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527:) and more were about to follow. Operational capabilities of the U-boats created a new thread for the western coast of Britain till then almost untouched by the direct military actions, especially compared to the south-eastern banks of England. This area experienced the first massive coastal bombardment, primarily targeting non-military sites, on 16 December 1914 during the
656:. Her case was later reviewed and after a year, shortly after her husband William died on 8 May 1916 aged 42, she was set free of all charges and released. Suspicion could be based on truth: she was a daughter of a Prussian officer, her brother served in the German navy and after the war started she was defending German positions for war.
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factory near Lowca village. 55 shots had been fired, about 13 of them hit the targeted site. Later the information spreaded that a quick thinking workers of the plant opened a relief valve which sent up an impressive plume of burning gas simullating an explosion fire, so the submariners thought they
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Numerous witnesses from the area reported, that they'd seen pure white light coming from the coast pressumably giving the signal to the German boat. Suspicion felt on Mrs
Hildegarde Burnyeat, wife of a local coal industry entrepreneur and member of the British Parliament William Burnyeat. She was
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had damaged their target enough. About 20 shots were then fired on an inhabitated coast side of Lowca and Parton villages. U-24 was spotted at sea by two men in an unarmed fishing boat watching. Action lasted for about 25 minutes, then U-24 left the coast to continue in hunt for enemy vessels.
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Shelling caused a few fires and damage pf the cost about 800 pounds. Nobody was killed during the accident, most of the people were already sleeping and apparently the only fatality of the incident was one of the local dogs. After just four days functioning of the factory was restored.
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a war zone. In a short time Germat U-boat type submarines started to penetrate closer to the enemy coast attacking mainly cargo ships and sinking them without any warning. On 20 February two
British ships were sunk in the Irish sea:
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To target
British strategical and military coastal facilities would be a new tactics for the German Imperial Navy, a newly opened warfare gave the opportunity to prove an original plan. U-24 submarine under the command of Capitain
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explosive. The factory was built in 1911 in a collaboration with the German companies, which was probably the reason why
Harrington Coke should be targeted. Area was also expected to be unguarded by the British ships or
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In the middle of August 1915 U-24 slipped into the Irish Sea. On the dawn of 16 August 1915 the ship intercepted the coast
Cumbria and surfaced. At about 4:50 crew entered the deck and opened fire from their deck
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for being a
British spy or some similar cases occurred in Britain affair was followed by the British press in a large scale. At first Hildegarde Burnyeat was sentenced to death penalty, soon after changed for
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with the resuilt of 136 people killed and 443 wounded, having a huge psychological impact on
British public, following two another similar German operations until August 1915.
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Some of the relicts of the shells and other artefacts and materials about the raid are kept in the Beacon Museum in nearby town of
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picturing the surprising and courageous attack "behind enemy lines", British press on the other hand called the German submariners
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which led to her arrest and charge of an espionage for the German Empire. In an atmosphere of the executions of a
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From the
Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 1904–1919: The War Years to the eve of Jutland: 1914–1916
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Possible relation between Mrs
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The event also played a significant part in an espionage affair of Hildegare Burnyeat, German-born wife the
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and probably the first time when the British land was ever shelled by a submarine vessel.
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and then moved to Britain after marrying her husband in 1908, living in a house near
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972:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. p. 22.
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1002:"Lowca and Parton in Cumbria recall 1915 attack by German U-boat"
809:"Lowca and Parton in Cumbria recall 1915 attack by German U-boat"
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Attack by the Imperial German Navy submarine on 16 August 1915
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in the Irish Sea on 19 August 1915, causing 44 casualties.
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was tasked to attack by the gunfire of its deck cannon the
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born in 1875 as Hildegard Hedwig Augusta Anna Retzlaff in
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855:"West Cumbrian village was target of German attack"
786:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. pp. 30–31.
3287:Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1910s
2040:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
703:"The U-Boat Campaign That Almost Broke Britain"
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878:Carruthers, F.J., article on Lowca shelling,
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2329:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
917:"Hildegard Hedwig Augusta Anna Retzlaff"
2706:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
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500:As a respose for the continuig British
432:on 16 August 1915 was an attack by the
3277:World War I crimes by Imperial Germany
2659:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
1995:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
7:
3267:Naval bombing operations and battles
3063:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
3227:North Sea operations of World War I
2992:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
1786:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
1725:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
783:Barrow-in-Furness in the Great War
14:
550:Workington Iron and Steel Company
2088:Second Battle of the Piave River
1710:Russian invasion of East Prussia
1028:
1000:Jackson, Jerry (6 August 2014).
807:Jackson, Jerry (6 August 2014).
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3159:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
2359:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
2982:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
2841:Deportations from East Prussia
2638:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
1:
3247:Maritime incidents in England
2893:Ukrainian Canadian internment
300:Scarborough/Hartlepool/Whitby
3272:Building bombings in England
3048:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
2347:Estonian War of Independence
2015:Southern Palestine offensive
709:. Imperial War Museum London
3237:Military history of Cumbria
3002:USA against Austria-Hungary
2401:Turkish War of Independence
2353:Latvian War of Independence
2078:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
1669:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
969:Whitehaven in the Great War
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3085:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
2633:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
2093:Second Battle of the Marne
1980:Second battle of the Aisne
1849:Second Battle of Champagne
1690:German invasion of Belgium
552:, producing toluen out of
385:Action of 15 February 1918
3191:
2866:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
2395:Irish War of Independence
2138:Armistice of Villa Giusti
2123:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
1735:First Battle of the Marne
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3018:Constantinople Agreement
2311:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
2174:Co-belligerent conflicts
2143:Second Romanian campaign
2113:Third Transjordan attack
1824:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
1730:Battle of Grand Couronné
757:. Vol. II. London:
571:8.8 cm SK L/30 naval gun
502:naval blocade of Germany
430:Raid on Lowca and Parton
24:Raid on Lowca and Parton
3242:20th century in Cumbria
3081:Modus vivendi of Acroma
3033:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
2341:Greater Poland Uprising
2241:National Protection War
2118:Meuse–Argonne offensive
2068:German spring offensive
2063:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1839:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
1814:Second Battle of Artois
1695:Battle of the Frontiers
966:Mansergh, Ruth (2015).
880:Evening News & Star
780:Mansergh, Ruth (2015).
759:Oxford University Press
707:Imperial War Museum Web
3106:Paris Peace Conference
3094:Ukraine–Central Powers
2888:Massacres of Albanians
2856:Late Ottoman genocides
2663:Bulgarian occupations
2371:Third Anglo-Afghan War
2335:Hungarian–Romanian War
2153:Naval Victory Bulletin
2148:Armistice with Germany
2098:Hundred Days Offensive
2025:Battle of La Malmaison
1975:Second battle of Arras
1942:Battle of Transylvania
1796:Second Battle of Ypres
1664:Sarajevo assassination
1553:South African Republic
1037:This section is empty.
556:used in production of
184:Commanders and leaders
3282:World War I espionage
3116:Treaty of St. Germain
3089:Russia–Central Powers
3043:Sykes–Picot Agreement
2871:Pontic Greek genocide
2846:Destruction of Kalisz
2822:Eastern Mediterranean
2383:Polish–Lithuanian War
2165:Armistice of Belgrade
2128:Armistice of Salonica
2058:Operation Faustschlag
2005:Third Battle of Oituz
1927:Baranovichi offensive
1895:Lake Naroch offensive
1869:Battle of Robat Karim
1844:Vistula–Bug offensive
1819:Battles of the Isonzo
1750:First Battle of Ypres
447:factory located near
219:Casualties and losses
3111:Treaty of Versailles
2827:Mount Lebanon famine
2742:in the United States
2710:Russian occupations
2424:Turkish–Armenian War
2365:Polish–Ukrainian War
2305:Ukrainian–Soviet War
2252:Central Asian Revolt
2035:Armistice of Focșani
1765:Battle of Sarikamish
1715:Battle of Tannenberg
1111:Military engagements
638:British intelligence
434:Imperial German Navy
375:2nd Heligoland Bight
280:1st Heligoland Bight
119:54.58278°N 3.58278°E
51:submarine attacking
3178:They shall not pass
3101:Treaty of Bucharest
3058:Treaty of Bucharest
2997:USA against Germany
2974:Declarations of war
2678:German occupations
2591:British casualties
2450:Soviet–Georgian War
2377:Egyptian Revolution
2317:Armeno-Georgian War
2181:Somaliland campaign
2133:Armistice of Mudros
2010:Battle of Caporetto
2000:Battle of Mărășești
1970:Zimmermann telegram
1965:February Revolution
1910:Battle of the Somme
1834:Bug-Narew Offensive
1809:Battle of Gallipoli
1801:Sinking of the RMS
1593:Scramble for Africa
1587:Franco-Prussian War
1243:Sinai and Palestine
896:The Whitehaven News
859:The Whitehaven News
834:The Whitehaven News
380:11–12 December 1917
264:North Sea 1914–1918
115: /
92:villages, coast of
3252:August 1915 events
3138:Treaty of Lausanne
3053:Paris Economy Pact
2987:UK against Germany
2917:Entry into the war
2883:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
2602:Ottoman casualties
2412:Franco-Turkish War
2292:Post-War conflicts
2276:Russian Revolution
2258:Invasion of Darfur
2223:Kelantan rebellion
2211:Kurdish rebellions
2187:Mexican Revolution
2020:October Revolution
1985:Kerensky offensive
1960:Capture of Baghdad
1937:Monastir offensive
1922:Brusilov offensive
1760:Battle of Kolubara
1599:Russo-Japanese War
942:"Cavell Org - bio"
882:, 3–4 October 1968
519:and Irish steamer
484:British Parliament
3232:World War I raids
3222:Conflicts in 1915
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3187:
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3171:The Golden Virgin
3165:Mutilated victory
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3126:Treaty of Trianon
3121:Treaty of Neuilly
3028:Damascus Protocol
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2861:Armenian genocide
2818:Allied blockades
2790:Belgian refugees
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2483:Strategic bombing
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2444:Franco-Syrian War
2418:Greco-Turkish War
2406:Anglo-Turkish War
2389:Polish–Soviet War
2323:German Revolution
2299:Russian Civil War
2282:Finnish Civil War
2108:Battle of Megiddo
2083:Battle of Goychay
2030:Battle of Cambrai
1990:Battle of Mărăști
1905:Battle of Jutland
1885:Erzurum offensive
1740:Siege of Przemyśl
1720:Siege of Tsingtao
1705:Battle of Galicia
1635:Second Balkan War
1623:Italo-Turkish War
1580:Pre-War conflicts
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1456:Portuguese Empire
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1334:German New Guinea
1316:Asian and Pacific
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793:978-1-78383-111-1
751:Marder, Arthur J.
654:life inprisonment
625:, later lived in
563:coastal artillery
548:factory owned by
465:North Sea warfare
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124:54.58278; 3.58278
59:(illustration by
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2595:Parliamentarians
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2490:Chemical weapons
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2229:Senussi campaign
2199:Muscat rebellion
2193:Maritz rebellion
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2103:Vardar offensive
1932:Battle of Romani
1900:Battle of Asiago
1890:Battle of Verdun
1854:Kosovo offensive
1629:First Balkan War
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1476:Russian Republic
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2764: /
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2531:Conscription
2495:Cryptography
2432:Iraqi Revolt
1859:Siege of Kut
1802:
1380:participants
1329:German Samoa
1263:South Arabia
1045:
1041:adding to it
1036:
1021:Bibliography
1008:13 September
1006:. Retrieved
995:
985:13 September
983:. Retrieved
968:
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951:13 September
949:. Retrieved
945:
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926:13 September
924:. Retrieved
921:Ancestry.com
920:
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901:13 September
899:. Retrieved
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864:13 September
862:. Retrieved
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813:. Retrieved
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735:29 September
733:. Retrieved
729:"Downshiore"
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711:. Retrieved
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405:Mine Barrage
335:2nd Yarmouth
320:Lowca/Parton
319:
295:1st Yarmouth
227:1 dog killed
147:Belligerents
61:Willy Moralt
52:
2794:Netherlands
2771:Switzerland
2652:Occupations
2643:Spanish flu
2420:(1919–1922)
2414:(1918–1921)
2408:(1918–1923)
2397:(1919–1921)
2391:(1919–1921)
2385:(1919–1920)
2361:(1918–1920)
2355:(1918–1920)
2349:(1918–1920)
2331:(1918–1920)
2313:(1918–1920)
2307:(1917–1921)
2301:(1917–1921)
2248:(1916-1918)
2246:Arab Revolt
2237:(1915–1917)
2231:(1915–1917)
2219:(1914-1917)
2213:(1914–1917)
2207:(1914–1921)
2201:(1913–1920)
2189:(1910–1920)
2183:(1900–1920)
2156: [
1674:July Crisis
1595:(1880–1914)
1258:Mesopotamia
1136:Home fronts
1095:World War I
731:. Uboat.net
469:World War I
122: /
35:World War I
3262:Whitehaven
3211:Categories
3011:Agreements
2811:War crimes
2687:Luxembourg
2580:Casualties
1451:Montenegro
1286:South West
1166:Technology
1156:Propaganda
1146:Opposition
666:Whitehaven
631:Whitehaven
496:Background
455:villages,
436:submarine
400:2nd Ostend
395:1st Ostend
365:4 May 1917
138:uncecisive
107:54°34′58″N
57:Whitehaven
2908:Diplomacy
2615:Olympians
2538:Australia
2505:Logistics
2438:Vlora War
2367:(1918–19)
2343:(1918–19)
2337:(1918–19)
2325:(1918–19)
2272:(1916–17)
2254:(1916–17)
2205:Zaian War
2195:(1914–15)
1915:first day
1803:Lusitania
1631:(1912–13)
1625:(1911–12)
1613:(1908–09)
1607:(1905–06)
1589:(1870–71)
1378:Principal
1238:Gallipoli
1141:Memorials
1126:Geography
1116:Aftermath
767:865180297
689:Citations
606:SS Arabic
582:Aftermath
521:Downshire
477:Irish Sea
390:Zeebrugge
110:3°34′58″E
3196:Category
2783:Refugees
2749:Italians
2738:Germans
2698:Ober Ost
2478:Aviation
1572:Timeline
1543:Bulgaria
1324:Tsingtao
1301:Togoland
1248:Caucasus
1183:European
1175:Theatres
753:(1965).
672:See also
305:Cuxhaven
206:Strength
80:Location
29:Part of
2934:Germany
2834:Germany
2762:Germany
2682:Belgium
2667:Albania
2626:Disease
2606:Sports
2558:Ireland
2471:Warfare
2464:Aspects
1652:Origins
1645:Prelude
1548:Senussi
1528:Germany
1523:Leaders
1461:Romania
1402:Belgium
1397:Leaders
1296:Kamerun
1278:African
1213:Romania
1191:Balkans
1106:Outline
678:SM U-24
649:Belgium
596:pirates
573:on the
554:benzene
525:SM U-30
517:Cambank
514:steamer
461:British
459:on the
457:Cumbria
445:toluene
440:on the
438:SM U-24
410:Tondern
370:Lerwick
340:Jutland
212:SM U-24
162:Germany
98:England
94:Cumbria
47:German
2954:Russia
2929:France
2757:Canada
2672:Serbia
2543:Canada
2500:Horses
2452:(1921)
2446:(1920)
2440:(1920)
2434:(1920)
2426:(1920)
2379:(1919)
2373:(1919)
2319:(1918)
2284:(1918)
2278:(1917)
2266:(1916)
2260:(1916)
2225:(1915)
1637:(1913)
1619:(1911)
1601:(1905)
1558:Darfur
1483:Serbia
1466:Russia
1429:Greece
1417:France
1407:Brazil
1253:Persia
1196:Serbia
976:
790:
765:
660:Memory
633:port.
627:Berlin
535:Action
453:Parton
174:
159:
135:Result
90:Parton
3151:Other
2944:Japan
2939:Italy
2766:camps
2610:Rugby
2160:]
1439:Japan
1434:Italy
1412:China
1306:North
1004:. BBC
811:. BBC
683:Lowca
511:Welsh
449:Lowca
290:Texel
86:Lowca
84:near
2731:POWs
2050:1918
1952:1917
1878:1916
1779:1915
1683:1914
1488:Siam
1291:East
1010:2024
987:2024
974:ISBN
953:2024
928:2024
903:2024
866:2024
841:2024
817:2024
788:ISBN
763:OCLC
737:2012
715:2024
619:Culm
601:Huns
598:and
523:(by
451:and
428:The
224:none
201:none
88:and
72:Date
49:U-24
1043:.
644:in
558:TNT
467:of
33:of
3213::
2158:It
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857:.
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487:MP
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1087:e
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717:.
256:e
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63:)
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