Quechuan languages

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However, if one focuses less on the structure and more on the situation, some sense can be made. The speaker is asking the addressee for information so the speaker assumes the speaker knows the answer. That assumption is where the direct evidential comes into play. The speaker holds a certain amount of certainty that the addressee will know the answer. The speaker interprets the addressee as being in "direct relation" to the proposed content; the situation is the same as when, in regular sentences, the speaker assumes direct relation to the proposed information.

231: 6022: 2763: 5768:, there are a number of Andean texts in the local language which were written down in Latin characters after the European conquest, but which express, to a great extent, the culture of pre-Conquest times. For example, Quechua poems thought to date from Inca times are preserved as quotations within some Spanish-language chronicles dealing with the pre-Conquest period. However, the most important specimen of Quechua literature of this type is the so-called 5752: 699: 5921: 549: 219: 2265: 4468:. Evidentiality refers to a morpheme whose primary purpose is to indicate the source of information. In Quechuan languages, evidentiality is a three-term system: there are three evidential morphemes that mark varying levels of source information. The markers can apply to first, second, and third persons. The chart below depicts an example of these morphemes from 419:, hence some of the characteristics that still distinguish the Cuzco form of Quechua today. Diverse Quechua regional dialects and languages had already developed in different areas, influenced by local languages, before the Inca Empire expanded and further promoted Quechua as the official language of the Empire. 5720:

An interesting contrast to omission of evidentials is overuse of evidentials. If a speaker uses evidentials too much with no reason, competence is brought into question. For example, the overuse of –m(i) could lead others to believe that the speaker is not a native speaker or, in some extreme cases,

706:

There are significant differences among the varieties of Quechua spoken in the central Peruvian highlands and the peripheral varieties of Ecuador, as well as those of southern Peru and Bolivia. They can be labeled Quechua I (or Quechua B, central) and Quechua II (or Quechua A, peripheral). Within the

5821:

Dramas and poems continued to be written in the 19th and especially in 20th centuries as well; in addition, in the 20th century and more recently, more prose has been published. However, few literary forms were made present in the 19th century as European influences limited literary criticism. While

5583:

Because folktales, myths, and legends are, in essence, reported speech, it follows that the hearsay marker would be used with them. Many of these types of stories are passed down through generations, furthering this aspect of reported speech. A difference between simple hearsay and folktales can be

4624:

evidential indicates that the utterance is an inference or form of conjecture. That inference relays the speaker's non-commitment to the truth-value of the statement. It also appears in cases such as acquiescence, irony, interrogative constructions, and first person inferences. These uses constitute

5716:

In certain grammatical structures, the evidential marker does not appear at all. In all Quechuan languages the evidential will not appear in a dependent clause. No example was given to depict this omission. Omissions occur in Quechua. The sentence is understood to have the same evidentiality as the

5151:

The direct evidential affix is also seen in yes/no questions, similar to the situation with wh-questions. Floyd describes yes/no questions as being "characterized as instructions to the addressee to assert one of the propositions of a disjunction." Once again, the burden of direct evidence is being

4717:

With the use of this morpheme, the speaker "serves as a conduit through which information from another source passes." The information being related is hearsay or revelatory in nature. It also works to express the uncertainty of the speaker regarding the situation. However, it also appears in other

1768:." This hypothesis is generally rejected by specialists, however. The parallels are better explained by mutual influence and borrowing through intensive and long-term contact. Many Quechua–Aymara cognates are close, often closer than intra-Quechua cognates, and there is a little relationship in the 666:

The missionary organization FEDEPI, on the other hand, estimated one million Imbabura dialect speakers (published 2006). Census figures are also problematic, due to under-reporting. The 2001 Ecuador census reports only 500,000 Quechua speakers, compared to the estimate in most linguistic sources of

5747:

Evidentials also show that being precise and stating the source of one's information is extremely important in the language and the culture. Failure to use them correctly can lead to diminished standing in the community. Speakers are aware of the evidentials and even use proverbs to teach children

1372:

Landerman (1991) does not believe a true genetic classification is possible and divides Quechua II so that the family has four geographical–typological branches: Northern, North Peruvian, Central, and Southern. He includes Chachapoyas and Lamas in North Peruvian Quechua so Ecuadorian is synonymous

5307:

This example comes from a conversation between husband and wife, discussing the reactions of their family and friends after they have been gone for a while. The husband says he plans to stretch the truth and tell them about distant places to which he has gone, and his wife (in the example above)

5083:

The direct evidential appears in wh-questions and yes/no questions. By considering the direct evidential in terms of prototypical semantics, it seems somewhat counterintuitive to have a direct evidential, basically an evidential that confirms the speaker's certainty about a topic, in a question.

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The evidential morphemes have been referred to as markers or morphemes. The literature seems to differ on whether or not the evidential morphemes are acting as affixes or clitics, in some cases, such as Wanka Quechua, enclitics. Lefebvre and Muysken (1998) discuss this issue in terms of case but

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The different orthographies are still highly controversial in Peru. Advocates of the traditional system believe that the new orthographies look too foreign and believe that it makes Quechua harder to learn for people who have first been exposed to written Spanish. Those who prefer the new system

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Despite a brief revival of the language immediately after the Latin American nations achieved independence in the 19th century, the prestige of Quechua had decreased sharply. Gradually its use declined so that it was spoken mostly by indigenous people in the more isolated and conservative rural

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In 1975, Peru became the first country to recognize Quechua as one of its official languages. Ecuador conferred official status on the language in its 2006 constitution, and in 2009, Bolivia adopted a new constitution that recognized Quechua and several other indigenous languages as official

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The parentheses around the vowels indicate that the vowel can be dropped when following an open vowel. For the sake of cohesiveness, the above forms are used to discuss the evidential morphemes. There are dialectal variations to the forms. The variations will be presented in the following

4361:) can be used to express the number of the object rather than the subject. There is a lot of variation between the dialects in the exact rules which determine this. In Central Quechua, however, the verbal morphology differs in a number of respects: most notably, the verbal plural suffixes 737:, in particular, has several very distinctive characteristics that make the variety more challenging to understand, even for other Central Quechua speakers.) Speakers from different major regions, particularly Central or Southern Quechua, are not able to communicate effectively. 628:

Quechua and Spanish are now heavily intermixed in much of the Andean region, with many hundreds of Spanish loanwords in Quechua. Similarly, Quechua phrases and words are commonly used by Spanish speakers. In southern rural Bolivia, for instance, many Quechua words such as

6327: 5780:. From the post-conquest period (starting from the middle of the 17th century), there are a number of anonymous or signed Quechua dramas, some of which deal with the Inca era, while most are on religious topics and of European inspiration. The most famous dramas are 591:

The major obstacle to the usage and teaching of Quechua languages is the lack of written materials, such as books, newspapers, software, and magazines. The Bible has been translated into Quechua and is distributed by certain missionary groups. Quechua, along with

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among the dialects is the basic criterion that defines Quechua not as a single language, but as a language family. The complex and progressive nature of how speech varies across the dialect continua makes it nearly impossible to differentiate discrete varieties;

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in the 16th century, Quechua continued to be used widely by the indigenous peoples as the "common language." It was officially recognized by the Spanish administration, and many Spaniards learned it in order to communicate with local peoples. The clergy of the

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language family of the Americas, with the number of speakers estimated at 8–10 million speakers in 2004, and just under 7 million from the most recent census data available up to 2011. Approximately 13.9% (3.7 million) of Peruvians speak a Quechua language.

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This example comes from a discourse where a woman demands compensation from the man (the speaker in the example) whose pigs ruined her potatoes. He denies the pigs as being his but finally realizes he may be responsible and produces the above example.

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Irony in language can be a somewhat complicated topic in how it functions differently in languages, and by its semantic nature, it is already somewhat vague. For these purposes, it is suffice to say that when irony takes place in Wanka Quechua, the

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This example comes from discourse between a father and daughter about her refusal to attend school. It can be interpreted as a genuine statement (perhaps one can learn by resisting school) or as an ironic statement (that is an absurd idea).

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By using evidentials, the Quechua culture has certain assumptions about the information being relayed. Those who do not abide by the cultural customs should not be trusted. A passage from Weber (1986) summarizes them nicely below:

4105:) are associated to each other reversely, compared to European languages. For the speakers of Quechua, we are moving backwards into the future (we cannot see it: it is unknown), facing the past (we can see it: it is remembered). 7091: 5314:

With these, the evidential is used to highlight the speaker's assessment of inevitability of an event and acceptance of it. There is a sense of resistance, diminished enthusiasm, and disinclination in these constructions.

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Adelaar 2004, pp. 258–259: "The Quechua speakers' wish for social mobility for their children is often heard as an argument for not transmitting the language to the next generation.... As observed quite adequately by

619:. Even in these areas, the governments are reaching only a part of the Quechua-speaking populations. Some indigenous people in each of the countries are having their children study in Spanish for social advancement. 5805:

As for Christian literature, as early as 1583, the Third Provincial Church Council of Lima, which took place in 1583, published a number of texts dealing with Christian doctrine and rituals, including a trilingual

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Weber, D. J.; Ballena D., M.; Cayco Z., F.; Cayco V., T. (1998). Quechua de Huánuco: Diccionario del quechua del Huallaga con índices castellano e ingles (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 48). Lima: Summer Institute of

7088:"Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC" 641:(strap or thrashing), are as commonly used as their Spanish counterparts, even in entirely Spanish-speaking areas. Quechua has also had a significant influence on other native languages of the Americas, such as 7781:

Weber, David. "Information Perspective, Profile, and Patterns in Quechua." Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology. Ed. Wallace L. Chafe and Johanna Nichols. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Pub, 1986. 137–55.

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Hintz, Diane. "The evidential system in Sihuas Quechua: personal vs. shared knowledge" The Nature of Evidentiality Conference, The Netherlands, 14–16 June 2012. SIL International. Internet. 13 April 2014.

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Saenz, S. Dedenbach-Salazar. 1990. Quechua Sprachmaterialen. In: Meyers, A., M. Volland. Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte des westlichen Südamerika. Forschungsberichte des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen. P. 258.

959: 8094:

Tödter, Ch.; Zahn, Ch.; Waters, W.; Wise, M. R. (2002). Shimikunata asirtachik killka inka-kastellanu (Diccionario inga-castellano) (Serie lingüística Peruana, 52). Lima: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

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devised the traditional classification, the three divisions above, plus a fourth, a northern or Peruvian branch. The latter causes complications in the classification, however, as various dialects (e.g.

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in Spanish, Quechua and Aymara and a number of other similar texts in the years from 1584 to 1585. More texts of this type were published until the middle of the 17th century, mostly adhering to a

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Sánchez, Liliana. Quechua-Spanish Bilingualism: Interference and Convergence in Functional Categories. Language acquisition & language disorders, v. 35. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub, 2003.

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Speakers from different points within any of the three regions can generally understand one another reasonably well. There are nonetheless significant local-level differences across each. (

443:(Grammar or Art of the General Language of the Indians of the Kingdoms of Peru) in 1560. Given its use by the Catholic missionaries, the range of Quechua continued to expand in some areas. 6693: 2998:

maintain that it better matches the phonology of Quechua, and they point to studies showing that teaching the five-vowel system to children later causes reading difficulties in Spanish.

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areas. Nevertheless, in the 21st century, Quechua language speakers number roughly 7 million people across South America, more than any other indigenous language family in the Americas.

749:

lists 45 varieties which are then divided into two groups; Central and Peripheral. Due to the non-intelligibility between the two groups, they are all classified as separate languages.

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Writers differ in the treatment of Spanish loanwords. These are sometimes adapted to modern orthography and sometimes left as in Spanish. For instance, "I am Roberto" could be written

7617: 7087: 5822:

some of that literature consists of original compositions (poems and dramas), the bulk of 20th century Quechua literature consists of traditional folk stories and oral narratives.

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Currently, there are different initiatives that promote Quechua in the Andes and across the world: many universities offer Quechua classes, a community-based organization such as

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the importance of being precise and truthful. Precision and information source are of the utmost importance. They are a powerful and resourceful method of human communication.

906:

adheres to the Quechua I / Quechua II (central/peripheral) bifurcation. But, partially following later modifications by Torero, he reassigns part of Quechua II-A to Quechua I:

3160:

in the normalized alphabets of the indigenous languages must progressively be proposed, with the aim of standardizing the spellings used by the National Geographic Institute

2193:, the native word which originally meant the "temperate valley" altitude ecological zone in the Andes (suitable for maize cultivation) and to its inhabitants. Alternatively, 6892: 1855: 535:'s Quechua Collective of New York promote the language, and governments are training interpreters in Quechua to serve in healthcare, justice, and bureaucratic facilities. 6604: 5384:

evidential, the inferential evidential can be found in content questions. However, the salient difference between the uses of the evidentials in questions is that in the

7537: 2922:. This orthography is the most familiar to Spanish speakers, and so it has been used for most borrowings into English, which essentially always happen through Spanish. 8459: 7669: 8091:

Stark, L. R.; Muysken, P. C. (1977). Diccionario español-quichua, quichua español. (Publicaciones de los Museos del Banco Central del Ecuador, 1). Quito: Guayaquil.

5073:

Evidentials can be used to relay different meanings depending on the context and perform other functions. The following examples are restricted to Wanka Quechua.

4804:

Evidentials in the Quechuan languages are "second position enclitics", which usually attach to the first constituent in the sentence, as shown in this example.

3189:

changes both the overall meaning of words and their subtle shades of meaning. All varieties of Quechua are very regular agglutinative languages, as opposed to

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However, there are exceptions to that rule, and the more topics there are in a sentence, the more likely the sentence is to deviate from the usual pattern.

4955:, but this does not hold true for all varieties of Quechua. In Huanuco Quechua, the evidentials may follow any number of topics, marked by the topic marker 2990:

In 1985, a variation of this system was adopted by the Peruvian government that uses the Quechuan three-vowel system, resulting in the following spellings:

2781: 7178:"Lakämper, Renate. 2000. Plural- und Objektmarkierung in Quechua. Doctoral Dissertation. Philosophische Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf" 7151: 4549:

indicates that the speaker has a "strong personal conviction the veracity of the circumstance expressed." It has the basis of direct personal experience.

8449: 2275: 2724: 714:

However, there is a secondary division in Quechua II between the grammatically simplified northern varieties of Ecuador, Quechua II-B, known there as

3216:, and suffixes indicating who benefits from an action and the speaker's attitude toward it, but some varieties may lack some of the characteristics. 726:

on the Ecuadorean varieties in the Inca Empire. Because Northern nobles were required to educate their children in Cusco, this was maintained as the

446:

In the late 18th century, colonial officials ended the administrative and religious use of Quechua. They banned it from public use in Peru after the

6969: 6884: 659:

16 is 10 million, primarily based on figures published 1987–2002, but with a few dating from the 1960s. The figure for Imbabura Highland Quechua in

6662: 5955: 370:, that previous expansion also meant that it was the primary language family within the Inca Empire. The Spanish also tolerated its use until the 6718: 3156:, which approves regulations relative to Law 29735, published in the official newspaper El Peruano on July 22, 2016, adequate spellings of the 8082:

Cerrón-Palomino, R. (1994). Quechua sureño, diccionario unificado quechua- castellano, castellano-quechua. Lima: Biblioteca Nacional del Perú.

7760: 8145: 8021: 7695: 6513: 6435: 6234: 6180: 6142: 6114: 6086: 2780: 653:

It is difficult to measure the number of Quechua speakers. The number of speakers given varies widely according to the sources. The total in

7609: 6358: 4787:. The author postulates that instead of three single evidential markers, that Quechuan language contains three pairs of evidential markers. 7138:

This occurs in English, where "before" means "in the past", and Shakespeare's Macbeth says "The greatest is behind", meaning in the future.

5990: 340: 2666: 374:

in the 1780s. As a result, various Quechua languages are still widely spoken today, being co-official in many regions and the most spoken

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To listen to recordings of these and many other words as pronounced in many different Quechua-speaking regions, see the external website

5794:

wrote several dramas in the language. Poems in Quechua were also composed during the colonial period. A notable example are the works of

2189:

There are two possible etymologies of Quechua as the name of the language. There is a possibility that the name Quechua was derived from

2142:

is added to verbs to signify an action is performed with affection or, in the imperative, as a rough equivalent to "please". In Bolivia,

7070: 6634: 5960: 3002: 2930: 2693: 2182:. It is not known what name the native speakers gave to their language before colonial times and whether it was Spaniards who called it 1417:) is mainly spoken in Colombia and Ecuador. It is also spoken in the Amazonian lowlands of Colombia and Ecuador, and in pockets of Peru. 6240: 482:, with significant bilingualism, during the 17th century. Alongside Mapudungun, Quechua is the indigenous language that has influenced 7778:

Lefebvre, Claire, and Pieter Muysken. Mixed Categories: Nominalizations in Quechua. Dordrecht, Holland: Kluwer Academic, 1988. Print.

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other sentences in the context. Quechuan speakers vary as to how much they omit evidentials, but they occur only in connected speech.

2700: 2591: 1861: 7167:

Lakämper, Renate, Dieter Wunderlich. 1998. Person marking in Quechua: a constraint-based minimalist analysis. Lingua 105: pp. 113–48.

8050: 8032: 7989: 7968: 7950: 7925: 7911: 7897: 7853: 7839: 7825: 7747: 7733: 7719: 7663: 6751: 6407: 6368: 5980: 5975: 2310: 604: 7177: 8320: 7399: 6059: 1068: 785: 8444: 8187: 6741: 2630: 2499: 236:

Map showing the current distribution of the Quechuan languages (solid gray) and the historical extent of the Inca Empire (shaded)

7772:

Floyd, Rick. The Structure of Evidential Categories in Wanka Quechua. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1999. Print.

2772: 718:, and the generally more conservative varieties of the southern highlands, Quechua II-C, which include the old Inca capital of 579: 452: 8042: 7527: 5765: 1452:. It is the most influential branch, with the largest number of speakers and the most important cultural and literary legacy. 7114: 6039: 8059: 6291: 5743:

Assume responsibility only if it is safe to do so. Successful assumption of responsibility builds stature in the community.

7817: 3372: 2911:. However, written Quechua is rarely used by Quechua speakers due to limited amounts of printed material in the language. 1393:. It is the most diverse branch of Quechua, to the extent that its divisions are commonly considered different languages. 8076:

Parker, G. J. (1969). Ayacucho Quechua grammar and dictionary. (Janua linguarum: Series practica, 82). The Hague: Mouton.

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De la etnohistoria a la historia en los Andes : 51o Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, Santiago de Chile, 2003

6347:

Adelaar, Willem F. H.. Chapter Languages of the Middle Andes in Areal-typological Perspective. Germany, De Gruyter, 2012.

5853:

Many Andean musicians write and sing in their native languages, including Quechua and Aymara. Notable musical groups are

525: 6538: 5799: 3198: 2623: 450:

rebellion of indigenous peoples. The Crown banned "loyal" pro-Catholic texts in Quechua, such as Garcilaso de la Vega's

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The following sentences provide examples of the three evidentials and further discuss the meaning behind each of them.

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remark the line between affix and clitic is not clear. Both terms are used interchangeably throughout these sections.

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is not part of the name; it is an evidential suffix, showing how the information is known: firsthand, in this case.)

2975:

It distinguishes simple, ejective, and aspirated stops in dialects that make these distinctions, such as that of the

1011: 793: 8079:

Cachique Amasifuén, S. F. (2007). Diccionario Kichwa-Castellano / Castellano- Kichwa. Tarapoto, San Martín: Aquinos.

7426:"El iii concilio de lima y la conformación de una normativa evangelizadora para la provincia eclesiástica del perãš" 6858: 6137:. Travaux de l'Institut Français d'études andines. Lima: Instituto Francés de estudios andinos Editorial horizonte. 5061:

so:already-TOP at:the:peak-TOP arriving-TOP child-TOP already-IND our:God-TOP had:taken:her:up to:heaven:already-IND

8454: 7059: 6780: 6268: 6081:. Monumenta lingüística andina (2. ed.). Cuzco: Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos Bartolomé de Las Casas. 5829: 3325: 3024: 2659: 2492: 2485: 2338: 622: 7495: 501: 7873: 7558: 6787:) speakers seem to have taken the project of assimilation begun by the dominating classes and made it their own." 2851:. Because reflexes of a given Proto-Quechua word may have different stops in neighboring dialects (Proto-Quechua 2198: 2175: 1867: 436: 7148: 6837: 8161:

Quechua dramatic and lyrical works (Dramatische und lyrische Dichtungen der Keshua-Sprache) by Ernst Middendorf

5791: 3491: 2908: 2513: 2353: 2146:

is often included in the Spanish imperative to imply "please" or to soften commands. For example, the standard

2134:"curly haired", among many others. Quechua grammar also enters Bolivian Spanish, such as the use of the suffix 521: 423: 5769: 8101:

Weber, N. L.; Park, M.; Cenepo S., V. (1976). Diccionario quechua: San Martín. Lima: Ministerio de Educación.

7963:. Studies in natural language and linguistic theory, . Dordrecht, Holland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988. 6990:

Muysken, Pieter (March 2012). "Root/affix asymmetries in contact and transfer: case studies from the Andes".

2883:

of word-final vowels may cause exceptional final stress. Stress in Chachapoyas Quechua falls word-initially.

877:

The most widely spoken varieties in this group are Chimborazo Highland Quichua and Imbabura Highland Quichua.

411:. The Inca were one among many peoples in present-day Peru who already spoke a form of Quechua, which in the 7999: 7859: 5814:

that had been codified by the Third Council for this purpose. There is at least one Quechuan version of the

3348:. In Quechua IIB, or "Kichwa", the exclusive first-person plural pronoun, "ñuqayku", is generally obsolete. 3202: 2506: 2292: 1837: 355: 8166: 8160: 6554:"Indagaciones en torno al significado del oro en la cultura mapuche. Una exploración de fuentes y algo más" 5596:

Riddles are somewhat similar to myths and folktales in that their nature is to be passed by word of mouth.

5226:

In these constructions the evidential works to reaffirm and encourage the addressee's actions or thoughts.

230: 8414: 8409: 8399: 6558: 6021: 5965: 5773: 5751: 3359:

in Quechua are always placed before nouns. They lack gender and number and are not declined to agree with

3178: 3152:

The Spanish-based orthography is now in conflict with Peruvian law. According to article 20 of the decree

2950: 2836: 2832: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2745: 2584: 2577: 2408: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2324: 2281: 2194: 2056: 1322: 1307: 1291: 752:

As a reference point, the overall degree of diversity across the family is a little less than that of the

741: 464: 6963: 6162: 5737:

Avoid unnecessary risk by assuming responsibility for information of which one is not absolutely certain.

2102:

In Bolivia, particularly, Quechua words are used extensively even by non-Quechua speakers. These include

7820:. Austin: Published for the Institute of Latin American Studies by the University of Texas Press, 1969. 7457: 6598: 5156:, is derived from the negative –chu marker and the direct evidential (realized as –n in some dialects). 2926: 2840: 2751: 2448: 2441: 2217: 1805: 1765: 768:. The greatest diversity is within Central Quechua, or Quechua I, which is believed to lie close to the 524:, completed and defended the first thesis in the language group in 2019; it concerned the works of poet 7690:. With the collaboration of P.C. Muysken. Cambridge language survey. Cambridge University Press, 2007, 6556:[Inquiries on the Meaning of Gold in Mapuche Culture. A review of sources and something more]. 5862: 517: 7643:

Ecologically Meaningful Toponyms: Linking a lexical domain to production ecology in the Peruvian Andes

7425: 6834:"Alain Fabre, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pubelos indígenas sudamericanos" 6694:""El problema es que no puedas acceder a tus derechos solo por ser hablante de una lengua originaria"" 4345:

is also indicated by a suffix, which precedes the suffixes in the table. For the second person, it is

2804:

About 30% of the modern Quechua vocabulary is borrowed from Spanish, and some Spanish sounds (such as

407:

Quechua had already expanded across wide ranges of the central Andes long before the expansion of the

6708: 5900: 5703: 5588:

marker. In normal conversation using reported speech, the marker is used less, to avoid redundancy.

5558: 5490: 5365: 5203: 5143: 4873: 4775: 4690: 4389: 4101:

means "ahead, in front" and "past." Local and temporal concepts of adverbs in Quechua (as well as in

3213: 2749: 2605: 2455: 2351: 2343: 2336: 1797: 667:

more than 2 million. The censuses of Peru (2007) and Bolivia (2001) are thought to be more reliable.

8120: 7956: 6478: 5826:

has translated two sets of Quechua oral short stories, one into Spanish and the other into English.

4003: 3965: 3858: 8352: 7757: 5795: 4338: 3495: 3210: 2848: 2598: 2559: 2552: 2545: 2538: 2531: 2524: 1190: 393: 4951:

Sometimes, the affix is described as attaching to the focus, particularly in the Tarma dialect of

702:

The four branches of Quechua: I (Central), II-A (North Peruvian), II-B (Northern), II-C (Southern)

8333: 7007: 6713: 6575: 6319: 4392:

are indeclinable: they do not accept suffixes. They are relatively rare, but the most common are

4342: 3487: 3479: 3190: 2570: 2403: 2398: 2201:, the early Spanish chroniclers, mention the existence of a people called Quichua in the present 1849: 1833: 1085: 757: 6470: 2202: 7707:

Cole, Peter. "Imbabura Quechua", North-Holland (Lingua Descriptive Studies 5), Amsterdam 1982.

5876:

There are several Quechua and Quechua-Spanish bloggers, as well as a Quechua language podcast.

5740:

Do not be gullible. There are many folktales in which the villain is foiled by his gullibility.

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rather than after the personal suffixes. Furthermore, the 1st person singular object suffix is

2044:

in Spanish. A rare instance of a Quechua word being taken into general Spanish use is given by

8326: 8046: 8028: 8017: 7985: 7964: 7946: 7935: 7921: 7907: 7893: 7849: 7835: 7821: 7743: 7729: 7715: 7691: 7659: 7653: 7445: 6784: 6747: 6509: 6431: 6403: 6364: 6311: 6230: 6176: 6138: 6110: 6082: 5935: 5811: 3721: 3194: 2684: 2428: 2413: 2072: 1817: 1485: 1101: 753: 708: 475: 447: 397: 387: 375: 359: 7798:

Modeling convergence: Towards a reconstruction of the history of Quechuan–Aymaran interaction

7067: 8389: 8381: 8291: 8272: 8248: 8149: 7437: 6999: 6813: 6567: 6303: 6222: 6168: 5889: 4022: 3881: 3763: 3483: 3466:

is also used in the somewhat more restricted sense of "the initial, primordial, the oldest."

3040: 3028: 2898: 2892: 2715: 2678: 2423: 2367: 2363: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2029: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1884: 1845: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1773: 1507: 1421: 1245: 1229: 1037: 882: 859: 796:) have features of both Quechua I and Quechua II, and so are difficult to assign to either. 789: 761: 727: 642: 490: 468: 336: 331: 314: 283: 35: 8125: 8085:

Cusihuamán G., A. (1976). Diccionario quechua: Cuzco-Collao. Lima: Ministerio de Educación.

6172: 8357: 8234: 8063: 7920:. Bilingual education and bilingualism, 24. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters LTD, 2001. 7863: 7764: 7583: 7155: 7074: 7063: 6505: 5950: 4783:

Hintz discusses an interesting case of evidential behavior found in the Sihaus dialect of

4102: 3946: 3702: 3686: 2879:

Stress is penultimate in most dialects of Quechua. In some varieties, factors such as the

2868: 2844: 2435: 2418: 2359: 1825: 1777: 1761: 1760:

Quechua shares a large amount of vocabulary, and some striking structural parallels, with

1501: 1412: 1404:

II-A: Yunkay Quechua (North Peruvian Quechua) is scattered in Peru's occidental highlands.

1173: 867: 715: 597: 593: 494: 483: 428: 416: 343: 122: 116: 8138:, copies of handwritten notes on Quechua pedagogical and descriptive materials, from the 5575:

Aside from being used to express hearsay and revelation, this affix also has other uses.

7181: 6215:"The Quechua Language in the Andes Today: Between Statistics, the State, and Daily Life" 5427: 892:

The most widely spoken varieties are South Bolivian, Cusco, Ayacucho, and Puno (Collao).

562:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

8228: 7996:

Sounds Like Life: Sound-Symbolic Grammar, Performance, and Cognition in Pastaza Quechua

7803: 7794: 7683: 7649: 7496:"Demetrio Túpac Yupanqui, el traductor al quechua de 'El Quijote', muere a los 94 años" 7403: 6913: 6423: 6395: 5945: 5660: 5454: 5336: 5118: 4846: 4784: 4752: 4663: 4648: 4644: 3984: 3904: 3801: 3498:

variety, however, the order is reversed. From variety to variety, suffixes may change.

2904: 2469: 1841: 1829: 1789: 1469: 1126: 941: 903: 780: 257: 61: 6571: 5920: 5626: 5608: 5518: 5404: 5064:

When she (the witch) reached the peak, God had already taken the child up into heaven.

4959:, and the element with the evidential must precede the main verb or be the main verb. 4613:

In Quechuan languages, not specified by the source, the inference morpheme appears as

2251:, "language of man/people"; it also seems to have emerged during the colonial period. 856:

spoken in the northern mountains of Peru; the most widely spoken dialect is Cajamarca.

698: 528:

and it was also the first non-Spanish native language thesis done at that university.

208: 8433: 8394: 8371: 8256: 7011: 6579: 5183: 4827: 4531: 4469: 4465: 4071: 3923: 3839: 3820: 3782: 3740: 3206: 3044: 2828: 1793: 1513: 1495: 1475: 1386: 1260: 1206: 993: 734: 723: 532: 479: 396:

may have been Central Peru. It has been speculated that it may have been used in the

6818: 6801: 6323: 516:

wrote the first novel in Quechua without a Spanish translation. A Peruvian student,

39: 8404: 8266: 7532: 6667: 5970: 5926: 5866: 5823: 5152:

placed on the addressee, not on the speaker. The question marker in Wanka Quechua,

4952: 2976: 1986: 1780:

is a possible source for some of the shared vocabulary between Quechua and Aymara.

1489: 1425: 1275: 976: 513: 439:, who arrived in Peru in 1538 and learned the language from 1540. He published his 401: 4093:

There are several original adverbs. For Europeans, it is striking that the adverb

7118: 6035: 4353:

in most Quechua II dialects. In such cases, the plural suffixes from the table (

2779: 8363: 8056: 7918:

Language Revitalization Processes and Prospects: Quichua in the Ecuadorian Andes

5905: 5854: 5834: 4369:

are not used, and plurality is expressed by different suffixes that are located

3759: 2915: 2216:

have been used in Peru and Bolivia since the 17th century, especially after the

871: 500:

In 2017 the first thesis defense done in Quechua in Europe was done by Peruvian

408: 367: 17: 7890:

Signs, Songs, and Memory in the Andes: Translating Quechua Language and Culture

7756:, ed. Stephen A. Marlett. Lima: SIL International y Universidad Ricardo Palma. 7528:"Peru airs news in Quechua, indigenous language of Inca empire, for first time" 6292:"Linguistics for Archaeologists: Principles, Methods and the Case of the Incas" 5909:

features a Peruvian character, Illari, with some voice lines being in Quechua.

7502: 6307: 6221:, Studies of the Americas, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 189–213, 6014: 5916: 5220:

is usually used in an inferential context, it has some non-prototypical uses.

4153: 4130: 4114: 2796: 2741: 834: 690:

Additionally, there is an unknown number of speakers in emigrant communities.

655: 625:

broadcasts news and agrarian programs in Quechua for periods in the mornings.

432: 218: 7449: 7003: 6430:. Lima: Universidad Ricardo Palma, Dirección Universitaria de Investigación. 6315: 6009: 5858: 5850:

A news broadcast in Quechua, "Ñuqanchik" (all of us), began in Peru in 2016.

2205:, and it could be inferred that their name was given to the entire language. 8211: 7610:"'Star Wars' Languages Owe to Tibetan, Finnish, Haya, Quechua, and Penguins" 6226: 6109:. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge (G.B.): Cambridge University press. 5807: 5787: 5777: 3356: 3321: 2649: 2615: 2474: 2020: 1479: 1449: 809: 583:

Map of Peru showing the distribution of overall Quechua speakers by district

201: 187: 171: 167: 153: 134: 78: 8012:

Plaza Martínez, Pedro. Quechua. In: Mily Crevels and Pieter Muysken (eds.)

7704:, Centro de Estudios Rurales Andinos 'Bartolomé de las Casas', 2nd ed. 2003 2929:

adopted a new orthography for Quechua. This is the system preferred by the

2180:

Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los reynos del Perú

2004: 829:

The most widely spoken varieties are Huaylas, Huaylla Wanca, and Conchucos.

441:

Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los reynos del Perú

8041:. University of California publications in linguistics, v. 112. Berkeley: 7975:

Relative Clauses in Cuzco Quechua: Interactions between Core and Periphery

6214: 2992:

Inka, Wayna Qhapaq, Qullasuyu, Mama Uqllu, Wiraqucha, khipu, tampu, kuntur

2935:

Inka, Wayna Qhapaq, Qollasuyu, Mama Oqllo, Wiraqocha, khipu, tampu, kuntur

2920:

Inca, Huayna Cápac, Collasuyo, Mama Ocllo, Viracocha, quipu, tambo, condor

193: 178: 7906:. Outstanding dissertations in linguistics. New York: Garland Pub, 1985. 7441: 6862: 6534: 5782: 2933:, which results in the following spellings of the examples listed above: 1880: 1429: 1390: 769: 90: 8167:

Ollantay (Ollanta: ein drama der Keshuasprache), ed. by Ernst Middendorf

7728:, Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de Las Casas", 2001, 7714:, Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de Las Casas", 2001, 6663:"Student in Peru makes history by writing thesis in the Incas' language" 4931: 8088:

Shimelman, A. (2012–2014). Southern Yauyos Quechua Lexicon. Lima: PUCP.

7056: 6950:

American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America

3317: 3181:, meaning that words are built up from basic roots followed by several 3164:

The IGN implements the necessary changes on the official maps of Peru.

3157: 2880: 2824: 2162:

At first, Spaniards referred to the language of the Inca empire as the

2088: 2080: 2068: 1992: 1445: 616: 612: 509: 471: 94: 82: 31: 8121:

Detailed map of the varieties of Quechua according to SIL (fedepi.org)

7816:. Special publication of the Institute of Latin American Studies, the 6531:

Onomástica indígena de Chile: Toponimia de Osorno, Llanquihue y Chiloé

4564: 8172: 7769:

Aikhenvald, Alexandra. Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2004. Print.

6968:(Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília. 6833: 5893: 5881: 5482:

what-LIM-ACC-CONJ give-ASP-12FUT all family-PL-ACC-EVEN arrive-ASP-SS

4051: 3186: 3182: 2014: 1998: 1980: 1950: 765: 478:. It has been argued that Mapuche, Quechua, and Spanish coexisted in 8111: 5772:(1598), which describes the mythology and religion of the valley of 5755:

Act of Argentine Independence, written in Spanish and Quechua (1816)

4927: 3494:. In general, the possessive suffix precedes that of number. In the 3328:("you") is or is not part of the "we". Quechua also adds the suffix 3039:) conservatively integrates features of the two widespread dialects 2820:) may have become phonemic even among monolingual Quechua speakers. 2366:

realizations may also be found. When the vowels appear adjacent to

686:

Peru: 3,800,000 (2017 census); 3,500,000 to 4,400,000 (Adelaar 2000)

7485:

Carnival Theater: Uruguay's Popular Performers and National Culture

6620:

Toponimia indígena de las provincias de Osorno, Llanquihue y Chiloé

6213:

Howard, Rosaleen (2011), Heggarty, Paul; Pearce, Adrian J. (eds.),

5388:

marked questions, an answer is expected. That is not the case with

2327:; there are significant differences in other varieties of Quechua. 1788:

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the

7026:

A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language...

6800:

Moulian, Rodrigo; Catrileo, María; Landeo, Pablo (December 2015).

5940: 5870: 5815: 5750: 3360: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1854: 1769: 1764:, and the two families have sometimes been grouped together as a " 1433: 889:

spoken in Bolivia, Chile, southern Peru and Northwest Argentina.

719: 697: 578: 412: 351: 86: 74: 7856: 5450: 5408: 5328: 5247: 5165: 5096: 5048: 5018: 4916: 4901: 4671: 4568: 2914:

Until the 20th century, Quechua was written with a Spanish-based

2871:, borrowed independently after branching off from Proto-Quechua. 2787:

Pronunciation of the voiceless bilabial plosives of Cusco Quechua

674:

Bolivia: 2,100,000 (2001 census); 2,800,000 South Bolivian (1987)

8009:. Janua linguarum. Series practica, 82. The Hague: Mouton, 1969. 7800:

About the origin of Quechua, and its relation with Aymara, 2011.

6965:

Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas

4464:

The Quechuan languages have three different morphemes that mark

4070:("quick – quickly"). They are also formed by adding suffixes to 3475: 2247:

Another name that native speakers give to their own language is

2096: 1944: 1441: 1437: 722:. The closeness is at least in part because of the influence of 608: 347: 98: 8176: 7982:

Syntactic Developments in the Verb Phrase of Ecuadorian Quechua

7812:

Bills, Garland D., Bernardo Vallejo C., and Rudolph C. Troike.

5986:

List of English words from Indigenous languages of the Americas

5697:

what-LIM-HSY how^much-LIM-HSY one cave-LOC sleep-IMPF-3 red cow

5649: 5537: 5522: 5446: 5277: 5243: 5107: 3209:(indication of the source and veracity of knowledge), a set of 2220:. Today, the various local pronunciations of "Quechua" include 435:. The oldest written records of the language are by missionary 298: 7998:. Oxford studies in anthropological linguistics, 2. New York: 7977:. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1982. 6802:"Afines Quechua en el Vocabulario Mapuche de Luis de Valdivia" 6552:

Payàs Puigarnau, Getrudis; Villena Araya, Belén (2021-12-15).

5664: 5469: 5332: 5262: 5179: 4667: 4583: 2258: 542: 4748: 2362:). Monolingual speakers pronounce them as respectively, but 2028:"to increase, to add." The word first came into Spanish then 295: 7559:"Peru: The State of Quechua on the Internet · Global Voices" 5776:

and has been compared to "an Andean Bible" and to the Mayan

5526: 5412: 5340: 5281: 5258: 5122: 4905: 4756: 4652: 4579: 2761: 6622:(in Spanish). Valdivia: Marisa Cuneo Ediciones. p. 28. 6161:

Heggarty, Paul; Beresford-Jones, David, eds. (2012-05-17).

4337:

The suffixes shown in the table above usually indicate the

3320:. First-person plural pronouns (equivalent to "we") may be 3223: 3185:, each of which carries one meaning. Their large number of 1461:

This is a sampling of words in several Quechuan languages:

366:

Although Quechua began expanding many centuries before the

301: 292: 8155: 7211: 7209: 5344: 5285: 5054:

Chawrana-qa puntataruu-qu trayaruptin-qa wamrata-qa mayna-

4436:'or not?'), to intensify the meaning. Other particles are 6635:"Why a Quechua Novelist Doesn't Want His Work Translated" 5885:

was the first film to be spoken in the Quechua language.

5630: 5612: 4816: 4737: 6363:. Congreso Internacional de Americanistas. p. 295. 5485:

I wonder what we will give our families when we arrive.

5465: 5423: 4881:

They can, however, also occur on a focused constituent.

4440:'hey, hi', and certain loan words from Spanish, such as 3458:= "second"). The only exception is that, in addition to 707:

two groups, there are few sharp boundaries, making them

5029: 5004: 4993: 4982: 4971: 4625:

nonprototypical use and will be discussed later in the

2288: 677:

Chile: few, if any; 8,200 in ethnic group (2002 census)

6261:"Perú Resultados Definitivos de los Censos Nacionales" 2867:), they are thought to be innovations in Quechua from 596:

and minor indigenous languages, remains essentially a

6914:"Ethnologue report for Quechua (macrolanguage) (SIL)" 289: 8140:

Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America

8130:

Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America

7752:

Rodríguez Champi, Albino. (2006). Quechua de Cusco.

7740:

The Language of the Inka since the European Invasion

6885:"Some NY immigrants cite lack of Spanish as barrier" 8380: 8345: 8313: 8304: 8284: 8221: 8210: 8156:

information about Quechua in a variety of languages

7645:. Doctoral Dissertation, Stanford University, 2007. 7430:

Intus - Legere Historia; Vol. 5, Nº 2 (2011); 51-58

6656: 6654: 6652: 3450:Ordinal numbers. To form ordinal numbers, the word 3201:). Notable grammatical features include bipersonal 415:region particularly has been heavily influenced by 286: 265: 253: 245: 200: 186: 166: 152: 147: 128: 115: 105: 67: 57: 47: 30:"Quechuan" redirects here. Not to be confused with 8136:Huancavelica Quechua Fieldnotes of Willem de Ruese 8016:, vol. I, 215–284. La Paz: Plural editores, 2009. 6795: 6793: 6357:Fisher, John; Cahill, David Patrick, eds. (2008). 4129:'to kiss'). These are the typical endings for the 2986:It continues to use the Spanish five-vowel system. 1385:) is spoken in Peru's central highlands, from the 663:, for example, is 300,000, an estimate from 1977. 223:Map showing the distribution of Quechuan languages 7880:Heggarty and David Beresford-Jones, Paul (2012), 7462:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 6475:Revista Documentos Lingüísticos y Literarios UACh 3332:to the second and third person singular pronouns 7941:Lara, Jesús, Maria A. Proser, and James Scully. 603:In recent years, Quechua has been introduced in 350:and thereafter spread to other countries of the 7149:Variation der Person-Numerus-Flexion in Quechua 6265:Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática 6105:Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Muysken, Pieter (2004). 2937:. This orthography has the following features: 2843:. They, along with certain kinds of Ecuadorian 2382:), they are rendered more like , respectively. 358:" language, it is today the most widely spoken 6806:RLA. Revista de lingüística teórica y aplicada 6603:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 5840:Yachay sapa wiraqucha dun Qvixote Manchamantan 5479:u-you-shrun llapa ayllu-kuna-kta-si chra-alu-l 3454:is put after the appropriate cardinal number ( 2358:, with no diphthongs, as in Aymara (including 826:spoken in Peru's central highlands and coast. 8188: 8146:Diccionario Quechua: Español–Runasimi–English 7754:Ilustraciones fonéticas de lenguas amerindias 7500: 7385: 7383: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7034: 4870:Once, there were an old man and an old woman. 3027:has proposed an orthographic norm for all of 320: 27:Language family of the Andes in South America 8: 7961:Mixed Categories: Nominalizations in Quechua 7945:. Willimantic, Conn: Curbstone Press, 1976. 7115:"Morfología nominal del quechua santiagueño" 6194: 6192: 6135:Idiomas de los Andes: linguistica e historia 5058:Diosninchi-qa heqarkaykachisha syelutana-shi 3205:(verbs agree with both subject and object), 7930:King, Kendall A., and Nancy H. Hornberger. 7892:. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989. 7066:. It also has an entire section on the new 6962:Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). 6464: 6462: 6460: 4947:It is now that Pedro is building the house. 4534:, the direct evidential presents itself as 3197:ones . Their normal sentence order is SOV ( 8310: 8218: 8195: 8181: 8173: 8169:(bilingual Quechua – German edition, 1890) 8163:(bilingual Quechua – German edition, 1891) 7814:An Introduction to Spoken Bolivian Quechua 7158:. Flexionsworkshop Leipzig, 14. Juli 2005] 6937:Quechua dialects and their classification. 6508:, Chile: Ediciones Akhilleus. p. 43. 6398:(1983). "La familia lingûística quechua". 5712:Omission and overuse of evidential affixes 1860:Vocabulary of the general language of the 431:adopted Quechua to use as the language of 7904:Grammatical Relations in Imbabura Quechua 7807:Tarma Quechua: Grammar, Texts, Dictionary 6817: 6471:"Influencia del mapuche en el castellano" 6452:A Companion to Latin American Literature, 4944:Pedro now-DIR.EV house-ACC build-PROG-3SG 2311:Learn how and when to remove this message 960:Alto Pativilca–Alto Marañón–Alto Huallaga 799:Torero classifies them as the following: 772:of the ancestral Proto-Quechua language. 7424:López Lamerain, Constanza (2019-04-12). 6709:"Peru officially adopting Indian tongue" 5956:List of English words of Quechuan origin 5298:more far-PL-ACC go-PST-1 say-2-CONJ-EMPH 4718:constructions that are discussed in the 4684:return-AFAR-3FUT-now-CONJ say-IMPV-1-DIR 4474: 4135: 3500: 3049: 2389: 1463: 1177:("Ecuadorian" or Highlands and Oriente) 489:Quechua-Aymara and mixed Quechua-Aymara- 8039:A Grammar of Huallaga (Huánuco) Quechua 8007:Ayacucho Quechua Grammar and Dictionary 7402:. Homepage.ntlworld.com. Archived from 6952:, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 189 6400:América Latina en sus lenguas indígenas 6002: 2335:Quechua only has three vowel phonemes: 2276:not related to the topic of the article 1930:A number of Quechua words have entered 1424:, in the highlands further south, from 7984:. Lisse: Peter de Ridder Press, 1977. 7973:Lefebvre, Claire, and Pieter Muysken. 7455: 6707:Kandell, Jonathan Gay (May 22, 1975). 6596: 6428:El quechua y la historia social andina 5786:and the plays describing the death of 5135:when-DIR Huancayo-ABL return-AFAR-PAST 4706:Regional variations: It can appear as 4526: : Direct evidence and commitment 2794: 1407:II-B: Northern Quechua (also known as 493:toponymy can be found as far south as 242: 44: 7882:Archaeology and Language in the Andes 7809:. Lisse: Peter de Ridder Press, 1977. 7094:from the original on October 29, 2017 6992:International Journal of Bilingualism 6164:Archaeology and Language in the Andes 5896:speaks a simplified form of Quechua. 5694:juk machray-chru puñu-ya-n puka waaka 5301:Yes, tell them, "I've gone farther." 5138:When did he come back from Huancayo? 4867:once-HSY be-SD one old.man-WITH woman 4687:I think they will probably come back. 4133:in a Southern Quechua (IIC) dialect: 4097:means both "behind" and "future" and 3324:; which mean, respectively, that the 3226: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2032:, with the French or Spanish article 1138:(Quechua II‑A split) 1122:(Quechua II‑A split) 816: 330: 313: 127: 7: 7870:Time Metaphors in Aymara and Quechua 7608:Hutchinson, Sean (8 December 2015). 6633:Londoño, Vanessa (October 5, 2016). 6469:Hernández, Arturo (1 January 1981). 6208: 6206: 6204: 6173:10.5871/bacad/9780197265031.001.0001 6156: 6154: 6128: 6126: 6100: 6098: 6072: 6070: 6068: 5991:Indigenous languages of the Americas 5734:(Only) one's experience is reliable. 5308:echoes and encourages his thoughts. 4511:DIR:direct evidence CONJ:conjecture 3478:roots accept suffixes that indicate 3162:(Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN) 2925:In 1975, the Peruvian government of 2847:, are the only varieties which have 474:in Central Chile at the time of the 8055:Quechua bibliographies online at: 7742:, University of Texas Press, 1991, 7305:Lefebvre & Muysken 1998, p. 89. 6721:from the original on March 27, 2020 5961:Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift 5553:(I suppose) That's how you learn . 3003:Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift 2931:Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua 2903:Quechua has been written using the 2899:Southern Quechua § Standard Quechua 1238: 1165: 1155: 1078: 1062: 933: 925: 917: 909: 760:families, and more of the order of 354:. Derived from a common ancestral " 139: 7848:. Tempe AZ: Bilingual Press, 2005. 7057:The Sounds of the Andean Languages 6743:The Andes: A Geographical Portrait 6645:from the original on Oct 31, 2023. 5702:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 5557:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 5489:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 5364:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 5202:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 5142:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 4872:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 4774:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 4689:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 4349:, and for the first person, it is 2040:in Louisiana French or Creole, or 1852:language families due to contact. 1448:, and in pockets in north-western 1074:(Quechua II-A, reduced) 372:Peruvian struggle for independence 25: 8450:Indigenous languages of the Andes 7884:, Oxford: Oxford University Press 6572:10.22199/issn.0718-1043-2021-0028 6219:History and Language in the Andes 6077:Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo (2003). 5981:Intercultural bilingual education 5976:International Mother Language Day 5888:In the 1977 science fiction film 5291:mas kalu-kuna-kta li-la-a ni-nki- 5069:Changes in meaning and other uses 4864:ka-sqa huk machucha-piwan payacha 4627:changes in meaning and other uses 4607: : Inference and attenuation 2723: 2699: 2692: 2665: 2658: 2640: 2629: 2622: 2604: 2597: 2590: 2583: 2576: 2558: 2551: 2544: 2537: 2530: 2512: 2505: 2498: 2491: 2484: 2454: 2447: 2440: 2391:Cusco Quechua consonant phonemes 2323:The description below applies to 1159: Northern Quechua 683:Ecuador: 2,300,000 (Adelaar 1991) 605:intercultural bilingual education 465:Inca expansion into Central Chile 53:Qichwa/Qhichwa, Kichwa, Runa Simi 7712:Diccionario Quechua Cuzco-Collao 6760:from the original on 26 May 2024 6740:Borsdorf, Axel (12 March 2015). 6618:Ramírez Sanchez, Carlos (1988). 6529:Ramírez Sánchez, Carlos (1995). 6481:from the original on 26 May 2024 6450:Aybar cited by Hart, Stephen M. 6296:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 6020: 5919: 5869:, Wayna Picchu, Wara, Alborada, 4772:(I was told) Shanti borrowed it. 4404:can take some suffixes, such as 2795:Problems playing this file? See 2777: 2263: 1396:Quechua II (Peripheral Quechua, 870:), northern Peru, and Colombia ( 547: 282: 229: 217: 7672:from the original on 2024-05-26 7620:from the original on 2023-01-15 7540:from the original on 2024-05-26 6972:from the original on 2021-04-18 6895:from the original on 2015-02-01 6840:from the original on 2020-09-25 6819:10.4067/S0718-48832015000200004 6675:from the original on 2024-05-26 6586:from the original on 2023-03-26 6377:from the original on 2024-05-26 6330:from the original on 2024-05-26 6290:Heggarty, Paul (October 2007). 6243:from the original on 2024-05-26 6198:Adelaar 2004, pp. 167–168, 255. 6167:(1 ed.). British Academy. 6042:from the original on 2024-05-26 5212:Inferential evidential, -chr(a) 2839:are the only varieties to have 467:, there were bilingual Quechua- 8043:University of California Press 7726:Gramática Quechua Cuzco-Collao 7658:. Cambridge University Press. 6883:Claudio Torrens (2011-05-28). 4769:Shanti-HSY borrow-REF-AFAR-PST 3735:with the house, and the house 3154:Decreto Supremo No 004-2016-MC 2279: and should be moved to 2071:, and diverse borrowings for " 1870:, the first writer in Quechua. 1: 8460:Subject–object–verb languages 8128:of Patricia Dreidemie at the 7818:University of Texas at Austin 6533:(in Spanish) (2nd ed.). 5584:seen in the frequency of the 5579:Folktales, myths, and legends 5360:I suppose I'll pay you then. 2964:, both of which were spelled 2291:or discuss this issue on the 2024:comes from the Quechuan word 7113:Alderetes, Jorge R. (1997). 6859:"Inei – Redatam Censos 2017" 6539:Universidad Austral de Chile 5832:wrote a Quechuan version of 5800:Bolivian War of Independence 4599:I saw them with my own eyes. 3340:to create the plural forms, 3316:In Quechua, there are seven 2059:includes such borrowings as 1381:Quechua I (Central Quechua, 1058: Quechua II 7526:Collyns, Dan (2016-12-14). 7147:Wunderlich, Dieter (2005). 7068:Quechua and Aymara Spelling 6661:Collyns, Dan (2019-10-27). 6062:, British and World English 2773:Voiceless bilabial plosives 2208:The Hispanicised spellings 2012:in French), and, possibly, 1411:or, especially in Ecuador, 852:Yungay (Yunkay) Quechua or 526:Andrés Alencastre Gutiérrez 506:Pablo de Olavide University 497:in Chile (latitude 41° S). 346:that originated in central 121:One of the world's primary 8476: 7830:Coronel-Molina, Serafín M. 7700:Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo. 7688:The Languages of the Andes 7655:The Languages of the Andes 7584:"Film Kukuli (Cuzco-Peru)" 7389:Adelaar 2004, pp. 254–256. 7314:Aikhenvald 2004, p. 68-69. 6107:The languages of the Andes 6060:Oxford Living Dictionaries 5721:that one is mentally ill. 5571:Hearsay evidential, -sh(i) 5078:The direct evidential, -mi 4714:depending on the dialect. 3682: 2972:in the traditional system. 2896: 2890: 2174:was first used in 1560 by 1161:(Quechua II‑B) 588:languages of the country. 502:Carmen Escalante Gutiérrez 385: 335:, 'people's language') in 29: 8152:from Clodoaldo Soto Ruiz. 8071:Dictionaries and lexicons 7874:University of St. Andrews 6746:. Springer. p. 142. 6308:10.1017/S095977430700039X 5812:Quechua literary standard 5766:pre-Columbian Mesoamerica 4596:eye-1P-with-DIR see-PST-1 3683:suffixes indicating case 3544: 3525:suffix indicating number 3510: 3253: 3228: 3031:: this Standard Quechua ( 2677: 2648: 2614: 2468: 2434: 2395: 2223:[ˈqʰeʃwa~ˈqʰeswa] 2199:Inca Garcilaso de la Vega 2055:The Quechua influence on 1377:Geographical distribution 1320: 1305: 1289: 1273: 1258: 1243: 1236: 1204: 1188: 1170: 1163: 1153: 1140: 1124: 1099: 1083: 1076: 1060: 1035: 1008: 990: 973: 956: 938: 931: 923: 915: 680:Colombia: 4,402 to 16,000 671:Argentina: 900,000 (1971) 556:This section needs to be 228: 216: 117:Linguistic classification 52: 8116:(in Spanish and English) 7932:Quechua Sociolinguistics 7377:Aikhenvald 2004, p. 380. 7368:Aikhenvald 2004, p. 358. 7215:Aikhenvald 2004, p. 377. 7004:10.1177/1367006911403211 6500:Téllez, Eduardo (2008). 6402:. Caracas: Monte Ávila. 6133:Torero, Alfredo (2002). 5792:Juan de Espinosa Medrano 5550:that-SIM-GEN-CONJ know-2 5380:Somewhat similar to the 5357:pay-POL-1›2FUT-CONJ-EMPH 4800:Position in the sentence 4530:Regional variations: In 4054:can be formed by adding 3502:Examples using the word 2909:Spanish conquest of Peru 522:University of San Marcos 424:Spanish conquest of Peru 376:language lineage in Peru 8445:Agglutinative languages 8000:Oxford University Press 7444:(inactive 2024-09-12). 7359:Aikhenvald 2004, p. 79. 7350:Aikhenvald 2004, p. 72. 7224:Aikhenvald 2004, p. 42. 6935:Peter Landerman, 1991. 6889:San Diego Union-Tribune 6574:(inactive 2024-08-27). 6502:Los Diaguitas: Estudios 6227:10.1057/9780230370579_9 5879:The 1961 Peruvian film 5830:Demetrio Túpac Yupanqui 5798:, a participant in the 4615:-ch(i), -ch(a), -chr(a) 3025:Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino 2956:It distinguishes velar 2138:. In Bolivian Quechua, 1864:of Peru, called Quichua 1373:with Northern Quechua. 623:Radio Nacional del Perú 518:Roxana Quispe Collantes 73:Throughout the central 7955:Lefebvre, Claire, and 7943:Quechua Peoples Poetry 7846:Ancient American Poets 7501: 7203:Aikhenvald 2004, p. 3. 6939:PhD dissertation, UCLA 6267:. 2017. Archived from 5966:South Bolivian Quechua 5892:, the alien character 5764:As in the case of the 5756: 5198:Is he going to Tarma? 5132:wankayuu-pu kuti-mu-la 4117:forms have the suffix 3627:1.person plural (excl) 3608:1.person plural (incl) 3462:("first"), the phrase 3322:inclusive or exclusive 3179:agglutinating language 3023:The Peruvian linguist 3001:For more on this, see 2841:glottalized consonants 2837:South Bolivian Quechua 2833:North Bolivian Quechua 2766: 2282:Cuzco Quechua language 2176:Domingo de Santo Tomás 2057:Latin American Spanish 1871: 1868:Domingo de Santo Tomás 742:mutual intelligibility 703: 584: 437:Domingo de Santo Tomás 321: 7834:. 2002 Lonely Planet 7804:Adelaar, Willem F. H. 7795:Adelaar, Willem F. H. 7724:Cusihuamán, Antonio, 7710:Cusihuamán, Antonio, 7184:on 29 September 2007. 7046:Adelaar 2004, p. 179. 5770:Huarochirí Manuscript 5754: 4476:Evidential morphemes 4385:Grammatical particles 3960:along with the house 3815:because of the house 3123:(progressive suffix) 2979:, e.g. the aspirated 2927:Juan Velasco Alvarado 2897:Further information: 2765: 2274:may contain material 2218:Third Council of Lima 1858: 1230:Southern Quechua 701: 582: 7650:Adelaar, Willem F. H 7442:10.15691/07198949.90 6036:"Longman Dictionary" 5901:first-person shooter 5700:(Floyd 1999, p. 142) 5487:(Floyd 1999, p. 111) 5362:(Floyd 1999, p. 109) 5303:(Floyd 1999, p. 107) 4501:Inferred; conjecture 4341:; the person of the 3928:-manta, -piqta, -pu 3876:including the house 3447:(1,000,000,000,000). 2849:aspirated consonants 2289:improve this section 2158:Etymology of Quechua 2048:for "tent" (Quechua 1234:(Quechua II-C) 1015:(Huangáscar–Topará) 945:(Huaylas–Conchucos) 913:Proto‑Quechua 332:[ˈɾʊnaˈsɪmɪ] 8005:Parker, Gary John. 7994:Nuckolls, Janis B. 7702:Lingüística Quechua 7323:Weber 1986, p. 145. 7287:Floyd 1999, p. 127. 7278:Floyd 1999, p. 123. 7269:Floyd 1999, p. 103. 7024:Edward A. Roberts, 6559:Estudios Atacameños 6079:Lingüística quechua 5873:, and many others. 5796:Juan Wallparrimachi 5555:(Floyd 199, p. 115) 5200:(Floyd 1999, p. 89) 5140:(Floyd 1999, p. 85) 4477: 4058:or, in some cases, 3941:off/from the house 3507: 3496:Santiago del Estero 3199:subject–object–verb 3033:el Quechua estándar 2748:results in a trill 2392: 2195:Pedro Cieza de León 2150:"pass me " becomes 1323:Santiago del Estero 866:spoken in Ecuador ( 394:linguistic homeland 8440:Quechuan languages 8204:Quechuan languages 8126:Quechua Collection 8062:2020-09-25 at the 8014:Lenguas de Bolivia 7888:Harrison, Regina. 7868:Gifford, Douglas. 7862:2020-11-12 at the 7832:Quechua Phrasebook 7763:2018-12-21 at the 7641:Rolph, Karen Sue. 7590:. 18 November 2011 7341:Floyd 1999, p. 89. 7332:Floyd 1999, p. 87. 7260:Floyd 1999, p. 95. 7251:Floyd 1999, p. 61. 7242:Floyd 1999, p. 57. 7233:Floyd 1999, p. 60. 7154:2024-05-26 at the 7073:2013-11-11 at the 7062:2007-01-09 at the 6714:The New York Times 6639:Americas Quarterly 5838:, under the title 5757: 5392:marked questions. 5350:paaga-lla-shrayki- 5320:paaga-lla-shrayki- 5047:to:heaven:already- 4941:wasi-ta tuwa-sha-n 4720:changes in meaning 4504:Reported; hearsay 4475: 3918:through the house 3853:towards the house 3754:without the house 3697:the house (subj.) 3640:our house (excl.) 3621:our house (incl.) 3602:his/her/its house 3548:1.person singular 3545:possessive suffix 3501: 3173:Morphological type 2859:and Proto-Quechua 2827:in Cusco Quechua. 2767: 2390: 2241:[ˈʔiʈ͡ʂwa] 2235:[ˈkit͡ʃwa] 2229:[ˈχɪt͡ʃwa] 1883:a large number of 1872: 1766:Quechumaran family 1756:Quechua and Aymara 843:Peripheral Quechua 704: 649:Number of speakers 585: 453:Comentarios Reales 8455:Language families 8427: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8321:Cajamarca–Cañaris 8314:Northern Peruvian 8300: 8299: 8114:at www.andes.org 8022:978-99954-1-236-4 7980:Muysken, Pieter. 7936:Mouton de Gruyter 7916:King, Kendall A. 7738:Mannheim, Bruce, 7696:978-0-521-36831-5 7588:Latinos in London 7296:Hintz 1999, p. 1. 7194:Adelaar 2007: 189 6515:978-956-8762-00-1 6437:978-603-45-0210-9 6236:978-0-230-37057-9 6182:978-0-19-726503-1 6144:978-9972-699-27-6 6116:978-0-521-36275-7 6088:978-9972-691-59-1 6018:(25th ed., 2022) 5936:Languages of Peru 5442:ayllu-kuna-kta-si 5195:Tarma-ACC go-3-YN 4508: 4507: 4335: 4334: 4066:("good – well"), 4062:to an adjective: 4044: 4043: 3998:among the houses 3777:to/for the house 3716:the house (obj.) 3659:your (pl.) house 3589:3.person singular 3570:2.person singular 3425:chunka iskayniyuq 3314: 3313: 3150: 3149: 3062:Standard Quechua 2863:'bridge' becomes 2782: 2739: 2738: 2368:uvular consonants 2321: 2320: 2313: 2073:altitude sickness 1753: 1752: 1444:, across much of 1369: 1368: 1360: 1359: 1351: 1350: 1342: 1341: 1333: 1332: 1292:Northern Bolivian 1218: 1217: 1112: 1111: 1069:Cajamarca–Cañaris 1048: 1047: 1024: 1023: 786:Cajamarca–Cañaris 577: 576: 512:). The same year 388:Classical Quechua 378:, after Spanish. 315:[ˈketʃwa] 275: 274: 241: 240: 123:language families 16:(Redirected from 8467: 8382:Southern Quechua 8366: 8346:Northern Quechua 8336: 8329: 8311: 8275: 8251: 8237: 8219: 8197: 8190: 8183: 8174: 8150:Ayacucho Quechua 8117: 7902:Jake, Janice L. 7885: 7680: 7678: 7677: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7625: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7545: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7506: 7492: 7486: 7483: 7477: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7461: 7453: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7411: 7396: 7390: 7387: 7378: 7375: 7369: 7366: 7360: 7357: 7351: 7348: 7342: 7339: 7333: 7330: 7324: 7321: 7315: 7312: 7306: 7303: 7297: 7294: 7288: 7285: 7279: 7276: 7270: 7267: 7261: 7258: 7252: 7249: 7243: 7240: 7234: 7231: 7225: 7222: 7216: 7213: 7204: 7201: 7195: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7180:. Archived from 7174: 7168: 7165: 7159: 7145: 7139: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7126: 7117:. Archived from 7110: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7084: 7078: 7053: 7047: 7044: 7029: 7022: 7016: 7015: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6977: 6959: 6953: 6946: 6940: 6933: 6927: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6861:. Archived from 6855: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6797: 6788: 6783:, "Quechua (and 6776: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6658: 6647: 6646: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6602: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6466: 6455: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6382: 6354: 6348: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6210: 6199: 6196: 6187: 6186: 6158: 6149: 6148: 6130: 6121: 6120: 6102: 6093: 6092: 6074: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6047: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6007: 5929: 5924: 5923: 5707: 5666: 5662: 5651: 5632: 5628: 5614: 5610: 5562: 5539: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5506:marker is used. 5494: 5471: 5467: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5429: 5425: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5369: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5264: 5260: 5249: 5245: 5224:Mild Exhortation 5207: 5185: 5181: 5167: 5147: 5124: 5120: 5109: 5098: 5050: 5039:had:taken:her:up 5036:heqarkaykachisha 5031: 5020: 5006: 4995: 4984: 4973: 4933: 4929: 4918: 4907: 4903: 4877: 4848: 4829: 4818: 4779: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4739: 4694: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4585: 4581: 4570: 4566: 4478: 4255:-sun(-chik)-man 4136: 4068:utqay – utqaylla 3979:first the house 3899:up to the house 3508: 3373:Cardinal numbers 3224: 3050: 3047:. For instance: 3041:Ayacucho Quechua 3029:Southern Quechua 2952: 2893:Quechua alphabet 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2784: 2783: 2764: 2755: 2747: 2727: 2718: 2703: 2696: 2687: 2669: 2662: 2644: 2633: 2626: 2608: 2601: 2594: 2587: 2580: 2573: 2562: 2555: 2548: 2541: 2534: 2527: 2516: 2509: 2502: 2495: 2488: 2481: 2458: 2451: 2444: 2393: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2357: 2349: 2342: 2316: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2296: 2267: 2266: 2259: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2122:"green pepper", 2106:"baby, infant", 2036:in front of it, 2030:Louisiana French 1784:Language contact 1774:Puquina language 1464: 1422:Southern Quechua 1308:Southern Bolivia 1239: 1166: 1156: 1079: 1063: 934: 926: 918: 910: 883:Southern Quechua 860:Northern Quechua 818: 728:prestige dialect 709:dialect continua 572: 569: 563: 551: 550: 543: 404:civilizations. 337:Southern Quechua 334: 329: 324: 317: 312: 308: 307: 304: 303: 300: 297: 294: 291: 288: 243: 233: 221: 212: 211: 196: 182: 181: 162: 161: 45: 36:Quechan language 21: 18:Northern Quechua 8475: 8474: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8465: 8464: 8430: 8429: 8428: 8419: 8376: 8362: 8341: 8332: 8325: 8306: 8296: 8285:Other Quechua I 8280: 8271: 8247: 8233: 8222:Central Quechua 8214: 8206: 8201: 8148:—Dictionary of 8115: 8112:Quechua lessons 8108: 8068: 8064:Wayback Machine 7879: 7872:. St. Andrews: 7864:Wayback Machine 7790: 7788:Further reading 7785: 7765:Wayback Machine 7684:Adelaar, Willem 7675: 7673: 7666: 7648: 7637: 7632: 7623: 7621: 7607: 7606: 7602: 7593: 7591: 7582: 7581: 7577: 7568: 7566: 7557: 7556: 7552: 7543: 7541: 7525: 7524: 7520: 7511: 7509: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7484: 7480: 7475: 7471: 7454: 7423: 7422: 7418: 7409: 7407: 7398: 7397: 7393: 7388: 7381: 7376: 7372: 7367: 7363: 7358: 7354: 7349: 7345: 7340: 7336: 7331: 7327: 7322: 7318: 7313: 7309: 7304: 7300: 7295: 7291: 7286: 7282: 7277: 7273: 7268: 7264: 7259: 7255: 7250: 7246: 7241: 7237: 7232: 7228: 7223: 7219: 7214: 7207: 7202: 7198: 7193: 7189: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7166: 7162: 7156:Wayback Machine 7146: 7142: 7137: 7133: 7124: 7122: 7112: 7111: 7107: 7097: 7095: 7086: 7085: 7081: 7075:Wayback Machine 7064:Wayback Machine 7054: 7050: 7045: 7032: 7023: 7019: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6975: 6973: 6961: 6960: 6956: 6948:Lyle Campbell, 6947: 6943: 6934: 6930: 6925: 6921: 6912: 6911: 6907: 6898: 6896: 6882: 6881: 6877: 6868: 6866: 6857: 6856: 6852: 6843: 6841: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6799: 6798: 6791: 6781:Cerrón Palomino 6777: 6773: 6763: 6761: 6754: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6724: 6722: 6706: 6705: 6701: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6678: 6676: 6660: 6659: 6650: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6595: 6589: 6587: 6551: 6550: 6546: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6516: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6484: 6482: 6468: 6467: 6458: 6449: 6445: 6438: 6424:Torero, Alfredo 6422: 6421: 6417: 6410: 6396:Torero, Alfredo 6394: 6393: 6389: 6380: 6378: 6371: 6356: 6355: 6351: 6346: 6342: 6333: 6331: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6274: 6272: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6246: 6244: 6237: 6212: 6211: 6202: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6160: 6159: 6152: 6145: 6132: 6131: 6124: 6117: 6104: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6076: 6075: 6066: 6058: 6054: 6045: 6043: 6034: 6033: 6029: 6019: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5995: 5951:Aymara language 5925: 5918: 5915: 5848: 5762: 5727: 5725:Cultural aspect 5714: 5709: 5701: 5684: 5676: 5668: 5653: 5642: 5634: 5616: 5573: 5564: 5556: 5554: 5541: 5530: 5496: 5488: 5486: 5473: 5458: 5439: 5431: 5416: 5371: 5363: 5361: 5348: 5305: 5302: 5289: 5266: 5251: 5236: 5214: 5209: 5201: 5199: 5189:tarma-kta li-n- 5187: 5169: 5149: 5141: 5139: 5126: 5111: 5100: 5071: 5066: 5052: 5041: 5033: 5022: 5008: 4997: 4986: 4975: 4949: 4935: 4920: 4909: 4891: 4879: 4871: 4858: 4850: 4839: 4831: 4820: 4802: 4793: 4791:Affix or clitic 4781: 4773: 4766:prista-ka-mu-la 4760: 4744:prista-ka-mu-la 4741: 4704: 4702: : Hearsay 4696: 4688: 4677:kuti-mu-n'a-qa- 4675: 4656: 4637:kuti-mu-n'a-qa- 4609: 4601: 4587: 4572: 4545:The evidential 4528: 4513: 4498:Direct evidence 4462: 4428:'not yet') and 4400:'no', although 4387: 4111: 4064:allin – allinta 4049: 4040:than the house 4017:only the house 3970:-raq/-rax/-raa 3768:-paq/-pax/-paa 3745:-naq/-nax/-naa 3665:3.person plural 3646:2.person plural 3473: 3421:chunka hukniyuq 3369: 3354: 3258: 3233: 3222: 3175: 3170: 3109:we (inclusive) 2901: 2895: 2889: 2877: 2855:'foot' becomes 2823:Voicing is not 2802: 2801: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2785: 2778: 2775: 2768: 2762: 2714: 2683: 2569: 2523: 2479: 2473: 2412: 2388: 2333: 2317: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2286: 2268: 2264: 2257: 2203:Apurímac Region 2160: 1887:words, such as 1877: 1786: 1778:Tiwanaku Empire 1758: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1459: 1379: 1370: 1361: 1352: 1343: 1334: 1233: 1219: 1160: 1113: 1073: 1049: 1025: 997:(Jauja–Huanca) 921:Quechua I 901: 849:, divided into 820:Central Quechua 778: 696: 651: 598:spoken language 573: 567: 564: 561: 552: 548: 541: 495:Osorno Province 484:Chilean Spanish 476:Spanish arrival 463:As a result of 429:Catholic Church 390: 384: 344:language family 327: 318:), also called 310: 285: 281: 270: 259: 237: 234: 224: 207: 206: 192: 177: 176: 159: 158: 108: 107:Native speakers 75:Andes Mountains 69: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8473: 8471: 8463: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8432: 8431: 8425: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8415:South Bolivian 8412: 8407: 8402: 8400:North Bolivian 8397: 8392: 8386: 8384: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8368: 8367: 8355: 8349: 8347: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8339: 8338: 8337: 8330: 8317: 8315: 8308: 8302: 8301: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8288: 8286: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8278: 8277: 8276: 8264: 8262:Yauyos–Chincha 8259: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8240: 8239: 8238: 8225: 8223: 8216: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8200: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8177: 8171: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8153: 8143: 8133: 8123: 8118: 8107: 8106:External links 8104: 8103: 8102: 8099: 8095: 8092: 8089: 8086: 8083: 8080: 8077: 8073: 8072: 8067: 8066: 8057:quechua.org.uk 8053: 8037:Weber, David. 8035: 8025: 8024:. (in Spanish) 8010: 8003: 7992: 7978: 7971: 7957:Pieter Muysken 7953: 7939: 7928: 7914: 7900: 7886: 7877: 7866: 7842: 7828: 7810: 7801: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7783: 7779: 7776: 7773: 7770: 7767: 7750: 7736: 7722: 7708: 7705: 7698: 7681: 7664: 7652:(2004-06-10). 7646: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7600: 7575: 7550: 7518: 7487: 7478: 7469: 7416: 7391: 7379: 7370: 7361: 7352: 7343: 7334: 7325: 7316: 7307: 7298: 7289: 7280: 7271: 7262: 7253: 7244: 7235: 7226: 7217: 7205: 7196: 7187: 7169: 7160: 7140: 7131: 7105: 7079: 7048: 7030: 7017: 6982: 6954: 6941: 6928: 6919: 6905: 6875: 6850: 6825: 6789: 6771: 6752: 6732: 6699: 6685: 6648: 6625: 6610: 6562:(in Spanish). 6544: 6521: 6514: 6504:(in Spanish). 6492: 6456: 6443: 6436: 6415: 6408: 6387: 6369: 6349: 6340: 6302:(3): 311–340. 6282: 6271:on Apr 6, 2023 6252: 6235: 6200: 6188: 6181: 6150: 6143: 6122: 6115: 6094: 6087: 6064: 6052: 6027: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5946:Quechua People 5943: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5914: 5911: 5847: 5844: 5761: 5758: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5726: 5723: 5713: 5710: 5677: 5669: 5654: 5643: 5635: 5617: 5599: 5598: 5572: 5569: 5531: 5509: 5508: 5459: 5440: 5432: 5417: 5395: 5394: 5318: 5317: 5267: 5252: 5237: 5229: 5228: 5213: 5210: 5170: 5159: 5158: 5112: 5101: 5087: 5086: 5070: 5067: 5042: 5034: 5023: 5009: 4998: 4989:trayaruptin-qa 4987: 4976: 4965: 4964: 4921: 4910: 4892: 4884: 4883: 4851: 4842:machucha-piwan 4840: 4832: 4821: 4807: 4806: 4801: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4785:Ancash Quechua 4742: 4728: 4727: 4725:Wanka Quechua 4703: 4697: 4657: 4635: 4634: 4632:Wanka Quechua 4608: 4602: 4573: 4555: 4554: 4552:Wanka Quechua 4527: 4521: 4516:descriptions. 4509: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4461: 4458: 4444:(from Spanish 4386: 4383: 4377:, rather than 4333: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4305:-nki-chik-man 4303: 4302:-sqa-nki-chik 4300: 4297: 4296:-qka-nki-chik 4294: 4293:-rqa-nki-chik 4291: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4156: 4151: 4148: 4147:Past habitual 4145: 4142: 4139: 4110: 4107: 4072:demonstratives 4048: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4038: 4028: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4009: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3939: 3929: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3887: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3874: 3864: 3863:-piwan, puwan 3861: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3756: 3755: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3638: 3632: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3562: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3520:(translation) 3518: 3515: 3512: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3448: 3368: 3365: 3353: 3350: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3297: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3282: 3281: 3269: 3266: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3243: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3177:Quechua is an 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3037:Hanan Runasimi 2988: 2987: 2984: 2973: 2954: 2918:, for example 2905:Roman alphabet 2891:Main article: 2888: 2885: 2876: 2873: 2792: 2786: 2776: 2771: 2770: 2769: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2721: 2719: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2697: 2690: 2688: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2663: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2627: 2620: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2602: 2595: 2588: 2581: 2574: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2556: 2549: 2542: 2535: 2528: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2510: 2503: 2496: 2489: 2482: 2477: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2452: 2445: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2387: 2384: 2332: 2329: 2319: 2318: 2271: 2269: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2168:general tongue 2164:lengua general 2159: 2156: 2067:"hangover" in 1876: 1873: 1785: 1782: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1591:ćhunka, chunka 1589: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1483: 1473: 1467: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1418: 1405: 1378: 1375: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1012:Yauyos–Chincha 1007: 1004: 1003: 1000: 999: 989: 986: 985: 982: 981: 972: 969: 968: 965: 964: 955: 952: 951: 948: 947: 937: 932: 930: 924: 922: 916: 914: 908: 904:Willem Adelaar 900: 899: 898: 897: 896: 895: 894: 893: 880: 879: 878: 857: 832: 831: 830: 801: 781:Alfredo Torero 777: 774: 730:in the north. 695: 694:Classification 692: 688: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 650: 647: 575: 574: 555: 553: 546: 540: 539:Current status 537: 448:Túpac Amaru II 433:evangelization 386:Main article: 383: 380: 273: 272: 267: 263: 262: 255: 251: 250: 247: 239: 238: 235: 226: 225: 222: 214: 213: 204: 198: 197: 190: 184: 183: 174: 164: 163: 156: 150: 149: 148:Language codes 145: 144: 143: 142: 137: 130: 126: 125: 119: 113: 112: 109: 106: 103: 102: 71: 65: 64: 59: 55: 54: 50: 49: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8472: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8379: 8373: 8370: 8365: 8361: 8360: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8348: 8344: 8335: 8331: 8328: 8324: 8323: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8312: 8309: 8303: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8283: 8274: 8270: 8269: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8250: 8246: 8245: 8244: 8241: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8220: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8198: 8193: 8191: 8186: 8184: 8179: 8178: 8175: 8168: 8165: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8151: 8147: 8144: 8141: 8137: 8134: 8131: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8105: 8100: 8096: 8093: 8090: 8087: 8084: 8081: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8070: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8058: 8054: 8052: 8051:0-520-09732-7 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8034: 8033:1-58811-471-6 8030: 8026: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8008: 8004: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7991: 7990:90-316-0151-9 7987: 7983: 7979: 7976: 7972: 7970: 7969:1-55608-050-6 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7952: 7951:0-915306-09-3 7948: 7944: 7940: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7927: 7926:1-85359-495-4 7923: 7919: 7915: 7913: 7912:0-8240-5475-X 7909: 7905: 7901: 7899: 7898:0-292-77627-6 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7878: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7865: 7861: 7858: 7857:Red-coral.net 7855: 7854:1-931010-21-8 7851: 7847: 7843: 7841: 7840:1-86450-381-5 7837: 7833: 7829: 7827: 7826:0-292-70019-9 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7805: 7802: 7799: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7787: 7780: 7777: 7774: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7762: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7749: 7748:0-292-74663-6 7745: 7741: 7737: 7735: 7734:9972-691-37-3 7731: 7727: 7723: 7721: 7720:9972-691-36-5 7717: 7713: 7709: 7706: 7703: 7699: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7682: 7671: 7667: 7665:9781139451123 7661: 7657: 7656: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7640: 7639: 7634: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7604: 7601: 7589: 7585: 7579: 7576: 7564: 7563:Global Voices 7560: 7554: 7551: 7539: 7535: 7534: 7529: 7522: 7519: 7507: 7505: 7504: 7497: 7491: 7488: 7482: 7479: 7473: 7470: 7465: 7459: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7420: 7417: 7406:on 2013-05-15 7405: 7401: 7395: 7392: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7374: 7371: 7365: 7362: 7356: 7353: 7347: 7344: 7338: 7335: 7329: 7326: 7320: 7317: 7311: 7308: 7302: 7299: 7293: 7290: 7284: 7281: 7275: 7272: 7266: 7263: 7257: 7254: 7248: 7245: 7239: 7236: 7230: 7227: 7221: 7218: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7197: 7191: 7188: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7170: 7164: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7150: 7144: 7141: 7135: 7132: 7121:on 2017-10-11 7120: 7116: 7109: 7106: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7058: 7052: 7049: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7021: 7018: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6986: 6983: 6971: 6967: 6966: 6958: 6955: 6951: 6945: 6942: 6938: 6932: 6929: 6926:Adelaar 2004. 6923: 6920: 6915: 6909: 6906: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6879: 6876: 6865:on 2018-09-13 6864: 6860: 6854: 6851: 6839: 6835: 6829: 6826: 6820: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6775: 6772: 6759: 6755: 6753:9783319035307 6749: 6745: 6744: 6736: 6733: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6703: 6700: 6695: 6689: 6686: 6674: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6629: 6626: 6621: 6614: 6611: 6606: 6600: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6548: 6545: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6525: 6522: 6517: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6496: 6493: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6447: 6444: 6439: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6416: 6411: 6409:92-3-301926-8 6405: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6388: 6376: 6372: 6370:9789978227398 6366: 6362: 6361: 6353: 6350: 6344: 6341: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6283: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6256: 6253: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6165: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6146: 6140: 6136: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6056: 6053: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6003: 5997: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5863:J'acha Mallku 5860: 5856: 5851: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5825: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5759: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5680: 5675: 5672: 5667: 5657: 5652: 5646: 5641: 5638: 5633: 5623: 5622: 5615: 5605: 5604: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5570: 5568: 5563: 5560: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5529: 5515: 5514: 5507: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5492: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5472: 5462: 5457: 5443: 5438: 5435: 5430: 5420: 5415: 5401: 5400: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5378:Interrogative 5375: 5370: 5367: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5347: 5325: 5323: 5316: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5288: 5274: 5272: 5265: 5255: 5250: 5240: 5239:kalu-kuna-kta 5235: 5232: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5219: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5186: 5176: 5175: 5168: 5162: 5157: 5155: 5148: 5145: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5125: 5115: 5110: 5104: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5085: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5044:syelutana-shi 5040: 5037: 5032: 5026: 5025:Diosninchi-qa 5021: 5015: 5014: 5007: 5001: 4996: 4990: 4985: 4979: 4978:puntataruu-qu 4974: 4968: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937:Pidru kunana- 4934: 4924: 4919: 4913: 4908: 4898: 4897: 4890: 4887: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4849: 4843: 4838: 4835: 4830: 4824: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4805: 4799: 4797: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4759: 4745: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4674: 4660: 4655: 4641: 4640: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4586: 4576: 4571: 4561: 4560: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4532:Cusco Quechua 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4512: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4473: 4471: 4470:Wanka Quechua 4467: 4466:evidentiality 4460:Evidentiality 4459: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3834:at the house 3833: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3796:of the house 3795: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3443:(1,000,000), 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3207:evidentiality 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3045:Cusco Quechua 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3014:Ruwirtum kani 3011: 3010:Robertom kani 3006: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2993: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2829:Cusco Quechua 2826: 2821: 2800: 2798: 2774: 2757: 2753: 2743: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2385: 2383: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2347: 2340: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2325:Cuzco Quechua 2315: 2312: 2304: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2278: 2277: 2272:This section 2270: 2261: 2260: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2245: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2022: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2006: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1927:, "donkey"). 1926: 1922: 1919:, "cow") and 1918: 1914: 1911:, "school"), 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1874: 1869: 1866:(1560). From 1865: 1863: 1857: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1838:Cholon-Hibito 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1755: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1387:Ancash Region 1384: 1376: 1374: 1365: 1364: 1356: 1355: 1347: 1346: 1338: 1337: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1241: 1240: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1209:(San Martín) 1208: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1175: 1168: 1167: 1158: 1157: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1072: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1013: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 998: 996: 995: 988: 987: 984: 983: 980: 979: 978: 971: 970: 967: 966: 963: 962: 961: 954: 953: 950: 949: 946: 944: 943: 936: 935: 928: 927: 920: 919: 912: 911: 907: 905: 891: 890: 888: 887:Quechua II C, 884: 881: 876: 875: 873: 869: 865: 864:Quechua II B, 861: 858: 855: 854:Quechua II A, 851: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 833: 828: 827: 825: 821: 815: 811: 808: 807: 806: 803: 802: 800: 797: 795: 791: 787: 782: 775: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 750: 748: 743: 738: 736: 735:Wanka Quechua 731: 729: 725: 724:Cusco Quechua 721: 717: 712: 710: 700: 693: 691: 685: 682: 679: 676: 673: 670: 669: 668: 664: 662: 658: 657: 648: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 626: 624: 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 601: 599: 595: 589: 581: 571: 568:February 2023 559: 554: 545: 544: 538: 536: 534: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 498: 496: 492: 487: 485: 481: 480:Central Chile 477: 473: 470: 466: 461: 457: 456: 454: 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 425: 420: 418: 414: 410: 405: 403: 399: 395: 389: 381: 379: 377: 373: 369: 364: 361: 360:pre-Columbian 357: 356:Proto-Quechua 353: 349: 345: 342: 338: 333: 325: 323: 316: 306: 279: 268: 264: 261: 256: 252: 248: 244: 232: 227: 220: 215: 210: 205: 203: 199: 195: 191: 189: 185: 180: 175: 173: 169: 165: 157: 155: 151: 146: 141: 138: 136: 133: 132: 131: 124: 120: 118: 114: 110: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 66: 63: 60: 56: 51: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8203: 8098:Linguistics. 8038: 8013: 8006: 8002:, 1996. ISBN 7995: 7981: 7974: 7960: 7942: 7931: 7917: 7903: 7889: 7881: 7869: 7845: 7844:Curl, John, 7831: 7813: 7806: 7758:Lengamer.org 7753: 7739: 7725: 7711: 7701: 7687: 7674:. Retrieved 7654: 7642: 7622:. Retrieved 7613: 7603: 7592:. Retrieved 7587: 7578: 7567:. Retrieved 7565:. 2011-09-09 7562: 7553: 7542:. Retrieved 7533:The Guardian 7531: 7521: 7510:. Retrieved 7508:. 2018-05-04 7499: 7490: 7481: 7472: 7458:cite journal 7436:(2): 51–58. 7433: 7429: 7419: 7408:. Retrieved 7404:the original 7394: 7373: 7364: 7355: 7346: 7337: 7328: 7319: 7310: 7301: 7292: 7283: 7274: 7265: 7256: 7247: 7238: 7229: 7220: 7199: 7190: 7182:the original 7172: 7163: 7143: 7134: 7123:. Retrieved 7119:the original 7108: 7096:. Retrieved 7082: 7051: 7025: 7020: 6998:(1): 22–36. 6995: 6991: 6985: 6974:. Retrieved 6964: 6957: 6949: 6944: 6936: 6931: 6922: 6908: 6897:. Retrieved 6888: 6878: 6867:. Retrieved 6863:the original 6853: 6842:. Retrieved 6828: 6812:(2): 73–96. 6809: 6805: 6774: 6762:. Retrieved 6742: 6735: 6723:. Retrieved 6712: 6702: 6688: 6677:. Retrieved 6668:The Guardian 6666: 6638: 6628: 6619: 6613: 6599:cite journal 6588:. Retrieved 6563: 6557: 6547: 6530: 6524: 6501: 6495: 6483:. Retrieved 6474: 6451: 6446: 6427: 6418: 6399: 6390: 6379:. Retrieved 6359: 6352: 6343: 6332:. Retrieved 6299: 6295: 6285: 6273:. Retrieved 6269:the original 6264: 6255: 6245:, retrieved 6218: 6163: 6134: 6106: 6078: 6055: 6044:. Retrieved 6030: 6013: 6005: 5971:Sumak Kawsay 5927:Andes portal 5904: 5898: 5887: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5867:Savia Andina 5852: 5849: 5839: 5833: 5828: 5824:Johnny Payne 5820: 5804: 5781: 5763: 5746: 5728: 5719: 5715: 5699: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5673: 5670: 5658: 5655: 5647: 5645:machray-chru 5644: 5639: 5636: 5624: 5620: 5618: 5606: 5602: 5600: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5565: 5552: 5549: 5544: 5543:chay-nuu-pa- 5542: 5535: 5532: 5516: 5512: 5511:chay-nuu-pa- 5510: 5503: 5498: 5497: 5484: 5481: 5476: 5475:ima-lla-kta- 5474: 5463: 5460: 5444: 5441: 5436: 5433: 5421: 5418: 5402: 5398: 5397:ima-lla-kta- 5396: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5359: 5356: 5351: 5349: 5326: 5321: 5319: 5312:Acquiescence 5311: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5275: 5270: 5268: 5256: 5253: 5241: 5238: 5233: 5230: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5215: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5188: 5177: 5173: 5171: 5163: 5160: 5153: 5150: 5137: 5134: 5129: 5127: 5116: 5113: 5105: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5088: 5082: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5072: 5063: 5060: 5055: 5053: 5046: 5043: 5038: 5035: 5027: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5010: 5002: 4999: 4991: 4988: 4981:at:the:peak- 4980: 4977: 4969: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4953:Yaru Quechua 4950: 4946: 4943: 4938: 4936: 4925: 4922: 4914: 4911: 4899: 4895: 4893: 4888: 4885: 4880: 4869: 4866: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4852: 4844: 4841: 4836: 4833: 4825: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4808: 4803: 4794: 4782: 4771: 4768: 4763: 4761: 4746: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4716: 4711: 4707: 4705: 4699: 4686: 4683: 4678: 4676: 4661: 4658: 4642: 4638: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4619: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4577: 4574: 4562: 4558: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4463: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4306: 4257: 4254: 4205: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4098: 4094: 4092: 4090:("hither"). 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4035: 4031: 4027:-naw, -hina 4012: 3993: 3974: 3955: 3936: 3932: 3913: 3894: 3890: 3886:-kama, -yaq 3871: 3867: 3848: 3829: 3810: 3791: 3772: 3749: 3730: 3722:instrumental 3711: 3678:their house 3673: 3664: 3654: 3645: 3635: 3626: 3616: 3607: 3597: 3588: 3578: 3569: 3559: 3555: 3535: 3503: 3474: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3429:iskay chunka 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3355: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3315: 3301: 3300: 3286: 3285: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3262: 3261: 3255: 3246: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3230: 3176: 3161: 3153: 3151: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3007: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2980: 2977:Cusco Region 2969: 2965: 2961: 2960:from uvular 2957: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2924: 2919: 2913: 2902: 2878: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2822: 2803: 2740: 2334: 2322: 2307: 2298: 2287:Please help 2280: 2273: 2248: 2246: 2213: 2209: 2207: 2190: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2161: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2126:"let's go", 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2110:"hangover", 2107: 2103: 2101: 2092: 2084: 2076: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1942:, including 1929: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1879:Quechua has 1878: 1859: 1787: 1772:system. The 1759: 1460: 1428:through the 1426:Huancavelica 1413: 1408: 1400:"Traveler") 1397: 1395: 1382: 1380: 1371: 1321: 1306: 1290: 1274: 1259: 1244: 1228: 1205: 1189: 1172: 1171: 1141: 1125: 1100: 1084: 1066: 1036: 1010: 1009: 992: 991: 975: 974: 958: 957: 940: 939: 902: 886: 863: 853: 846: 842: 838: 823: 819: 813: 804: 798: 779: 751: 746: 740:The lack of 739: 732: 713: 705: 689: 665: 660: 654: 652: 638: 634: 630: 627: 621: 602: 590: 586: 565: 557: 530: 514:Pablo Landeo 499: 488: 462: 458: 451: 445: 440: 421: 406: 392:The Quechua 391: 365: 319: 277: 276: 129:Subdivisions 70:distribution 8410:Santiagueño 8353:Chachapoyas 6275:12 December 5906:Overwatch 2 5855:Los Kjarkas 5835:Don Quixote 5419:u-you-shrun 5103:wankayuu-pu 4970:so:already- 4967:Chawrana-qa 4589:ñawi-i-wan- 4557:ñawi-i-wan- 4456:'rather'). 4448:'but') and 4319:-rqa-(n)ku 4253:-nchik-man 4250:-sqa-nchik 4244:-qka-nchik 4241:-rqa-nchik 4086:("this") – 4082:("there"), 4078:("that") – 4023:comparative 3882:terminative 3840:directional 3764:benefactive 3583:your house 3456:iskay ñiqin 3278:(exclusive) 3273:(inclusive) 3203:conjugation 2945:instead of 2916:orthography 2887:Orthography 2744:of the tap 2170:. The name 2120:qʼumer uchu 2018:. The word 1903:, "good"), 1806:Uru-Chipaya 1688:'he gives' 1440:regions of 1193:(Amazonas) 1191:Chachapoyas 872:Inga Kichwa 776:Family tree 409:Inca Empire 249:Runa / Nuna 111:7.2 million 8434:Categories 8334:Lambayeque 8305:Quechua II 7934:. Berlin: 7676:2016-01-05 7624:2022-04-10 7594:2012-11-10 7569:2017-01-02 7544:2019-10-28 7512:2019-10-28 7410:2012-11-09 7125:2008-01-21 6976:2020-06-04 6899:2022-08-20 6869:2018-09-17 6844:2016-09-23 6764:7 November 6679:2019-10-28 6590:2023-04-25 6485:7 November 6381:2020-11-07 6334:2024-01-09 6247:2024-01-09 6046:2018-06-02 6015:Ethnologue 5998:References 5859:Kala Marka 5774:Huarochirí 5760:Literature 5547:yachra-nki 5533:yachra-nki 5461:chra-alu-l 5114:kuti-mu-la 5000:wamrata-qa 4923:tuwa-sha-n 4396:'yes' and 4307:-waq-chik 4299:-nki-chik 4290:-nki-chik 4247:-su-nchik 4235:ñuqanchik 4154:Pluperfect 4131:indicative 4115:infinitive 3951:-(ni)ntin 3947:comitative 3905:transitive 3703:accusative 3687:nominative 3650:-yki-chik 3486:, and the 3357:Adjectives 3352:Adjectives 3271:Ñuqanchik 3118:ñuqanchik 3115:nuqanchis 3112:ñuqanchik 2907:since the 2797:media help 2742:Gemination 2386:Consonants 2301:March 2023 2063:"potato", 1895:, "but"), 1875:Vocabulary 1798:Mapudungun 1496:San Martin 1088:(Cañaris) 1086:Lambayeque 835:Quechua II 814:Quechua B, 747:Ethnologue 661:Ethnologue 656:Ethnologue 633:(infant), 533:Elva Ambía 486:the most. 422:After the 341:indigenous 269:Runasimi / 258:Runakuna / 140:Quechua II 77:including 68:Geographic 8327:Cajamarca 8215:(Waywash) 8212:Quechua I 7450:0719-8949 7400:"History" 7012:143633302 6725:April 22, 6580:244279716 6316:0959-7743 5890:Star Wars 5808:catechism 5788:Atahualpa 5778:Popol Vuh 5690:ayka-lla- 5656:puñu-ya-n 5625:how^much- 5619:ayka-lla- 5161:tarma-kta 5106:Huancayo- 4992:arriving- 4722:section. 4681:ni-ya-ami 4659:ni-ya-ami 4629:section. 4593:lika-la-a 4575:lika-la-a 4390:Particles 4331:-nku-man 4282:-yku-man 4279:-sqa-yku 4273:-qka-yku 4270:-rqa-yku 4218:-rqa(-n) 4204:-nki-man 4201:-sqa-nki 4195:-qka-nki 4192:-rqa-nki 4158:Optative 4123:., much'a 4004:exclusive 3985:intrative 3966:immediate 3909:-(ni)nta 3859:inclusive 3802:causative 3564:my house 3511:Function 3492:possessor 3460:huk ñiqin 3439:(1,000), 3326:addressee 3214:particles 3191:isolating 3146:p'unchaw 3143:p'unchay 3104:llamk'ay 3101:llank'ay 3067:to drink 3056:Ayacucho 2650:Semivowel 2616:Fricative 2525:aspirated 2475:Affricate 2409:Post-alv. 2293:talk page 2255:Phonology 2249:runa simi 2118:"mouse", 2077:suruqch'i 2065:chuchaqui 2021:lagniappe 1486:Cajamarca 1450:Argentina 1409:Runashimi 1278:(Collao) 1102:Cajamarca 839:Quechua A 810:Quechua I 607:(IBE) in 491:Mapudungu 469:Mapudungu 322:Runa simi 202:Glottolog 188:ISO 639-3 168:ISO 639-2 154:ISO 639-1 135:Quechua I 79:Argentina 58:Ethnicity 8390:Ayacucho 8307:(Wampuy) 8292:Pacaraos 8273:Pacaraos 8249:Huallaga 8060:Archived 8045:, 1989. 7860:Archived 7761:Archived 7670:Archived 7618:Archived 7538:Archived 7152:Archived 7098:July 10, 7092:Archived 7071:Archived 7060:Archived 6970:Archived 6893:Archived 6838:Archived 6758:Archived 6719:Archived 6673:Archived 6643:Archived 6584:Archived 6535:Valdivia 6506:Santiago 6479:Archived 6426:(1974). 6375:Archived 6328:Archived 6324:59132956 6241:archived 6040:Archived 6010:Quechuan 5913:See also 5783:Ollantay 5686:ima-lla- 5601:ima-lla- 5028:our:God- 5017:already- 4845:old.man- 4434:manachu? 4328:-sqa-ku 4325:-nqa-ku 4313:paykuna 4287:qamkuna 4276:-saq-ku 4264:ñuqayku 4178:-sqa-ni 4172:-qka-ni 4169:-rqa-ni 4141:Present 4127:much'a-y 4125:'kiss'; 4008:-lla(m) 3924:ablative 3821:locative 3783:genitive 3741:abessive 3517:Example 3506:(house) 3346:pay-kuna 3342:qam-kuna 3318:pronouns 3310:Paykuna 3295:Qamkuna 3276:Ñuqayku 3240:Singular 3220:Pronouns 3195:fusional 3187:suffixes 3183:suffixes 3158:toponyms 3140:punchaw 3098:llamkay 3095:to work 3053:English 2941:It uses 2825:phonemic 2571:ejective 2404:Alveolar 2399:Bilabial 2285:instead. 2152:pasarime 2116:jukʼucho 2085:sorojchi 1881:borrowed 1850:Kawapana 1834:Barbakoa 1818:Kandoshi 1655:'white' 1622:'sweet' 1528:suk, huk 1508:Ayacucho 1457:Cognates 1430:Ayacucho 1398:Wamp'una 1391:Huancayo 1294:(Apolo) 1246:Ayacucho 1038:Pacaraos 929:Central 847:Wanp'una 824:Waywash, 805:Quechuan 790:Pacaraos 770:homeland 758:Germanic 339:, is an 328:Quechua: 311:Spanish: 271:Nunasimi 266:Language 260:Nunakuna 209:quec1387 91:Colombia 48:Quechuan 8243:Huánuco 8235:Huaylay 7938:, 2004. 7876:, 1986. 7635:Sources 7614:Inverse 7503:El País 7028:, 2014. 5592:Riddles 5504:–chr(a) 5464:arrive- 5445:family- 5390:–chr(a) 5269:ni-nki- 5254:li-la-a 5218:–chr(a) 5117:return- 4912:wasi-ta 4894:kunana- 4853:payacha 4762:shanti- 4747:borrow- 4736:Shanti- 4730:shanti- 4643:return- 4622:-chr(a) 4605:-chr(a) 4487:-chr(a) 4426:manaraq 4339:subject 4238:-nchik 4150:Future 4052:Adverbs 4047:Adverbs 3806:-rayku 3707:-(k)ta 3655:ykichik 3612:-nchik 3551:-y, -: 3540:houses 3528:plural 3514:Suffix 3437:waranqa 3435:(100), 3405:qanchis 3377:ch'usaq 3367:Numbers 3168:Grammar 3132:-chka- 3126:-chka- 3016:. (The 2983:'knot'. 2881:apocope 2685:lateral 2429:Glottal 2414:Palatal 2364:Spanish 2214:Quichua 2210:Quechua 2184:quechua 2178:in his 2172:quichua 2132:chhurco 2114:"cat", 2093:soroche 2089:Ecuador 2081:Bolivia 2069:Ecuador 2042:la yapa 2038:la ñapa 2010:vigogne 1993:quinine 1940:Spanish 1932:English 1909:escuela 1905:iskwila 1885:Spanish 1862:Indians 1822:Muniche 1802:Mochika 1776:of the 1770:affixal 1600:ch'unka 1574:ishkay 1570:ishkay 1566:ishkay 1562:ishkay 1558:ishkay 1516:(II-C) 1510:(II-C) 1504:(II-B) 1498:(II-B) 1446:Bolivia 1383:Waywash 1142:Laraos 754:Romance 643:Mapuche 637:(cat), 617:Ecuador 613:Bolivia 558:updated 520:of the 510:Sevilla 472:Mapuche 382:History 278:Quechua 95:Ecuador 83:Bolivia 62:Quechua 32:Quechan 8358:Kichwa 8229:Ancash 8049: 8031: 8020: 7988: 7967: 7949: 7924: 7910: 7896: 7852: 7838: 7824: 7782:Print. 7746: 7732: 7718: 7694: 7662: 7448: 7010: 6785:Aymara 6750: 6578: 6512: 6434: 6406: 6367: 6322: 6314: 6233: 6179: 6141: 6113: 6085: 5894:Greedo 5882:Kukuli 5659:sleep- 5586:–sh(i) 5216:While 5164:Tarma- 5011:mayna- 5003:child- 4926:build- 4915:house- 4823:ka-sqa 4708:–sh(i) 4700:-sh(i) 4567:-with- 4492:-sh(i) 4452:(from 4450:sinuqa 4371:before 4343:object 4322:-q-ku 4316:-n-ku 4258:-swan 4230:-nman 4181:-yman 4103:Aymara 4088:kayman 4080:chaypi 4034:, wasi 4013:lla(m) 3989:-pura 3935:, wasi 3893:, wasi 3870:, wasi 3787:-p(a) 3760:dative 3669:-n-ku 3631:-y-ku 3558:, wasi 3531:-kuna 3488:person 3480:number 3464:ñawpaq 3433:pachak 3431:(20), 3427:(12), 3423:(11), 3419:(10), 3417:chunka 3397:pichqa 3287:Second 3256:Person 3247:Plural 3231:Number 3129:-sha- 3090:utqha 3087:usqha 3076:upyay 3073:uhyay 3070:upyay 3059:Cusco 2875:Stress 2869:Aymara 2845:Kichwa 2835:, and 2716:rhotic 2679:Liquid 2424:Uvular 2378:, and 2360:Jaqaru 2331:Vowels 2238:, and 2191:*qiĉwa 2166:, the 2148:pásame 2128:chhiri 2108:chʼaki 2091:, and 2015:gaucho 2005:vicuña 1999:quinoa 1981:poncho 1951:condor 1936:French 1923:(from 1915:(from 1907:(from 1899:(from 1891:(from 1848:, and 1846:Jivaro 1826:Pukina 1814:Arawak 1810:Zaparo 1762:Aymara 1721:'yes' 1649:misk'i 1641:mishki 1637:mishki 1633:mishki 1629:mishki 1625:mishki 1616:chunka 1612:chunka 1608:chunka 1604:chunka 1596:ćhunka 1588:'ten' 1555:'two' 1521:'one' 1502:Kichwa 1470:Ancash 1436:, and 1420:II-C: 1414:Kichwa 1174:Kichwa 1127:Lincha 1071: 1067: 942:Ancash 868:Kichwa 817:a.k.a. 794:Yauyos 792:, and 766:Arabic 762:Slavic 716:Kichwa 615:, and 594:Aymara 417:Aymara 398:Chavín 254:People 246:Person 97:, and 40:Quiché 8395:Cusco 8372:Lamas 8257:Wanka 7008:S2CID 6576:S2CID 6477:(7). 6454:p. 6. 6320:S2CID 5941:Andes 5903:game 5871:Uchpa 5846:Media 5816:Bible 5679:waaka 5648:cave- 5607:what- 5536:know- 5517:that- 5499:Irony 5434:llapa 5428:12FUT 5422:give- 5403:what- 5386:–m(i) 5172:li-n- 5154:-chun 5128:imay- 5095:when- 5089:imay- 4889:Pedro 4886:Pidru 4856:woman 4815:once- 4712:–s(i) 4651:-now- 4524:-m(i) 4482:-m(i) 4418:manam 4414:manan 4363:-chik 4355:-chik 4267:-yku 4227:-sqa 4224:-nqa 4206:-waq 4198:-nki 4189:-nki 4175:-saq 4163:ñuqa 4144:Past 4121:(e.g. 4109:Verbs 4099:ñawpa 4095:qhipa 3937:piqta 3933:manta 3872:puwan 3868:piwan 3844:-man 3811:rayku 3726:-wan 3694:wasi 3617:nchik 3574:-yki 3490:of a 3471:Nouns 3452:ñiqin 3445:lluna 3415:(9), 3413:isqun 3411:(8), 3409:pusaq 3407:(7), 3403:(6), 3401:suqta 3399:(5), 3395:(4), 3391:(3), 3389:kimsa 3387:(2), 3385:iskay 3383:(1), 3379:(0), 3361:nouns 3330:-kuna 3302:Third 3268:Ñuqa 3263:First 3211:topic 3084:utqa 3081:fast 2981:khipu 2861:*čaka 2857:č'aki 2853:*čaki 2754:] 2750:[ 2480:plain 2436:Nasal 2419:Velar 2050:karpa 2046:carpa 2026:yapay 1975:pampa 1969:llama 1963:jerky 1957:guano 1925:burro 1901:bueno 1897:bwenu 1790:Kunza 1682:yuraq 1678:yuraq 1674:yurak 1670:yurak 1666:yuraq 1662:yulaq 1658:yuraq 1645:miski 1582:iskay 1578:iskay 1514:Cusco 1476:Wanka 1434:Cusco 1261:Cusco 1207:Lamas 994:Wanka 720:Cusco 639:waska 413:Cuzco 368:Incas 352:Andes 87:Chile 38:, or 8405:Puno 8364:Inga 8267:Yaru 8047:ISBN 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