1181:
801:(91 m) on subsequent excursions to minimize leakage caused by detonation of nearby mines. About one percent of the mines deployed during the first excursion broke free of their mooring cables and washed ashore in Norway within a month. Mines used for the last eleven excursions had springs installed at the mine mooring cable attachment points to buffer wave loading during storms. Premature detonations increased to 14 percent for the fourth minelaying excursion because some mines had been assembled with the more sensitive antenna fuze relay settings made by the Bureau of Ordnance. The fifth minelaying excursion was halted when 19 percent of the mines detonated prematurely.
408:—was skeptical about the value of the operation and did not feel it justified the large logistical and manufacturing commitment required. A minefield across the North Sea would require mining water 900 feet (270 m) deep, while no previous minefield had been established in waters more than 300 ft (91 m) deep. A minefield across the North Sea had been estimated to require 400,000 conventional anchored mines. An "antenna" mine developed in July 1917 was effective at the assumed maximum submarine depth of 200 ft (61 m), and 100,000 of these new Mk 6 mines would be adequate to form the North Sea mine barrage.
1419:
killed in separate incidents while attempting to haul mines aboard to clear fouled sweeping kites. It had been assumed the Mk 6 mine hydrostatic safety devices would minimize the risks of this procedure, but sweeping gear losses increased after unreliability of these safety devices was recognized. Countermining sequences initiated by destruction of a swept mine causing detonation of an undetected mine closer to one of the minesweepers were another source of damage. Some of this countermining was attributed to acceleration of the antenna fuze relay armature or seawater leaking into damaged mines rather than
607:
115:
130:
829:
theoretical 66 per cent chance of a surfaced U-boat triggering a mine and a 33 per cent chance for a submerged U-boat. On the basis of the number of effective mines observed while sweeping the barrage, the actual odds were assessed at being closer to 20 per cent for a surfaced U-boat and 10 per cent for a submerged one. As the final mines were laid only a matter of days before the end of the war, it is impossible to assess the success of the plan. Some contend the minefield was a major cause of the declining morale of the
510:
of rails aboard the minelayer. The mine was connected to its 800-pound (360 kg) anchor box by a wire rope mooring cable stored on a reel. The depth of the mine below the water surface was controlled by allowing the steel mooring cable to unwind from its reel as the mine was dropped from the minelayer until a sensor suspended beneath the anchor reached the bottom. The sensor locked the cable reel so the falling anchor would pull the buoyant mine below the surface; and the float extended the antenna above the mine.
57:
581:, and the longest central area A connecting the two coastal areas between 0° 50′ West and 3° 10′ East. The Royal Navy laid mines in areas B and C while the United States Navy mined area A. The Royal Navy left a 10 mi (8.7 nmi; 16 km) channel open for navigation adjacent to Orkney. Because of neutrality regulations no mines were laid within Norwegian territorial waters. The United States North Sea Mine Force was commanded by Rear Admiral
101:
768:
laying parallel rows of mines while steaming in columns 500 yards (460 m) apart, with the last ship in each column dropping mines at 100 yd (91 m) intervals. As a minelayer exhausted its supply of mines, another minelayer in that column would drop back to the last position to continue the minelaying sequence. The minelayers were preceded by Royal Navy
563:
subsequently increased sensitivity to 10 to 25 millivolts, but this was later readjusted on the basis of field experience. Each mine had five separate spring-loaded safety switches in the detonating circuit held open by salt pellets which took about 20 minutes to dissolve in sea water after the mine
962:
wire between two ships on a parallel course. While held underwater by planing devices called "kites", the wire would foul the cables suspending the buoyant mines above their anchors. If the serrated wire parted the mine mooring cable, the mine would bob to the surface to be destroyed by gunfire.
509:
controlled United States TNT production and would not release sufficient quantities for the naval mine barrage. For transport, the mine rested atop a box-shaped steel anchor approximately 30 inches (76 cm) square. The anchor box had wheels allowing the mine assembly to be moved along a system
1432:
was declared a total loss. Three more men of the minesweeping force were killed in individual accidents involving sweeping gear before
Strauss declared the barrage cleared on 30 September 1919. The minesweepers found only about 25 to 30 percent of the mines laid a year earlier; but it was assumed
1418:
Common difficulties with the sweeping procedure involved mine cables becoming entangled in the kites attached to the sweeping wires. Sweeping gear was often lost if the mine detonated and cut the sweeping cables. Approximately one-third of the ships were damaged by exploding mines. Two men were
754:
The mine barrage consisted of 18 rows of mines laid in an east–west direction. Ten rows of mines were laid at a depth of 80 ft (24 m) to be detonated by ships traveling on the surface. Submerged submarines were targeted by four rows of mines at 160 ft (49 m), and another four
411:
The United States was altogether more enthusiastic about the operation, as the loss of trans-Atlantic shipping was a major domestic concern and this plan allowed the United States to play an active part in tackling this, while playing to their industrial strength and with minimal risk of
American
1445:
As 1919 drew to a close, the onset of winter forced the suspension of sweeping for moored buoyant mines, but the Royal Navy resumed minesweeping operations the following spring, continuing to clear sunken mines from fishing grounds, and maintaining a destroyer patrol to track down mines that had
1427:
was sunk by a mine detonation on 12 July. Strauss discontinued use of the trawlers for minesweeping, but retained six for transporting replacement sweeping gear to minesweepers when wires were destroyed by exploding mines. The remaining 13 trawlers were returned to the
Admiralty. Most damaged
767:
was checked from the elevation of the sun when atmospheric conditions permitted. The mine barrage required multiple missions, called "excursions", laying parallel rows of mines partway across the North Sea between Norway and Orkney. Mine
Squadron One made thirteen two-day minelaying excursions
828:
Supply problems and technical difficulties caused some delays. More minelaying excursions to complete the barrage were cancelled when the approaching end of hostilities was recognized after the thirteenth minelaying excursion on 26 October 1918. The design of the minefield meant there was a
800:
continuing for a week after minelaying. These premature detonations were initially attributed to activation of the horn fuze detonation circuits by seawater leaking into the mines; and mine spacing was increased from 250 ft (76 m) on the first minelaying excursion to 300 ft
490:
1188:(Minesweeper No. 17) (left) in port with submarine chasers alongside during the clearance of the North Sea Mine Barrage in 1919. The leftmost submarine chaser is either SC-254, SC-256 or SC-259 and the others are (left to right) SC-45, SC-356, SC-47, and SC-40.
572:
The mine barrage was within a belt 230 mi (200 nmi; 370 km) long and 15 mi (13 nmi; 24 km) to 35 mi (30 nmi; 56 km) wide divided into area B off the east coast of Orkney, area C near the
Norwegian coast between
982:
were available for the first routine sweep of the United States minesweepers on 29 April 1919. After the first sweep took two days to clear 221 mines, Strauss requested more ships in the hope of clearing the mine barrage that summer. Twenty
Admiralty
1446:
broken free of their moorings and gone adrift. Losses of civilian ships to North Sea mines continued; the origin of the mine in these cases was often difficult to determine. In 1919, twenty crewmen drowned when the
Swedish steamship
836:
The official statistics on lost German submarines compiled on 1 March 1919 credited the North Sea mine barrage with the certain destruction of four U-boats, presumed destruction of two more and possible destruction of another two.
963:
The smacks swept and destroyed six mines before winter weather halted further work at sea. The winter was spent testing an electrical protective device to reduce the risk of sweeping the antenna mines with steel-hulled ships.
522:
pushing the detonator away from the explosive charge into the buoyancy chamber unless compressed by hydrostatic pressure. The mines were intended to be safe at depths less than 25 ft (7.6 m). The mines contained a
517:
safety features intended to render the mine safe if it detached from its mooring cable and floated to the surface. The first was an open switch in the detonation circuit closed by hydrostatic pressure. The second was a
788:
were dropped temporarily marking the end point of a mining excursion to avoid leaving an unmined gap when the next excursion started. These buoys were subject to potential movement by storms or enemy action.
464:
were converted to minelayers; and another 24 mine-carrying freighters, sailing at a rate of two or three per week, were required to transport manufactured mine components to assembly depots in
Scotland.
380:, commanding the Royal Navy minelaying force at the time, described the barrage as the "biggest mine planting stunt in the world's history." Larger fields with greater numbers of mines were laid during
165:
481:, which had resulted in U-boats diverting north around Scotland. The North Sea Mine Barrage was intended to close this alternative route, and it also made it hard for the U-boats to get supplies.
449:
required to moor the mines to the seabed. Project spending of $ 40 million was shared among 140 manufacturing contractors and over 400 sub-contractors. All mine components other than wire rope,
820:
when nearby mines detonated. Premature detonations dropped to four to six percent when sensitivity was adjusted to 30 to 45 millivolts for mines deployed by the last five minelaying excursions.
971:
tested the protective device by sweeping 39 mines in March. Royal Navy minesweeping efforts involved 421 vessels manned by 600 officers and 15,000 men from 1 April to 30 November 1919.
755:
rows at 240 ft (73 m). Since Utsira is slightly north of Orkney, alignment of minefields within the central area A was skewed east-northeasterly from Orkney. Where possible,
805:
identified relay armature sensitivity as a major cause of premature detonations during a comparative field test minelaying excursion on 12 August. Subsequent investigations revealed
461:
158:
1594:
501:. Each mine was constructed of two steel hemispheres welded together. A Toxyl bursting charge was cast into the lower hemisphere. Toxyl was a mixture of 60% trinitro
1537:
1180:
151:
2027:
1434:
106:
210:
592:. Strauss was an ordnance specialist and had been chief of the Bureau of Ordnance from 1913 to 1916. Mine Squadron One, under the command of Captain
433:, who commanded all United States naval forces in Europe. The U.S. Navy tendered an order for the Mk 6 mines in October 1917 with 80,000,000
185:
610:
Only the two smallest of the eight steamships converted to lay the barrage remained in commission for conventional minelaying operations. USS
245:
1423:
of explosives. The minesweepers were sometimes able to continue sweeping, but the trawlers were less durable. Seven men drowned when the
600:
in June 1918. Over the following five months, these ships planted 56,571 of the 70,177 mines laid to form the North Sea mine barrage.
547:, and seawater acted as an electrolyte completing a circuit with an insulated copper plate on the mine surface to actuate a detonating
833:
through the final months of the war, while others suggest
Germany easily swept safe channels through the large, unguarded minefield.
290:
1946:
1822:
1667:
552:
285:
190:
531:. Four of the fuzes were conventional horns in the buoyant upper hemisphere of the mine. Each horn contained a glass ampoule of
1598:
1433:
the others had either broken free, sunk to the bottom, or been destroyed by premature explosions. Strauss was recognized as a
413:
497:
The Mk 6 mine was a 34-inch-diameter (86 cm) steel sphere containing a buoyancy chamber and 300 lb (140 kg) of
420:
325:
1680:
1544:
606:
564:
was dropped overboard from the minelayer. Battery life for the detonating circuit was estimated at greater than two years.
401:
270:
260:
759:
was determined from a calibrated taut-wire anchored near a landmark and unreeled from a 140-mile (230 km) spool of
535:
which would connect an open circuit if an ampoule was broken by bending the soft metal horn. The novel fifth fuze was a
235:
220:
792:
Three to five percent of the new mines dropped into the North Sea detonated as soon as the salt pellets dissolved; and
784:
squadrons maneuvered nearby to defend the minelaying formation, but no German surface warships attempted engagement.
225:
195:
2022:
934:
United States participation in the minesweeping effort was overseen by Rear
Admiral Strauss aboard the repair ship
295:
240:
975:
671:
1376:
740:
714:
582:
255:
230:
1737:
926:
personnel assumed the field might be responsible for five more U-boats which disappeared without explanation.
1960:
1437:
for his efforts; but doubts about effectiveness of the minesweeping effort persisted into the 21st century.
701:
627:
493:
A Mk 6 mine atop its anchor. Two horn fuzes are visible, but the antenna fuze cannot be seen in this image.
265:
1420:
1300:
1212:
615:
1890:
1344:
688:
586:
544:
527:
battery each with an electrical detonating circuit which could be initiated by any one of five parallel
416:
2032:
1244:
945:
939:
830:
645:
275:
400:
and was agreed at the Allied Naval Conference on 5 September 1917. The Royal Navy—and in particular
1410:
1370:
1350:
1306:
1268:
1238:
636:
597:
593:
377:
56:
1404:
1390:
1382:
1326:
1320:
1312:
1274:
1224:
1194:
988:
727:
560:
506:
350:
310:
280:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1102:
1098:
1094:
2001:
1942:
1818:
1663:
1623:
1338:
1294:
1282:
1206:
923:
658:
305:
250:
958:
out to conduct the first trial sweep in December. Sweeping was accomplished by suspending a
477:
and preying on trans-Atlantic shipping. A similar barrage had already been placed across the
1364:
1358:
1256:
1218:
1200:
979:
678:
215:
205:
200:
31:
17:
1891:"STATEMENT of the FIRST LORD OF THE ADMIRALTY Explanatory of the NAVY ESTIMATES, 1919-1920"
1463:
1288:
519:
498:
478:
489:
1973:
806:
773:
474:
423:
397:
346:
300:
2016:
1849:
984:
370:
135:
120:
1524:(1920) United States Naval Institute pp.5,15,18-22,27-36,43-47,56,82-83,101&108
1250:
817:
430:
427:
381:
374:
320:
1772:
1684:
987:
with American crews, 16 more Lapwing class minesweepers, and another repair ship
532:
514:
434:
405:
358:
48:
814:
797:
793:
777:
760:
457:
354:
342:
2005:
1538:"Munitions Contamination of Marine Renewable Energy Sites in Scottish Waters"
1572:
1332:
1232:
1110:
1106:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
912:
902:
892:
862:
810:
769:
756:
556:
450:
446:
442:
393:
80:
1854:
German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
1177:
provided tender services for the larger ships operating as six divisions.
813:
created a weak battery, increasing the probability of relay activation by
614:, shown laying the North Sea mine barrage, sank 23 years later during the
1992:
Armstrong, Harry C. (1988). "The Removal of the North Sea Mine Barrage".
1262:
959:
882:
872:
842:
764:
524:
366:
922:
Eight more boats were known to have been damaged by the mines and some
852:
781:
633:(old protected cruiser converted in 1911 to carry 170 mines) (flagship)
454:
888:
presumed sunk by the North Sea mine barrage area B (confirmed in 2006)
858:
presumed sunk by the North Sea mine barrage area B (confirmed in 2007)
143:
763:
aboard one of the cruisers acting as the minelaying formation guide.
603:
The WWI Mine Memorial on Boston Common, Massachusetts, United States
578:
574:
536:
502:
362:
1836:
Room 40: German Naval Warfare 1914-1918. Vol II., The Fleet in Being
1522:
The Yankee mining squadron; or, Laying the North Sea mining barrage
605:
548:
540:
488:
555:
was initially set to complete the detonating circuit at 25 to 40
539:
wire antenna with a float to extend it above the mine. A ship's
1450:
sank, minutes after striking a mine in October; and the steamer
785:
528:
438:
147:
938:, from which he had commanded the minelaying operation. Tugs
473:
The objective was to prevent U-boats from operating in the
642:(old protected cruiser converted in 1915 carry 180 mines)
27:
Large minefield laid by the United States in World War I
908:
unknown - possibly sunk by the North Sea mine barrage
848:
unknown - possibly sunk by the North Sea mine barrage
396:
was first proposed in the summer of 1916 by Admiral
341:, also known as the Northern Barrage, was a large
1787:The Northern Barrage and other Mining Activities
1760:The Northern Barrage and other Mining Activities
1725:The Northern Barrage and other Mining Activities
1712:The Northern Barrage and other Mining Activities
1647:The Northern Barrage and other Mining Activities
453:, and detonating circuitry were manufactured by
361:. The objective was to inhibit the movement of
1762:(1920) Government Printing Office pp.38&121
41:
997:was given responsibility for tending trawlers
585:aboard the Atlantic Fleet Mine Force flagship
543:hull touching the copper antenna would form a
1714:(1920) Government Printing Office pp. 105–120
159:
8:
1649:(1920) Government Printing Office p.20,47-58
1435:Knight Commander of St Michael and St George
772:sweeping for enemy mines and submarines. A
30:For the minefield laid in World War II, see
426:to overcome opposition to the project from
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
166:
152:
144:
38:
1838:(Steinbach, Germany: LIS Reinisch, 2009).
1618:
1616:
1532:
1530:
918:sunk by the North Sea mine barrage area A
898:sunk by the North Sea mine barrage area B
878:sunk by the North Sea mine barrage area A
868:sunk by the North Sea mine barrage area B
1977:REPORTS OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL AWARDS
1885:
1883:
1773:"The WWI Mine Monument in Boston Common"
1706:
1704:
1702:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1179:
369:shipping lanes bringing supplies to the
1789:(1920) Government Printing Office p.125
1727:(1920) Government Printing Office p. 26
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1567:
1565:
1454:struck a mine and sank on 1 December.
950:towed Admiralty wooden sailing smacks
392:The idea of a mine barrage across the
1597:. Roosevelt Institute. Archived from
7:
1683:. Derek S. Hartshorn. Archived from
505:(TNX) with 40% TNT used because the
2028:North Sea operations of World War I
1926:Sweeping the North Sea Mine Barrage
1913:Sweeping the North Sea Mine Barrage
1875:Sweeping the North Sea Mine Barrage
720:(former Southern Pacific freighter
707:(former Southern Pacific freighter
694:(former Southern Pacific freighter
1738:"The Great North Sea Mine Barrage"
25:
128:
113:
99:
55:
993:were assigned to his command.
746:(former Old Dominion steamship
733:(former Old Dominion steamship
414:Assistant Secretary of the Navy
1815:The U-Boat Offensive 1914-1945
668:carried 320 mines on one deck)
655:carried 320 mines on one deck)
1:
1662:(1985) Naval institute Press
1660:Naval Weapons of World War II
750:carried 612 mines on 2 decks)
737:carried 612 mines on 2 decks)
724:carried 830 mines on 3 decks)
711:carried 830 mines on 3 decks)
698:carried 830 mines on 3 decks)
685:carried 830 mines on 3 decks)
404:as Commander in Chief of the
365:from bases in Germany to the
211:Scarborough/Hartlepool/Whitby
1939:Climate Change and Naval War
1573:"The North Sea Mine Barrage"
18:North Sea Mine Barrage Sweep
1941:(2006) Trafford Publishing
1928:(1919) pp.5,50-51&76-77
809:deposits caused by antenna
551:within the mine. The relay
2049:
1629:(1960) Prentice-Hall p.470
976:Lapwing class minesweepers
664:(former Eastern steamship
651:(former Eastern steamship
296:Action of 15 February 1918
29:
1915:(1919) pp.19,27&94-95
1543:. QinetiQ. Archived from
1428:ships were repaired, but
462:Eight civilian steamships
181:
91:
63:
54:
46:
1595:"Early Political Career"
1520:Belknap, Reginald Rowan
1077:, and submarine chasers
1834:Koerver, Hans Joachim.
1575:. The Great War Society
345:laid easterly from the
1958:Launceston, Australia
1421:sympathetic detonation
1189:
623:
616:attack on Pearl Harbor
494:
339:North Sea Mine Barrage
71:June – 26 October 1918
42:North Sea Mine Barrage
1994:Warship International
1924:Davis, Noel, LT, USN
1911:Davis, Noel, LT, USN
1873:Davis, Noel, LT, USN
1848:Helgason, Guðmundur.
1183:
609:
492:
419:appealed directly to
417:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1850:"WWI U-boats: U 102"
831:Imperial German Navy
618:after being renamed
568:Laying the minefield
286:2nd Heligoland Bight
191:1st Heligoland Bight
1964:28 October 1919 p.5
1893:. Naval-History.Net
1775:. 21 December 2008.
1740:. American Heritage
1550:on 1 September 2012
796:detected premature
598:Inverness, Scotland
594:Reginald R. Belknap
378:Lewis Clinton-Baker
291:11–12 December 1917
175:North Sea 1914–1918
1979:Vol VII pp.199-203
1785:Daniels, Jesephus
1758:Daniels, Josephus
1723:Daniels, Josephus
1710:Daniels, Jesephus
1681:"Mineman Memories"
1645:Daniels, Josephus
1601:on 15 January 2015
1389:Buoying Division:
1190:
891:19 September 1918
871:25 September 1918
624:
561:Bureau of Ordnance
513:Each mine had two
507:United States Army
495:
351:United States Navy
2023:Conflicts in 1918
1357:Mine Division 5:
1319:Mine Division 4:
1281:Mine Division 3:
1231:Mine Division 2:
1193:Mine Division 1:
1003:Thomas Blackhorne
980:submarine chasers
861:9 September 1918
851:9 September 1918
353:(assisted by the
349:to Norway by the
334:
333:
196:22 September 1914
142:
141:
87:
86:
16:(Redirected from
2040:
2009:
1980:
1971:
1965:
1956:
1950:
1937:Bernaerts, Arnd
1935:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1887:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1845:
1839:
1832:
1826:
1811:
1790:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1763:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1677:
1671:
1656:
1650:
1643:
1630:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1525:
1518:
1425:Richard Bulkeley
1023:William Caldwell
1011:Richard Bulkeley
911:18 October 1918
780:with Royal Navy
679:Southern Pacific
271:2nd Dover Strait
261:1st Dover Strait
241:29 February 1916
226:Noordhinder Bank
176:
168:
161:
154:
145:
138:
134:
132:
131:
123:
119:
117:
116:
109:
105:
103:
102:
65:
64:
59:
39:
32:Northern Barrage
21:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2013:
2012:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1972:
1968:
1957:
1953:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1877:(1919) pp.15-18
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1833:
1829:
1812:
1793:
1784:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1687:on 12 July 2012
1679:
1678:
1674:
1658:Campbell, John
1657:
1653:
1644:
1633:
1621:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1519:
1476:
1472:
1464:Otranto Barrage
1460:
1443:
1071:William Johnson
1055:John Fitzgerald
1043:William Darnold
1035:George Cochrane
932:
901:September 1918
881:September 1918
841:19 August 1918
826:
596:, assembled at
570:
487:
479:English Channel
471:
390:
335:
330:
326:24 October 1918
236:2nd Dogger Bank
221:1st Dogger Bank
186:U-Boat Campaign
177:
174:
172:
129:
127:
126:
114:
112:
111:
110:
100:
98:
97:
83:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2000:(2): 134–169.
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1974:United Nations
1966:
1951:
1930:
1917:
1904:
1879:
1866:
1840:
1827:
1813:Tarrant, V.E.
1791:
1778:
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1075:Thomas Laundry
1007:Thomas Buckley
999:William Ashton
931:
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909:
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849:
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822:
807:copper sulfate
774:covering force
752:
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738:
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686:
669:
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643:
634:
583:Joseph Strauss
569:
566:
486:
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475:North Atlantic
470:
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441:; 24,000
424:Woodrow Wilson
402:Admiral Beatty
398:Reginald Bacon
389:
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347:Orkney Islands
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1947:1-4120-4846-X
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1067:Thomas Henrix
1064:
1063:Thomas Graham
1060:
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1048:
1044:
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1027:George Clarke
1024:
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818:accelerations
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437:(15,000
436:
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412:casualties.
409:
407:
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371:British Isles
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266:16 March 1917
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121:United States
108:
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67:
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62:
58:
53:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
1997:
1993:
1986:Bibliography
1976:
1969:
1959:
1954:
1938:
1933:
1925:
1920:
1912:
1907:
1895:. Retrieved
1874:
1869:
1857:. Retrieved
1853:
1843:
1835:
1830:
1814:
1786:
1781:
1767:
1759:
1754:
1742:. Retrieved
1732:
1724:
1719:
1711:
1689:. Retrieved
1685:the original
1675:
1659:
1654:
1646:
1626:
1603:. Retrieved
1599:the original
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1552:. Retrieved
1545:the original
1521:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1411:
1405:
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1396:
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1378:Whippoorwill
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1046:
1042:
1039:John Collins
1038:
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619:
611:
602:
588:
571:
512:
496:
485:Mark 6 Mines
472:
431:William Sims
428:Vice Admiral
410:
391:
382:World War II
375:Rear Admiral
338:
336:
316:Mine Barrage
315:
246:2nd Yarmouth
231:Lowca/Parton
206:1st Yarmouth
92:Belligerents
36:
2033:Naval mines
1622:Potter and
1059:John Graham
1051:John Dunkin
1019:Pat Caharty
798:detonations
794:hydrophones
778:battleships
674:Canandaigua
653:Bunker Hill
533:electrolyte
515:hydrostatic
445:) of steel
406:Grand Fleet
359:World War I
49:World War I
2017:Categories
1949:pp.285-290
1859:25 January
1302:Sanderling
1214:Kingfisher
936:Black Hawk
815:shock wave
770:destroyers
761:piano wire
743:Quinnebaug
717:Housatonic
681:freighter
589:Black Hawk
557:millivolts
469:Objectives
458:automobile
451:explosives
355:Royal Navy
311:2nd Ostend
306:1st Ostend
276:4 May 1917
2006:0043-0374
1627:Sea Power
1448:Hollander
1346:Cormorant
1175:Blackhawk
1047:Sam Duffy
1031:John Clay
924:Admiralty
811:corrosion
757:longitude
748:Jefferson
741:USS
728:USS
715:USS
704:Canonicus
702:USS
689:USS
672:USS
648:Aroostook
646:USS
639:Baltimore
637:USS
628:USS
587:USS
447:wire rope
421:President
394:North Sea
357:) during
343:minefield
301:Zeebrugge
81:North Sea
1961:Examiner
1458:See also
1441:Post war
1401:Patuxent
1397:Patapsco
1384:Flamingo
1252:Woodcock
1246:Bobolink
985:trawlers
969:Patuxent
965:Patapsco
960:serrated
956:Red Fern
952:Red Rose
947:Patuxent
941:Patapsco
913:SM
903:SM
893:SM
883:SM
873:SM
863:SM
853:SM
843:SM
765:Latitude
735:Hamilton
683:El Siglo
677:(former
553:armature
525:dry cell
367:Atlantic
216:Cuxhaven
76:Location
47:Part of
1897:16 June
1817:(1989)
1452:Kerwood
1412:Penguin
1406:Lapwing
1372:Widgeon
1352:Mallard
1314:Tanager
1308:Chewink
1276:Swallow
1270:Seagull
1240:Pelican
995:Panther
990:Panther
978:and 18
974:Twelve
930:Cleanup
824:Results
782:cruiser
730:Saranac
691:Roanoke
661:Shawmut
612:Shawmut
559:. The
545:battery
460:firms.
455:Detroit
388:Concept
363:U-boats
321:Tondern
281:Lerwick
251:Jutland
136:Germany
2004:
1945:
1821:
1666:
1624:Nimitz
1392:Osprey
1340:Curlew
1328:Avocet
1322:Thrush
1284:Oriole
1226:Falcon
1196:Turkey
915:UB-123
905:UB-113
895:UB-104
865:UB-127
722:El Rio
709:El Cid
696:El Dia
620:Oglala
579:Bergen
575:Utsira
537:copper
520:spring
503:xylene
133:
118:
104:
1744:1 May
1691:2 May
1670:p.167
1605:2 May
1579:1 May
1554:2 May
1548:(PDF)
1541:(PDF)
1470:Notes
1430:SC-38
1334:Grebe
1296:Heron
1234:Eider
1220:Finch
1208:Quail
1202:Robin
1186:Eider
1079:SC-37
885:U-102
875:U-156
845:UB-12
786:Buoys
549:relay
541:steel
529:fuzes
201:Texel
2002:ISSN
1943:ISBN
1899:2012
1861:2010
1825:p.76
1819:ISBN
1746:2012
1693:2012
1664:ISBN
1607:2012
1581:2012
1556:2012
1366:Swan
1360:Lark
1264:Teal
1258:Rail
1184:USS
1169:and
967:and
954:and
944:and
855:U-92
659:USS
577:and
337:The
68:Date
1998:XXV
1290:Auk
1173:.
1171:356
1167:354
1163:329
1159:272
1155:259
1151:256
1147:254
1143:208
1139:207
1135:206
1131:182
1127:181
1123:178
1119:164
1115:110
776:of
499:TNT
373:.
2019::
1996:.
1882:^
1852:.
1794:^
1701:^
1634:^
1615:^
1564:^
1529:^
1477:^
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1403:,
1399:,
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1021:,
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1009:,
1005:,
1001:,
443:km
439:mi
435:ft
384:.
2008:.
1901:.
1863:.
1748:.
1695:.
1609:.
1583:.
1558:.
622:.
167:e
160:t
153:v
34:.
20:)
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