793:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1535:
1533:
1057:, a type of traumatic brain injury (upper left)
529:Learning disability Β§ By function impaired
685:. This disorder usually results from an extra
150:Please review the contents of the article and
4096:
3222:
3220:
1134:recommend CMA as standard of care in the US.
8:
4631:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
1892:. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 107β120.
1352:American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
1255:Morris-Rosendahl DJ, Crocq MA (March 2020).
1872:
1302:
1300:
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4103:
4089:
4081:
3691:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3662:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3034:
3032:
3030:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1203:TRPM3-related neurodevelopmental disorders
247:
3932:
3891:
3842:
3742:
3732:
3525:
3476:
3427:
3378:
3301:
3252:
3150:
3109:
3064:
2996:
2904:
2733:
2684:
2619:
2556:
2499:
2355:
2125:
2031:
1857:
1736:
1616:
1575:
1557:
1513:
1280:
992:with malformation and dysfunction of the
756:(22q11.2 deletion syndrome), followed by
721:(delay of neurological development), and
233:Learn how and when to remove this message
4075:A Review of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
4059:) is being considered for deletion. See
3775:CDC (July 2004). Retrieved on 2007-04-11
2344:Archives in Neurology & Neuroscience
458:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
453:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
447:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
103:of all important aspects of the article.
4007:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
1213:
1078:(lack of oxygen to the brain), and the
871:if it remains untreated. Protozoa like
816:Infections of the head and brain, like
3817:Murray RM, Lewis SW (September 1987).
3577:
3012:
2749:
2572:
2152:Research in Developmental Disabilities
1546:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
99:Please consider expanding the lead to
3915:Kratimenos P, Penn AA (August 2019).
3866:Collins KA, Popek E (December 2018).
3039:Martin CL, Ledbetter DH (June 2017).
2862:National Association of Down Syndrome
1599:Pievsky MA, McGrath RE (March 2018).
1007:congenital iodine deficiency syndrome
725:(delay of intellectual development).
639:'s regime reveal profound effects of
7:
4721:
4022:Brooks DR, Fleischhacker WW (2006).
3552:American Journal of Medical Genetics
2061:Barkley RA, Murphy KR (2011-06-01).
1642:Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology
1605:Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology
2885:Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry
1850:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
834:subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
501:developmental coordination disorder
3584:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
3019:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
2977:American Journal of Human Genetics
2756:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
2579:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
2381:10.1016/b978-0-444-64148-9.00007-7
2299:10.1016/B978-0-444-64148-9.00007-7
2012:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1929:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
1717:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1261:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
25:
4611:Development of the nervous system
4063:to help reach a consensus. βΊ
3139:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1890:Handbook of Executive Functioning
617:pervasive developmental disorders
584:development of the nervous system
47:This article has multiple issues.
4720:
4709:
4708:
4266:
3506:Archives of Disease in Childhood
3192:10.1097/00004583-200112000-00021
2726:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00626.x
2118:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0691
1494:Archives of Disease in Childhood
1145:
619:, are considered multifactorial
290:American Psychiatric Association
216:
124:
77:
36:
3979:from the original on 2021-07-20
3799:from the original on 2021-08-26
3697:from the original on 2021-08-26
3687:"The basics about spina bifida"
3668:from the original on 2021-08-26
3639:from the original on 2021-08-26
3633:Ohio State University Extension
3610:from the original on 2021-08-26
3206:from the original on 2021-07-20
2879:Martin JP, Bell J (July 1943).
2460:from the original on 2021-07-20
1690:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.277
1559:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022
1273:10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/macrocq
1120:chromosomal microarray analysis
318:attention deficit hyperactivity
91:may be too short to adequately
55:or discuss these issues on the
3629:"Folate (Folacin, Folic Acid)"
2338:InchΓ‘ustegui MV (2019-06-18).
2227:Journal of Attention Disorders
2183:Journal of Attention Disorders
2024:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13070966
1729:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18091033
1132:American Academy of Pediatrics
406:or use one's native language.
152:add the appropriate references
101:provide an accessible overview
1:
4452:Social cognitive neuroscience
3102:10.1016/S0887-8994(03)00413-2
505:stereotypic movement disorder
478:developmentally-inappropriate
166:"Neurodevelopmental disorder"
4754:Neurodevelopmental disorders
4427:Molecular cellular cognition
4066:Neurodevelopmental Disorders
4024:Neurodevelopmental Disorders
4005:Neurodevelopmental disorders
3966:Neurodevelopmental Disorders
2549:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.11.018
2492:10.1080/09297049.2013.796920
2438:10.1080/09297049.2010.546778
1488:Foreman DM (February 2006).
1372:Gleason, Jean Berko (2001).
748:. The most common recurrent
274:Neurodevelopmental disorders
18:Neurodevelopmental condition
4646:Neurodevelopmental disorder
4621:Neural network (biological)
4616:Neural network (artificial)
3872:Academic Forensic Pathology
3715:Skeaff SA (February 2011).
2858:"Facts about down syndrome"
2824:Journal of Neonatal Nursing
2420:Spreen O (September 2011).
2357:10.33552/ANN.2019.04.000579
1898:10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_7
1838:Annual Review of Psychology
1380:. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
1376:The development of language
984:, and the rarely occurring
879:which can cause congenital
853:congenital rubella syndrome
557:Nonverbal learning disorder
523:Specific learning disorders
350:general learning disability
326:specific learning disorders
251:Neurodevelopmental disorder
137:reliable medical references
4770:
4173:Computational neuroscience
3174:Swedo SE (December 2001).
2160:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.11.009
1762:Current Psychiatry Reports
1410:"Autism spectrum disorder"
1039:
915:inborn error of metabolism
771:
659:
544:Currently being researched
526:
450:
413:
371:
362:Global developmental delay
4704:
4641:Neurodegenerative disease
4485:Evolutionary neuroscience
4264:
4118:
3934:10.1038/s41390-019-0405-9
3380:10.2337/diacare.24.9.1541
2836:10.1016/j.jnn.2018.01.001
2239:10.1177/10870547211036754
2079:10.1007/s10862-011-9217-x
1774:10.1007/s11920-008-0065-7
1654:10.1016/j.acn.2005.04.005
723:intellectual disabilities
691:chromosomal abnormalities
429:autism spectrum condition
143:or relies too heavily on
4606:Brainβcomputer interface
4555:Neuromorphic engineering
4480:Educational neuroscience
4387:Nutritional neuroscience
4292:Clinical neurophysiology
4188:Integrative neuroscience
4061:templates for discussion
3884:10.1177/1925362118821468
3835:10.1136/bmj.295.6600.681
3658:"Folic scid: topic home"
2600:Human Molecular Genetics
2195:10.1177/1087054718816164
1552:. Elsevier BV: 789β818.
1183:Developmental disability
1018:University of Washington
867:, which may progress to
778:Immune reactions during
464:occasioning symptoms of
425:autism spectrum disorder
410:Autism spectrum disorder
328:. Often one disorder is
4417:Behavioral neuroscience
3823:British Medical Journal
3518:10.1136/adc.2003.037762
3276:Brown AS (April 2006).
2793:10.1126/science.1143921
1506:10.1136/adc.2004.064576
907:multifactorial disorder
774:Immune-mediated disease
474:emotional dysregulation
404:inability to understand
396:nonverbal communication
368:Communication disorders
358:daily living activities
346:Intellectual disability
341:Intellectual disability
4749:Neurological disorders
4412:Affective neuroscience
4193:Molecular neuroscience
4148:Behavioral epigenetics
3340:10.1054/plef.2000.0184
3282:Schizophrenia Bulletin
3057:10.1001/jama.2017.7272
2897:10.1136/jnnp.6.3-4.154
2669:10.1126/sciadv.adj0400
1154:This section is empty.
1058:
1042:Traumatic brain injury
1030:fetal alcohol syndrome
790:. Another disorder is
674:
380:communication disorder
374:Communication disorder
356:is limited, affecting
330:accompanied by another
4475:Cultural neuroscience
4470:Consumer neuroscience
4312:Neurogastroenterology
4168:Cellular neuroscience
3294:10.1093/schbul/sbj052
3152:10.1192/bjp.187.4.314
2480:Child Neuropsychology
2426:Child Neuropsychology
1834:"Executive functions"
1618:10.1093/arclin/acx055
1049:
965:, excessive maternal
758:Prader-Willi syndrome
750:copy number variation
669:
462:executive dysfunction
280:, which includes the
4447:Sensory neuroscience
4287:Behavioral neurology
4258:Systems neuroscience
4026:. Berlin: Springer.
1124:copy-number variants
1070:(obstruction of the
1028:mothers, now called
1001:Another deficiency,
988:, both of which are
953:gestational diabetes
804:of Strep infection.
650:institutionalization
645:language deprivation
4590:Social neuroscience
4490:Global neurosurgery
4367:Neurorehabilitation
4337:Neuro-ophthalmology
4322:Neurointensive care
4153:Behavioral genetics
3469:10.1136/fn.81.1.F10
3254:10.1038/nature16029
3245:2015Natur.527S.155B
3239:(7578): S155βS160.
3090:Pediatric Neurology
2785:2007Sci...318.1937N
2779:(5858): 1937β1940.
2661:2024SciA...10J.400S
990:neural tube defects
978:Nutrition disorders
899:Metabolic disorders
894:Metabolic disorders
865:congenital syphilis
859:, or bacteria like
841:infectious diseases
808:Infectious diseases
601:infectious diseases
513:Tourette's syndrome
386:, detect, or apply
288:. According to the
4666:Neuroimmune system
4560:Neurophenomenology
4500:Neural engineering
4223:Neuroendocrinology
4203:Neural engineering
3921:Pediatric Research
3771:2009-04-23 at the
2612:10.1093/hmg/ddi045
2154:. 51β52: 160β172.
1985:10.1111/jcpp.12899
1941:10.1586/ern.12.109
1832:Diamond A (2013).
1116:karyotype analysis
1059:
1020:Medical School in
861:Treponema pallidum
768:Immune dysfunction
736:"mental defects".
730:Fragile X syndrome
705:) folds, abnormal
681:21, also known as
675:
641:social deprivation
631:Social deprivation
593:metabolic diseases
550:neurodevelopmental
400:sound substitution
354:Adaptive behaviour
4736:
4735:
4585:Paleoneurobiology
4520:Neuroepistemology
4495:Neuroanthropology
4461:Interdisciplinary
4347:Neuropharmacology
4307:Neuroepidemiology
4077:β Medscape review
4033:978-3-211-26291-7
4014:978-0-262-20116-2
3829:(6600): 681β682.
3786:"Facts About TBI"
3734:10.3390/nu3020265
3420:10.2337/dc07-1399
3186:(12): 1479β1482.
3051:(24): 2545β2546.
2390:978-0-444-64148-9
1935:(10): 1241β1251.
1907:978-1-4614-8106-5
1814:978-0-07-148127-4
1466:978-0-89042-575-6
1387:978-0-205-31636-6
1336:978-0-313-37930-7
1317:978-0-89042-554-1
1236:978-0-89042-554-1
1174:
1173:
1080:mechanical trauma
1064:congenital injury
1055:epidural hematoma
1003:iodine deficiency
903:diabetes mellitus
792:Sydenham's chorea
762:Angelman syndrome
754:DiGeorge syndrome
742:Williams syndrome
656:Genetic disorders
637:Nicolae CeauΕescu
517:apraxia of speech
468:, hyperactivity,
271:
270:
245:Medical condition
243:
242:
235:
225:
224:
201:
118:
117:
70:
16:(Redirected from
4761:
4724:
4723:
4712:
4711:
4626:Detection theory
4510:Neurocriminology
4437:Neurolinguistics
4352:Neuroprosthetics
4270:
4233:Neuroinformatics
4183:Imaging genetics
4105:
4098:
4091:
4082:
4037:
4018:
4001:Tager-Flusberg H
3987:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3978:
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3961:
3955:
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3936:
3912:
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3895:
3863:
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3807:
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3776:
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3683:
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3497:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3431:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3382:
3373:(9): 1541β1546.
3358:
3352:
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3322:
3316:
3315:
3305:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3256:
3224:
3215:
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3171:
3165:
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3154:
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3124:
3123:
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3085:
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3036:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3010:
3000:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2891:(3β4): 154β157.
2876:
2870:
2869:
2864:. Archived from
2854:
2848:
2847:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2747:
2737:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2655:(15): eadj0400.
2649:Science Advances
2640:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2578:
2570:
2560:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2503:
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2469:
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2417:
2411:
2410:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2335:
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2328:
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2279:
2277:
2276:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2178:
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2171:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1874:
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1829:
1823:
1822:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1757:
1751:
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1740:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1637:
1631:
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1620:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1561:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
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1406:
1400:
1399:
1379:
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1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1344:
1338:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1252:
1241:
1240:
1223:
1169:
1166:
1156:You can help by
1149:
1142:
1014:food supplements
832:can progress to
662:Genetic disorder
597:immune disorders
486:mental disorders
348:, also known as
248:
238:
231:
220:
219:
211:
208:
202:
200:
159:
128:
127:
120:
113:
110:
104:
81:
73:
62:
40:
39:
32:
21:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4700:
4686:Neurotechnology
4681:Neuroplasticity
4676:Neuromodulation
4671:Neuromanagement
4594:
4565:Neurophilosophy
4462:
4456:
4442:Neuropsychology
4403:
4396:
4357:Neuropsychiatry
4317:Neuroimmunology
4302:Neurocardiology
4278:
4271:
4262:
4253:Neurophysiology
4243:Neuromorphology
4198:Neural decoding
4139:
4132:
4114:
4109:
4064:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4021:
4015:
3999:
3995:
3993:Further reading
3990:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3914:
3913:
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3865:
3864:
3860:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3802:
3800:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3773:Wayback Machine
3764:
3760:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3700:
3698:
3685:
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3669:
3656:
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2965:
2930:Nature Genetics
2927:
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2180:
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2148:
2147:
2143:
2106:JAMA Pediatrics
2099:
2098:
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2005:
2004:
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1969:
1968:
1964:
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1678:JAMA Psychiatry
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1211:
1179:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1140:
1112:genetic testing
1104:
1092:
1044:
1038:
1036:Physical trauma
975:
959:Phenylketonuria
947:A non-diabetic
942:Type 2 diabetes
934:type 1 diabetes
911:phenylketonuria
896:
818:brain abscesses
810:
776:
770:
664:
658:
633:
609:physical trauma
580:
571:
566:
546:
531:
525:
497:Motor disorders
494:
492:Motor disorders
455:
449:
443:inappropriate.
441:socioculturally
437:developmentally
418:
412:
376:
370:
343:
338:
246:
239:
228:
227:
226:
221:
217:
212:
206:
203:
160:
149:
145:primary sources
129:
125:
114:
108:
105:
98:
86:This article's
82:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4767:
4765:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4741:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4718:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4696:Self-awareness
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4651:Neurodiversity
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4550:Neuromarketing
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4525:Neuroesthetics
4522:
4517:
4515:Neuroeconomics
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4466:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4408:
4406:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4362:Neuroradiology
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4342:Neuropathology
4339:
4334:
4332:Neuro-oncology
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4273:
4272:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4218:Neurochemistry
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4144:
4142:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4072:
4048:
4044:
4043:External links
4041:
4039:
4038:
4032:
4019:
4013:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3956:
3927:(2): 157β164.
3907:
3878:(4): 788β864.
3858:
3809:
3777:
3758:
3727:(2): 265β273.
3707:
3678:
3649:
3620:
3604:March of Dimes
3591:
3541:
3512:(2): 143β146.
3492:
3463:(1): F10βF14.
3443:
3414:(3): 514β516.
3394:
3353:
3317:
3288:(2): 200β202.
3268:
3216:
3166:
3145:(4): 314β319.
3125:
3096:(2): 107β110.
3080:
3026:
2989:10.1086/506371
2983:(2): 332β341.
2963:
2936:(2): 185β188.
2920:
2871:
2868:on 2012-04-03.
2849:
2830:(5): 235β241.
2814:
2763:
2700:
2635:
2606:(4): 483β492.
2586:
2543:(2): 321β332.
2523:
2486:(3): 255β280.
2470:
2432:(5): 418β443.
2412:
2389:
2363:
2330:
2307:
2281:
2260:
2233:(6): 807β808.
2216:
2189:(9): 907β923.
2173:
2141:
2112:(7): e170691.
2092:
2073:(2): 137β158.
2053:
2047:
2018:(3): 276β293.
1998:
1979:(2): 133β150.
1962:
1919:
1913:
1906:
1880:
1824:
1813:
1795:
1768:(5): 407β411.
1752:
1723:(7): 531β542.
1703:
1684:(2): 185β198.
1667:
1648:(6): 727β744.
1632:
1611:(2): 143β157.
1591:
1529:
1500:(2): 192β194.
1480:
1465:
1446:
1422:
1401:
1386:
1364:
1339:
1323:
1316:
1296:
1242:
1235:
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1178:
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1171:
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1103:
1100:
1091:
1088:
1040:Main article:
1037:
1034:
994:nervous system
974:
971:
895:
892:
886:Some cases of
809:
806:
772:Main article:
769:
766:
701:, epicanthal (
660:Main article:
657:
654:
632:
629:
579:
576:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
545:
542:
537:dual diagnosis
527:Main article:
524:
521:
493:
490:
451:Main article:
448:
445:
423:, also called
414:Main article:
411:
408:
372:Main article:
369:
366:
342:
339:
337:
336:Classification
334:
278:nervous system
269:
268:
259:
253:
252:
244:
241:
240:
223:
222:
215:
213:
132:
130:
123:
116:
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95:the key points
85:
83:
76:
71:
45:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4766:
4755:
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4744:
4729:
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4719:
4717:
4716:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4580:Neurotheology
4578:
4576:
4575:Neurorobotics
4573:
4571:
4570:Neuropolitics
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4535:Neuroethology
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4432:Motor control
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4422:Chronobiology
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4382:Neurovirology
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4274:
4269:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4228:Neurogenetics
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4163:Brain-reading
4161:
4159:
4158:Brain mapping
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4101:
4099:
4094:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3975:
3968:
3967:
3960:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3935:
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3922:
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3850:
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3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3810:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3762:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3708:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3408:Diabetes Care
3405:
3398:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3367:Diabetes Care
3364:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
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3223:
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3217:
3205:
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3197:
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3189:
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3167:
3162:
3158:
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3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2942:10.1038/13810
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2810:
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2798:
2794:
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2778:
2774:
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2759:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2587:
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2568:
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2559:
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2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2524:
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2501:11577/2668053
2497:
2493:
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2471:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
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2427:
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2404:
2400:
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2382:
2378:
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2367:
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2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2308:9780444641489
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1447:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1368:
1365:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1084:birth process
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
972:
970:
968:
967:phenylalanine
964:
960:
956:
954:
950:
945:
943:
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
893:
891:
889:
888:schizophrenia
884:
882:
881:toxoplasmosis
878:
874:
870:
869:neurosyphilis
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
807:
805:
803:
799:
798:
797:Streptococcus
793:
789:
785:
781:
775:
767:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:Rett syndrome
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
715:heart defects
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:translocation
692:
688:
687:chromosome 21
684:
683:Down syndrome
680:
673:
672:Down syndrome
670:A child with
668:
663:
655:
653:
651:
646:
642:
638:
630:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
577:
575:
568:
563:
558:
555:
554:
553:
551:
543:
541:
539:
538:
530:
522:
520:
518:
514:
510:
509:tic disorders
506:
502:
498:
491:
489:
487:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
446:
444:
442:
438:
432:
430:
426:
422:
417:
409:
407:
405:
401:
397:
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389:
385:
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367:
365:
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311:
310:communication
307:
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263:
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237:
234:
214:
210:
207:November 2020
199:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182:
178:
175:
171:
168: β
167:
163:
162:Find sources:
157:
153:
147:
146:
142:
138:
133:This article
131:
122:
121:
112:
102:
96:
94:
89:
84:
80:
75:
74:
69:
67:
60:
59:
54:
53:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4725:
4713:
4661:Neuroimaging
4656:Neurogenesis
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