287:", "beginning of the year" and "birth of Re", and in the New Kingdom it and the next two days may have been a public holiday where workers had time off. There are accounts of lighting fires, torches, or candles at night at this time or during ceremonies, and record exists of a banquet occurring the night before, possibly held near the tomb, and which was accompanied by making offerings to the dead. Water was collected from the Nile prior to this date and used in purification rituals. Buildings, statues, and occasionally obelisks were consecrated at this time. Incense was offered during the consecration and to the dead. Other offerings were made to the dead as well. The statues of the dead had their clothes changed, eye paint applied, and the
310:
296:
a similar tale without mention of the two sons death, saying the incident occurred in a tent made of reeds, possibly an eshah, temporary buildings made of dry maize stalks or reeds which are still sometimes seen in Egypt. This has been connected to remarks attributed to
Manetho, quoted by Plutarch, which alleged human sacrifices were performed in Ancient Egypt during the New Year, where people were set alight. This has been connected to the symbolic burning of the Emir at the Nayrouz festival as well as the New Year Festival held at
220:, a winter festival which lifted social and legal restrictions and involved choosing a mock king. It is also considered that it may have been of ancient Egyptian origin, which was claimed by medieval Muslim writers, who stated it was a festival honoring the stars. Some favor this while others consider it unlikely, as no record of public revelry exists before Islamic rule in Egypt and the adoption of the name from Persia would be strange.
59:
295:
Herotodus told the alleged story of a man named
Seostris, who was trapped by his brother (who he'd given rule over Egypt) at a banquet and planned to burn him and his six sons alive. He used two of his sons to make a bridge through the fire and he and his four remaining sons escaped. Diodorus related
405:
remarked on the disappearance of the festival altogether. Despite the efforts to repress the celebration, in the 1860s-70s and in 1914, a German doctor named
Klunzinger and a man named Leeder both observed processions of the Emir in Upper Egyptian villages. In the early 19th century, a French artist
371:
During the year long mourning period recorded in 1897, this is also one of the days of the year when women would cry and wail two or three times after the initial 40 days following a death. They would also visit the cemetery. Such visits are called ‘tal’a’ (pl. tula’) meaning "outing". Priests would
367:
While the
Persian festival Nowruz, the origin of the word the festival is commonly known by, is celebrated in spring, Nayrouz is a fall festival. It traditionally coincides with the start of indunation of the Nile, the completion of wine fermentation, the harvesting of dates, and Coptic liturgies to
351:
The high point of
Nayrouz was the procession of the "emir of Nayrouz", who was elected by the Cairene crowd. This "emir" was expected to be a wanton and "of firm nature", and would ride a small and ugly donkey, possibly a remnant of a pagan rite. The "emir" would "visit" the homes of dignitaries and
392:
forbade the lighting of bonfires and spraying water on the festival, and in 1023 the "play with water" was banned once again. Some time prior to 1198, celebrations were interdicted. In 1380, the play with water was banned again, and individuals were punished in public, including having their hands
397:
ordered the celebrations to be abolished altogether, and officials arrested those found participating in the festival. According to another source, until 1389 only the sprinkling of water and beating with leather were allowed; the lighting of bonfires was restricted to the dwelling of the Copts.
215:
ruled (sometime around the 6th century BCE). The recorded customs of lighting fires, sprinkling water, special food and clothes, presents, and the procession of an Emir hold similarities to records of the
Persian festival, in addition to the name being Persian in origin. Another is that it was a
344:, with people engaging in water games and stripping to their underclothes in public. Transvestites and prostitutes would gather in specific areas, such as under the Pearl Palace, to be seen and heard by the Egyptian ruler. The festival also featured masks and masquerades, compared to European
352:
officials, and hand them a statement about a "debt". Anyone who refused to pay would be scorned, cursed, and hard-pressed until willing to clear the "debt". Privacy was often violated, with gates broken and water poured on doorsteps of those who locked their homes to prevent intruders.
300:
in
Zanzibar, called Naoruz or Siku ya Mwaka. Others connect the Mankunduchi festival more directly to being brought to Zanzibar by Persians. Human sacrifice has very little evidence of having occurred in Egypt, and is specific to the First Dynasty according to all known evidence.
372:
accompany families to the cemetery to burn incense on the graves and pray alongside families and were compensated with a fee. Large banquets called mawajib were organized during tula' and took place at the cemetery. Women would also pour libations of water fir the dead.
291:
ritual was performed. Offerings were also made to the gods (including the
Pharaoh) and temples, a notable offering being cloth, and the pharaoh gave out cloth to the common people as well. These bear some similarities to the later practices associated with Nayrouz.
279:
The ancient
Egyptian festival celebrated on the first of Thout was called the Opening of the Year. It celebrated the birth and death of Osiris and The Lamentations of Isis and Nephthys was recited at the start, where afterwards feasting and drinking commenced.
363:
Despite the festive nature of
Nayrouz, there were also criticisms of its negative effects, not just on the common people but on the learned as well. Schools would be shut down, teachers were attacked, insulted, and sometimes even thrown into fountains.
426:
in 284 AD. His reign was marked by torture of Christians to force them to deny their faith, as well as by mass executions, especially in Egypt. It is believed this time was one of the worst times that the Coptic church faced, known to believers as
1202:
Kamel, M. (2011). ‘ʽyd rās āl-sānā āl-qibtyā ʽyd āl-Nyrwz -ʽyd āl-šwhdāʼ – ālmwmāţl bl šwhdāʼ āl-qdisyn ʽla ğwdrān āl-knāʼis, dirāsā āţāryh syāhyā’ , Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality, Vol. 8,
324:
Both Christians and Muslims, the elite and the common people participated in Nayrouz celebrations, with customs such as the exchange of gifts, eating special food, and wearing new garments observed by the upper class. The
387:
governor of Egypt ordered transvestites who participated in the festival to march around a mosque in Old Cairo in 913 to be ridiculed, and in 946 the custom of spraying water during the festival was banned. In 974,
406:
named Rifaud observed a similar procession, which he depicted as featuring men, women, and children in the procession carrying dates. Its survival was potentially due to the distance from the central bureaucracy.
211:, which is widely celebrated in the Middle East up to this day. There are a few theories about the origin of Nayrouz as celebrated by Copts. One is that it was introduced to Egypt when the
165:
Despite having religious connotations and being mainly celebrated by the Coptic Christian community today, the festival used to be much more widespread and celebrated by both Christian and
180:
urged Muslim laity to not participate in Coptic festivals, especially this one. Ibn Taymiyya laid out a discussion of rituals, time, and place and stated none should be imitated.
570:
368:
this day recite prayers for water during the season of Indunation. This is one of several days when it has been customary for Copts to visit the graves of dead relatives.
276:, the first month of the Egyptian year, which for AD 1901 to 2098 usually coincides with 11 September, except before a Gregorian leap year when it begins September 12.
1269:
172:. However, due to repressions by the central government, it lost much of its significance as a popular festival. When it was popular, Muslim scholars such as
1177:
Money, Land, and Trade: An Economic History of the Muslim Mediterranean, Chapter 12: The financial resources of Coptic priests in nineteenth-century Egypt
1916:
329:
court, for example, would distribute luxurious fabrics and robes, and sometimes even money, to mark the occasion. For the celebration in 1123, a special
1221:
375:
Thout is associated with red dates which are in turn associated with Martyrs; the red outside represents blood, and the white inside represents purity.
1868:
1926:
973:
948:
923:
898:
873:
848:
823:
798:
773:
748:
723:
695:
233:, and there is no evidence of the use of the supposed Coptic etymon in historical sources. The recorded Bohairic name for the new year was
309:
1727:
1262:
155:
1184:
1906:
1921:
1911:
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or "Year of the Martyrs"). It should not be confused with the A.M. abbreviation used for the unrelated Jewish year, which is
1704:
1255:
288:
313:
Procession of the Holy Carpet (kiswa) in Cairo. The similar procession happened during the celebration of Nayrouz in 1123
1063:
1039:
348:, with crowds marching in the streets of Cairo, theatrical performances, and even man-made imitations of elephants.
1931:
1698:
1941:
1885:
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During the Nayrouz of 1435, no festivities were seen because of the sultan's ban. About that time, the historian
389:
637:
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The common people also engaged in special food and drink, including the consumption of wine and beer in public.
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1230:
1936:
462:
415:
147:
1686:
1148:
662:
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1715:
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150:. Celebrated on September 11, the day is both the start of the Coptic new year and its first month,
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202:
133:
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944:
919:
894:
869:
844:
819:
794:
769:
744:
719:
691:
384:
326:
269:, the celebration of Nayrouz in Egypt may be one of the lasting Sasanian influences in Egypt.
1675:
1501:
1412:
1308:
1136:
1005:
549:
383:
The festival was frequently repressed by authorities and theologians in medieval Cairo. The
193:
571:"The Coptic Syndrome of Trying to Find Coptic Origins to Arab Words: Nayrouz as an Example"
1873:
1710:
1531:
1477:
1424:
1161:
452:
357:
208:
124:
116:
88:
1223:
Middle Persian Papyri from the Sasanian Occupation of Egypt in the Seventh Century CE (I)
1863:
1858:
1483:
1343:
1217:
467:
428:
266:
262:
1900:
1733:
1513:
1465:
433:
423:
284:
173:
966:
The Festivals of Opet, the Valley, and the New Year: Their Socio-Religious Functions
941:
The Festivals of Opet, the Valley, and the New Year: Their Socio-Religious Functions
916:
The Festivals of Opet, the Valley, and the New Year: Their Socio-Religious Functions
891:
The Festivals of Opet, the Valley, and the New Year: Their Socio-Religious Functions
866:
The Festivals of Opet, the Valley, and the New Year: Their Socio-Religious Functions
841:
The Festivals of Opet, the Valley, and the New Year: Their Socio-Religious Functions
816:
The Festivals of Opet, the Valley, and the New Year: Their Socio-Religious Functions
791:
The Festivals of Opet, the Valley, and the New Year: Their Socio-Religious Functions
766:
The Festivals of Opet, the Valley, and the New Year: Their Socio-Religious Functions
741:
The Festivals of Opet, the Valley, and the New Year: Their Socio-Religious Functions
716:
The Festivals of Opet, the Valley, and the New Year: Their Socio-Religious Functions
688:
The Festivals of Opet, the Valley, and the New Year: Their Socio-Religious Functions
1812:
1626:
1525:
1140:
341:
229:, "the rivers", is considered improbable, as the it does not occur anywhere in the
1779:
1739:
1680:
1519:
1459:
1384:
1349:
1110:"Survivals of Pharaonic Religious Practices in Contemporary Coptic Christianity"
596:
212:
1579:
1567:
1471:
1378:
1372:
1296:
553:
439:
419:
402:
297:
243:
230:
217:
159:
1017:
540:
Lev, Yaacov (2015). "The Fatimid Caliphs, the Copts, and the Coptic Church".
333:
and other luxurious fabrics were produced at the Alexandrian textile workshop
1650:
1489:
1447:
1302:
1109:
1089:
169:
143:
1878:
1841:
1835:
1818:
1614:
1585:
1495:
1441:
1319:
1282:
1278:
1067:
345:
254:
1656:
1091:
Kill Thy Neighbor: Violence, Power, and Human Sacrifice in Ancient Egypt
1555:
1537:
1355:
1247:
1025:
993:
166:
17:
431:". Hence, the Coptic year is identified by the abbreviation A.M. (for
261:
for the second time in history, and established control for a decade (
1762:
1745:
1721:
1453:
472:
394:
330:
189:
139:
31:
1009:
162:. Children wear new clothes and give bouquets of flowers to people.
317:
The first documented celebration of Nayrouz in Egypt dates back to
1785:
1644:
1591:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1507:
994:"192. The Egyptian Origin of the New Year's Sacrifice at Zanzibar"
457:
273:
258:
151:
68:
64:
1251:
318:
283:
The other names for this festival included "coming-out of
188:
The name of the feast comes from the Iranian festival of
340:
Nayrouz was also characterized by sexual overtones and
272:
Its celebration falls on the 1st day of the month of
1851:
1828:
1799:
1772:
1755:
1666:
1607:
1434:
1405:
1398:
1365:
1336:
1329:
1289:
356:noted the similarity between "emir of Nayrouz" and
102:
94:
83:
75:
52:
44:
39:
620:
618:
138:'the crown of the year') is a feast when
239:pi-klhom ente-tirompi, "the crown of the year."
1263:
529:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–51.
8:
638:"Festivals in the ancient Egyptian calendar"
234:
224:
1444:(North & Central India (Solar), Nepali)
1040:"Plutarch, De Iside et Osiride, section 73"
1402:
1333:
1270:
1256:
1248:
36:
1869:South and Southeast Asian solar New Year
575:On Coptic Nationalism فى القومية القبطية
308:
207:'new day'), which originated in
484:
30:For the Iranian new year festival, see
1179:. I.B Tauris Publishers. p. 235.
1157:
1146:
1198:
1196:
1103:
1101:
987:
985:
709:
707:
7:
1108:Naguib, Saphinaz-Amal (2008-04-18).
565:
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512:
1450:(North & Central India (Lunar))
624:
197:
120:
968:. Archaeopress. pp. 123–136.
943:. Archaeopress. pp. 119–223.
918:. Archaeopress. pp. 113–117.
893:. Archaeopress. pp. 118–119.
154:. Nayrouz is also commemorated by
25:
1917:Christian festivals and holy days
527:Popular culture in medieval Cairo
818:. Archaeopress. pp. 91–94.
223:A derivation from a Coptic word
57:
1114:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
1088:Campbell, Roselyn Anne (2019).
248:
1141:10.1080/00665983.1897.10852739
1127:Bey, Marcus Simaika (1897). .
1:
1927:Observances honoring the dead
868:. Archaeopress. p. 114.
843:. Archaeopress. p. 112.
793:. Archaeopress. p. 111.
393:chopped off. In 1385, Sultan
27:Coptic celebration on Sep. 11
768:. Archaeopress. p. 95.
743:. Archaeopress. p. 88.
718:. Archaeopress. p. 84.
690:. Archaeopress. p. 79.
663:"Festivals in Ancient Egypt"
146:are commemorated within the
1958:
1229:. Sasanika. Archived from
992:Wainwright, G. A. (1940).
667:World History Encyclopedia
235:
225:
128:
29:
554:10.1163/15700674-12342203
1639:Water-Splashing Festival
964:Fukaya, Masashi (2020).
939:Fukaya, Masashi (2020).
914:Fukaya, Masashi (2020).
889:Fukaya, Masashi (2020).
864:Fukaya, Masashi (2020).
839:Fukaya, Masashi (2020).
814:Fukaya, Masashi (2020).
789:Fukaya, Masashi (2020).
764:Fukaya, Masashi (2020).
739:Fukaya, Masashi (2020).
714:Fukaya, Masashi (2020).
686:Fukaya, Masashi (2020).
443:("year of the world").
87:Day of new year on the
1907:Coptic Orthodox Church
1886:Indian New Year's days
1468:(Gujarati, Rajasthani)
1175:Girgis, Magdi (2002).
1129:Archaeological Journal
525:Boaz, Shoshan (1993).
463:Coptic Orthodox Church
416:Coptic Orthodox Church
414:The chronology of the
314:
305:History and traditions
216:localized adaption of
148:Coptic Orthodox Church
98:1 Thout (11 September)
1922:New Year celebrations
1912:September observances
1821:(England, historical)
1299:(Ethiopian, Eritrean)
1044:www.perseus.tufts.edu
497:TheFreeDictionary.com
493:"Feast of El-Nayrouz"
312:
184:Origins and etymology
48:The crown of the year
1815:(traditional Julian)
289:Opening of the Mouth
242:During the reign of
156:Ethiopian Christians
1809:(Gregorian, Julian)
1534:(Rai, Tharu, Magar)
577:. 14 September 2015
542:Medieval Encounters
79:Cultural, religious
1570:(Marathi, Konkani)
1064:"mzuri-kaja.or.tz"
556:– via Brill.
315:
236:ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ϯⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ
129:ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ϯⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ
1932:Christian martyrs
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1621:Choul Chnam Thmey
1576:(Telugu, Kannada)
1448:Chaitra Navaratri
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925:978-1-78969-595-3
900:978-1-78969-595-3
875:978-1-78969-595-3
850:978-1-78969-595-3
825:978-1-78969-595-3
800:978-1-78969-595-3
775:978-1-78969-595-3
750:978-1-78969-595-3
725:978-1-78969-595-3
697:978-1-78969-595-3
603:. 24 January 2010
429:the martyrdom era
206:
158:who also call it
137:
110:
109:
16:(Redirected from
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1942:Culture of Egypt
1676:Islamic New Year
1544:Sajibu Cheiraoba
1510:(Ladakhi, Monpa)
1413:Chinese New Year
1403:
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1309:Islamic New Year
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1075:
1066:. Archived from
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63:
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53:Observed by
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1874:Mesha Sankranti
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1711:Yazidi New Year
1668:
1662:
1603:
1532:Maghe Sankranti
1478:Pahela Baishakh
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1390:
1361:
1344:Yancuic Xīhuitl
1325:
1285:
1276:
1239:
1237:
1233:
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1218:Daryaee, Touraj
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1208:
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1187:
1174:
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1155:
1145:
1126:
1125:
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1099:
1094:(Thesis). UCLA.
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1010:10.2307/2792578
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453:Coptic calendar
449:
412:
410:The Coptic year
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358:Lord of Misrule
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247:
186:
89:Coptic calendar
58:
56:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1937:Sasanian Egypt
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1864:Solar New Year
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1859:Lunar New Year
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468:Sasanian Egypt
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267:Touraj Daryaee
263:Sasanian Egypt
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434:Anno Martyrum
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424:Roman emperor
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38:
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19:
1813:Old New Year
1659:(Vietnamese)
1526:Sonam Lhosar
1313:
1238:. Retrieved
1231:the original
1222:
1176:
1170:
1149:cite journal
1132:
1128:
1122:
1113:
1090:
1083:
1072:. Retrieved
1068:the original
1058:
1047:. Retrieved
1043:
1034:
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997:
965:
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934:
915:
909:
890:
884:
865:
859:
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784:
765:
759:
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734:
715:
687:
681:
670:. Retrieved
666:
656:
645:. Retrieved
641:
632:
627:, p. 1.
607:11 September
605:. Retrieved
601:copticsounds
600:
591:
581:11 September
579:. Retrieved
574:
548:(4–5): 409.
545:
541:
535:
526:
500:. Retrieved
496:
487:
438:
432:
418:begins when
413:
400:
382:
374:
370:
366:
362:
350:
342:transvestism
339:
334:
323:
316:
294:
282:
278:
271:
241:
222:
209:Ancient Iran
187:
174:Ibn Taymiyya
164:
112:
111:
84:Significance
1782:(Mongolian)
1780:Tsagaan Sar
1740:Dehwa Rabba
1681:Kha b-Nisan
1669:and Central
1623:(Cambodian)
1520:Tamu Lhosar
1504:(Sikkimese)
1460:Cheti Chand
1385:We Tripantu
1350:Quviasukvik
1004:: 164–167.
597:"Resources"
298:Mankunduchi
213:Achaemenids
178:Ibn al-Ḥajj
45:Also called
1901:Categories
1748:(Ossetian)
1742:(Mandaean)
1683:(Assyrian)
1653:(Javanese)
1647:(Balinese)
1594:(Malayali)
1580:Bisu Parba
1568:Gudi Padwa
1492:(Maithili)
1474:(Assamese)
1472:Bohag Bihu
1456:(Kashmiri)
1421:(Japanese)
1379:Willkakuti
1373:Inti Raymi
1358:(Nisg̱a'a)
1305:(Malagasy)
1297:Enkutatash
1240:2019-04-02
1158:|url=
1074:2023-08-06
1049:2023-08-06
672:2023-08-03
647:2023-08-03
502:2023-08-04
479:References
440:Anno Mundi
420:Diocletian
403:al-Maqrizi
244:Khosrow II
231:Synaxarium
218:Saturnalia
160:Enkutatash
144:confessors
1788:(Tibetan)
1724:(Iranian)
1651:Satu Suro
1617:(Burmese)
1608:Southeast
1600:(Sinhala)
1552:(Tripuri)
1490:Jur Sital
1480:(Bengali)
1415:(Chinese)
1387:(Mapuche)
1303:Fandroana
1018:0025-1496
346:carnivals
226:ⲛⲓ-ⲓⲁⲣⲱⲟⲩ
170:Egyptians
121:نَاِيرُوز
103:Frequency
1879:Songkran
1852:See Also
1842:Matariki
1838:(Hawaii)
1836:Makahiki
1819:Lady Day
1736:(Hebrew)
1701:(Baháʼí)
1689:(Afghan)
1633:Songkran
1615:Thingyan
1586:Puthandu
1564:(Chakma)
1546:(Meitei)
1528:(Tamang)
1522:(Gurung)
1516:(Sherpa)
1498:(Newari)
1496:Mha Puja
1462:(Sindhi)
1442:Vaisakhi
1427:(Korean)
1419:Shōgatsu
1381:(Aymara)
1330:Americas
1322:(Berber)
1320:Yennayer
1316:(Coptic)
1283:calendar
1279:New Year
447:See also
390:al-Muizz
257:reached
255:Persians
1844:(Māori)
1829:Oceania
1765:(Sakha)
1718:(Azeri)
1699:Naw-Rúz
1695:(Uzbek)
1588:(Tamil)
1556:Sangken
1538:Bwisagu
1502:Losoong
1425:Seollal
1375:(Incan)
1356:Hobiyee
1352:(Inuit)
1346:(Aztec)
1314:Nayrouz
1211:Sources
1160:value (
1135:: 236.
1026:2792578
625:Daryaee
422:became
385:Abbasid
379:Decline
327:Fatimid
251:
205:
194:Persian
140:martyrs
136:
113:Nayrouz
40:Nayrouz
18:Neyrouz
1800:Europe
1763:Yhyakh
1746:Nogbon
1728:Nowruz
1722:Nowruz
1716:Novruz
1707:(Kurd)
1705:Newroz
1693:Navruz
1687:Nauruz
1635:(Thai)
1627:Pi Mai
1582:(Tulu)
1540:(Bodo)
1486:(Odia)
1454:Navreh
1290:Africa
1183:
1156:Check
1024:
1016:
972:
947:
922:
897:
872:
847:
822:
797:
772:
747:
722:
694:
473:Nowruz
395:Barquq
354:Frazer
331:kiswah
319:912 AD
285:Sothis
190:Nowruz
167:Muslim
125:Coptic
117:Arabic
106:Annual
62:
32:Nowruz
1786:Losar
1773:Inner
1756:North
1645:Nyepi
1641:(Dai)
1629:(Lao)
1592:Vishu
1574:Ugadi
1562:Bizhu
1558:(Tai)
1550:Buisu
1508:Losar
1435:South
1366:South
1337:North
1234:(PDF)
1227:(PDF)
1203:1-12.
1022:JSTOR
458:Copts
274:Thout
259:Egypt
198:نوروز
152:Thout
69:Copts
65:Egypt
1667:West
1406:East
1399:Asia
1181:ISBN
1162:help
1014:ISSN
970:ISBN
945:ISBN
920:ISBN
895:ISBN
870:ISBN
845:ISBN
820:ISBN
795:ISBN
770:ISBN
745:ISBN
720:ISBN
692:ISBN
609:2018
583:2018
203:lit.
176:and
142:and
134:lit.
95:Date
76:Type
1657:Tết
1281:by
1137:doi
1006:doi
998:Man
550:doi
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650:.
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