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This theory views volcanism as the resultant of lithospheric processes rather than heat from the mantle rising up. Instead of heat coming up from deep in the mantle, volcanic anomalies come from a shallow source. Volcanism thus occurs where the crust is easier to break up because it has been
244:, and both sides of the Atlantic Ocean contain these rocks. Since these rocks have been dated to the late Paleocene, this lines up with the time of breakup of the North Atlantic continent, so some think it could have been a contributing factor.
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occur. Finally, there is rifting at the crest of the domed crust and volcanism occurs. In passive rifting, driven by plate tectonics, the crust and lithosphere extend as a result of plate boundary forces such as
261:. The location of the volcanism is governed by the stress field in the plate and the amount of melt is governed by the fusibility of the mantle beneath. Plate tectonics can explain most of the volcanism on Earth.
223:
that carries hot material from the deep within Earth's mantle upwards to the crust. The rising hot material weakens the lithosphere, making the separation of plates easier. The flow of hot plume material creates
342:
Jolley, D. W.; Bell, B. R. (2002). "The evolution of the North
Atlantic Igneous Province and the opening of the NE Atlantic rift". In Jolley, D. W.; Bell, B. R. (eds.).
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opened around 140 million years ago as Africa separated from South
America, and about the same time, India separated from Antarctica and Australia, forming the central
273:, is driven by hotspot or mantle plume activity. From deep within the Earth, hot mantle rises to force doming of the crust. This causes thinning of the crust and
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286:. Far field stresses thin the crust and lithospheric mantle, and hot asthenospheric mantle passively enters the thinned area. The upwelling of
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boundary, and it separates the
Eurasian and North American plates. The ages of the earliest volcanic rocks from this plume lie in the late
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to reach the surface. Volcanic anomalies are created by plate tectonics such as spreading plate boundaries or
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Plume hypothesis for continental breakup. Active upwelling heats and weakens crust and creates magmatism.
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is not involved in the actual rifting process. The upward flow of the asthenosphere results in
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The North
Atlantic Igneous Province: Stratigraphy, Tectonic, Volcanic and Magmatic Processes
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497:"Magmatism at rift zones: The generation of volcanic continental margins and flood basalts"
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351:. Vol. 197. The Geological Society, London, Special Publications. pp. 1–13
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69:. Geologists believe the breakup occurred either due to primary processes of the
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around 200 million years ago. Pangea had three major phases of breakup.
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Opening of
Central and North Atlantic from 170 Ma to the present
61:) separated during the final breakup of Pangea in the early
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that has occurred over millions of years, during which the
573:"The Iceland "Anomoaly" - An Outcome of Plate Tectonics"
372:"Supercontinent Pangaea Pushed, Not Sucked, Into Place"
178:
The final major phase of breakup occurred in the early
163:
The second major phase of breakup began in the Early
190:. As the two plates broke free from each other, the
549:"Iceland & the North Atlantic Igneous Province"
160:, taking place between North America and Africa.
156:The first major phase began in the Early-Middle
93:Animation of the rifting of the supercontinent
253:stretched by lithospheric extension, allowing
8:
504:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
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465:Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy
374:. National Geographic News. Archived from
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269:Active rifting, such as is formed by the
370:Lovett, Richard A. (September 5, 2008).
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495:White, R. S.; McKenzie, D. P. (1989).
399:Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution
7:
575:. StatoilHydro ASA, Research Centre
431:Merali, Z.; Skinner, B. J. (2009).
40:opening of the North Atlantic Ocean
25:
53:broke up. As modern-day Europe (
304:North Atlantic Igneous Province
102:North Atlantic Igneous Province
608:Ore Deposits and Mantle Plumes
325:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
236:. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a
136:. The supercontinent known as
1:
653:Geology of the Atlantic Ocean
232:. Iceland extends across the
329:Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.
65:Era, they formed the North
669:
613:Kluwer Academic Publishers
73:or secondary processes of
433:Visualizing Earth Science
265:Active vs. passive plates
605:Pirajno, Franco (2000).
140:existed during the late
524:10.1029/JB094iB06p07685
463:Foulger, G. R. (2010).
230:continental lithosphere
397:Condie, K. C. (1989).
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18:North Atlantic breakup
378:on September 10, 2008
292:decompression melting
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57:) and North America (
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615:. pp. 221–223.
199:Iceland plume theory
194:continued to expand.
169:South Atlantic Ocean
122:Faroe-Shetland Basin
59:North American Plate
545:Foulger, Gillian R.
516:1989JGR....94.7685W
277:, then melting and
104:have been found in
234:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
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148:eras and began to
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510:(B6): 7685–7729.
478:978-1-4051-6148-0
442:978-0-470-41847-5
27:Breakup of Pangea
16:(Redirected from
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648:Cenozoic geology
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238:divergent plate
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100:Rocks from the
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77:extension from
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120:(off Norway),
118:Vøring Plateau
110:Irminger Basin
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67:Atlantic Ocean
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48:supercontinent
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577:. Retrieved
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376:the original
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279:underplating
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217:mantle plume
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173:Indian Ocean
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75:lithospheric
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529:10 December
382:10 December
355:10 December
331:7 Nov 2012.
275:lithosphere
130:Moray Firth
85:Description
637:Categories
554:2012-10-14
323:"Pangea".
310:References
228:under the
165:Cretaceous
144:and early
435:. Wiley.
284:slab pull
242:Paleocene
226:volcanism
184:Laurentia
142:Paleozoic
106:Greenland
298:See also
180:Cenozoic
158:Jurassic
146:Mesozoic
128:, Outer
126:Hebrides
63:Cenozoic
512:Bibcode
221:Iceland
188:Eurasia
134:Denmark
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579:Nov 7,
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219:under
167:. The
138:Pangea
108:, the
95:Pangea
51:Pangea
500:(PDF)
349:(PDF)
215:is a
182:, as
42:is a
617:ISBN
581:2012
531:2016
473:ISBN
437:ISBN
407:ISBN
384:2016
357:2016
255:melt
211:The
150:rift
132:and
38:The
520:doi
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611:.
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
