193:, although it is more likely that the common procedure was more complex. This bell was a symbol of republican sovereignty and independence and for this reason, Ivan III carted it off to Moscow when he took control of the city, to show that the old way of doing things was at an end. The whole population of the city - boyars, merchants, and common citizens - then gathered at
103:(he was then sent to the metropolitan for consecration); it also invited in and dismissed the princes. While it is certainly true that the local officials were elected and some princes elected and dismissed, the sources are rather vague on precisely who was behind some of this, saying merely "they called in..." or "they gave the posadnikship to..." and the like.
17:
170:'s scholarship calls into question the democratic nature of the veche; he argues that the boyars ran the city and the veche was a "sham democracy" that allowed the common people a sense that they were participating in decision-making when decisions had, in fact, already been decided by the Council of Lords made up of the boyars and the archbishop.
177:'s court, and it is difficult to say where the veche fit in as a judicial body. Several "executions" in the veche seem to be the result of mob violence rather than the carrying out of judicial sentences. Jonas Granberg has called into question the very existence of the Council of Lords (
181:), saying it is an interpolation or interpretation of modern historians of very scanty evidence. Michael C. Paul has argued that the veche, at least in the thirteenth century, was used as a consensus-building tool rather than becoming a formally institutionalized parliament.
165:
Some of the more recent scholars call this interpretation into question. The difficulty in understanding the veche is that the term was used to mean any sort of assemblage of people, from a formal legislature or judicial entity to a mob or riot.
141:
The veche was abolished after the fall of
Novgorod to the Muscovites in 1478; however, there is some evidence that certain elements of the Novgorodian veche democracy have been restored under Swedish occupation during the
88:, the veche became the supreme state authority, although princely power was relatively limited in Novgorod from the start since no hereditary dynasty had been established there.
21:
106:
The traditional scholarship goes on to argue that a series of reforms in 1410 transformed the veche into something similar to the public assembly of
295:
233:
198:
249:(Moscow: Moscow State University, 1962; second edition Moscow: Yazyki Russkoi Kultury, 2003); Idem, "The Archaeology of Novgorod,"
76:
The origin of the veche is obscure; it is thought to have originated in tribal assemblies in the region, thus predating the
173:
Add to this the fact that
Novgorod had a series of judicial entities: the prince's court, the archbishop's court, and the
81:
205:- "An Archbishop's Veche," since it was called in front of the cathedral). Separate assemblies could be held in the
300:
275:
Michael C. Paul, "The
Iaroslavichi and the Novgorodian Veche: A Case Study on Princely Relations with the Veche,"
134:). Some sources indicate that veche membership may have become full-time, and parliament deputies were now called
91:
The traditional scholarship lists among the powers of the veche the election of the town officials such as the
100:
66:
194:
147:
85:
229:
190:
62:
152:
45:
58:
167:
289:
119:
189:
The
Novgorod assembly could be presumably summoned by anyone who rang the veche
143:
50:
262:
Jonas
Granberg, “The Sovet Gospod of Novgorod, in Russian and German Sources,”
77:
174:
96:
54:
126:) was also created, with title membership for all former city magistrates (
16:
92:
70:
111:
206:
115:
107:
30:
15:
227:Русские и шведы от Рюрика до Ленина. Контакты и конфликты.
20:
The removal of the veche bell from
Novgorod (from the
146:of 1610–1617: one Swedish source indicates that
28:According to the traditional scholarship, the
114:or lower chamber of the parliament. An upper
35:
8:
65:was brought under the direct control of the
22:Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible
218:
44:
7:
264:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
14:
296:Defunct unicameral legislatures
1:
253:262, No. 2(Feb. 1990), 72-84.
161:Conflicting interpretations
82:Novgorod Revolution of 1136
317:
36:
199:Cathedral of Holy Wisdom
84:that ousted the ruling
247:Novgorodskie Posadniki
61:until 1478, when the
25:
201:(the latter called a
19:
150:has been present at
67:Grand Duke of Moscow
266:47 (1998): 396-401
251:Scientific American
225:Gennady Kovalenko.
197:or in front of the
207:boroughs or "Ends"
148:Jacob de la Gardie
49:) was the highest
26:
301:Novgorod Republic
234:978-5-91678-004-8
63:Novgorod Republic
46:[ˈvʲetɕə]
308:
280:
273:
267:
260:
254:
245:Valentin Ianin,
243:
237:
223:
203:Vladychnoe veche
195:Yaroslav's Court
120:Council of Lords
110:; it became the
48:
43:
39:
38:
316:
315:
311:
310:
309:
307:
306:
305:
286:
285:
284:
283:
277:Russian History
274:
270:
261:
257:
244:
240:
224:
220:
215:
187:
163:
99:, and even the
59:Veliky Novgorod
41:
12:
11:
5:
314:
312:
304:
303:
298:
288:
287:
282:
281:
268:
255:
238:
217:
216:
214:
211:
186:
183:
168:Valentin Yanin
162:
159:
34:(Russian:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
313:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
291:
278:
272:
269:
265:
259:
256:
252:
248:
242:
239:
235:
231:
228:
222:
219:
212:
210:
209:of Novgorod.
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
184:
182:
180:
176:
171:
169:
160:
158:
156:
154:
149:
145:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
89:
87:
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:authority in
56:
52:
47:
33:
32:
23:
18:
276:
271:
263:
258:
250:
246:
241:
226:
221:
202:
188:
179:sovet gospod
178:
172:
164:
151:
140:
135:
131:
127:
124:sovet gospod
123:
105:
90:
80:. After the
75:
29:
27:
155:in Novgorod
144:Ingrian war
51:legislative
290:Categories
213:References
132:tysyatskys
101:archbishop
78:Rus' state
185:Procedure
175:tysyatsky
128:posadniks
97:tysyatsky
236:, pg. 69
136:vechniks
93:posadnik
71:Ivan III
55:judicial
279:(2004).
112:Commons
232:
118:-like
116:Senate
108:Venice
86:prince
153:thing
31:veche
230:ISBN
191:bell
130:and
53:and
42:IPA:
37:вече
73:.
292::
157:.
138:.
95:,
69:,
40:,
122:(
24:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
