620:
716:
632:
676:
644:
30:
596:
664:
704:
692:
728:
619:
470:, referring to the deportations, stated: "to preclude that the Kurdish refugees continue their tribal life and their nationality wherever they have been deported, the chieftains need to be separated from the common people by all means, and all influential personalities and leaders need to be sent separately to the provinces of
595:
347:
power of the Caliph had been severely worsened by the
Tanizmat. According to Sheikh Ubeydullah, the Kurds in the Ottoman Empire numbered over 500,000 families. The aftermath of the war with Russians took a massive toll on the Ottoman Empire, specifically the Eastern regions, where the Kurds, as well as some
215:, and passed down from father to son. The autonomous system lasted from 1514 until the mid-1800s. The mid-1800s were the time when Ottoman and Kurdish relations began to deteriorate. However, until the 1900s, the majority of Kurds remained loyal to the Ottoman Empire. It was around 1829–1830, after the
346:
and declare themselves
British subjects". Sheikh Ubeydullah replied by saying that he would never permit that even if he had to "arm the women". In a letter to Sultan Abdülhamid II, Sheikh Ubeydullah declared that the Muslims would not allow the formation of an "Armenian state" and said that the
334:. In summer 1879, rumours spread that Sheikh Ubeydullah had promised some Kurdish tribal chiefs that he would "sweep all the Christians from the land". A year later, in 1880, it was reported that Sheikh Ubeydullah was told that "that the Armenians are going to have an independent state in
210:
were known as the "Grey Nation". After the
Ottomans gained control of Eastern Anatolia, Sultan Selim I rewarded the Kurds with tax and military exemptions when needed, as well as semi-autonomous status, which was protected and recognized by the Ottomans. The autonomous system was ruled by
232:, the governor of Sivas district, to defeat the resistance. Resid Mehmed Pasha's army was much more modern than the Kurdish tribes, who still used Janissary equipment and methods. The rebellions were crushed. Later in 1834, the Ottomans feared a cooperation between the
715:
675:
429:, which ended the absolute rule of Abdulhamid II over the fracturing Ottoman Empire. Abdulhamid II's pro-Kurdish policy was part of his Pan-Islamist agenda. Pan-Islamism aims to unite all Muslims, which includes Kurds, who are mostly
631:
227:
the
Ottoman Empire, which weakened the autonomous Kurdish rule and interfered with the Kurdish tribal system. It was this time, Kurdish tribes resisted the reforms, which would escalate to the point that Mahmud II ordered
643:
663:
206:. The Kurdish forces played a big role in taking Diyarbakır and other parts of Eastern Anatolia from the Safavids. In the Ottoman Empire, Kurds were known as the "Black Nation" while
1756:
Schaller, Dominik J.; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late
Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies—introduction".
378:
Abdulhamid II tried to keep a pro-Kurdish policy. He was loved by Kurds to the point that he was nicknamed "Bavê Kurdan", meaning "father of the Kurds". Abdulhamid II formed the
703:
355:, for help. He prepared to revolt against the Ottomans due to their bad response for fighting the famine. Sheikh Ubeydullah eventually revolted and fought against the
292:. The Yazidis, seeking revenge, allied with the Ottomans against Bedir Khan Beg, who was initially winning the conflict but would lose after one of his top commanders
272:, later rebelled to restore his autonomy and to fight against the increasing demand of centralization. He would declare independence in 1847. Bedir Khan Beg harshly
1810:
252:
later complained to Reşid Mehmed Pasha of the
Ottoman government that they were being oppressed by Mir Kor. Two years later, Mir Kor was ousted by the Ottomans.
946:
284:. The increasing persecution of Christians led to European Powers pressuring the Ottomans to stop Bedir Khan Beg. In 1847, the 12,000 Ottoman troops led by
219:, when the Ottoman Empire's relations with its Kurdish population turned tense. Mahmud II's reforms were so strong they paved way for the ideology of the
1815:
422:
584:
was against the
British-drawn borders. The Kingdom of Kurdistan lasted from 1921 to 1925, when it was absorbed into the rest of British Iraq.
463:
1687:
1464:
1137:
1086:
1019:
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1211:
The
Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century
1286:
1716:
426:
331:
216:
1746:
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1617:
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1509:
1402:"'We did commit these crimes': Post-Ottoman solidarities, contested places and Kurdish apology for the Armenian Genocide on Web 2.0"
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29:
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691:
310:
After the defeat of Bedir Khan Beg, the majority of
Ottoman Kurdish lands were under control of the central government. In 1876,
759:
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383:
314:
would rise to power. Under
Abdulhamid II, Ottoman and Kurdish relations became better for a time. Abdulhamid II took more of a
395:
459:
923:
Hakan Ozoglu Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries p.60
568:
and the division of the former Ottoman Empire by European Powers, the Kurds became divided among the newly created Turkey,
1168:
898:
452:
610:
440:. It was around this time when Kurds became divided, with some being against the CUP's actions and some supporting it.
1607:
486:. The sick, the elderly, lonely and poor women and children who are unable to travel will be settled and supported in
501:
and made to settle after these deportations. Kurds from Diyarbakir were sent to other places while migrants from the
1726:
819:
343:
241:
1363:"Sickman of Europe or Japan of the Near East?: Constructing Ottoman Modernity in the Hamidian and Young Turk Eras"
220:
382:
in 1890. Kurds would become the majority of the soldiers in the Hamidiye cavalry. The Hamidiye cavalry harassed
187:
433:. Abdulhamid II was the last Ottoman Sultan to rule with absolute power, and his reign ended on 27 April 1909.
551:
409:, made its way to the Ottoman Empire and challenged the Pan-Islamist policies of Abdulhamid II. The July 1908
1582:
1329:
1206:
508:
Also in 1916, the Russian Empire, with help from Assyrians and Armenians, massacred around 8,000 Kurds in
1130:
Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries
1079:
Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries
796:
Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries
410:
237:
1314:"Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945"
229:
1697:
O'Mahony, Anthony (2006). "Syriac Christianity in the modern Middle East". In Angold, Michael (ed.).
952:
577:
406:
1527:
Armenia Secrets of a "Christian" terrorist state : the Armenian great deception series volume 1
1457:
Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I
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at the time. Sheikh Ubeydullah sent a small number of his soldiers to help the Ottoman Army in the
207:
203:
1738:
487:
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1214:
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A People Without a State: The Kurds from the Rise of Islam to the Dawn of Nationalism, page 81
1133:
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988:
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858:
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437:
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175:
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101:
69:
56:
601:
An official 1893 Ottoman map featuring lands within the Empire published during the reign of
1765:
1734:
1704:
1421:
1413:
1401:
1374:
1333:
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lived. As a result of the famine, many Kurds turned to Sheikh Ubeydullah, a wealthy Islamic
304:
88:
887:, Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies,13:3, 383-387, DOI: 10.1080/1066992042000300701
948:
The End of Kurdish Autonomy: The Destruction of the Kurdish Emirates in the Ottoman Empire
581:
391:
281:
273:
269:
159:
155:
135:
83:
307:
was a province in the Ottoman Empire which lasted about 21 years, between 1846 and 1867.
34:
A drawing of a Kurdish prince in the Ottoman Empire in an Italian book called Giro Mondo
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265:
224:
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167:
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town and Ergani and Behremaz counties, to be dispersed in Turkish villages and among
233:
199:
118:
1777:
505:
were settled there the government. Kurds needed permission to return to Diyarbakir.
524:
467:
444:
339:
315:
191:
110:
1708:
1698:
1452:
605:. The word Kurdistan (کردستان) stretches from Western Iran and Northern Iraq to
558:
430:
414:
368:
335:
105:
1609:
Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Kingdom of Kurdistan
1769:
1544:
1417:
1378:
1029:
360:
327:
319:
285:
1680:
The emergence of Kurdish nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880-1925
1260:
1731:
The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950
1643:
Der Kurdistan-Irak-Konflikt: der Weg zur Autonomie seit dem ersten Weltkrieg
1362:
536:
475:
293:
1794:
The Kurdish Nobility in the Ottoman Empire: Loyalty, Autonomy and Privilege
1213:. Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.) New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997, p. 217.
240:, leading them to dispatch an army to Soran in 1834, which was repelled by
1287:"Turkish Society (Turkish organization) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
509:
479:
448:
371:
to organize another revolt but was once again captured and was exiled to
364:
261:
73:
1268:
1244:
669:
Ottoman Turkish officer (seated) surrounded by Ottoman Kurdish infantry.
1426:
681:
Left to right: Kurd from Diyarbakir, Kurd from Mardin, and a Kurd from
520:
502:
483:
277:
195:
114:
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one. This would allow many Sheikhs to rise in Kurdistan, most notably
1321:
650:
547:
546:
Even after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of
540:
516:
455:
helped him with. Around 700–800 Armenians and Assyrians were killed.
289:
77:
625:
Map depicting the Kurdish tribal composition of Ottoman territories.
528:
296:
to the Ottoman Empire. Bedir Khan Beg surrendered on 4 July 1847 in
1500:Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2012). Jorngerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle (eds.).
386:
living in the eastern Ottoman Empire and massacred them during the
268:, a former Ottoman ally who had sided with the Ottomans during the
1272:
855:
The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone
532:
471:
372:
352:
249:
202:, sided with the Ottoman invaders against the Safavids during the
147:
131:
1700:
Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity
297:
245:
709:
Kurdish soldiers of the Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus in 1877.
561:
took place, which was a big part in the fall of the Ottomans.
1209:"The Armenian Question in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1914" in
198:. Their first interactions were positive. The Kurds, led by
1151:"Mighty sovereigns of Ottoman throne: Sultan Abdülhamid II"
363:
at the same time. He lost to the Ottomans and was taken to
900:
Turkey's Politics: The Transition to a Multi-Party System
436:
In 1915, some Kurdish tribes helped the CUP during the
1169:""Bavê Kurdan": Abdülhamid uğruna ayaklanan Kürtler"
843:
A Modern History of the Kurds - McDowall, David p.28
777:
775:
1245:"Nationalism and Islam in Cold War Turkey, 1944–69"
447:organized a massacre of Armenians and Assyrians in
124:
94:
62:
49:
39:
984:Imagining Kurdistan: Identity, Culture and Society
637:Kurdish Cavalry in the Caucasus Mountains in 1915.
186:The Ottomans first made contact with Kurds during
1583:"T.E. Lawrence on guerrilla warfare | Britannica"
1502:Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915
1318:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism
1703:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 511–536.
1557:
174:ruled by the Ottomans are collectively known as
497:Kurds, being a nomadic people, were forcefully
539:during the winter and most of them died in a
16:Ethnic Kurds living within the Ottoman Empire
8:
1367:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1230:
264:, which were the strongest Ottoman reforms,
22:
28:
21:
1739:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199603602.003.0004
1425:
857:. Stanford University Press. p. 55.
154:. At its peak, the Ottoman Empire ruled
1338:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011
885:Kurds and emergent Kurdish nationalism"
771:
591:
367:but later fled back to his hometown of
326:, who was dealing with a conflict with
1811:Kurdish people from the Ottoman Empire
390:. The Hamidiye cavalry also massacred
1569:
1487:
1475:
1440:
1101:PRO FO 78/2991, Van (29 August 1879).
932:
781:
7:
1606:Facts On File, Incorporated (2009).
1182:Eppel, Michael (13 September 2016).
1119:BOA Y.PRK.KOM 3/66 (21 August 1882).
1110:PRO FO 195/1315, Van (11 July 1880).
1044:"The bloody shadow of Bedirkhan Beg"
649:On the left is a Kurdish woman from
421:forced Abdulhamid II to restore the
50:Regions with significant populations
1733:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
721:Kurdish fighter from Hakkari, 1819.
550:, the deportations continued under
515:In 1916, around 300,000 Kurds from
342:(Assyrians) are going to hoist the
981:Galip, Özlem Belçim (2015-04-24).
955:(published 2021), pp. 86–87,
820:"Burada bizden önce kimler vardı?"
375:, where he lived until his death.
14:
566:dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
244:. Kurdish notables from Bradost,
1459:. Gorgias Press. pp. 81, 83–84.
726:
714:
702:
690:
674:
662:
642:
630:
618:
594:
1430:– via DOI.org (Crossref).
1067:Henning, Barbara (2018), p. 109
458:In 1916, three years after the
217:1828-1829 war with the Russians
1558:Schaller & Zimmerer (2008)
1400:Halstead, Huw (June 8, 2021).
1081:. SUNY Press. pp. 60–63.
903:. Princeton University Press.
798:. SUNY Press. pp. 47–49.
733:Kurdish cavalries in July 1918
1:
1816:History of the Kurdish people
1796:. Edinburgh University Press.
1792:Özok-Gündoğan, Nilay (2023).
1709:10.1017/CHOL9780521811132.022
1682:. University of Texas Press.
1186:. University of Texas Press.
1011:A modern history of the Kurds
945:Ates, Sabri (22 April 2021),
332:1877-1878 Ottoman-Russian War
1758:Journal of Genocide Research
794:Özoğlu, Hakan (2004-02-12).
1504:. Brill. pp. 287–288.
1316:. In Breuilly, John (ed.).
853:Klein, Janet (2011-05-31).
194:in 1514, under the rule of
1832:
697:Ottoman Kurdistan in 1855.
478:, and to the districts of
1770:10.1080/14623520801950820
1678:Olson, Robert W. (1989).
1418:10.1177/17506980211010933
1379:10.1017/S0020743804362033
987:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
897:Karpat, H. Kemal (1959).
580:, a small kingdom led by
221:Turkish National Movement
129:
99:
67:
54:
44:
27:
1361:Renée Worringer (2004).
1312:Roshwald, Aviel (2013).
1008:McDowall, David (2021).
826:(in Turkish). 2009-11-18
685:in 1873, Ottoman Empire.
460:1913 Ottoman coup d'état
318:thinking rather than an
1330:Oxford University Press
1207:Hovannisian, Richard G.
1249:Middle Eastern Studies
1243:Aytürk, İlker (2014).
1077:Özoğlu, Hakan (2004).
655:Kurden-Frau aus Juzgat
166:, and a small part of
611:Southeastern Anatolia
552:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
464:deportations of Kurds
411:Young Turk Revolution
125:Related ethnic groups
45:Over 500,000 families
1640:Asadi, Awat (2007).
1332:. pp. 220–241.
1048:ÊzîdîPress - English
953:Cambridge University
578:Kingdom of Kurdistan
427:Ottoman Constitution
396:Diyarbakır massacres
223:. Mahmud II further
1478:, pp. 110–111.
413:by the nationalist
403:Turkish nationalism
204:Battle of Chaldiran
24:
1587:www.britannica.com
557:Also in 1916, the
443:In February 1915,
423:Ottoman Parliament
388:Hamidian massacres
238:Muhammad Ali Pasha
230:Reşid Mehmed Pasha
1689:978-0-292-77619-7
1572:, pp. 89–91.
1525:Weems, Samuel A.
1465:978-1-59333-301-0
1138:978-0-7914-5993-5
1088:978-0-7914-5993-5
1021:978-0-7556-0076-2
994:978-0-85772-643-8
962:978-1-108-47335-4
935:, pp. 54–55.
910:978-0-691-62623-9
864:978-0-8047-7570-0
805:978-0-7914-5993-5
760:Ottoman Armenians
438:Armenian genocide
324:Sheikh Ubeydullah
176:Ottoman Kurdistan
172:Greater Kurdistan
170:. These parts of
150:who lived in the
141:
140:
57:Ottoman Kurdistan
1823:
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1727:Üngör, Uğur Ümit
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1289:. Archived from
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791:
785:
779:
745:Kurdish emirates
730:
718:
706:
694:
678:
666:
646:
634:
622:
598:
380:Hamidiye cavalry
359:, Ottomans, and
305:Kurdistan Eyalet
40:Total population
32:
25:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1825:
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1786:Further reading
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1560:, pp. 7–8.
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1157:. May 13, 2022.
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1128:Ozoglu, Hakan.
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582:Mahmud Barzanji
392:Assyrian people
338:, and that the
276:and persecuted
270:Battle of Nezib
258:
184:
160:South Kurdistan
156:North Kurdistan
136:Iranian peoples
108:
100:Predominantly:
86:
84:Ottoman Turkish
81:
35:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1529:. p. 28.
1517:
1510:
1492:
1490:, p. 113.
1480:
1468:
1445:
1443:, p. 108.
1433:
1412:(3): 634–649.
1406:Memory Studies
1392:
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1255:(5): 693–694.
1235:
1233:, pp. 512
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750:Ottoman Greeks
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603:Abdul Hamid II
600:
593:
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357:Russian Empire
312:Abdul Hamid II
266:Bedir Khan Beg
257:
254:
213:Kurdish tribes
188:their conflict
183:
180:
168:East Kurdistan
164:West Kurdistan
152:Ottoman Empire
139:
138:
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144:Ottoman Kurds
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23:Ottoman Kurds
1793:
1761:
1757:
1730:
1699:
1679:
1672:Bibliography
1657:. Retrieved
1642:
1635:
1623:. Retrieved
1608:
1601:
1590:. Retrieved
1586:
1577:
1570:Olson (1989)
1565:
1553:
1526:
1520:
1501:
1495:
1488:Üngör (2011)
1483:
1476:Üngör (2011)
1471:
1456:
1453:Gaunt, David
1448:
1441:Üngör (2011)
1436:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1317:
1307:
1295:. Retrieved
1291:the original
1281:
1271:– via
1252:
1248:
1238:
1226:
1210:
1202:
1183:
1177:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1140:. pp. 74-75.
1132:. Feb 2004.
1129:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1078:
1072:
1063:
1052:. Retrieved
1050:. 2017-12-07
1047:
1038:
1010:
1003:
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966:, retrieved
947:
940:
933:Eppel (2016)
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884:
881:
873:
854:
848:
839:
828:. Retrieved
823:
814:
795:
789:
784:, p. 3.
782:Olson (1989)
654:
574:British Iraq
570:French Syria
563:
556:
545:
514:
507:
499:sedentarized
496:
468:Talaat Pasha
457:
453:Ottoman Army
451:, which the
445:Simko Shikak
442:
435:
405:, which was
400:
377:
344:British flag
316:Pan-Islamist
309:
302:
259:
185:
146:were ethnic
143:
142:
111:Twelver Shia
87:Liturgical:
19:Ethnic group
1764:(1): 7–14.
1427:10023/23469
1155:Daily Sabah
559:Arab Revolt
415:Young Turks
394:during the
225:centralised
106:Sunni Islam
82:Secondary:
55:All around
1805:Categories
1659:23 October
1625:23 October
1592:2023-05-08
1545:1030931191
1373:(2): 209.
1297:2008-03-22
1054:2021-05-29
1030:1246622101
968:2021-09-06
830:2024-04-14
766:References
564:After the
361:Qajar Iran
340:Nestorians
328:Qajar Iran
320:Ottomanist
286:Omar Pasha
260:After the
134:and other
109:Minority:
1387:156657393
1261:0026-3206
653:, 1880. (
607:Al-Jazira
537:Gaziantep
476:Kastamonu
398:in 1895.
384:Armenians
282:Assyrians
274:Islamized
208:Turkomans
190:with the
63:Languages
1778:71515470
1729:(2011).
1455:(2006).
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1269:24585883
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824:Milliyet
739:See also
510:Rawandiz
449:Haftevan
417:and the
369:Şemdinli
365:Istanbul
349:Turkmens
294:deserted
288:invaded
262:Tanzimat
192:Safavids
119:Hanafism
95:Religion
74:Kurmanji
68:Native:
880:(2004)
588:Gallery
521:Erzurum
503:Balkans
484:Kayseri
466:began.
407:secular
278:Yazidis
242:Mir Kor
196:Selim I
182:History
130:Modern
115:Alevism
70:Kurdish
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651:Yozgat
576:. The
548:Turkey
541:famine
517:Bitlis
462:, the
290:Bohtan
78:Sorani
1774:S2CID
1383:S2CID
1273:JSTOR
1265:JSTOR
533:Konya
492:Turks
488:Maden
480:Niğde
472:Konya
373:Hejaz
250:Amedi
148:Kurds
132:Kurds
1743:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1661:2014
1648:ISBN
1627:2014
1614:ISBN
1541:OCLC
1531:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1324:and
1257:ISSN
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1188:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1083:ISBN
1026:OCLC
1016:ISBN
989:ISBN
957:ISBN
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859:ISBN
800:ISBN
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527:and
525:Palu
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236:and
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