501:
1643:, which relied on the scholars whom they hired. There is a general but far from uniform consensus among the leading scholars about what should or should not be said in standard English; but for every rule, examples from famous English writers can be found that break it. Uniformity of spoken English never existed and does not exist now, but usages do exist, which must be learnt by the speakers, and do not conform to prescriptive rules.
43:
840:
special purposes, such as a liturgical or sacred language. Fasold expanded the concept still further by proposing that multiple H exist in society from which the users can select for various purposes. The definition of an H is intermediate between
Ferguson's and Fishman's. Realizing the inappropriateness of the term diglossia (only two) to his concept, he proposes the term broad diglossia.
262:
825:(1959), but Ferguson explicitly excluded variants as divergent as dialects or different languages or as similar as styles or registers. It must not be a conversational form; Ferguson had in mind a literary language. For example, a lecture is delivered in a different variety than ordinary conversation. Ferguson's own example was classical and spoken Arabic, but the analogy between
821:("split tongue", on the model of the genetic anomaly). In it, the language is bifurcated: the speaker learns two forms of the language and ordinarily uses one but under special circumstances uses the other. The one most frequently used is the low (L) variant, equivalent to the vernacular, while the special variant is the high (H). The concept was introduced to linguistics by
246:
1090:
has been heard constantly on radio and then television for over 60 years, only 3 to 5% of the population of
Britain actually speaks RP … new brands of English have been springing up even in recent times ...." What the vernacular would be in this case is a moot point: "… the standardisation of English has been in progress for many centuries."
485:
1704:, a former army surgeon who had become criminally insane and made most of his contributions while incarcerated. Whether the OED is the long-desired standard English Dictionary is debatable, but its authority is taken seriously by the entire English-speaking world. Its staff is currently working on a third edition.
1634:
remains a quasi-fictional ideal, despite the numerous private organizations publishing prescriptive rules for it. No language academy was ever established or espoused by any government past or present in the
English-speaking world. In practice the British monarchy and its administrations established
217:
standard." In other words, the adjective "nonstandard" should not be taken to mean that these various dialects were intrinsically incorrect, less logical, or otherwise inferior, only that they were not the socially perceived norm or mainstream considered prestigious or appropriate for public speech;
1089:
Being the language of a maritime power, English was (of necessity) formed from elements of many different languages. Standardisation has been an ongoing issue. Even in the age of modern communications and mass media, according to one study, "… although the
Received Pronunciation of Standard English
839:
redefined the concept in 1964 to include everything
Ferguson had excluded. Fishman allowed both different languages and dialects and also different styles and registers as the H variants. The essential contrast between them was that they be "functionally differentiated"; that is, H must be used for
1646:
Usages have been documented not by prescriptive grammars, which on the whole are less comprehensible to the general public, but by comprehensive dictionaries, often termed unabridged, which attempt to list all usages of words and the phrases in which they occur as well as the date of first use and
872:
from which the speaker selects according to the social setting of the moment. The vernacular is "the least self-conscious style of people in a relaxed conversation", or "the most basic style"; that is, casual varieties used spontaneously rather than self-consciously, informal talk used in intimate
1514:) are considered to have been composed in the early fourteenth century, and are present in manuscripts from soon after. These tractates draw on the traditions of the Latin grammars of Donatus and Priscianus and also on the teaching of the professional Welsh poets. The tradition of grammars of the
1286:. Various administrations wished to create a civil service, or chancery, language that would be useful in more than one locality. And finally, nationalists wished to counter the spread of the French national language into German-speaking territories assisted by the efforts of the French Academy.
1045:
is known for its alternative spellings and pronunciations. The
British Isles, although geographically limited, have always supported populations of widely-varied dialects, as well as a few different languages; some examples of languages and regional accents (and/or dialects) within Great Britain
889:
thus defined are dialects, which are to be identified as complexes of factors: "social class, region, ethnicity, situation, and so forth". Both the standard and non-standard languages have dialects, but in contrast to the standard language, the non-standard language has "socially disfavored"
1786:
dictionaries began in the 16th century and were at first multi-lingual. They were preceded by glossaries of German words and phrases on various specialized topics. Finally interest in developing a vernacular German grew to the point where Maaler could publish a work called by
2081:
The term "vernacular" may also be applied metaphorically to any cultural product of the lower, common orders of society that is relatively uninfluenced by the ideas and ideals of the educated Ă©lite. Hence, vernacular has had connotations of a coarseness and crudeness.
1277:
was not identical to any specific variety of German. The first grammar evolved from pedagogical works that also tried to create a uniform standard from the many regional dialects for various reasons. Religious leaders wished to create a sacred language for
1854:
in 1536. In the mid-16th the dictionaries began, as listed below. In 1582 the first language academy was formed, called
Accademia della Crusca, "bran academy", which sifted language like grain. Once formed, its publications were standard-setting.
1684:(1747), which would imitate the dictionary being produced by the French Academy. He had no problem acquiring the funding, but not as a prescriptive dictionary. This was to be a grand comprehensive dictionary of all English words at any period,
1297:
until the 17th century, when grammarians began to debate the creation of an ideal language. Before 1550 as a conventional date, "supraregional compromises" were used in printed works, such as the one published by
Valentin Ickelsamer
1391:, "Grammar of the Tuscan Language". In it Alberti sought to demonstrate that the vernacular – here Tuscan, known today as modern Italian – was every bit as structured as Latin. He did so by mapping vernacular structures onto Latin.
1476:) has a development similar to that of Italian. There was some vocabulary in Isidore of Seville, with traces afterward, writing from about the 12th century; standardisation began in the 15th century, concurrent with the rise of
1302:) 1534. Books published in one of these artificial variants began to increase in frequency, replacing the Latin then in use. After 1550 the supraregional ideal broadened to a universal intent to create a national language from
374:, while it has become common thought to assume that nonstandard dialects should not be taught, there has been evidence to prove that teaching nonstandard dialects in the classroom can encourage some children to learn English.
982:) followed five years after, in 1564. The Latinizing tendency changed course, with a joint publication, in 1584 by De Eglantier and the rhetoric society of Amsterdam; this was to be the first comprehensive Dutch grammar,
816:
These circumstances are a contrast between a vernacular and language variant used by the same speakers. According to one school of linguistic thought, all such variants are examples of a linguistic phenomenon termed
1224:. The written language is known from at least as early as the 9th century. That language contained many forms still identifiable as Latin. Interest in standardizing French began in the 16th century. Because of the
233:
that is a vernacular may not have historically benefited from the institutional support or sanction that a standard dialect has. According to another definition, a vernacular is a language that has not developed a
1693:
By 1858, the need for an update resulted in the first planning for a new comprehensive dictionary to document standard
English, a term coined at that time by the planning committee. The dictionary, known as the
1228:
and the Anglo-Norman domains in both northwestern France and
Britain, English scholars retained an interest in the fate of French as well as of English. Some of the numerous 16th-century surviving grammars are:
1097:, where the king resided and from which he ruled. It contained Danish forms not often used in the north or south, as the Danes had settled heavily in the midlands. Chaucer wrote in an early East Midland style;
2011:
1093:
Modern English came into being as the standard Middle English (i.e., as the preferred dialect of the monarch, court and administration). That dialect was of the East Midland, which had spread to
2957:
DeGrauwe, Luc (2002). "Emerging Mother-Tongue Awareness: The Special Case of Dutch and German in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period". In Linn, Andrew Robert; McLelland, Nicola (eds.).
833:
is of the same type. Excluding the upper-class and lower-class register aspects of the two variants, Classical Latin was a literary language; the people spoke Vulgar Latin as a vernacular.
946:
were written, though not always immediately published. It is to be understood that the first precursors of those languages preceded their standardization by up to several hundred years.
1494:
grammatically, in order to facilitate the study of Latin for its Spanish-speaking readers. Book 5 contains a phonetical and morphological overview of Spanish for nonnative speakers.
1329:
in Italy. It was one of many such clubs; however, none became a national academy. In 1618–1619 Johannes Kromayer wrote the first all-German grammar. In 1641 Justin Georg Schottel in
1293:) did evolve without the assistance of a language academy. Its precise origin, the major constituents of its features, remains uncertainly known and debatable. Latin prevailed as a
359:. This classic piece of literature, commonly taught in schools in the U.S., includes dialogue from various characters in their own native vernaculars (including representations of
873:
situations. In other contexts the speaker does conscious work to select the appropriate variations. The one they can use without this effort is the first form of speech acquired.
1150:(1580), but his orthography was not generally accepted and was soon supplanted, thus his grammar shared a similar fate. Other grammars in English followed rapidly; Paul Greaves'
2535:
In 1953, UNESCO defined a lingua franca as 'a language which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them.'
585:
1522); Bible in Spanish: published in Basel in 1569 by Casiodoro de Reina (Biblia del Oso); Bible in Czech: Bible of Kralice, printed between 1579 and 1593; Bible in English:
890:
structures. The standard language is primarily written (in traditional print media), whereas the non-standard language is spoken. An example of a vernacular dialect is
53:
1766:
769:
in Tamil country. Sanskrit was a lingua franca among the non-Indo-European languages of the Indian subcontinent and became more of one as the spoken languages, or
2752:
Marazzini, Claudio (2000), "102. Early grammatical descriptions of Italian", in Auroux, Sylvain; Koerner, E. F. K.; Niederehe, Hans-Josef; et al. (eds.),
2194:
usually refers to spoken language, it sometimes is used to refer to written language that intentionally reflects or imitates a certain form of spoken language.
222:
rationalization. Again, however, linguistics regards all varieties of a language as coherent, complex, and complete systems—even nonstandard varieties.
2058:
1672:
1306:
by deliberately ignoring regional forms of speech, which practice was considered to be a form of purification parallel to the ideal of purifying religion in
648:
966:
from the 1420s onward) attempted to impose a Latin structure on Dutch, on the presumption that Latin grammar had a "universal character". However, in 1559,
1380:
of subsequent medieval writers. Documents of mixed Latin and Italian are known from the 12th century, which appears to be the start of writing in Italian.
2709:
Langer, Nils (2002), "On the Importance of Foreign Language Grammars for a History of Standard German", in Linn, Andrew Robert; McLelland, Nicola (eds.),
1901:
1269:
The development of a standard German was impeded by political disunity and strong local traditions until the invention of printing made possible a "
1650:
Bilingual dictionaries and glossaries precede modern English and were in use in the earliest written English. The first monolingual dictionary was
301:, generally used to refer to a local language or dialect, as distinct from what is seen as a standard language. The vernacular is contrasted with
129:, or formal. More narrowly, a particular variety of a language that does not hold a widespread high-status perception, and sometimes even carries
2086:", for example, is a term applied to buildings designed in any style based on practical considerations and local traditions, in contrast to the "
2928:
Bex, Tony (1999). "Representations of English in twentieth-century Britain: Fowler, Gowers, Partridge". In Bex, Tony; Watts, Richard J. (eds.).
1109:, the first English printer, wrote in it. Caxton is considered the first modern English author. The first printed book in England was Chaucer's
3220:
1607:. As a result of this political instability no standard Dutch was defined (even though much in demand and recommended as an ideal) until after
967:
2908:
1647:
the etymology where possible. These typically require many volumes, and yet not more so than the unabridged dictionaries of many languages.
1686:
731:
1486:
1635:
an ideal of what good English should be considered to be, and this in turn was based on the teachings of the major universities, such as
3048:
History of the language sciences: an international handbook on the evolution of the study of language from the beginnings to the present
2169:
891:
518:, a third-party language in which persons speaking different vernaculars not understood by each other may communicate. For instance, in
194:
676:
Certain languages have both a classical form and various vernacular forms, with two widely used examples being Arabic and Chinese: see
3186:
3073:
3064:
Suhardi, B.; Sembiring, B. Cornelius (2007). "Aspek sosial bahasa". In Kushartanti; Yuwono, Untung; Lauder, Multamia R. M. T. (eds.).
2053:
3134:
3050:. Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, Bd. 18. Vol. 2. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 893–900.
2714:
2528:
2374:
2257:
1596:
87:
1676:(1721). These dictionaries whetted the interest of the English-speaking public in greater and more prescriptive dictionaries until
1027:
of 1066 AD, and of Latin at the instigation of the clerical administration. While present-day English speakers may be able to read
3046:
Noordegraaf, Jan (2000). "The Normative Study of the National Languages from the 17th Century Onwards". In Auroux, Sylvain (ed.).
2264:
vernacular: a social dialect with low prestige spoken by a lower-status group, with marked differences from the standard language.
2028:
The first Spanish dictionaries in the 15th century were Latin-Spanish/Spanish-Latin, followed by monolingual Spanish. In 1713 the
3225:
1455:
2307:
852:, the term "vernacular" has been applied to several concepts. Context, therefore, is crucial to determining its intended sense.
1490:, 1492) was divided into parts for native and nonnative speakers, pursuing a different purpose in each. Books 1–4 describe the
360:
2090:" produced by professionally trained architects to nationally or internationally agreed aesthetic standards. The historian
1428:. In those works the authors strove to establish a dialect that would qualify for becoming the Italian national language.
987:
975:
153:
regards all nonstandard dialects as full-fledged varieties of a language with their own consistent grammatical structure,
2247:
573:
having been translated from Latin into vernacular languages with such works as the Bible in Dutch: published in 1526 by
454:, a slave born in the house rather than abroad. The figurative meaning was broadened from the diminutive extended words
355:
Nonstandard dialects have been used in classic literature throughout history. One famous example of this is Mark Twain,
1394:
The book was never printed until 1908. It was not generally known, but it was known, as an inventory of the library of
1003:
869:
302:
286:
282:
182:
31:
1179:
330:
As a border case, a nonstandard dialect may even have its own written form, though it could then be assumed that the
69:
334:
is unstable, inconsistent, or unsanctioned by powerful institutions, like that of government or education. The most
3029:
1225:
693:
239:
122:
2094:
has developed the study of "vernacular historiography" as a more sophisticated conceptualization of folk history.
3215:
2754:
History of the Language Sciences / Histoire des sciences du langage / Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaften, Part 1
2104:
2065:
2029:
1700:, published its first fascicle in 1884. It attracted significant contributions from some singular minds, such as
1696:
1183:
1162:(1617), and many others. Over the succeeding decades, many literary figures turned a hand to grammar in English;
743:
198:
2995:
Keller, Marcello Sorce (1984). "Folk Music in Trentino: Oral Transmission and the Use of Vernacular Languages".
2949:
History of English: a sketch of the origin and development of the English with Examples, Down to the Present Day
338:
instance of nonstandard dialects in writing would likely be nonstandard phonemic spelling of reported speech in
1827:
1811:
865:
364:
178:
2898:
1761:
1713:
1354:
which is thought to date back as far as the 7th century: the earliest surviving manuscripts are 12th-century.
2083:
1970:
1615:, an international treaty organization founded in 1980, supports a standard Dutch in the Netherlands, while
1604:
1213:
663:
610:
606:
602:
110:
492:, champion of the use of vernacular Italian for literature rather than the lingua franca, Latin. Fresco by
1894:
1716:
founded in 1635 was given the obligation of producing a standard dictionary. Some early dictionaries are:
1346:
1324:
795:
598:
459:
426:, whereof though there be some Records yet extant; yet there are none alive that can understand them: The
318:
2032:, "Royal Spanish Academy", was founded to set standards. It published an official dictionary, 1726–1739.
1701:
1384:
1303:
1283:
700:
659:
500:
466:, "termes de la langue nationale" or "vocabulary of the national language" as opposed to foreign words.
298:
230:
984:
Twe-spraack vande Nederduitsche letterkunst/ Ăłfte Vant spellen ende eyghenscap des Nederduitschen taals
2516:
1636:
1612:
1588:
1395:
1314:
618:
386:
Concerning Italy, doubtless there were divers before the Latin did spread all over that Country; the
343:
2109:
2087:
2016:
1980:
1534:. Although numerous glossaries publishing vernacular words had long been in existence, such as the
955:
886:
822:
711:
685:
677:
670:
335:
314:
274:
1402:("Rules of the Florentine language"). The only known manuscript copy, however, is included in the
504:
Ratio of books printed in Europe in the vernacular languages to those in Latin in the 15th century
3012:
2209:
2043:
1819:
1600:
1592:
1562:
1555:
1539:
1481:
1467:
1373:
1011:
is considered to have begun at a conventional date of about 1550, most notably at the end of the
999:
577:; Bible in French: published in 1528 by Jacques Lefevre d'Étaples (or Faber Stapulensis); German
574:
545:
438:
Here, vernacular, mother language and dialect are already in use in a modern sense. According to
423:
254:
3170:
2402:
2004:
2900:
Forgetful Remembrance: Social Forgetting and Vernacular Historiography of a Rebellion in Ulster
2623:
2366:
3230:
3145:
3130:
3079:
3069:
2904:
2757:
2524:
2370:
2253:
2164:
2144:
2139:
1999:
1838:
In the early 15th century a number of glossaries appeared, such as that of Lucillo Minerbi on
1802:(1616). After numerous dictionaries and glossaries of a less-than-comprehensive nature came a
1640:
1620:
1274:
1264:
1131:
1012:
911:
882:
805:
747:
689:
539:
419:
310:
306:
235:
126:
118:
2520:
402:
it self, and all the Territories about Rome, had the Latin for its maternal and common first
3102:
3004:
1843:
1667:
1631:
1572:
1491:
1477:
1451:
1363:
1217:
1135:
1111:
1083:
1032:
943:
927:
923:
849:
782:
681:
586:
527:
371:
218:
however, nonstandard dialects are indeed often stigmatized as such, due to socially-induced
174:
3190:
3162:
Fasold, Ralph (2006) "The politics of language." In R.W. Fasold and J. Connor-Linton (eds)
548:
are examples of early vernacular literature in Italian, Spanish, and French, respectively.
2486:
2134:
1727:
1659:
1407:
1123:
1047:
1024:
939:
931:
915:
830:
786:
774:
739:
723:
669:
In diplomacy, French displaced Latin in Europe in the 1710s, due to the military power of
625:
594:
493:
489:
447:
439:
431:
250:
206:
202:
146:
106:
65:
1816:
Versuch eines vollständigen grammatisch-kritischen Wörterbuches Der Hochdeutschen Mundart
3127:
Race, Ethnicity and Dialects: Language Policy and Ethnic Minorities in the United States
2967:
551:
In Europe, Latin was used widely instead of vernacular languages in varying forms until
3113:
2612:
2442:
2359:
2303:
2231:
2119:
1677:
1651:
1515:
1507:
1442:
1383:
The first known grammar of a Romance language was a book written in manuscript form by
1351:
1333:
presented the standard language as an artificial one. By the time of his work of 1663,
1233:
1221:
1191:
1163:
1155:
1106:
1063:
1042:
1028:
1008:
935:
836:
766:
519:
427:
190:
186:
3209:
2509:
2319:
1599:
in 1815 from which southern Netherlands (being Catholic) seceded in 1830 to form the
1307:
1294:
1279:
1102:
1098:
1071:
861:
800:
582:
566:
532:
514:
442:, "vernacular" was brought into the English language as early as 1601 from the Latin
395:
323:
270:
130:
114:
2981:. Topics in English Linguistics. Vol. 47. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
1608:
1591:
came under the dominion of Spain, then of Austria (1713) and of France (1794). The
1543:
1425:
1175:
826:
643:
578:
17:
658:
was in English. Latin continues to be used in certain fields of science, notably
382:
First usage of the word "vernacular" is not recent. In 1688, James Howell wrote:
2795:
Gruffudd, R. Geraint (2006), "Gramadegau'r Penceirddiaid", in Koch, John (ed.),
1953:
1943:
1788:
1783:
1535:
1270:
1171:
1067:
1051:
1036:
1020:
777:
from the 12th century onwards, religious works were created in other languages:
590:
509:
348:
331:
150:
2947:
2226:
589:, published in 1611; Bible in Slovene, published in 1584 by Jurij Dalmatin. In
261:
2614:
Authority in language: investigating language prescription and standardisation
2482:
2091:
1744:
1527:
1436:
The first grammar in a vernacular language in western Europe was published in
1209:
1203:
1187:
1167:
1016:
793:, one of Hinduism's sacred epics in Sanskrit, had vernacular versions such as
719:
398:; but it was an adventitious, no Mother-Language to them: 'tis confess'd that
339:
170:
3169:
Nordquist, R., 2019. What Is Nonstandard English?. ThoughtCo. Available at:
3083:
2619:
2357:
Van Keulen, Jean E.; Weddington, Gloria Toliver; DeBose, Charles E. (1998).
2315:
2159:
1839:
1803:
1616:
1055:
818:
559:
294:
245:
219:
154:
165:
Like any native dialect, a vernacular has an internally coherent system of
569:
was a driving force in the use of the vernacular in Christian Europe, the
484:
2961:. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co. pp. 99–116.
2129:
2124:
1847:
1808:
Der Teutschen Sprache Stammbaum und Fortwachs oder Teutschen Sprachschatz
1531:
1447:
1437:
1079:
959:
810:
790:
770:
762:
387:
266:
1289:
With so many linguists moving in the same direction, a standard German (
2114:
963:
919:
902:
A vernacular is not a real language but is "an abstract set of norms".
751:
735:
662:
in biology, while other fields such as mathematics use vernacular; see
654:
632:
614:
411:
407:
290:
226:
166:
3016:
1712:
Surviving dictionaries are a century earlier than their grammars. The
773:, began to diverge from it in different regions. With the rise of the
2149:
1518:
developed from these through the Middle Ages and to the Renaissance.
1318:
1094:
399:
391:
761:
culture, traditionally religious or scholarly works were written in
3118:
Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English
3008:
2154:
1851:
1554:
Glossaries in Dutch began about 1470 AD leading eventually to two
1403:
1148:
Booke at Large for the Amendment of Orthography for English Speech
1119:
1075:
1059:
778:
758:
727:
570:
523:
499:
483:
450:
as "national" and "domestic", having originally been derived from
260:
244:
1866:
Vocabolario et grammatica con l'orthographia della lingua volgare
642:, though some of his works remained in Latin. A later example is
617:
translated to vernacular Ukrainian language in 1561 are known as
522:
until the 17th century, most scholarly works had been written in
297:, or an independent language. Vernacular is a term for a type of
2990:. Vol. 1. Oxford, England; New York, NY, USA: B. Blackwell.
1917:
Dittionario italiano e francese/Dictionnaire italien et François
1454:
language in poetry competitions organized by the company of the
1450:
of Toulouse, it was published in order to codify the use of the
415:
1985:
Vocabulario italiano e spagnolo/ Vocabulario español e italiano
1126:, after a general plea for mother-tongue education in England:
593:, vernacular bibles were later provided, but Latin was used at
1810:(1691), and finally the first codification of written German,
1138:
wrote the first English grammar to be written in English, the
36:
3171:
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-nonstandard-english-1691438
2012:
Dictionary of Serbo-Croatian Literary and Vernacular Language
881:
In another theory, the vernacular language is opposed to the
809:, a Awadhi version of the Ramayana by the 16th-century poet
628:
led to the translation of Sanskrit texts to the vernacular.
285:
in different ways, in that the vernacular can be a distinct
990:
was a major contributor, with others contributing as well.
2361:
Speech, Language, Learning, and the African American Child
1793:
Die Teutsche Spraach: Dictionarium Germanico-latinum novum
277:, who lived in the era of Italian language standardization
2429:
Epistolæ Ho-Elianæ: Familiar letters, domestic and forren
526:, which was serving as a lingua franca. Works written in
1749:
Thresor de la langue fracoyse, tant ancienne que moderne
1542:, which listed many Spanish words, the first vernacular
1480:
as an international power. The first Spanish grammar by
327:, used to facilitate communication across a large area.
1806:
that attempted to include all German, Kaspar Stieler's
1798:
It was followed along similar lines by Georg Heinisch:
61:
3147:
Standardisation and variation in South African English
2932:. New York: Routledge. pp. 89–112. 0-415-19162-9.
2886:. Vol. 2. Taylor & Francis Group. p. 18.
2713:, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 235, Amsterdam:
2290:
1756:
Dictionnaire françois contenant les mots et les choses
434:
and Tusculan, are thought to be but Dialects to these.
3166:. pp. 383-412. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2979:
Descriptive adequacy of early modern English grammars
2172:, a vernacular of English spoken by African Americans
1791:"the first truly German dictionary", Joshua Maaler's
253:(Danish, c. 1250). It deals with Scanian and Scanian
2969:
Introduction to the grammar of the Romance languages
2959:
Standardization: studies from the Germanic languages
2711:
Standardization: studies from the Germanic languages
2216:. Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024.
1975:
Vocabulario de las dos lenguas toscana y castellana
1335:
ausfĂĽhrliche Arbeit von der teutschen Haubt-Sprache
1282:that would be parallel to the use of Latin for the
1190:and more, all leading to the massive dictionary of
1146:, in that same year. Previously he had written the
342:or poetry (e.g., the publications of Jamaican poet
189:describes about a number of dialects spoken in the
3101:
3068:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
2611:
2508:
2358:
1924:Petit vocabulaire en langue françoise et italienne
958:" (learned, literary societies founded throughout
2431:(6th ed.). London: Thomas Grey. p. 363.
1160:Orthographie and Congruitie of the Britain Tongue
537:
3100:Wolfram, Walt; Schilling-Estes, Natalie (1998).
2903:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
2884:Renaissance and reform: the Italian contribution
2389:
1406:, Reginense Latino 1370, located at Rome in the
765:(long after its use as a spoken language) or in
631:In science, an early user of the vernacular was
462:, the classical Latin grammarian, used the term
169:. It may be associated with a particular set of
3066:Pesona bahasa: langkah awal memahami linguistik
1487:Tratado de gramática sobre la lengua Castellana
918:publications. Between 1437 and 1586, the first
710:The vernacular is also often contrasted with a
446:("native") which had been in figurative use in
2048:Lexicon latino-hispanicum et hispanico-latinum
1368:Italian appears before standardization as the
1337:, the standard language was well established.
367:), which are not written in standard English.
27:Common speech variety of a specific population
1892:
1322:
199:nonstandard speech of Southern white planters
50:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
3189:. The Preservation Institute. Archived from
3059:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
3026:A sociolinguistic history of Parisian French
2246:Yule, George (27 October 2016). "Glossary".
1997:The first vernacular Serbian dictionary was
1682:Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language
1673:An Universal Etymological English Dictionary
1420:of Giovanni Francesco Fortunio and the 1525
3164:An Introduction to Language and Linguistics
2597:
2275:
2038:El universal vocabulario en latin y romance
1830:is said to have nailed a copy to his desk.
1546:emerged together with vernacular grammars.
1472:Chronologically, Spanish (more accurately,
1118:The first English grammars were written in
496:in the cappella di San Brizio dome, Orvieto
2972:. London, Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate.
249:The oldest known vernacular manuscript in
2799:, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, pp. 843–4
2797:Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia
2636:
2332:
2286:
2284:
2059:Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española
1902:Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca
193:in earlier U.S. history, including older
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
3104:American English: dialects and variation
3041:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
2573:
2344:
2214:Cambridge Dictionary: English Dictionary
1238:L'esclarcissement de la langue francoyse
2821:
2809:
2201:
2183:
1842:in 1535, and those of Fabrizio Luna on
1418:Regole grammaticali della volgar lingua
1416:More influential perhaps were the 1516
242:, or established a literary tradition.
2610:Milroy, James; Milroy, Lesley (1985).
2561:
968:John III van de Werve, Lord of Hovorst
530:are said to be in the vernacular. The
394:spoke Greek, whereof some Relicks are
145:, etc. and is typically its speakers'
2930:Standard English: the widening debate
2869:
2857:
2727:
2696:
2585:
2467:Gaffiot, Felix (1934). "vernaculus".
2312:Standard English: The Widening Debate
1603:, which was confirmed in 1839 by the
1458:in both grammar and rhetorical ways.
346:) where it is sometimes described as
7:
3057:German, a linguistic history to 1945
2782:
2770:
2739:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2648:
2469:Dictionnaire Illustré Latin Français
2291:Wolfram & Schilling-Estes (1998)
1767:Dictionnaire de l’Académie française
1687:A Dictionary of the English Language
1446:and written by Guilhèm Molinièr, an
1015:. It was created by the infusion of
750:, but parts of the Mass are read in
718:. For example, until the 1960s, the
512:, a vernacular is contrasted with a
109:form of language, particularly when
2845:
2833:
2511:An introduction to sociolinguistics
2170:African-American Vernacular English
2070:Diccionario de la lengua castellana
1387:between 1437 and 1441 and entitled
910:Vernaculars acquired the status of
892:African American Vernacular English
195:African-American Vernacular English
2946:Champneys, Arthur Charles (1893).
2483:"Incunabula Short Title Catalogue"
2318:. pp. 117–128. Archived from
2310:. In Bex, T.; Watts, R.J. (eds.).
1887:Il memoriale della lingua italiana
860:In variation theory, pioneered by
789:and many others. For example, the
357:The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
149:. Despite any such stigma, modern
25:
2715:John Benjamins Publishing Company
2639:, pp. 269, 285–286, 301, 314
2308:"Standard English: what it isn't"
2249:The Study of Language 6th Edition
1597:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1504:Grammar Books of the Master-poets
1317:, a language club, was formed in
1252:Traicté de la grammaire françoise
980:Eenen nieuwen ABC of Materi-boeck
601:of 1965. Certain groups, notably
2003:(Serbian dictionary) written by
1931:Dictionnaire françois et italien
1873:Le richezze della lingua volgare
1245:Tretté de la grammaire françoeze
1128:The first part of the elementary
730:rather than in vernaculars. The
714:, a specialized use of a former
173:, and spoken using a variety of
41:
2988:The sociolinguistics of society
2054:Sebastián de Covarrubias Orozco
1958:Queen Anna's New World of Words
1389:Grammatica della lingua toscana
1115:, published by Caxton in 1476.
361:Older Southern American English
3125:Fodde Melis, Luisanna (2002).
2882:Yates, Frances Amelia (1983).
2403:"What Is Nonstandard English?"
2390:Suhardi & Sembiring (2007)
2252:. Cambridge University Press.
1577:Dictionarium Teutonico-Latinum
1530:is to be distinguished from a
972:Den schat der Duytsscher Talen
480:In contrast with lingua franca
281:Vernacular may vary from more
1:
3221:Language varieties and styles
2952:. New York: Macmillan and Co.
1800:TeĂĽtsche Sprache und WeiĂźheit
1658:(1604) which was followed by
1567:Thesaurus Theutonicae Linguae
1522:First vernacular dictionaries
1410:. It is therefore called the
988:Hendrick Laurenszoon Spieghel
976:Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert
864:, language is a large set of
706:As a low variant in diglossia
652:was in Latin, but whose 1704
636:
552:
414:had others quite discrepant,
3039:Introducing sociolinguistics
2939:The Dutch language: a survey
2549:Stedman's Medical Dictionary
2471:. Paris: Librairie Hachette.
1730:, alias Robertus Stephanus:
1664:A New World of English Words
1273:-based book language". This
726:was generally celebrated in
283:prestigious speech varieties
269:of rhetoric and arithmetic,
205:of indentured servants, and
157:, body of vocabulary, etc.
3108:. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
2365:. Allyn and Bacon. p.
1929:Jean Antoine Fenice :
1732:Dictionnaire françois–latin
1720:Louis Cruse, alias Garbin:
1291:hochdeutsche Schriftsprache
1004:History of English grammars
684:. In the 1920s, due to the
624:In India, the 12th century
305:forms of language, such as
105:is the ordinary, informal,
64:, discuss the issue on the
32:Vernacular (disambiguation)
3247:
3030:Cambridge University Press
3024:Lodge, R. Anthony (2005).
2507:Wardhaugh, Ronald (2006).
1965:Italian / Spanish
1938:Italian / English
1722:Dictionaire latin-françois
1583:with the 1599 3rd edition)
1512:Gramadegau'r Penceirddiaid
1465:
1361:
1262:
1226:Norman conquest of England
1201:
997:
954:In the 16th century, the "
698:
694:written vernacular Chinese
470:Concepts of the vernacular
29:
3144:Mesthrie, Rajend (1994).
3037:Mesthrie, Rajend (1999).
2986:Fasold, Ralph W. (1984).
2515:. Malden, Mass.; Oxford:
2232:Dictionary.com Unabridged
2105:Broad and general accents
2015:was initiated in 1888 by
1910:Italian / French
1893:
1697:Oxford English Dictionary
1587:Shortly after (1579) the
1422:Prose della vulgar lingua
1398:lists it under the title
1323:
906:First vernacular grammars
877:As a non-standard dialect
803:in the 15th century; and
744:Ethiopian Orthodox Church
558:, in its latter stage as
2966:Diez, Friedrich (1863).
2937:Brachin, Pierre (1985).
1812:Johann Christoph Adelung
1412:Grammatichetta vaticana.
1400:Regule lingue florentine
1130:, published in 1582, by
1039:is much more difficult.
603:Traditionalist Catholics
365:African-American English
3226:Linguistics terminology
2084:Vernacular architecture
1300:Ein Teutsche Grammatica
1142:. This was followed by
856:As an informal register
664:scientific nomenclature
611:Eastern Orthodox Church
605:, continue to practice
538:
396:to be found to this day
185:. As American linguist
2447:Merriam-Webster Online
2427:Howell, James (1688).
2066:Real Academia Española
2030:Real Academia Española
2007:and published in 1818.
1971:CristĂłbal de las Casas
1915:Nathanael Duez :
1895:Accademia della Crusca
1511:
1440:in 1327. Known as the
1325:Accademia della Crusca
1214:Gallo-Romance language
970:published his grammar
887:non-standard varieties
799:composed in Telugu by
599:Second Vatican Council
505:
497:
436:
278:
258:
3055:Wells, C. J. (1985).
2941:. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
2551:(5th ed.). 1918.
2019:, still in the making
1880:La fabbrica del mondo
1737:Maurice de la Porte:
1702:William Chester Minor
1466:Further information:
1385:Leon Battista Alberti
1362:Further information:
1304:Early New High German
1284:Roman Catholic Church
1263:Further information:
1202:Further information:
998:Further information:
701:Vernacular literature
699:Further information:
660:binomial nomenclature
635:, writing in Italian
503:
487:
456:vernaculus, vernacula
384:
273:, Foligno, Italy, by
264:
248:
2897:Beiner, Guy (2018).
2756:, Berlin, New York:
2517:Blackwell Publishing
2235:(Online). June 2024.
2036:Alonzo de Palencia:
1637:Cambridge University
1613:Dutch Language Union
1589:Southern Netherlands
1350:is a grammar of the
1331:teutsche Sprachkunst
1321:in imitation of the
1315:Fruitbearing Society
1174:, Jeremiah Wharton,
1152:Grammatica Anglicana
1140:Pamphlet for Grammar
796:Ranganadha Ramayanam
619:Peresopnytsia Gospel
344:Linton Kwesi Johnson
70:create a new article
62:improve this article
52:may not represent a
30:For other uses, see
3187:"Vernacular Values"
2110:Colloquial language
2088:polite architecture
1981:Lorenzo Franciosini
1922:Gabriel Pannonius:
1919:, Leiden, 1559–1560
1885:Giacomo Pergamini:
1864:Alberto Accarisio:
1656:Table Alphabeticall
1347:Auraicept na n-Éces
1240:(1530; in English).
823:Charles A. Ferguson
746:holds liturgies in
712:liturgical language
686:May Fourth Movement
678:Varieties of Arabic
671:Louis XIV of France
510:general linguistics
475:General linguistics
370:In the case of the
275:Gentile da Fabriano
143:nonstandard dialect
133:, is also called a
18:Nonstandard dialect
3150:. pp. 181–201
3114:McWhorter, John H.
2977:Dons, Ute (2004).
2860:, pp. 214–215
2760:, pp. 742–749
2687:, pp. 118–119
2276:Fodde Melis (2002)
2077:Metaphorical usage
2044:Antonio de Nebrija
1878:Francesco Alunno:
1871:Francesco Alunno:
1822:called Adelung an
1762:Académie française
1714:Académie française
1601:Kingdom of Belgium
1593:Congress of Vienna
1563:Christophe Plantin
1556:Dutch dictionaries
1540:Isidore of Seville
1482:Antonio de Nebrija
1468:History of Spanish
1250:Robert Stephanus:
1180:Christopher Cooper
1046:include Scotland (
1000:History of English
920:reference grammars
912:official languages
898:As an idealisation
742:, not Arabic. The
575:Jacob van Liesvelt
546:The Song of Roland
506:
498:
464:vocabula vernacula
287:stylistic register
279:
259:
255:Ecclesiastical Law
207:West Indian patois
139:vernacular dialect
113:as being of lower
2910:978-0-19-874935-6
2758:Walter de Gruyter
2322:on 21 March 2009.
2165:Standard language
2145:National language
2140:Literary language
1948:A Worlde of Words
1754:Pierre Richelet:
1641:Oxford University
1623:founded in 1909.
1621:Die Taalkommissie
1579:, 1574 (becoming
1474:lengua castellana
1396:Lorenzo de'Medici
1275:literary language
1265:History of German
1132:Richard Mulcaster
1031:authors (such as
1013:Great Vowel Shift
956:rederijkerskamers
883:standard language
806:Ramacharitamanasa
801:Gona Buddha Reddy
690:Classical Chinese
540:Cantar de Mio Cid
528:Romance languages
213:standard but not
125:, institutional,
119:standard language
98:
97:
90:
72:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
3238:
3216:Sociolinguistics
3202:
3200:
3198:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3140:
3129:. FrancoAngeli.
3121:
3109:
3107:
3087:
3060:
3051:
3042:
3033:
3020:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2962:
2953:
2942:
2933:
2915:
2914:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2824:, pp. 26–27
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2749:
2743:
2742:, pp. 75–77
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2717:, pp. 69–70
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2607:
2601:
2598:Noordegraaf 2000
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2576:, pp. 77–83
2571:
2565:
2564:, pp. 34–60
2559:
2553:
2552:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2514:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2364:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2333:McWhorter (2001)
2330:
2324:
2323:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2223:
2217:
2206:
2195:
2188:
2017:Stojan Novaković
1898:
1897:
1850:, Boccaccio and
1668:Nathaniel Bailey
1632:Standard English
1619:is regulated by
1611:. Currently the
1605:Treaty of London
1573:Cornelis Kiliaan
1492:Spanish language
1364:Italian language
1328:
1327:
1218:Colloquial Latin
1170:, Joshua Poole,
1136:William Bullokar
1112:Canterbury Tales
1033:Geoffrey Chaucer
850:sociolinguistics
844:Sociolinguistics
692:was replaced by
682:Chinese language
641:
638:
587:King James Bible
557:
554:
543:
372:English language
236:standard variety
203:British dialects
121:, which is more
93:
86:
82:
79:
73:
45:
44:
37:
21:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3206:
3205:
3196:
3194:
3193:on 20 July 2016
3184:
3181:
3176:
3153:
3151:
3143:
3137:
3124:
3112:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3076:
3063:
3054:
3045:
3036:
3023:
2997:Ethnomusicology
2994:
2985:
2976:
2965:
2956:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2911:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2738:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2487:British Library
2481:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2392:, p. 61–62
2388:
2384:
2377:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2345:Mesthrie (1994)
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2304:Trudgill, Peter
2302:
2301:
2297:
2293:, p. 13–16
2289:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2135:Language policy
2100:
2079:
2026:
1994:
1977:, Sevilla, 1570
1836:
1781:
1728:Robert Estienne
1710:
1660:Edward Phillips
1629:
1552:
1524:
1500:
1470:
1464:
1434:
1408:Vatican library
1378:lingua vulgaris
1366:
1360:
1343:
1267:
1261:
1243:Louis Meigret,
1212:) emerged as a
1206:
1200:
1122:, with some in
1101:translated the
1048:Scottish Gaelic
1025:Norman conquest
1006:
996:
952:
908:
900:
879:
858:
846:
831:Classical Latin
775:bhakti movement
724:Catholic Church
708:
703:
639:
626:Bhakti movement
595:Tridentine Mass
555:
533:Divina Commedia
494:Luca Signorelli
490:Dante Alighieri
482:
477:
472:
448:Classical Latin
440:Merriam-Webster
380:
303:higher-prestige
163:
117:in contrast to
94:
83:
77:
74:
59:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3244:
3242:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3185:Illich, Ivan.
3180:
3179:External links
3177:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3141:
3135:
3122:
3120:. Basic Books.
3110:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3075:978-9792216813
3074:
3061:
3052:
3043:
3034:
3028:. Cambridge :
3021:
3009:10.2307/851432
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2983:
2974:
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2787:
2775:
2763:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2701:
2689:
2677:
2675:, pp. 7–9
2665:
2653:
2641:
2637:Champneys 1893
2629:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2566:
2554:
2539:
2529:
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2173:
2167:
2162:
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2142:
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2132:
2127:
2122:
2120:First language
2117:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2063:
2051:
2041:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2008:
2000:Srpski rjeÄŤnik
1993:
1992:Serbo-Croatian
1990:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1962:
1961:
1960:, London, 1611
1951:
1950:, London, 1598
1935:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1907:
1906:
1890:
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1742:
1735:
1725:
1709:
1706:
1678:Samuel Johnson
1652:Robert Cawdrey
1628:
1625:
1585:
1584:
1570:
1551:
1548:
1523:
1520:
1516:Welsh Language
1499:
1496:
1463:
1460:
1433:
1430:
1370:lingua Italica
1359:
1356:
1352:Irish language
1342:
1339:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1234:John Palsgrave
1222:late antiquity
1199:
1196:
1192:Samuel Johnson
1178:, Thomas Lye,
1164:Alexander Gill
1156:Alexander Hume
1107:William Caxton
1043:Middle English
1029:Middle English
1009:Modern English
995:
992:
951:
948:
916:metalinguistic
907:
904:
899:
896:
878:
875:
857:
854:
845:
842:
837:Joshua Fishman
757:Similarly, in
707:
704:
520:Western Europe
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
379:
376:
299:speech variety
201:, nonstandard
191:American South
187:John McWhorter
162:
159:
147:native variety
96:
95:
78:September 2019
56:of the subject
54:worldwide view
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3243:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3136:9788846439123
3132:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2878:
2875:
2872:, p. 339
2871:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2730:, p. 222
2729:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2699:, p. 134
2698:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2606:
2603:
2600:, p. 894
2599:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2574:Mesthrie 1999
2570:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2547:"diglossia".
2543:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2530:9781405135597
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2503:
2500:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2376:9780205152681
2372:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2353:
2350:
2347:, p. 182
2346:
2341:
2338:
2335:, p. 152
2334:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2259:9781316776780
2255:
2251:
2250:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1987:, Roma, 1620.
1986:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1933:, Paris, 1584
1932:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1818:(1774–1786).
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1313:In 1617, the
1311:
1309:
1308:Protestantism
1305:
1301:
1296:
1295:lingua franca
1292:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1280:Protestantism
1276:
1272:
1266:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1105:into it, and
1104:
1103:New Testament
1100:
1099:John Wycliffe
1096:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
993:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
949:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
905:
903:
897:
895:
893:
888:
884:
876:
874:
871:
867:
863:
862:William Labov
855:
853:
851:
843:
841:
838:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
814:
812:
808:
807:
802:
798:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:Coptic Church
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:lingua franca
713:
705:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
667:
666:for details.
665:
661:
657:
656:
651:
650:
646:, whose 1687
645:
634:
629:
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:New Testament
580:
576:
572:
568:
567:Protestantism
565:In religion,
563:
561:
549:
547:
542:
541:
535:
534:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:
515:lingua franca
511:
502:
495:
491:
486:
479:
474:
469:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
383:
377:
375:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
353:
352:
350:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
325:
324:lingua franca
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:, a regional
288:
284:
276:
272:
271:Trinci Palace
268:
263:
256:
252:
247:
243:
241:
237:
232:
228:
223:
221:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:, "the often
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
160:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:social stigma
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:social status
112:
108:
104:
100:
92:
89:
81:
71:
67:
63:
57:
55:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3195:. Retrieved
3191:the original
3163:
3152:. Retrieved
3146:
3126:
3117:
3103:
3093:Bibliography
3065:
3056:
3047:
3038:
3025:
3003:(1): 75–89.
3000:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2968:
2958:
2948:
2938:
2929:
2899:
2892:
2883:
2877:
2865:
2853:
2848:, p. 71
2841:
2836:, p. 76
2829:
2822:Brachin 1985
2817:
2812:, p. 15
2810:Brachin 1985
2805:
2796:
2790:
2785:, p. 98
2778:
2773:, p. 77
2766:
2753:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2710:
2704:
2692:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2613:
2605:
2593:
2588:, p. 13
2581:
2569:
2557:
2548:
2542:
2534:
2510:
2502:
2490:. Retrieved
2477:
2468:
2462:
2450:. Retrieved
2446:
2443:"vernacular"
2437:
2428:
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2406:
2397:
2385:
2360:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2320:the original
2311:
2298:
2278:, p. 36
2271:
2263:
2248:
2241:
2230:
2227:"vernacular"
2221:
2213:
2204:
2191:
2186:
2080:
2069:
2057:
2047:
2037:
2027:
2010:
2005:Vuk Karadžić
1998:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1963:
1957:
1947:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1926:, Lyon, 1578
1923:
1916:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1859:Monolingual
1858:
1857:
1837:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1782:
1771:
1765:
1755:
1748:
1738:
1731:
1721:
1711:
1695:
1692:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1630:
1609:World War II
1595:created the
1586:
1581:Etymologicum
1580:
1576:
1566:
1553:
1544:dictionaries
1525:
1503:
1501:
1485:
1473:
1471:
1441:
1435:
1426:Pietro Bembo
1421:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1399:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1377:
1369:
1367:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1330:
1312:
1299:
1290:
1288:
1268:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1207:
1184:William Lily
1176:James Howell
1159:
1151:
1147:
1144:Bref Grammar
1143:
1139:
1127:
1117:
1110:
1092:
1088:
1041:
1023:, after the
1007:
983:
979:
971:
953:
909:
901:
880:
859:
847:
835:
827:Vulgar Latin
815:
804:
794:
756:
734:still holds
715:
709:
675:
668:
653:
647:
644:Isaac Newton
630:
623:
579:Luther Bible
564:
550:
531:
513:
507:
488:Allegory of
463:
455:
451:
443:
437:
406:Tongue; but
403:
385:
381:
369:
356:
354:
347:
329:
322:
321:idiom, or a
280:
240:codification
238:, undergone
229:or language
224:
214:
210:
164:
155:sound system
142:
138:
134:
102:
101:
99:
84:
75:
51:
2663:, p. 5
2651:, p. 6
2562:Fasold 1984
2072:, 1726–1739
1954:John Florio
1944:John Florio
1789:Jacob Grimm
1784:High German
1666:(1658) and
1536:Etymologiae
1443:Leys d'amor
1271:High German
1208:French (as
1172:John Wallis
1134:. In 1586,
1068:Isle of Man
1052:Northumbria
1037:Old English
1021:Old English
640: 1600
591:Catholicism
556: 1701
349:eye dialect
332:orthography
151:linguistics
3210:Categories
3197:7 November
2870:Wells 1985
2858:Wells 1985
2728:Wells 1985
2697:Wells 1985
2622:. p.
2586:Lodge 2005
2519:. p.
2452:8 November
2314:. London:
2210:vernacular
2192:vernacular
2178:References
2092:Guy Beiner
1745:Jean Nicot
1680:published
1528:dictionary
1210:Old French
1204:Old French
1188:John Colet
1168:Ben Jonson
1017:Old French
974:in Dutch;
720:Roman Rite
607:Latin Mass
597:until the
444:vernaculus
420:Hetruscane
404:vernacular
340:literature
319:scientific
315:liturgical
171:vocabulary
135:vernacular
103:Vernacular
3084:156874430
2783:Diez 1863
2771:Diez 1863
2740:Diez 1863
2685:Diez 1863
2673:Dons 2004
2661:Dons 2004
2649:Dons 2004
2620:Routledge
2407:ThoughtCo
2316:Routledge
2160:Sociolect
1840:Boccaccio
1804:thesaurus
1617:Afrikaans
1456:Gai Saber
1056:Yorkshire
870:registers
819:diglossia
736:liturgies
649:Principia
581:in 1534 (
560:Neo-Latin
388:Calabrian
378:Etymology
295:sociolect
183:registers
111:perceived
66:talk page
3231:Folklore
3116:(2001).
2846:Bex 1999
2834:Bex 1999
2306:(1999).
2130:Glossary
2125:Folklore
2098:See also
1848:Petrarca
1820:Schiller
1795:(1561).
1739:Epitheta
1690:(1755).
1532:glossary
1448:advocate
1438:Toulouse
1376:and the
1154:(1594),
1080:Cornwall
960:Flanders
914:through
811:Tulsidas
791:Ramayana
771:prakrits
763:Sanskrit
424:Mesapian
311:literary
307:national
267:allegory
220:post-hoc
209:, were
161:Overview
127:literary
123:codified
60:You may
2921:Sources
2492:2 March
2115:Dialect
2024:Spanish
1844:Ariosto
1834:Italian
1828:Wieland
1770:, 1694
1627:English
1478:Castile
1462:Spanish
1452:Occitan
1432:Occitan
1374:Isidore
1358:Italian
1254:(1557).
1247:(1550).
1220:during
1084:Cornish
1066:), the
994:English
964:Holland
944:English
928:Spanish
924:Italian
848:Within
783:Kannada
752:Amharic
722:of the
655:Opticks
633:Galileo
615:Gospels
613:, four
412:Liguria
408:Tuscany
392:Apulian
336:salient
291:dialect
251:Scanian
231:variety
227:dialect
175:accents
167:grammar
3154:16 May
3133:
3082:
3072:
3017:851432
3015:
3001:XXVIII
2907:
2527:
2373:
2256:
2190:While
2150:Patois
2062:, 1611
2050:, 1492
2040:, 1490
1905:, 1612
1889:, 1602
1882:, 1548
1875:, 1543
1868:, 1543
1824:Orakel
1779:German
1758:, 1680
1751:, 1606
1741:, 1571
1734:, 1539
1724:, 1487
1708:French
1569:, 1573
1319:Weimar
1259:German
1198:French
1124:French
1095:London
1078:, and
940:German
932:French
885:. The
866:styles
787:Telugu
740:Coptic
544:, and
536:, the
430:, the
400:Latium
390:, and
181:, and
179:styles
107:spoken
3013:JSTOR
2412:5 May
2155:Slang
1852:Dante
1772:annis
1550:Dutch
1508:Welsh
1498:Welsh
1404:codex
1341:Irish
1216:from
1120:Latin
1076:Devon
1064:Welsh
1060:Wales
1019:into
950:Dutch
936:Dutch
779:Hindi
767:Tamil
759:Hindu
748:Ge'ez
728:Latin
609:. In
571:Bible
524:Latin
460:Varro
452:verna
432:Sabin
428:Oscan
68:, or
3199:2009
3156:2019
3131:ISBN
3080:OCLC
3070:ISBN
2905:ISBN
2525:ISBN
2494:2011
2454:2009
2414:2022
2371:ISBN
2254:ISBN
1826:and
1639:and
1502:The
1072:Manx
1002:and
962:and
942:and
829:and
680:and
422:and
418:the
416:viz.
410:and
363:and
293:, a
3005:doi
2212:".
1814:'s
1670:'s
1662:'s
1654:'s
1538:of
1424:of
1372:of
1158:'s
1086:).
1074:),
1050:),
1035:),
922:of
868:or
738:in
508:In
317:or
265:An
215:sub
211:non
3212::
3078:.
3011:.
2999:.
2624:29
2618:.
2533:.
2523:.
2521:59
2485:.
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