211:, another protein layer, between the envelope and the genome. The virus wraps its delicate nucleic acid with a protein shell known as the capsid, from the Latin capsa, meaning "box," in order to shield it from this hostile environment. Similar to how numerous bricks come together to form a wall, the capsid is made up of one or more distinct protein types that repeatedly repeat to form the whole capsid. This repetitive pattern creates a robust but rather flexible capsid. The nucleic acid inside the capsid is appropriately protected by its modest size and physical difficulty in opening it. The nucleocapsid of the virion is made up of the nucleic acid and the capsid. Remember that the genomes of most viruses are very small. Genes code for instructions to make proteins, so small genomes cannot code for many proteins. Therefore, the virion capsid consists of one or only a few proteins that repeat over and over to form the structure. The viral nucleic acid would be physically too large to fit inside the capsid if it consisted of more than a few proteins. The capsid, having a focused role of protecting the genome in addition to immune recognition evasion. The viral capsid is known for its protection of RNA before it is inserted into the host cell, unlike the viral envelope which protects the protein capsid.
108:. One of the main parts of human pathogenic viruses is glycoprotein. They have been shown to play significant roles in immunity and infection. Viral glycoproteins, a new class of cellular inhibitory proteins has been discovered. These include the E3 ubiquitin ligases of the membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) family, which among other things, inhibits the expression of cell surface proteins implicated in adaptive immunity. Being made up mostly of host membrane, the viral envelope can also have the proteins associated with the host cell within their membrane after budding. Many enveloped viruses mature by budding at the plasma membrane, which allows them to be discharged from infected cells. During this procedure, viral transmembrane proteins, also known as
93:
triggering by the processes that go along with attachment and uptake, which frequently happens during transport of the fusion protein to the cell surface but may also happen extracellularly. So far, structural studies have revealed two kinds of viral fusion proteins. These proteins are believed to catalyze the same mechanism in both situations, resulting in the fusing of two bilayers. In other words, these proteins operate as enzymes, which while having various structural variations catalyze the same chemical reaction.
238:, therefore these viruses are easier to sterilize than non-enveloped viruses, have limited survival outside host environments, and typically must transfer directly from host to host. Viral envelope persistence, whether it be enveloped or naked, are a factor in determining longevity of a virus on inanimate surfaces. Enveloped viruses possess great adaptability and can change in a short time in order to evade the immune system. Enveloped viruses can cause
85:. Many enveloped viruses only have one protein visible on the surface of the particle, which is required for both mediating adhesion to the cell surface and for the subsequent membrane fusion process. To create potentially protective vaccines for human pathogenic enveloped viruses for which there is currently no vaccine, it is essential to comprehend how antibodies interact with viral envelope proteins, particularly with the fusion protein, and how
1312:
1560:
1548:
1584:
200:
the fusion between the viral envelope and the host's cellular membrane. In some cases, the virus with an envelope will form an endosome within the host cell. There are three main types of viral glycoproteins: Envelope proteins, membrane proteins, and spike proteins (E, M, and S). The viral envelope then fuses with the host's membrane, allowing the capsid and viral
1572:
31:
194:
and pseudo typed retroviruses have a harder time infecting TAM-deficient DCs, albeit infection can be brought back by type I IFN antibodies. A TAM kinase inhibitor, meanwhile, prevents infection of wild-type DCs. TAM receptors, which are potential targets for therapy, are thereby activated by viruses
136:
even in the absence of spike proteins by relying only on viral core components. The spike proteins can occasionally be produced as virus-like particles without the viral core. Therefore, optimal budding and release may be dependent on a coordinated "push-and-pull" action between core and spike, where
199:
on the host's membrane. The particular set of viral proteins are engaged in a series of structural changes. When these changes are set/finished, there is then and only then, fusion with the host membrane. These glycoproteins mediate the interaction between virion and host cell, typically initiating
77:
to fuse. Although there are effective vaccines against some of these viruses, there is no preventative or curative medicine for the majority of them. In most cases, the known vaccines operate by inducing antibodies that prevent the pathogen from entering cells. This happens in the case of enveloped
123:
For a very long time, it was thought that the spike proteins, which are necessary for infectivity, were directly incorporated into the viral core through their cytoplasmic domains. Recent research suggests that while such direct interactions may be what causes the budding of alphaviruses, this may
92:
Enveloped viruses enter cells by joining a cellular membrane to their lipid bilayer membrane. Priming by proteolytic processing, either of the fusion protein or of a companion protein, is necessary for the majority of viral fusion proteins. The priming stage then gets the fusion protein ready for
657:
Gelderblom HR. Structure and
Classification of Viruses. In: Baron S, editor. Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; 1996. Chapter 41. Available from:
189:
signaling to circumvent host defenses and advance infection.TAM-deficient DCs exhibit type I IFN responses that are more pronounced than those of wild-type cells in response to viral exposure. As a result,
728:
Bhattacharyya, Suchita; ZagĂłrska, Anna; Lew, Erin D.; Shrestha, Bimmi; Rothlin, Carla V.; Naughton, John; Diamond, Michael S.; Lemke, Greg; Young, John A.T. (2013-08-14).
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Firquet, Swan; Beaujard, Sophie; Lobert, Pierre-Emmanuel; Sané, Famara; Caloone, Delphine; Izard, Daniel; Hober, Didier (June 2015).
2893:
2827:
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may be seen on the membranes of several enveloped viruses, which they employ to bind Gas6 and
Protein S to activate TAM receptors.
787:"New Biophysical Approaches Reveal the Dynamics and Mechanics of Type I Viral Fusion Machinery and Their Interplay with Membranes"
2521:
2189:
113:
50:. It protects the genetic material in their life cycle when traveling between host cells. Not all viruses have envelopes. A
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1588:
2514:
2509:
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1953:
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Ligand-coated viruses stimulate type I IFN signaling, activate TAM receptors on dendritic cells (DCs), and suppress
1818:
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1229:
1171:
2700:
2504:
1705:
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148:
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Banerjee, Nilotpal, and Sumi
Mukhopadhyay. “Viral glycoproteins: biological role and application in diagnosis.”
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2012:
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Vaccination against enveloped viruses can function by neutralizing the glycoprotein activity with antibodies.
1608:
1265:
730:"Enveloped Viruses Disable Innate Immune Responses in Dendritic Cells by Direct Activation of TAM Receptors"
196:
1852:
195:
to reduce type I IFN signaling. Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope serve to identify and bind to
3262:
3098:
2983:
1823:
1471:
1124:"Common Features of Enveloped Viruses and Implications for Immunogen Design for Next-Generation Vaccines"
481:"Common Features of Enveloped Viruses and Implications for Immunogen Design for Next-Generation Vaccines"
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2103:
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2016:
1963:
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2008:
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290:
3227:
3104:
526:
186:
179:
601:
Lun, Cheng Man; Waheed, Abdul A.; Majadly, Ahlam; Powell, Nicole; Freed, Eric O. (2021-03-16).
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630:
614:
573:
557:
508:
492:
3171:
2628:
2618:
2371:
1394:
1379:
1374:
1358:
1311:
315:
171:
35:
951:
Stuart, David I.; Ren, Jingshan; Wang, Xiangxi; Rao, Zihe; Fry, Elizabeth E. (May 2019).
3245:
3128:
1999:
1919:
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1338:
1148:
1123:
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917:
905:
821:
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729:
705:
672:
635:
602:
578:
545:
513:
480:
370:
310:
270:
141:
82:
70:
218:
often dies or is weakened, and sheds more viral particles for an extended period. The
3288:
3194:
2845:
2306:
1943:
1660:
1635:
1631:
1503:
1415:
1348:
1301:
852:
428:
387:
375:
260:
219:
144:
109:
101:
97:
74:
2914:
2866:
2818:
2770:
2691:
2476:
2312:
1989:
1798:
1665:
1639:
1466:
1461:
1425:
1410:
1389:
1245:
863:
White, Judith M, and Gary R Whittaker. “Fusion of
Enveloped Viruses in Endosomes.”
603:"Mechanism of Viral Glycoprotein Targeting by Membrane-Associated RING-CH Proteins"
530:
392:
365:
360:
340:
285:
275:
191:
152:
125:
105:
1600:
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2797:
2117:
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968:
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223:
1200:
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745:
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1533:
1508:
1025:
892:
659:
561:
402:
397:
325:
265:
235:
227:
117:
86:
81:
The membrane fusion event that triggers viral entrance is caused by the viral
1090:
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976:
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626:
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1984:
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1343:
677:
BioEssays: News and
Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
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175:
156:
17:
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994:
830:
771:
688:
644:
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522:
1082:
714:
618:
1764:
1275:
1175:
843:
Navaratnarajah, C.K. et al. “Assembly of
Viruses: Enveloped Particles.”
1067:"Survival of Enveloped and Non-Enveloped Viruses on Inanimate Surfaces"
215:
133:
73:, and they infect their target cells by causing the viral envelope and
59:
1214:
872:
803:
30:
3024:
2962:
2710:
2649:
2542:
2040:
1696:
1528:
1291:
208:
201:
168:
63:
546:"Viral glycoproteins: biological role and application in diagnosis"
2595:
2585:
2580:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2162:
2157:
2152:
1249:
47:
29:
78:
viruses when the antibodies bind to the viral envelope proteins.
3147:
2978:
2590:
2575:
2004:
1740:
231:
69:
Numerous human pathogenic viruses in circulation are encased in
1604:
1218:
3208:
3204:
3187:
2333:
2184:
353:
The following are some examples of viruses without envelopes:
96:
The envelopes are typically derived from portions of the host
253:
The following are some examples of enveloped virus species:
671:
Cadd, T. L.; Skoging, U.; Liljeström, P. (November 1997).
159:
cells and inhibit immunological responses brought on by
673:"Budding of enveloped viruses from the plasma membrane"
454:
544:
Banerjee, Nilotpal; Mukhopadhyay, Sumi (March 2016).
222:
envelope of these viruses is relatively sensitive to
27:
Outermost layer of many types of the infectious agent
3253:
3244:
3221:
3158:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3023:
3011:
3002:
2961:
2949:
2940:
2913:
2901:
2892:
2865:
2853:
2844:
2817:
2805:
2796:
2769:
2757:
2748:
2723:
2690:
2648:
2636:
2627:
2612:
2530:
2485:
2470:
2415:
2380:
2365:
2350:
2321:
2297:
2247:
2232:
2219:
2210:
2172:
2141:
2130:
2079:
2067:
2039:
2027:
1998:
1980:
1951:
1942:
1917:
1886:
1860:
1851:
1840:
1806:
1797:
1772:
1763:
1723:
1695:
1683:
1674:
1656:
1647:
1444:
1403:
1367:
1319:
1284:
1203:. Molecular Expressions: Images from the Microscope
137:oligomerization of both components is essential.
785:Benhaim, Mark A.; Lee, Kelly K. (2020-04-08).
62:in the envelope, which may be acquired by the
1616:
1230:
1122:Rey, Felix A.; Lok, Shee-Mei (8 March 2018).
8:
446:
444:
1010:"Capsid and Infectivity in Virus Detection"
957:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
660:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8174/
479:Rey, Felix A.; Lok, Shee-Mei (2018-03-08).
3250:
3241:
3082:
3073:
3020:
3008:
2958:
2946:
2910:
2898:
2862:
2850:
2814:
2802:
2766:
2754:
2645:
2633:
2624:
2482:
2377:
2362:
2318:
2244:
2229:
2216:
2138:
2076:
2036:
2024:
1995:
1948:
1857:
1848:
1803:
1769:
1692:
1680:
1671:
1653:
1623:
1609:
1601:
1237:
1223:
1215:
2780:Parainfluenza hemagglutinin-neuraminidase
1147:
1098:
1041:
984:
935:
820:
802:
761:
704:
634:
577:
512:
1479:Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections
46:is the outermost layer of many types of
440:
167:(IFNs) when they are activated by the
104:and proteins), but include some viral
2924:Respiratory syncytial virus G protein
7:
1571:
953:"Hepatitis A Virus Capsid Structure"
906:"Virus Structure and Classification"
1583:
918:10.1016/B978-0-12-800947-5.00002-8
207:All enveloped viruses also have a
25:
2828:Mumps hemagglutinin-neuraminidase
349:Examples of non-enveloped viruses
2190:Hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase
1582:
1570:
1559:
1558:
1546:
1310:
853:10.1016/B978-012374410-4.00667-1
140:They may help viruses avoid the
2021:(non-enveloped circular ds-DNA)
1014:Food and Environmental Virology
112:, are integrated into membrane
204:to enter and infect the host.
1:
3041:Vesiculovirus matrix proteins
249:Examples of enveloped viruses
116:containing components of the
214:The cell from which a virus
66:from an infected host cell.
3078:Structure and genome of HIV
2135:(circular partially ds-DNA)
969:10.1101/cshperspect.a031807
867:vol. 17,6 (2016): 593-614.
130:negative strand RNA viruses
3311:
1711:Herpesvirus glycoprotein B
1140:10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.054
746:10.1016/j.chom.2013.07.005
497:10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.054
1706:HHV capsid portal protein
1542:
1308:
1271:Social history of viruses
1256:
1071:Microbes and Environments
1026:10.1007/s12560-009-9020-y
904:Louten, Jennifer (2016).
893:10.1007/s13337-015-0293-5
562:10.1007/s13337-015-0293-5
149:receptor tyrosine kinases
132:. These viruses can form
1008:Cliver, Dean O. (2009).
910:Essential Human Virology
887:vol. 27,1 (2016): 1-11.
845:Encyclopedia of Virology
2701:Influenza hemagglutinin
734:Cell Host & Microbe
3263:Gag-onc fusion protein
1472:Helper dependent virus
689:10.1002/bies.950191109
52:viral envelope protein
39:
3233:murine leukemia virus
3124:Reverse transcriptase
3004:Indiana vesiculovirus
2876:Measles hemagglutinin
1174:. CDC. Archived from
1083:10.1264/jsme2.ME14145
619:10.1128/mBio.00219-21
240:persistent infections
33:
1964:Early 35 kDa protein
1524:Virus quantification
1519:Virus classification
451:HURLBERT, RONALD E.
124:not be the case for
89:neutralize viruses.
1514:Virus-like particle
178:. The phospholipid
161:Toll-like receptors
3228:Rous sarcoma virus
1172:"The Rabies Virus"
187:type II interferon
180:phosphatidylserine
165:type I interferons
40:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3217:
3216:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2744:
2743:
2719:
2718:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2466:
2465:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2293:
2292:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2126:
2125:
2113:
2112:
2063:
2062:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1938:
1937:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1793:
1792:
1759:
1758:
1719:
1718:
1598:
1597:
1489:Neurotropic virus
1334:Viral replication
1201:"Virus Structure"
873:10.1111/tra.12389
847:(2008): 193–200.
804:10.3390/v12040413
424:Bacterial capsule
38:, coat = envelope
16:(Redirected from
3302:
3251:
3242:
3083:
3074:
3021:
3009:
2959:
2947:
2942:Zaire ebolavirus
2911:
2899:
2863:
2851:
2815:
2803:
2767:
2755:
2646:
2634:
2625:
2548:3C-like protease
2483:
2378:
2363:
2319:
2245:
2239:Duplornaviricota
2230:
2217:
2139:
2077:
2037:
2025:
1996:
1949:
1858:
1849:
1804:
1770:
1693:
1681:
1672:
1654:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1602:
1586:
1585:
1574:
1573:
1562:
1561:
1550:
1385:Phenotype mixing
1321:Viral life cycle
1314:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1151:
1134:(6): 1319–1334.
1119:
1113:
1112:
1102:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1005:
999:
998:
988:
948:
942:
941:
939:
901:
895:
881:
875:
861:
855:
841:
835:
834:
824:
806:
782:
776:
775:
765:
725:
719:
718:
708:
683:(11): 993–1000.
668:
662:
655:
649:
648:
638:
613:(2): e00219–21.
598:
592:
591:
581:
541:
535:
534:
516:
491:(6): 1319–1334.
476:
470:
469:
467:
466:
457:. Archived from
448:
311:Orthomyxoviruses
21:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3266:
3213:
3172:transactivators
3154:
3047:
2990:
2928:
2880:
2832:
2784:
2740:
2715:
2686:
2629:Influenza virus
2619:Negarnaviricota
2616:
2614:
2600:
2526:
2474:
2462:
2411:
2372:Kitrinoviricota
2369:
2354:
2352:
2338:
2310:
2289:
2236:
2221:
2194:
2168:
2134:
2122:
2109:
2059:
2020:
2002:
1988:
1982:
1968:
1934:
1913:
1882:
1844:
1843:(Duplodnaviria,
1842:
1841:circular ds-DNA
1828:
1789:
1755:
1715:
1664:
1658:
1643:
1629:
1599:
1594:
1538:
1440:
1399:
1395:Viral evolution
1380:Antigenic shift
1375:Antigenic drift
1363:
1359:Lysogenic cycle
1315:
1306:
1280:
1252:
1243:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1181:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1007:
1006:
1002:
950:
949:
945:
928:
903:
902:
898:
882:
878:
862:
858:
842:
838:
784:
783:
779:
727:
726:
722:
670:
669:
665:
656:
652:
600:
599:
595:
543:
542:
538:
478:
477:
473:
464:
462:
450:
449:
442:
437:
420:
351:
316:Paramyxoviridae
251:
36:Cytomegalovirus
34:Schematic of a
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3308:
3306:
3298:
3297:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3260:
3258:
3248:
3246:Fusion protein
3239:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3167:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3129:HIV-1 protease
3126:
3121:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3094:
3092:
3080:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3035:matrix protein
3030:
3028:
3018:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2973:matrix protein
2968:
2966:
2956:
2944:
2938:
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2920:
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2732:
2730:
2721:
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2717:
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2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2674:viral envelope
2670:
2669:
2668:
2660:matrix protein
2655:
2653:
2643:
2631:
2622:
2615:negative-sense
2610:
2609:
2606:
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2601:
2599:
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2593:
2588:
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2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
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2553:
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2551:
2539:
2537:
2528:
2527:
2525:
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2519:
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2512:
2507:
2499:viral envelope
2494:
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2394:viral envelope
2389:
2387:
2375:
2360:
2353:positive-sense
2348:
2347:
2344:
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2336:
2330:
2328:
2316:
2295:
2294:
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2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2242:
2227:
2214:
2208:
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2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2167:
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2165:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
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2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2046:
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2034:
2022:
2000:Polyomaviridae
1993:
1978:
1977:
1974:
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1970:
1969:
1967:
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1958:
1946:
1940:
1939:
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1895:
1893:
1884:
1883:
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1880:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1855:
1846:
1845:Varidnaviria?)
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1801:
1795:
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1713:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1690:
1678:
1676:Herpes simplex
1669:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1632:Viral proteins
1630:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1580:
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1484:Marine viruses
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1452:Antiviral drug
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1339:Viral shedding
1336:
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1317:
1316:
1309:
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1299:
1297:Viral envelope
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1234:
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1194:External links
1192:
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1077:(2): 140–144.
1057:
1020:(3): 123–128.
1000:
963:(5): a031807.
943:
926:
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740:(2): 136–147.
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271:Hepadnaviridae
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197:receptor sites
110:spike proteins
98:cell membranes
83:fusion protein
71:lipid bilayers
44:viral envelope
26:
24:
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13:
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2750:Parainfluenza
2747:
2737:
2734:
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2727:
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2712:
2709:
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2706:Neuraminidase
2704:
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2018:
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2001:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1950:
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1945:
1944:Baculoviridae
1941:
1931:
1928:
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1925:
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1667:
1662:
1661:Duplodnaviria
1657:linear ds-DNA
1655:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1614:
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1530:
1527:
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1507:
1505:
1504:Viral disease
1502:
1500:
1497:
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1447:
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1429:
1427:
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1422:
1419:
1417:
1416:Bacteriophage
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1349:Virus latency
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1303:
1302:Viral protein
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1178:on 2017-01-18
1177:
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927:9780128009475
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486:
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472:
461:on 2008-11-10
460:
456:
455:
447:
445:
441:
434:
430:
429:Cell envelope
427:
425:
422:
421:
417:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
388:Caliciviruses
386:
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383:
379:
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376:Anelloviruses
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
356:
355:
354:
348:
342:
339:
338:
337:Retroviruses
336:
332:
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324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
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283:
281:
277:
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272:
269:
267:
264:
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261:Herpesviridae
259:
258:
256:
255:
254:
248:
246:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:lipid bilayer
217:
212:
210:
205:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
170:
166:
162:
158:
155:clearance of
154:
150:
146:
145:immune system
143:
138:
135:
134:bud particles
131:
127:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
106:glycoproteins
103:
102:phospholipids
99:
94:
90:
88:
84:
79:
76:
75:cell membrane
72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
3170:
3159:
3135:
3111:
3097:
3086:
3033:
3012:
2971:
2950:
2915:glycoprotein
2902:
2867:glycoprotein
2854:
2819:glycoprotein
2806:
2771:glycoprotein
2758:
2724:
2692:glycoprotein
2673:
2672:
2658:
2637:
2531:
2522:Nucleocapsid
2498:
2497:
2486:
2477:Pisuviricota
2416:
2393:
2392:
2381:
2322:
2313:Pisuviricota
2248:
2173:
2142:
2068:
2028:
1990:Monodnaviria
1952:
1918:
1887:
1861:
1853:Epstein–Barr
1807:
1799:Adenoviridae
1773:
1724:
1684:
1666:Varidnaviria
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1467:Viral vector
1462:Helper virus
1426:Human virome
1411:Animal virus
1390:Reassortment
1296:
1266:Introduction
1246:Microbiology
1205:. Retrieved
1180:. Retrieved
1176:the original
1166:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1017:
1013:
1003:
960:
956:
946:
909:
899:
885:Virusdisease
884:
879:
864:
859:
844:
839:
794:
790:
780:
737:
733:
723:
680:
676:
666:
653:
610:
606:
596:
553:
550:Virusdisease
549:
539:
488:
484:
474:
463:. Retrieved
459:the original
453:
403:Astroviruses
384:RNA viruses
366:Parvoviruses
361:Adenoviruses
357:DNA viruses
352:
341:Retroviruses
326:Bunyaviruses
291:Alphaviridae
286:Flaviviridae
282:RNA viruses
276:Asfarviridae
257:DNA viruses
252:
244:
226:, heat, and
213:
206:
192:flaviviruses
184:
139:
126:retroviruses
122:
95:
91:
80:
68:
55:
51:
43:
41:
18:Nonenveloped
3255:oncoprotein
2367:Hepatitis C
2132:Hepatitis B
2118:Agnoprotein
2081:oncoprotein
2055:VP2 and VP3
1589:WikiProject
1457:Giant virus
1436:Plant virus
1354:Lytic cycle
1329:Viral entry
797:(4): E413.
556:(1): 1–11.
408:Hepeviridae
331:Filoviruses
321:Rhabdovirus
306:Hepatitis D
301:Coronavirus
296:Togaviridae
228:amphiphiles
224:desiccation
120:(capsid).
2680:M2 protein
2666:M1 protein
2472:SARS-CoV-2
1534:Virosphere
1509:Viral load
1499:Satellites
1285:Components
1207:2007-06-27
1182:2008-11-07
465:2008-11-07
435:References
398:Reoviruses
266:Poxviridae
236:detergents
153:phagocytic
118:viral core
87:antibodies
3222:Multiple
3119:Integrase
2357:Riboviria
2234:Rotavirus
2224:Riboviria
1985:Riboviria
1494:Oncovirus
1431:Mycovirus
1421:Virophage
1344:Viroplasm
1091:1342-6311
1034:1867-0334
977:2157-1422
912:: 19–29.
813:1999-4915
754:1931-3128
697:0265-9247
627:2150-7511
570:2347-3584
505:0092-8674
176:Protein S
157:apoptotic
151:increase
56:E protein
3295:Virology
3289:Category
2515:Membrane
2510:Envelope
2104:SV40 Tag
1765:Vaccinia
1565:Category
1368:Genetics
1276:Virology
1158:29522750
1109:25843687
1052:20234879
995:30037986
831:32276357
772:23954153
645:33727347
588:26925438
523:29522750
418:See also
230:such as
114:vesicles
2846:Measles
2299:Rhinov.
1746:ICP34.5
1577:Commons
1404:By host
1261:History
1149:7112304
1100:4462923
1043:2837222
986:6496327
937:7150055
865:Traffic
822:7232462
791:Viruses
763:3779433
715:9394621
706:7161837
636:8092221
579:4758313
531:3775608
514:7112304
169:ligands
60:protein
48:viruses
3025:capsid
2963:capsid
2711:HA-tag
2650:capsid
2613:ss-RNA
2543:ORF1ab
2351:ss-RNA
2311:etc. (
2220:ds-RNA
2041:capsid
1909:EBNA-3
1904:EBNA-2
1899:EBNA-1
1697:capsid
1553:Portal
1529:Virome
1292:Capsid
1156:
1146:
1107:
1097:
1089:
1050:
1040:
1032:
993:
983:
975:
934:
924:
829:
819:
811:
770:
760:
752:
713:
703:
695:
643:
633:
625:
586:
576:
568:
529:
521:
511:
503:
209:capsid
202:genome
147:. TAM
64:capsid
3161:VRAPs
3143:gp120
2798:Mumps
2596:ORF9b
2586:ORF7b
2581:ORF7a
2571:ORF3d
2566:ORF3c
2561:ORF3b
2556:ORF3a
2550:(NS5)
2505:Spike
2307:Hep A
2303:Polio
2163:HBeAg
2158:HBcAg
2153:HBsAg
2017:HaPyV
2013:MCPyV
1981:other
1920:ncRNA
1878:LMP-2
1873:LMP-1
1751:ICP47
1736:vmw65
1636:early
1445:Other
1250:Virus
527:S2CID
58:is a
3148:gp41
3088:VSPs
3014:VSPs
2984:VP24
2979:VP40
2952:VSPs
2904:VSPs
2856:VSPs
2808:VSPs
2760:VSPs
2726:VNPs
2639:VSPs
2591:ORF8
2576:ORF6
2533:VNPs
2488:VSPs
2458:NS5B
2453:NS5A
2448:NS4B
2443:NS4A
2418:VNPs
2383:VSPs
2324:VNPs
2285:NSP6
2280:NSP5
2275:NSP4
2270:NSP3
2265:NSP2
2260:NSP1
2250:VNPs
2175:VNPs
2144:VSPs
2100:LTag
2095:MTag
2090:STag
2070:VNPs
2030:VSPs
2009:MPyV
2005:SV40
1954:VNPs
1930:EBER
1889:VNPs
1863:VSPs
1809:VNPs
1785:B13R
1775:VNPs
1741:ICP8
1726:VNPs
1686:VSPs
1640:late
1638:and
1154:PMID
1128:Cell
1105:PMID
1087:ISSN
1048:PMID
1030:ISSN
991:PMID
973:ISSN
922:ISBN
827:PMID
809:ISSN
768:PMID
750:ISSN
711:PMID
693:ISSN
641:PMID
623:ISSN
607:mBio
584:PMID
566:ISSN
519:PMID
501:ISSN
485:Cell
234:and
232:soap
216:buds
174:and
172:Gas6
163:and
142:host
128:and
3209:Vpx
3207:or
3205:Vpu
3200:Vif
3195:Nef
3188:Vpr
3183:Rev
3178:Tat
3137:env
3113:pol
3105:p24
3099:gag
2894:RSV
2736:NS1
2438:NS3
2433:NS2
2334:VPg
2212:RNA
2185:HBx
2050:VP1
1824:E1B
1819:E1A
1649:DNA
1144:PMC
1136:doi
1132:172
1095:PMC
1079:doi
1038:PMC
1022:doi
981:PMC
965:doi
932:PMC
914:doi
889:doi
869:doi
849:doi
817:PMC
799:doi
758:PMC
742:doi
701:PMC
685:doi
631:PMC
615:doi
574:PMC
558:doi
509:PMC
493:doi
489:172
54:or
3291::
3069:RT
2428:P7
2405:E2
2400:E1
2305:,
2301:,
2015:,
2011:,
2007:,
1248::
1152:.
1142:.
1130:.
1126:.
1103:.
1093:.
1085:.
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1073:.
1069:.
1046:.
1036:.
1028:.
1016:.
1012:.
989:.
979:.
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920:.
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793:.
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766:.
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736:.
732:.
709:.
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681:19
679:.
675:.
639:.
629:.
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611:12
609:.
605:.
582:.
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552:.
548:.
525:.
517:.
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499:.
487:.
483:.
443:^
242:.
42:A
3257::
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3090::
3027::
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2374:)
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2102:(
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2032::
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2003:(
1992:)
1987:,
1983:(
1956::
1922::
1891::
1865::
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1659:(
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1624:e
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1231:t
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1210:.
1185:.
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1138::
1111:.
1081::
1054:.
1024::
1018:1
997:.
967::
961:9
940:.
916::
891::
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851::
833:.
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647:.
617::
590:.
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495::
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100:(
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