54:
4707:
192:
sign for NOT YET, which requires that the tongue touch the lower lip and that the head rotate from side to side, in addition to the manual part of the sign. Without these features the sign would be interpreted as LATE. Mouthings can also be contrastive, as in the manually identical signs for DOCTOR
292:
From Stokoe's writings until the 1990s, facial expressions were discussed in some studies on signed languages, and awareness of them as a grammaticised aspect of signed languages began to grow. In the 21st century, discussion of nonmanual signs in both research on individual languages and sign
204:, a sign is used to express that the user wishes to self-correct or rephrase an utterance, perhaps best translated as I MEAN. The sign is made by closing the eyes and shaking the head. Because it does not use the hands, this can be used simultaneously as the user rephrases their statement.
271:
are largely regulated through head movement and eye gaze. Since the addressee in a signed conversation must be watching the signer, a signer can avoid letting the other person have a turn by not looking at them, or can indicate that the other person may have a turn by making eye contact.
207:
Intensifiers can be expressed through nonmanual features, as they have the benefit of being expressed at the same time as manual signs. In Auslan, puffed cheeks can be used simultaneously with the manual sign LARGE to translate the sign better as GIGANTIC.
258:
Adjective phrases can be formed using nonmanual features. For instance, in ASL a slightly open mouth with the tongue relaxed and visible in the corner of the mouth means 'carelessly', but a similar nonmanual in BSL means 'boring' or 'unpleasant'.
125:, not all signs that use other body parts are nonmanual features of the language, and it generally refers to information expressed in the upper half of the body such as the head, eyebrows, eyes, cheeks, and mouth in various postures or movements.
85:
may understand spoken utterances without the need for visual aides). Conversely, nonmanual features are needed to understand the full meaning of many signs, and they can drastically change the meaning of individual signs. For example, in
5060:
Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign
Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely,
152:
refers to the state it is in. For example, the Auslan sign for WHY has nonmanual features necessary to distinguish it from the sign BECAUSE. One of these nonmanual features can be described as having the place of and the setting of .
250:
Nonmanual features are frequently used to grammatically signify role shift, which is when the signer switches between two or more individuals they are quoting. For example, in German Sign
Language this can be done by the signer using
402:
288:
and was one of the first researchers to discuss nonmanual features in his writings when he used diacritics in his writings to signify six different facial expressions based on their meanings in
English.
42:
that do not use the hands. Nonmanual features are grammaticised and a necessary component in many signs, in the same way that manual features are. Nonmanual features serve a similar function to
679:
Boudreault, Patrick; Mayberry, Rachel I. (2006). "Grammatical processing in
American Sign Language: Age of first-language acquisition effects in relation to syntactic structure".
4962:
1023:
998:
77:
do in spoken ones. In spoken languages, they can give extra information but are not necessary for the receiver to understand the meaning of the utterance (for example, an
320:
177:
Many lexical signs use nonmanual features in addition to the manual articulation. For instance, facial expressions may accompany verbs of emotion, as in the sign for
4977:
2261:
4967:
4151:
4106:
1128:
4998:
4163:
1214:
1209:
2491:
358:
Aran, Oya; Burger, Thomas; Caplier, Alice; Akarun, Lale (2008). "A belief-based sequential fusion approach for fusing manual and non-manual signs".
4875:
4772:
991:
1514:
964:
795:
496:
1049:
5017:
4424:
1628:
247:—they are shown through raised eyebrows and a forward head tilt. which functions similarly to English's pitch raise in these questions.
4843:
4470:
4048:
2212:
4419:
2897:
984:
856:
622:
4916:
4526:
4495:
4414:
4063:
2866:
4217:
3266:
2527:
2501:
1368:
5022:
4516:
4409:
4096:
3682:
2736:
1575:
1380:
1292:
160:
is not always considered a nonmanual feature, as it is not a natural feature of signed languages, being taken from the local
543:"Manual and Spoken Cues in French Sign Language's Lexical Access: Evidence From Mouthing in a Sign-Picture Priming Paradigm"
4936:
3899:
3894:
2806:
2163:
1428:
280:
In early studies of signed languages done by hearing researchers, nonmanual features were largely ignored. In the 1960s,
5012:
4870:
4158:
4014:
3764:
3515:
3219:
2117:
2006:
1647:
1415:
1255:
1175:
1152:
951:
Mukushev, Medet; Sabyrov, Arman; Imashev, Alfarabi; Koishybay, Kenessary; Kimmelman, Vadim; Sandygulova, Anara (2020).
4585:
4539:
4222:
4212:
3802:
3134:
2855:
2843:
2786:
2644:
2307:
2089:
2016:
1785:
1543:
1405:
133:
200:
In some languages, there are a small amount of words that are formed entirely by nonmanual features. For example, in
4972:
4660:
4547:
3756:
3404:
1711:
1560:
5082:
Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.
4001:
4655:
4625:
4615:
4600:
4490:
4480:
4189:
4121:
4058:
3915:
3502:
3467:
3444:
3412:
2998:
2981:
2796:
2674:
2609:
2564:
2279:
2200:
2052:
1395:
1228:
1188:
1112:
164:. Because of this, there is debate as to whether mouthing is a sign language feature or a form of codeswitching.
4931:
4782:
4645:
4580:
4543:
4535:
4475:
4460:
4356:
4330:
4322:
4314:
4168:
3996:
3988:
3975:
3952:
3923:
3875:
3706:
3674:
3650:
3281:
3232:
3142:
2992:
2971:
2912:
2872:
2849:
2836:
2801:
2791:
2741:
2701:
2639:
2619:
2537:
2506:
2289:
1727:
1610:
1587:
1433:
1160:
1095:
228:
141:
137:
43:
4285:
2691:
2656:
1802:
5027:
4848:
4752:
4681:
4650:
4640:
4595:
4590:
4500:
4382:
4348:
4301:
4275:
4259:
4131:
4126:
3810:
3782:
3740:
3690:
3610:
3602:
3449:
3357:
3331:
3201:
3185:
3063:
2986:
2925:
2761:
2574:
2569:
2558:
2547:
2269:
2034:
2029:
1883:
1863:
1687:
1597:
1582:
1473:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1101:
5069:
both originated in
English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to
3544:
2474:
2466:
847:
Baker, Charlotte (1977). Regulators and turn-taking in
American Sign Language discourse, in Lynn Friedman,
728:
5115:
5062:
5042:
4767:
4635:
4630:
4610:
4605:
4465:
4401:
4335:
4267:
4227:
4181:
4173:
4116:
4111:
4070:
4038:
4009:
3983:
3944:
3849:
3844:
3818:
3722:
3634:
3568:
3552:
3531:
3494:
3486:
3459:
3388:
3380:
3365:
3349:
3341:
3323:
3299:
3289:
3271:
3076:
3047:
3042:
2976:
2877:
2831:
2816:
2776:
2650:
2634:
2629:
2552:
2532:
2436:
2297:
2274:
2171:
2060:
2024:
1985:
1964:
1918:
1904:
1868:
1698:
1642:
1618:
1565:
1555:
1524:
1423:
1390:
1240:
1165:
1118:
1082:
1072:
1018:
285:
189:
118:
87:
128:
Nonmanual features have two main aspects—place and setting. These are the nonmanual equivalents to HOLM (
121:. Extra meaning however is created through the use of nonmanual features. Despite the literal meaning of
90:
the signs HERE and NOT HERE have the same manual sign, and are distinguished only by nonmanual features.
5066:
4822:
4762:
4620:
4485:
4455:
4293:
4136:
4101:
4043:
3967:
3957:
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3735:
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3714:
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3642:
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3523:
3510:
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3428:
3370:
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3214:
3193:
3177:
3158:
3150:
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2907:
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2811:
2781:
2746:
2728:
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2579:
2452:
2133:
2107:
2001:
1980:
1959:
1943:
1888:
1878:
1832:
1662:
1592:
1529:
1504:
1465:
1457:
1443:
1438:
1375:
1327:
1245:
1193:
1106:
1088:
1077:
877:
328:
268:
81:
person may not use any facial expressions but still get their meaning across clearly, and people with
5120:
5070:
4777:
4521:
4280:
4240:
4202:
4146:
3889:
3884:
3854:
3769:
3698:
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3573:
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3307:
3294:
3209:
3126:
3097:
3084:
3055:
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2945:
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2756:
2721:
2716:
2706:
2696:
2594:
2589:
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2522:
2181:
2176:
2147:
2102:
2097:
2070:
2039:
1873:
1819:
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1604:
1400:
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1183:
1123:
240:
201:
244:
5002:
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4207:
4141:
3962:
3928:
3907:
3859:
3666:
3618:
3594:
3578:
3396:
3375:
3253:
3118:
3110:
3092:
2917:
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2882:
2771:
2766:
2751:
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2669:
2614:
2604:
2225:
2065:
1938:
1827:
1570:
1337:
1332:
1282:
1066:
194:
182:
4993:
4891:
4372:
4197:
3454:
3224:
3105:
3005:
2930:
2624:
2075:
766:
696:
457:
430:
359:
4896:
960:
933:
925:
906:"Sign Language Structure: An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf"
852:
791:
785:
758:
628:
618:
582:
564:
492:
422:
371:
255:
to tie quoted speech to pronouns. It can also be expressed by gaze-shifting or head-shifting.
82:
74:
53:
403:"The acquisition of conditionals in American Sign Language: Grammaticized facial expressions"
5095:
4906:
4901:
4737:
4718:
917:
748:
740:
688:
659:
572:
554:
414:
5032:
4827:
4807:
4686:
890:
384:
341:
232:
161:
78:
47:
4941:
4926:
4817:
4802:
4572:
577:
542:
293:
language education has become more common, partially due to the increased awareness of
281:
236:
39:
5109:
4911:
4812:
4797:
4792:
4429:
1007:
869:
486:
434:
321:"Analysing British sign language through the lens of systemic functional linguistics"
252:
224:
70:
770:
700:
517:
4787:
4732:
363:
294:
811:
69:
Nonmanual features in signed languages do not function the same way that general
4921:
4691:
488:
Not by the hands alone: Functions of non-manual features in Polish Sign
Language
102:
17:
613:
Josep Quer i
Carbonell; Carlo Cecchetto; Rannveig Sverrisd Ãttir, eds. (2017).
5037:
4676:
4019:
3828:
3237:
2711:
1652:
953:"Evaluation of Manual and Non-manual Components for Sign Language Recognition"
692:
632:
559:
461:
449:
418:
122:
929:
762:
568:
426:
97:(which exist in both spoken and signed languages), as nonmanual features are
4562:
4531:
4387:
3823:
921:
212:
129:
952:
937:
586:
4742:
4701:
4552:
4306:
959:. Marseille, France: European Language Resources Association: 6073–6078.
744:
715:
American Sign
Language: A teacher's resource text on grammar and culture.
157:
905:
4377:
753:
114:
98:
94:
58:
5006:
4091:
1363:
1351:
664:
647:
456:, A Cross-Linguistic Study (1 ed.), De Gruyter, pp. 33–52,
4706:
957:
Proceedings of the 12th
Language Resources and Evaluation Conference
188:
Nonmanual elements can be lexically contrastive. An example is the
868:
Filhol, Michael; Choisier, Annick; Hadjadj, Mohamed (1982-05-31).
113:
In sign languages, the hands do the majority of the work, forming
4696:
976:
787:
Quotatives: Cross-linguistic and cross-disciplinary perspectives
401:
Reilly, Judy Snitzer; Mcintire, Marina; Bellugi, Ursula (1990).
3025:
1041:
980:
223:
Many grammatical functions are produced nonmanually, including
849:
On the other hand: New perspectives on American Sign Language.
101:. For this reason, nonmanual features need to be included in
615:
SignGram blueprint: A guide to sign language grammar writing
784:
Buchstaller, Isabelle; Alphen, Ingrid van (2012-05-01).
601:
Grammar, Gesture, and Meaning in American Sign Language.
93:
Nonmanual features also do not function the same way as
729:"On categorizing types of role shift in Sign languages"
4963:
Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
812:"How to use role shifting in American Sign Language"
284:
established a system of sign language phonology for
4986:
4955:
4884:
4861:
4836:
4751:
4717:
4669:
4571:
4509:
4438:
4400:
4365:
4249:
4081:
3791:
3476:
3167:
3032:
3018:
2959:
2515:
2490:
2451:
2434:
2306:
2288:
2260:
2224:
2190:
2162:
2116:
2088:
2051:
2015:
1994:
1973:
1952:
1931:
1897:
1856:
1847:
1817:
1800:
1783:
1744:
1720:
1627:
1542:
1513:
1491:
1456:
1414:
1350:
1320:
1291:
1269:
1227:
1202:
1174:
1048:
1032:
297:in automatic sign language recognition technology.
648:"Scope-taking strategies in German Sign Language"
38:or sign language expression, are the features of
870:"Non-manual features: the right to indifference"
243:. ASL and BSL use similar nonmanual marking for
4978:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
834:Sutton-Spence, Rachel, and Bencie Woll (1998).
910:The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education
4968:International Center on Deafness and the Arts
992:
8:
713:Baker, Charlotte, and Dennis Cokely (1980).
541:Bogliotti, Caroline; Isel, Frederic (2021).
454:Modal and Focus Particles in Sign Languages
211:Nonmanual features are also a part of many
148:refers to the part of the body used, while
4725:
3022:
2312:
1853:
1635:
1548:
1497:
1356:
1275:
1233:
1171:
1038:
999:
985:
977:
836:The linguistics of British Sign Language.
752:
663:
576:
558:
52:
4773:Manually coded language in South Africa
306:
57:ASL sign for "angry"—note the furrowed
886:
875:
838:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
603:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
380:
369:
337:
326:
904:Stokoe, William C. Jr. (2005-01-01).
7:
480:
478:
476:
396:
394:
353:
351:
314:
312:
310:
156:Although it is done using the face,
1810:Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)
717:Silver Spring, MD: T.J. Publishers.
3123:Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti
2737:Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)
25:
485:Tomaszewski, Piotr (2010-01-01),
4705:
4496:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
681:Language and Cognitive Processes
195:Sign Language of the Netherlands
5086:
5077:
5055:
5023:U.S. Army hand and arm signals
4107:Far North Queensland Indigenous
2729:Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)
4844:Bilingual–bicultural education
4164:Western Torres Strait Islander
3238:Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)
1215:Western Torres Strait Islander
450:"Nonmanuals in sign languages"
1:
3916:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
3064:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
2926:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
2675:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
2182:Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)
790:. John Benjamins Publishing.
646:Bross, Fabian; Hole, Daniel.
319:Rudge, Luke A. (2018-08-03).
144:) in manual sign components.
2502:Providence Island (Provisle)
2152:North West Frontier Province
491:, Matrix, pp. 289–320,
267:Discourse functions such as
4102:Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)
5137:
4973:Mimics and Gesture Theatre
4182:Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo)
4112:Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)
2898:Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)
2752:Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)
2172:Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)
1566:Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)
851:New York: Academic Press.
727:Quer, Josep (2018-10-01).
599:Liddell, Scott K. (2003).
5051:
4728:
4218:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
2657:Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo)
2467:Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam)
2315:
1874:Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)
1638:
1551:
1500:
1369:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
1359:
1278:
1236:
1024:List by number of signers
1014:
693:10.1080/01690960500139363
560:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.655168
448:Herrmann, Annika (2013),
419:10.1017/S0142716400009632
407:Applied Psycholinguistics
4783:Paget Gorman Sign System
4237:Samoa and American Samoa
3027:Sign languages by region
2812:Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)
2538:Albarradas Sign Language
2528:Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)
2361:Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk
2213:Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)
2177:Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)
1429:Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)
1043:Sign languages by family
34:, also sometimes called
5028:Monastic sign languages
4876:Television shows (list)
4849:Manually coded language
4682:Hamburg Notation System
2475:Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)
1721:Indonesian (Nusantaric)
1444:Finnish (Viittomakieli)
1381:Northern Ireland (NISL)
733:Theoretical Linguistics
547:Frontiers in Psychology
276:Recognition in academia
4999:CHCI chimpanzee center
4768:Manually coded English
4466:Henniker Sign Language
4132:Warumungu (Warramunga)
4117:Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)
3111:Hausa (Magannar Hannu)
1019:List of sign languages
885:Cite journal requires
336:Cite journal requires
286:American Sign Language
61:
4823:Signing Exact English
4763:Indian Signing System
4486:Plateau Sign Language
3860:Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)
3437:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
2967:Amami Shuwa languages
2640:Guatemalan (Lensegua)
2580:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
2559:Caucasian (Harsneren)
2507:Old Cayman (Guyanese)
2035:Norwegian (Tegnspråk)
2007:French Belgian (LSFB)
1439:Swedish (Teckenspråk)
922:10.1093/deafed/eni001
617:. De Gruyter Mouton.
56:
5071:French Sign Language
4778:Manually Coded Malay
4586:British (two-handed)
4522:Bimodal bilingualism
4152:Far North Queensland
3460:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
2982:Sri Lankan languages
2913:Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)
2817:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
2328:Chaticks si Chaticks
2308:Plains Sign Language
2226:Mayan (Meemul Tziij)
1728:Indonesian (Bisindo)
1406:South African (SASL)
1129:Far North Queensland
745:10.1515/tl-2018-0020
202:Polish Sign Language
119:denotational meaning
27:Sign language syntax
2993:Tanzanian languages
2972:Ethiopian languages
2939:Nanabin (NanabinSL)
2030:Icelandic (Táknmál)
1745:Francophone African
1703:Puerto Rican (PRSL)
1561:Swiss-German (DSGS)
1492:Chilean-Paraguayan-
241:conditional clauses
183:Czech Sign Language
4994:Baby sign language
4892:Jabbar Baghtcheban
4373:International Sign
4276:Brazilian (Libras)
4190:New Zealand (NZSL)
4137:Mudbura (Mudburra)
4065:Sandy River Valley
4044:Keresan (Keresign)
3635:Yugoslav (Kosovar)
3006:International Sign
2987:Sudanese languages
2610:Navajo/Diné Family
2424:Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e
2262:Original Thai Sign
2040:Danish (Tegnsprog)
1583:Brazilian (Libras)
1396:New Zealand (NZSL)
83:visual impairments
75:facial expressions
62:
5103:
5102:
5096:extinct languages
5018:Legal recognition
4897:Jeanette Berglind
4857:
4856:
4558:Nonmanual feature
4471:Martha's Vineyard
4396:
4395:
4050:Martha's Vineyard
3545:Faroese (Teknmál)
3267:Al-Sayyid Bedouin
3077:Bouakako (LaSiBo)
3014:
3013:
2999:Zimsign languages
2977:Laotian languages
2861:Rwandan (AKR/AMR)
2620:Ecuadorian (LSEC)
2565:Azerbaijani (AİD)
2486:
2485:
2084:
2083:
1927:
1926:
1843:
1842:
1833:Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG)
1538:
1537:
1466:Chinese (CSL/ZGS)
1452:
1451:
1346:
1345:
1316:
1315:
1223:
1222:
1078:Eltye eltyarrenke
1058:
1057:multiple families
966:979-10-95546-34-4
816:www.handspeak.com
797:978-90-272-7479-3
498:978-83-932212-0-2
379:Missing or empty
162:spoken language/s
32:nonmanual feature
16:(Redirected from
5128:
5090:
5081:
5059:
4947:Pierre Pélissier
4932:Thomas Gallaudet
4907:Thomas Braidwood
4738:Initialized sign
4726:
4709:
4194:Papua New Guinea
4097:Australian-Irish
3803:Plains Sign Talk
3683:Northern Ireland
3679:Northern Ireland
3202:Hong Kong (HKSL)
3023:
2802:Nicaraguan (ISN)
2717:Kenyan (KSL/LAK)
2533:Albanian (AlbSL)
2313:
2127:Bangalore-Madras
2108:Israeli (Shassi)
2076:Thai (TSL/MSTSL)
1986:Honduran (LESHO)
1854:
1712:Singapore (SgSL)
1648:Black ASL (BASL)
1636:
1576:Australian-Irish
1549:
1498:
1474:Hong Kong (HKSL)
1434:Portuguese (LGP)
1424:Eritrean (EriSL)
1357:
1276:
1234:
1172:
1056:
1039:
1001:
994:
987:
978:
971:
970:
948:
942:
941:
901:
895:
894:
888:
883:
881:
873:
865:
859:
845:
839:
832:
826:
825:
823:
822:
808:
802:
801:
781:
775:
774:
756:
739:(3–4): 277–282.
724:
718:
711:
705:
704:
676:
670:
669:
667:
665:10.5334/gjgl.106
643:
637:
636:
610:
604:
597:
591:
590:
580:
562:
538:
532:
531:
529:
528:
514:
508:
507:
506:
505:
482:
471:
470:
469:
468:
445:
439:
438:
398:
389:
388:
382:
377:
375:
367:
355:
346:
345:
339:
334:
332:
324:
316:
245:yes–no questions
233:relative clauses
48:spoken languages
40:signed languages
36:nonmanual signal
21:
18:Nonmanual marker
5136:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5084:
5075:
5053:
5047:
5033:Tactile signing
4982:
4951:
4880:
4853:
4832:
4808:Signed Japanese
4754:
4747:
4720:
4713:
4687:Stokoe notation
4665:
4567:
4527:Phonology (ASL)
4505:
4440:
4434:
4392:
4361:
4260:Argentine (LSA)
4245:
4077:
3900:New Costa Rican
3895:Old Costa Rican
3795:
3793:
3787:
3671:North Macedonia
3472:
3163:
3098:Bamako (LaSiMa)
3028:
3010:
2960:Other groupings
2955:
2807:Old Costa Rican
2782:Burkina (Mossi)
2762:Mauritian (MSL)
2635:Ghardaia (AJSL)
2548:Argentine (LSA)
2511:
2493:
2482:
2447:
2430:
2302:
2284:
2256:
2220:
2186:
2158:
2119:
2112:
2080:
2047:
2017:Danish (Tegnic)
2011:
1990:
1969:
1948:
1923:
1898:Yugoslavic Sign
1893:
1864:Bulgarian (БЖЕ)
1849:
1839:
1828:Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG)
1813:
1803:Hoailona ʻŌlelo
1796:
1779:
1766:Bamako (LaSiMa)
1747:(Françafrosign)
1746:
1740:
1716:
1688:Malaysian (BIM)
1630:
1623:
1598:Valencian (LSV)
1534:
1525:Paraguay (LSPY)
1516:
1509:
1493:
1487:
1448:
1410:
1342:
1312:
1287:
1271:
1265:
1229:Arab (Ishaaric)
1219:
1198:
1170:
1083:Iltyeme iltyeme
1054:
1051:
1044:
1034:
1028:
1010:
1005:
975:
974:
967:
950:
949:
945:
903:
902:
898:
884:
874:
867:
866:
862:
846:
842:
833:
829:
820:
818:
810:
809:
805:
798:
783:
782:
778:
726:
725:
721:
712:
708:
678:
677:
673:
645:
644:
640:
625:
612:
611:
607:
598:
594:
540:
539:
535:
526:
524:
516:
515:
511:
503:
501:
499:
484:
483:
474:
466:
464:
447:
446:
442:
400:
399:
392:
378:
368:
357:
356:
349:
335:
325:
318:
317:
308:
303:
278:
265:
221:
193:and BATTERY in
175:
170:
111:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5134:
5132:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5108:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
4996:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4942:William Stokoe
4939:
4934:
4929:
4927:Valerie Sutton
4924:
4919:
4917:Abbé de l'Épée
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4828:Signed Swedish
4825:
4820:
4818:Signed Spanish
4815:
4810:
4805:
4803:Signed Italian
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4759:
4757:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4646:Serbo-Croatian
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4573:Fingerspelling
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4351:
4346:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4325:
4320:
4317:
4312:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4296:
4291:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4270:
4265:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4192:
4187:
4184:
4179:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4159:Western Desert
4156:
4155:
4154:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4056:
4053:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4010:American (ASL)
4007:
4004:
4002:Old Salvadoran
3999:
3994:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3947:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3879:
3872:
3869:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3850:Maritime (MSL)
3847:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3819:American (ASL)
3816:
3813:
3808:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3765:Central Taurus
3762:
3759:
3754:
3751:
3746:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3725:
3720:
3717:
3712:
3709:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3672:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3656:
3653:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3637:
3632:
3629:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3555:
3550:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3520:United Kingdom
3518:
3516:French Belgian
3513:
3508:
3505:
3500:
3497:
3492:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3431:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3399:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3316:Kazakh-Russian
3313:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3222:
3220:Indo-Pakistani
3217:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2832:Peruvian (LSP)
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2777:Miyakubo Shuwa
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2615:Dogon/Douentza
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2437:American (ASL)
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2298:Namibian (NSL)
2294:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2204:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2118:Indo-Pakistani
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1965:Tunisian (TSL)
1962:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1919:Yugoslav (YSL)
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1905:Croatian (HZJ)
1901:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1824:
1822:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1776:Sierra Leonean
1774:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1699:Filipino (FSL)
1696:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1643:American (ASL)
1639:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1619:Romanian (LSR)
1616:
1615:
1614:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1556:Algerian (LSA)
1552:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1517:Uruguayan Sign
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1505:Chilean (LSCh)
1501:
1495:
1494:Uruguayan Sign
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1462:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1391:Maritime (MSL)
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1256:Qatari Unified
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1203:Zendath Kesign
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1176:Western Desert
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1153:Worora Kinship
1150:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1062:
1060:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1003:
996:
989:
981:
973:
972:
965:
943:
896:
887:|journal=
860:
840:
827:
803:
796:
776:
719:
706:
687:(5): 608–635.
671:
638:
623:
605:
592:
533:
509:
497:
472:
462:j.ctvbkk221.10
440:
413:(4): 369–392.
390:
347:
338:|journal=
305:
304:
302:
299:
282:William Stokoe
277:
274:
264:
261:
237:topicalisation
220:
217:
174:
171:
169:
166:
110:
107:
66:
63:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5133:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5116:Sign language
5114:
5113:
5111:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5050:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:Miscellaneous
4985:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:Organisations
4954:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4912:Laurent Clerc
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4902:Pär Aron Borg
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4813:Signed Polish
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4798:Signed German
4796:
4794:
4793:Signed French
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4716:
4708:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4517:Grammar (ASL)
4515:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4366:International
4364:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:South America
4248:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4223:Rossel Island
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4213:Mount Avejaha
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4059:Navajo Family
4057:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4006:United States
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3135:South African
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:Yoruban (YSL)
2944:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2931:Bura (Burasl)
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:West African
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Ugandan (USL)
2906:
2904:
2903:Turkish (TİD)
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Spanish (LSE)
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:Rossel Island
2854:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2844:Qahveh Khaneh
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Mount Avejaha
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2747:Maltese (LSM)
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:Atgangmuurniq
2668:
2667:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2645:Guinea-Bissau
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2489:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2251:Cepeda Peraza
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:Highland Maya
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2164:Japanese Sign
2161:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:Flemish (VGT)
2000:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:Mexican (LSM)
1979:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1960:Italian (LIS)
1958:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1889:Russian (РЖЯ)
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:Latvian (LSL)
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:Catalan (LSC)
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1530:Uruguay (LSU)
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:British (BSL)
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1194:Ngaatjatjarra
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1053:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1008:Sign language
1002:
997:
995:
990:
988:
983:
982:
979:
968:
962:
958:
954:
947:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
900:
897:
892:
879:
871:
864:
861:
858:
857:9780122678509
854:
850:
844:
841:
837:
831:
828:
817:
813:
807:
804:
799:
793:
789:
788:
780:
777:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
723:
720:
716:
710:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
675:
672:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
642:
639:
634:
630:
626:
624:9781501511806
620:
616:
609:
606:
602:
596:
593:
588:
584:
579:
574:
570:
566:
561:
556:
552:
548:
544:
537:
534:
523:
522:auslan.org.au
519:
513:
510:
500:
494:
490:
489:
481:
479:
477:
473:
463:
459:
455:
451:
444:
441:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
397:
395:
391:
386:
373:
365:
361:
354:
352:
348:
343:
330:
322:
315:
313:
311:
307:
300:
298:
296:
295:minimal pairs
290:
287:
283:
275:
273:
270:
262:
260:
256:
254:
253:signing space
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:interrogation
218:
216:
214:
209:
205:
203:
198:
196:
191:
186:
184:
180:
172:
167:
165:
163:
159:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
108:
106:
104:
100:
99:grammaticised
96:
91:
89:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:body language
64:
60:
55:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5091:
5085:
5076:
5074:
5054:
4871:Films (list)
4788:Signed Dutch
4733:Contact sign
4557:
4178:Hawaii (USA)
4071:
4064:
4049:
3874:
3865:
3757:Swiss-German
3393:Saudi Arabia
3131:South Africa
2865:
2848:
2722:Somali (SSL)
2649:
2557:
2492:Providencia–
2471:Nesilextcl'n
2444:Oneida (OSL)
2406:Tickanwa•tic
2394:Schitsu'umsh
2376:Nųmą́khų́·ki
2290:Paget Gorman
2211:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2155:Punjab-Sindh
2103:Polish (PJM)
2098:German (DGS)
1974:Mexican Sign
1953:Italian Sign
1857:Russian Sign
1820:French (LSF)
1793:Oneida (OSL)
1707:Quebec (LSQ)
1692:Oneida (OSL)
1609:
1605:French (LSF)
1458:Chinese Sign
1416:Swedish Sign
1140:
1111:
1094:
1087:
1065:
956:
946:
913:
909:
899:
878:cite journal
863:
848:
843:
835:
830:
819:. Retrieved
815:
806:
786:
779:
736:
732:
722:
714:
709:
684:
680:
674:
655:
651:
641:
614:
608:
600:
595:
550:
546:
536:
525:. Retrieved
521:
512:
502:, retrieved
487:
465:, retrieved
453:
443:
410:
406:
329:cite journal
291:
279:
266:
257:
249:
222:
210:
206:
199:
187:
178:
176:
155:
149:
145:
127:
112:
92:
68:
35:
31:
29:
5121:Linguistics
5013:Open Outcry
4937:Abbé Sicard
4922:Roger Fouts
4753:Signed Oral
4692:SignWriting
4540:Orientation
4510:Linguistics
4491:Pitha Pitha
4186:New Zealand
4122:Manjiljarra
3993:El Salvador
3753:Switzerland
3663:Netherlands
3503:Azerbaijani
3445:Old Bangkok
3385:Philippines
3073:Ivory Coast
2867:Sandy River
2605:Cuban (LSC)
2494:Cayman Sign
2343:Hinono'eino
2334:Coahuilteco
2319:Anishinaabe
2280:Old Bangkok
2201:Old Kentish
2130:Beluchistan
2090:German Sign
2071:Ho Chi Minh
1995:Old Belgian
1939:Dutch (NGT)
1678:Costa Rican
1571:Irish (ISL)
1515:Paraguayan-
1306:Palestinian
1189:Manjiljarra
1184:Kartutjarra
1119:Rdaka rdaka
1113:Pitha Pitha
916:(1): 3–37.
754:10230/36020
658:(1): 1–30.
269:turn taking
134:orientation
117:and giving
103:signwriting
5110:Categories
5038:Protactile
4677:ASL-phabet
4661:Portuguese
4563:Sign names
4548:Expression
4476:Old French
4461:Kalkutungu
4430:Name signs
4420:Literature
4357:Venezuelan
4331:Inmaculada
4323:Paraguayan
4315:Ecuadorian
4169:Yir Yoront
4020:Protactile
3997:Salvadoran
3989:Panamanian
3976:Nicaraguan
3953:Albarradas
3924:Guatemalan
3881:Costa Rica
3876:Old Cayman
3829:Protactile
3707:Portuguese
3675:Macedonian
3651:Lithuanian
3499:Azerbaijan
3468:Vietnamese
3425:Tajikistan
3413:Sri Lankan
3312:Kazakhstan
3282:Kafr Qasem
3233:Indonesian
2935:Mofu-Gudur
2873:Salvadoran
2850:Rennellese
2837:Inmaculada
2792:Mozambican
2742:Macedonian
2712:Kata Kolok
2702:Kafr Qasim
2661:Creole HSL
2412:Tsuu T'ina
2373:Niitsítapi
2367:Ni Mii Puu
2358:Maagiadawa
2322:Apsáalooke
2248:Trascorral
1932:Dutch Sign
1735:Yogyakarta
1695:Panamanian
1653:Protactile
1611:Old French
1588:Lithuanian
1544:Francosign
1161:Yir Yoront
1148:Warramunga
1096:Kalkutungu
1052:Aboriginal
1050:Australian
821:2022-04-14
633:1012688117
553:: 655168.
527:2022-04-02
518:"Signbank"
504:2022-04-04
467:2022-04-02
381:|url=
301:References
213:sign names
44:intonation
5094:indicate
4755:Languages
4656:Ukrainian
4616:Hungarian
4601:Esperanto
4532:Handshape
4501:Warluwara
4441:languages
4425:Profanity
4388:Signalong
4353:Venezuela
4349:Uruguayan
4302:Colombian
4256:Argentina
4127:Warlmanpa
4088:Australia
4026:Blackfeet
4015:Black ASL
3972:Nicaragua
3920:Guatemala
3912:Greenland
3835:Blackfoot
3824:Black ASL
3792:North and
3783:Ukrainian
3741:Valencian
3723:Slovenian
3691:Norwegian
3647:Lithuania
3611:Icelandic
3603:Hungarian
3450:Chiangmai
3421:Taiwanese
3409:Sri Lanka
3405:Singapore
3401:Singapore
3358:Mongolian
3332:Malaysian
3229:Indonesia
3198:Hong Kong
3186:Cambodian
3143:Tanzanian
3019:By region
2575:Bhutanese
2370:Niimíipuu
2352:Karankawa
2275:Hai Phong
2270:Chiangmai
2061:Hai Phong
2053:Viet-Thai
1915:Slovenian
1884:Mongolian
1850:Hungarian
1786:Hand Talk
1753:Ethiopian
1681:Dominican
1675:Cambodian
1470:Shanghai
1300:Jordanian
1293:Levantine
1272:Levantine
1157:Yan-nhaŋu
1142:Warluwara
1136:Warlmanpa
1102:Miriwoong
930:1081-4159
763:1613-4060
569:1664-1078
435:146327328
427:1469-1817
263:Discourse
130:handshape
105:systems.
4743:Mouthing
4719:Language
4702:ASLwrite
4626:Japanese
4581:American
4553:Mouthing
4544:Movement
4536:Location
4481:Old Kent
4447:Chilmark
4383:Monastic
4336:Peruvian
4319:Paraguay
4307:Provisle
4298:Colombia
4268:Bolivian
4228:Sinasina
4072:Henniker
4032:Cheyenne
3984:Chiriqui
3945:Honduran
3941:Honduras
3811:Belizean
3719:Slovenia
3703:Portugal
3569:Ghardaia
3553:Estonian
3532:Croatian
3495:Austrian
3487:Armenian
3441:Thailand
3389:Filipino
3381:Nepalese
3366:Ghandruk
3354:Mongolia
3350:Maldives
3346:Maldives
3342:Selangor
3328:Malaysia
3300:Miyakubo
3290:Japanese
3272:Ghardaia
3182:Cambodia
3139:Tanzania
3052:Cameroon
3048:Ghardaia
3043:Algerian
2878:Sinasina
2651:Henniker
2630:Ghandruk
2570:Belizean
2553:Armenian
2516:Isolates
2463:Kalispel
2460:A'aninin
2418:Wazhazhe
2415:Umatilla
2397:Shiwinna
2388:Piipaash
2337:Dane-zaa
2331:Cheyenne
2236:Yucatec
2207:Chilmark
2141:Calcutta
2025:Malagasy
1869:Georgian
1773:Nigerian
1770:Moroccan
1759:Ghanaian
1684:Jamaican
1670:Mandalay
1659:Bolivian
1629:American
1321:Possible
1303:Lebanese
1241:Egyptian
1107:Mudburra
1073:Djingili
1035:families
1033:Language
938:15585746
771:69448938
701:13572435
587:34113290
372:cite web
229:negation
158:mouthing
142:movement
138:location
115:phonemes
95:gestures
79:autistic
59:eyebrows
5092:Italics
5043:Tic-tac
4885:Persons
4721:contact
4670:Writing
4651:Spanish
4641:Russian
4596:Chilean
4591:Catalan
4456:Jaralde
4439:Extinct
4410:Grammar
4378:Makaton
4345:Uruguay
4311:Ecuador
4294:Chilean
4286:Ka'apor
4264:Bolivia
4082:Oceania
3968:Mexican
3958:Chatino
3937:Haitian
3866:Plateau
3796:America
3794:Central
3779:Ukraine
3775:Turkish
3749:Swedish
3736:Spanish
3731:Catalan
3715:Russian
3659:Russian
3655:Moldova
3643:Latvian
3627:Italian
3615:Ireland
3607:Iceland
3599:Hungary
3583:Germany
3561:Finnish
3557:Finland
3549:Estonia
3536:Denmark
3528:Croatia
3524:British
3511:Flemish
3507:Belgium
3491:Austria
3483:Armenia
3464:Vietnam
3429:Russian
3371:Jhankot
3324:Laotian
3277:Israeli
3259:Kurdish
3246:Persian
3215:Bengali
3194:Chinese
3178:Bengali
3159:Zambian
3151:Ugandan
3115:Senegal
3102:Nigeria
3069:Nanabin
3039:Algeria
2951:Zambian
2827:Persian
2733:Kisindo
2692:Ka'apor
2682:Jhankot
2600:Chatino
2453:Plateau
2435:Mixed,
2427:Wyandot
2421:Wichita
2409:Tháumgá
2391:Ppáⁿkka
2379:Nʉmʉnʉʉ
2355:Liksiyu
2346:Hiraacá
2325:Arikara
2192:Kentish
2134:Bengali
2044:Teknmál
1944:Gambian
1912:Serbian
1909:Kosovar
1848:Austro-
1818:Mixed,
1801:Mixed,
1784:Mixed,
1762:Guinean
1756:Chadian
1732:Jakarta
1663:Burmese
1631:(ASLic)
1328:Emirati
1246:Kuwaiti
1089:Jaralde
578:8185165
364:2971052
219:Phrasal
173:Lexical
150:setting
65:Purpose
5007:Loulis
5003:Washoe
4837:Others
4636:Polish
4631:Korean
4611:German
4606:French
4451:Diyari
4415:Idioms
4272:Brazil
4241:Samoan
4203:Kailge
4147:Umpila
4092:Auslan
4055:Navajo
4039:Oneida
4035:Ojibwa
3980:Panama
3949:Mexico
3890:Brunca
3885:Bribri
3871:Cayman
3855:Quebec
3845:Oneida
3841:Ojibwa
3815:Canada
3807:Belize
3770:Mardin
3761:Turkey
3745:Sweden
3711:Russia
3699:Polish
3695:Poland
3687:Norway
3639:Latvia
3631:Kosovo
3591:Greece
3587:German
3574:French
3565:France
3540:Danish
3477:Europe
3417:Taiwan
3337:Penang
3308:Korean
3295:Koniya
3263:Israel
3210:Alipur
3174:Bengal
3155:Zambia
3147:Uganda
3127:Somali
3085:Kenyan
3056:Maroua
3033:Africa
2989:(~150)
2822:Penang
2767:M'bour
2757:Mardin
2707:Kailge
2697:Kajana
2666:Inuit
2590:Brunca
2585:Bribri
2543:Alipur
2523:Afghan
2479:Sqeliz
2364:Nakota
2242:Nohkop
2239:Chicán
2148:Nepali
2138:Bombay
1667:Yangon
1401:Samoan
1387:Fijian
1364:Auslan
1352:BANZSL
1309:Syrian
1270:Iraqi–
1261:Yemeni
1251:Libyan
1210:Meriam
1124:Umpila
1067:Diyari
963:
936:
928:
855:
794:
769:
761:
699:
652:Glossa
631:
621:
585:
575:
567:
495:
460:
433:
425:
362:
239:, and
140:, and
123:manual
4863:Media
4621:Irish
4341:Sivia
4290:Chile
4233:Wanib
4208:Mehek
4174:Yolŋu
4142:Ngada
3963:Mayan
3933:Haiti
3929:Mayan
3908:Cuban
3727:Spain
3667:Dutch
3623:Italy
3619:Irish
3595:Greek
3579:Lyons
3433:Tibet
3397:Saudi
3376:Jumla
3362:Nepal
3304:Korea
3286:Japan
3254:Iraqi
3206:India
3190:China
3119:Mbour
3093:Tebul
3081:Kenya
3060:Ghana
2918:Wanib
2893:Tebul
2883:Sivia
2772:Mehek
2687:Jumla
2400:Sioux
2385:Palus
2382:Omaha
2245:Nohya
2144:Delhi
2066:Hanoi
1478:Macau
1338:Omani
1333:Saudi
1283:Iraqi
1166:Yolŋu
767:S2CID
697:S2CID
458:JSTOR
431:S2CID
360:S2CID
179:angry
168:Types
146:Place
5065:and
4697:si5s
4327:Peru
4281:Cena
4198:Enga
4029:Cree
3904:Cuba
3838:Cree
3455:Thai
3320:Laos
3250:Iraq
3242:Iran
3225:Naga
3168:Asia
3106:Bura
3089:Mali
2995:(7+)
2797:Naga
2625:Enga
2595:Cena
2403:Taos
2349:Icāk
2340:Diné
2120:Sign
961:ISBN
934:PMID
926:ISSN
891:help
853:ISBN
792:ISBN
759:ISSN
629:OCLC
619:ISBN
583:PMID
565:ISSN
493:ISBN
423:ISSN
385:help
342:help
235:and
109:Form
73:and
5067:BSL
5063:ASL
4402:ASL
918:doi
749:hdl
741:doi
689:doi
660:doi
573:PMC
555:doi
415:doi
190:ASL
181:in
88:ASL
46:in
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5078:^b
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5056:^a
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