278:
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125:), which grew from 13 architects in 1525 to 39 architects by 1604. The central state commissioned and planned building projects across its vast territory, a practice that also helped to establish Ottoman sovereignty in these provinces through the construction of monuments in a visibly Ottoman style. Architects in the capital were able to draw plans and delegate them to other architects who carried them out locally, while the imperial administration developed a set of standards for planning and construction and was able to coordinate the procurement and transportation of the necessary materials. Often plans, but no
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introduced. For example, most
Egyptian mosques of the period consistently adopt the pointed Ottoman style of minaret rather than the more ornate traditional Mamluk-style minaret, which is one of the features that visually denoted Ottoman hegemony in the urban landscape. In the late Mamluk period stone domes had become almost exclusively associated with mausoleums, but under Ottoman influence they were used to roof the prayer halls of mosques. The scale of architectural patronage also declined in comparison with previous periods.
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both typical
Ottoman features. The multi-lobed pendentives of the dome, the decoration of the mihrab, and the shape of the windows are all in local styles. The dome, 15 metres (49 ft) in diameter, is the largest stone dome in Cairo. The Mosque of Malika Safiyya (1610) was probably built by local architects commissioned to design an Istanbul-style mosque. The feature most reminiscent of Istanbul is the square courtyard that precedes the prayer hall, while the prayer hall has a central dome surrounded by smaller domes.
381:
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264:, is still almost entirely Mamluk in design, except for its Ottoman-inspired minaret. The mosque's site was chosen to allow for the erection of a freestanding building, unencumbered by surrounding structures, and this was a trend that distinguished Ottoman-period mosques in Cairo from those of the Mamluk period, which were weaved more closely into the existing urban fabric. Even later, the
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Mosque of
Muhammad al-'Abbasi (1773, but probably restored in 1809). The Mosque of Duqmaqsis is notable as the only "raised" mosque in the city, built above a substructure of vaulted storerooms and shops. Among its decoration is a variety of tiles, including contemporary Tunisian tiles, reused 16th-century Iznik tiles, and
463:
and dated to 1750, was the first
Ottoman complex in Cairo to be founded by a sultan, over two and a half centuries after the conquest of the city. It consists of a madrasa and a sabil-kuttab. The style and decoration of the complex is a fusion of Ottoman and local Cairene (Mamluk) styles, but it does
400:
Abd al-Rahman
Katkhuda, a Mamluk who occupied multiple high offices over several decades, was the greatest patron of architecture in the 18th century, sponsoring the construction or restoration of 33 monuments around Cairo. In addition to his aforementioned sabil-kuttab on al-Mu'izz street and other
185:
In 1517 the
Ottoman conquest of Egypt formally brought Mamluk rule to an end, although Mamluks themselves continued to play a prominent role in local politics. In architecture, there was significant continuity with existing Mamluk architectural style, but new Ottoman features and building types were
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and allied urban notables increased. Buildings sponsored by local elites were generally still built in an
Ottoman-Mamluk hybrid style, such as the Sabil-kuttab of Abd ar-Rahman Katkhuda (mentioned above). While Mamluk-era configurations remained predominant, Ottoman decoration was applied in highly
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neighbourhood of Cairo is somewhat less
Ottoman in character and more heavily influenced by local traditions, but it is also one of the most successful mosques of this period blending these two traditions. It consists of a large single-domed prayer hall surrounded by a domed portico on three sides,
543:
inscriptions and references are still present. These deliberate design choices were a radical break from the architectural traditions of Cairo and likely symbolized
Muhammad Ali's own efforts to forge a new order in Egypt. Having been appointed Ottoman governor in 1805 and eliminated the remaining
484:
is known today for its houses and mosques preserved from the
Ottoman period. The town was an important center of maritime trade in Ottoman Egypt from the 16th to 18th centuries. At least two important mosques in the city date from the 18th century: the Mosque of Salah Agha Duqmaqsis (1702) and the
468:
Mahmud I was employing in Istanbul. The most influential innovation of Mahmud I's complex was the curved façade of its sabil-kuttab, a local interpretation of the curved sabil facades in Istanbul, which was repeated in subsequent sabil-kuttab designs in Cairo. A slightly later imperial foundation,
538:
in Istanbul, referencing the classical architecture of the Ottoman Empire at its apogee. This choice of model expressed a pan-Islamic affiliation beyond Egypt. The mosque's decoration, however, eschews any Mamluk influences or any traditional Islamic ornamentation in favour of European influences
432:(c. 1774), erected next to al-Azhar Mosque. It is similar to the older Sinan Pasha Mosque in form and mixes elements inspired by various sources. The mosque is surrounded by an outer enclosing wall with a Mamluk-style façade and its minaret imitates the original appearance of the minaret of the
213:) above it, was a typical building type of the architecture built by the Ottomans in Cairo. These structures had existed in the late Mamluk period but they proliferated under the Ottomans and numerous surviving examples date from the 18th century. One of the best-known examples is the
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Mamluks in 1811, he undertook a program of modernization while increasing Egypt's independence from Istanbul. The new architectural vocabulary likely symbolized these changes, and the mosque's size and prominent position on Cairo's skyline reinforced this statement.
1603:
Goodwin, Godfrey (15 March 2011). "An Urban History of Būlāq in the Mamluk and Ottoman Periods. By Nelly Hanna. (Supplément aux Annales Islamologiques, Cahier No. 3.) pp. ix, 112, 10 pls. , Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, 1983".
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As the construction of new monumental funerary complexes declined in Cairo during the Ottoman period, local Ottomans were instead buried in older mausoleums from earlier periods. A well known example is the 14th-century
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in Cairo was completed in 1521 and was thus the first monument of elite patronage completed during the Ottoman period, but it was begun in 1502 (prior to the Ottoman conquest) and its style is entirely Mamluk. The later
117:, became increasingly elaborate and the profession of the architect became further institutionalized. Many of the architects and administrators were recruited from the European population of the empire through the
454:
Although local patrons dominated, a few rare monuments sponsored by Ottoman sultans were also built in Cairo in the mid-18th century, demonstrating a certain level of renewed imperial interest in the city. The
1710:
Crecelius, Daniel (23 April 2009). "André Raymond, Le Caire des Janissaires: L'apogée de la ville ottomane sous Abd al-Rahman Katkhuda, Patrimoine de la Mediterranée (Paris: CNRS Editions, 1995). Pp. 127".
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are all classical Ottoman features. A few of its details, however, such as the marble paneling decoration of the interior, draw on the local Mamluk-Cairene style. The Sinan Pasha Mosque (1571) in the
473:) in 1758–1760, still demonstrates local Cairene influences but this time it incorporates some new Ottoman Baroque details for the first time. Another sabil-kuttab founded by Mustafa III near the
579:(1839) is also an example. In the Cairo Citadel, Muhammad Ali also constructed several new palaces, some of which survive today and have been repurposed as museums, including the
3196:
1869:
274:, appears to consciously imitate the old Mamluk style instead of the Ottoman style, and contains surprisingly rich interior decoration unlike that of typical Ottoman mosques.
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Tile decoration, which was not characteristic of earlier Mamluk architecture, was a recurrent addition to new and old buildings during the Ottoman period. In addition to
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visible ways in some local monuments, most notably in the use of Ottoman blue and white tiles, including re-used 16th-century Iznik tiles imported from Istanbul.
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order popular in the Ottoman Empire. A Sufi ceremonial hall, still extant today, was later built over the remains of the madrasa's courtyard in the 19th century.
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The new style of this period also appears in multiple sabil-kuttabs built throughout the city, which feature curved street facades carved with new leaf,
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that were more distant from the imperial capital, the encounter between Ottoman influence and local traditions had a variety of outcomes. In the
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was long-established, Ottoman governors and other officials sent from the capital often respected or adapted to local culture, while existing
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or craftsmen, were sent to the provinces. This can be seen for instance in the combination of an Ottoman plan with a Cairene elevation in the
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which was completed circa 1753. Among the structures he added to the mosque is its present-day western gate, the Gate of the Barbers (
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530:, built between 1830 and 1848 in the Citadel. Muhammad Ali's mosque is entirely Ottoman in form and adopts the same layout as the
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wall and in the attached tomb he built for himself. Another example of a Mamluk building repurposed is the 14th-century
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At the apogee of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century its state bureaucracy, whose foundations were laid in
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Sabil-kuttab of Mustafa III (1758–1760), the first monument in Cairo to incorporate some elements of the
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409:). His constructions are marked by ornate stonework that attest to a revival of the decorative style of
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571:(1820; also known as the Sabil of Muhammad Ali Pasha), the Sabil of Isma'il Pasha (1828), and Sabil of
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Creating Medieval Cairo: Empire, Religion, and Architectural Preservation in Nineteenth-century Egypt
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Creating Medieval Cairo: Empire, Religion, and Architectural Preservation in Nineteenth-century Egypt
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styles remained dominant or were blended with elements of Ottoman architecture. In Egypt and the
62:. Architectural patronage was reduced in scale compared to previous periods, as Egypt became an
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1961:
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50:. Important new features introduced into local architecture included the pencil-style Ottoman
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346:(now also known as the "Blue Mosque"), which was renovated in 1652 by Ibrahim Agha, a local
285:
198:
169:
71:
2691:
1764:"An Uneasy Historiography: The Legacy of Ottoman Architecture in the Former Arab Provinces"
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3529:
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1694:
Le Caire des Janissaires : l'apogée de la ville ottomane sous ʻAbd al-Rahmân Katkhudâ
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had been the prevailing architectural tradition and it remained in fashion even after the
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instead of the center of an empire. One of the most common types of building erected in
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240:
47:
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2327:
2026:
1971:
1732:
1625:
1043:
Fanfoni, Giuseppe (1999). "The foundation and organization of the Cairo Mawlawiyya".
505:
365:
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3800:
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2006:
218:
149:
63:
1404:
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1400:
587:). These palaces are a mix of Ottoman Baroque and European styles, decorated with
436:
nearby. The interior of the mosque is also paneled with tiles of both Turkish and
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572:
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327:
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system. The Ottoman administration included a "palace department of buildings" (
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3200:
3115:
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2403:
1782:
1744:
Ottoman Baroque: The Architectural Refashioning of Eighteenth-Century Istanbul
1724:
1617:
1146:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Vernacular architecture".
815:
229:
799:
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2610:
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1799:
1763:
1511:
1475:
393:
347:
335:
308:
118:
334:" of Cairo, a Mamluk building renovated in the 17th century by an Ottoman
311:, the pencil-shaped minaret, and the open courtyard surrounded by a domed
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in Cairo (1568), largely Mamluk in style but with an Ottoman-type minaret
110:
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51:
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decoration was conspicuously employed in new buildings, including the
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1946:
596:
369:
316:
270:
202:
161:
78:
1494:
1269:
1636:
Ottoman Cairo: Religious Architecture from Sultan Selim to Napoleon
1606:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland
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3248:
3243:
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1256:
Al-Asad, Mohammad (1992). "The Mosque of Muhammad ʿAli in Cairo".
951:
949:
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and his successors, Ottoman Baroque and contemporary late Ottoman
496:
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the Sabil-kuttab of Mustafa III in Cairo (located across from the
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379:
356:
322:
276:
239:
134:
89:
67:
28:
18:
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551:
Sabil-kuttab commissioned by Muhammad Ali in honour of his son,
55:
2888:
1803:
855:
Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture
696:
694:
1794:(7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
658:
Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Ottoman".
307:. The roofing of the prayer hall by a central dome and three
1597:
An Urban History of Būlāq in the Mamluk and Ottoman Periods
711:
709:
681:
679:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
966:
964:
726:
724:
388:, part of the mosque's expansion by Abd ar-Rahman Katkhuda
912:
910:
70:
during this period is the sabil-kuttab (a combination of
1658:. Translated by Mill, Adair. Antique Collectors' Club.
857:. The American University in Cairo Press. p. 312.
268:
in Cairo (1616–1629), commissioned by a local Egyptian
1383:. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 39–41.
1295:. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 39–41.
1148:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
754:
752:
660:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
577:
Sabil and Mosque complex of Sulayman Agha al-Silahdar
3961:
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2510:
2427:
2393:
2360:
2140:
1954:
1945:
1899:
1842:
1599:. Cairo: Institut francais d'archeologie orientale.
428:One of the notable mosques from this period is the
201:(water-dispensing kiosk) on the ground floor and a
350:commander. The renovation added extensive Ottoman
228:of various styles, multiple examples of imported
1444:
1354:
1318:
1109:
1030:
955:
940:
901:
877:
384:Details of the Gate of the Barbers (c. 1753) at
97:in Cairo (1571), which exemplifies the blend of
1870:Ottoman architecture in the 19th–20th centuries
1792:Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide
1762:Watenpaugh, Heghnar Zeitlian (1 January 2007).
364:, which an Ottoman pasha gifted in 1607 to the
1513:Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction
1476:"Two Ottoman Documents on Architects in Egypt"
46:but was influenced by the architecture of the
2900:
1815:
1534:Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995).
8:
1713:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1097:
1085:
840:
401:projects, he sponsored a major expansion of
1633:Karim, Chahinda; El Mahy, Menna M. (2021).
1538:The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800
583:(1814) and the Harim Palace (1827; now the
392:In the 18th century the power of the local
86:Background: Ottoman provincial architecture
3664:
3090:
2907:
2893:
2885:
2092:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Büyükçekmece)
1951:
1822:
1808:
1800:
1234:
1222:
1194:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
889:
715:
700:
685:
645:
614:Residential architecture in Historic Cairo
1561:(Second ed.). British Museum Press.
800:"The Complex of Sultan Mahmud I in Cairo"
16:Overview of Ottoman architecture in Egypt
2313:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Lüleburgaz)
1456:
1408:
1366:
1330:
1073:
1061:
1018:
1006:
994:
970:
928:
828:
770:
295:In Cairo, the closest representative of
58:decoration and other characteristics of
1519:. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill.
1411:, pp. 137, 194, 226, 240, 264–265.
1342:
916:
625:
176:Architecture in the 16th-18th centuries
2087:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Azapkapı)
1677:. American University of Cairo Press.
1639:. American University in Cairo Press.
1133:
1121:
567:motifs. Examples include the Sabil of
215:Sabil-Kuttab of Abd ar-Rahman Katkhuda
42:, continued the traditions of earlier
25:Sabil-Kuttab of Abd al-Rahman Katkhuda
2097:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Kadırga)
1875:First national architectural movement
1422:"Sabil of Muhammad Ali in al-'Aqadin"
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
982:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
758:
730:
489:-produced imitations of Iznik tiles.
477:in 1756–1757 has not been preserved.
7:
2813:Hagia Sophia Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse
2223:Green Mosque of Bursa (Yeşil Mosque)
1987:Büyükdere Kara Mehmet Kethüda Mosque
1202:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 438.
464:not include any elements of the new
2497:Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Erzurum)
2042:Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Edirnekapı)
1171:Atiya, A.S. & Halm, H. (1995).
194:
3943:Influences on Western architecture
2492:Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Ereğli)
2487:Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Edirne)
413:'s reign in the late 15th century.
14:
2502:Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Caravanserai
1578:A History of Ottoman Architecture
585:Egyptian National Military Museum
4039:
4026:
3114:
2203:Ferhat Pasha Mosque (Banja Luka)
2047:Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Üsküdar)
1890:
1882:Ottoman architectural decoration
1830:
1510:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1989).
853:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2007).
798:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2011).
493:Architecture in the 19th century
253:funerary mosque of Amir Khayrbak
3912:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
2750:Fountain of Ahmed III (Üsküdar)
512:In the 19th century, under the
258:funerary mosque of Mahmud Pasha
2482:Öküz Mehmed Pasha Caravanserai
2208:Ferhat Pasha Mosque (Sarajevo)
1855:Classical Ottoman architecture
1747:. Princeton University Press.
595:motifs, painted ceilings, and
297:classical 16th-century Ottoman
290:Classical Ottoman architecture
262:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hasan
260:(1568), near the 14th-century
172:was defeated by the Ottomans.
38:, during the period after the
1:
4066:Ottoman architecture in Egypt
54:, central-domed mosques, new
36:Ottoman architecture in Egypt
4004:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
2548:Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge
2520:Complex of Sultan Bayezid II
2414:Tomb of Hayreddin Barbarossa
2380:Medrese of Mehmet Şakir Paşa
2308:Sinan Pasha Mosque (Prizren)
2127:Yeni Valide Mosque (Üsküdar)
2122:Yeni Valide Mosque (Eminönü)
1865:Ottoman Baroque architecture
1696:(in French). CNRS éditions.
1459:, pp. 263–264, 268–269.
362:Madrasa of Amir Sunqur Sa'di
2112:Vasat Atik Ali Pasha Mosque
1790:Williams, Caroline (2018).
1150:. Oxford University Press.
662:. Oxford University Press.
480:Outside Cairo, the town of
288:(1528), closer in style to
4082:
3372:Islamic geometric patterns
2702:Etfal Hospital Clock Tower
2348:Yakovalı Hasan Paşa Mosque
2012:Gazi Atik Ali Pasha Mosque
1888:
1850:Early Ottoman architecture
4017:
3806:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
3112:
2452:Hafsa Sultan Caravanserai
2253:İzzet Mehmet Pasha Mosque
2193:Evliya Kasim Pasha Mosque
2037:Mesih Mehmed Pasha Mosque
1860:Tulip Period architecture
1783:10.1163/22118993-90000109
1725:10.1017/S0020743800064047
1618:10.1017/S0035869X00138535
1576:Goodwin, Godfrey (1971).
1542:. Yale University Press.
816:10.1163/22118993-90000178
303:(1528), built inside the
3922:Museum with No Frontiers
2404:Green Tomb (Yeşil Türbe)
2278:Muradiye Mosque (Edirne)
2273:Muradiye Complex (Bursa)
1673:O'Kane, Bernard (2016).
1124:, p. 288 (note 18).
1100:, pp. 135, 149–150.
1098:Karim & El Mahy 2021
1086:Karim & El Mahy 2021
841:Karim & El Mahy 2021
475:Mosque of Sayyida Nafisa
471:Mosque of Sayyida Zeinab
301:Mosque of Suleyman Pasha
282:Mosque of Sulayman Pasha
40:Ottoman conquest in 1517
4033:Architecture portal
2864:Mihrişah Sultan Complex
2213:Fethiye Mosque (Athens)
1692:Raymond, André (1998).
1580:. Thames & Hudson.
1557:Carswell, John (2006).
1474:Bates, Ülkü Ü. (1985).
1379:Sanders, Paula (2008).
1291:Sanders, Paula (2008).
1045:Quaderni di Studi Arabi
843:, pp. 25, 188–189.
434:al-Ghuri Mosque-Madrasa
430:Mosque of Abu al-Dhahab
422:Mosque of Abu al-Dhahab
236:16th and 17th centuries
142:provinces of the empire
3938:Indo-Saracenic Revival
3338:(multicoloured ashlar)
2760:Sultan Mahmut Fountain
2697:Dolmabahçe Clock Tower
2218:Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque
2132:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque
1912:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1741:Rüstem, Ünver (2019).
742:Raymond, André. 1993.
716:Blair & Bloom 1995
701:Blair & Bloom 1995
686:Blair & Bloom 1995
646:Blair & Bloom 1995
556:
528:Mosque of Muhammad Ali
509:
502:Mosque of Muhammad Ali
451:
425:
389:
338:
292:
248:
245:Mosque of Mahmud Pasha
197:), a combination of a
106:
32:
3675:Congregational mosque
3133:(four-arch structure)
2869:Nilüfer Hatun Imareti
2745:Fountain of Ahmed III
2722:Nusretiye Clock Tower
2419:Tomb of Turhan Sultan
2409:Tomb of Abdul Hamid I
2318:Sulayman Pasha Mosque
2228:Green Mosque of İznik
2188:Esmahan Sultan Mosque
1900:Other regional styles
1654:Kuban, Doğan (2010).
1595:Hanna, Nelly (1983).
1445:Behrens-Abouseif 1989
1355:Behrens-Abouseif 1989
1319:Behrens-Abouseif 1989
1110:Behrens-Abouseif 1989
1031:Behrens-Abouseif 1989
956:Behrens-Abouseif 1989
941:Behrens-Abouseif 1989
902:Behrens-Abouseif 1989
878:Behrens-Abouseif 1989
609:Architecture of Egypt
550:
500:
466:Ottoman Baroque style
449:Ottoman Baroque style
446:
419:
383:
326:
280:
266:Mosque of al-Burdayni
243:
158:Islamic architectural
93:
22:
3999:Ottoman architecture
3989:Moorish architecture
3984:Islamic architecture
3979:Iranian architecture
3402:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
3256:(or müezzin mahfili)
2916:Islamic architecture
2659:Hatice Sultan Palace
2385:Rüstem Pasha Medrese
2343:Veled-i Yaniç Mosque
2288:Old Mosque of Edirne
2248:Ibrahim Pasha Mosque
2022:Hırka-i Şerif Mosque
2017:Haseki Sultan Mosque
1836:Ottoman architecture
1675:The Mosques of Egypt
1656:Ottoman Architecture
1225:, pp. 275, 291.
1076:, pp. 130, 230.
518:independent rule of
60:Ottoman architecture
4036: •
4023: •
4009:Yemeni architecture
3994:Mughal architecture
3974:Berber architecture
3969:Arabic architecture
3633:Salsabil (fountain)
3367:Islamic calligraphy
2243:Hüdavendigar Mosque
2163:Behram Pasha Mosque
2072:Piyale Pasha Mosque
2062:Nuruosmaniye Mosque
2032:Mahmut Pasha Mosque
1426:egymonuments.gov.eg
1321:, pp. 167–170.
1237:, pp. 275–276.
1112:, pp. 165–166.
904:, pp. 163–164.
536:Sultan Ahmed Mosque
508:, completed in 1848
424:in Cairo (c. 1774)
166:Mamluk architecture
152:, where Arabic and
44:Mamluk architecture
3710:Kuttab (or maktab)
2823:Mahmut Pasha Hamam
2808:Çemberlitaş Hamamı
2727:Yıldız Clock Tower
2664:Ishak Pasha Palace
2338:Üç Şerefeli Mosque
2333:Tzistarakis Mosque
2323:Suleymaniye Mosque
2283:Murat Pasha Mosque
2268:Kasım Pasha Mosque
2263:Karađoz Bey Mosque
2183:Emir Sultan Mosque
2168:Bursa Grand Mosque
2117:Yavuz Selim Mosque
2107:Süleymaniye Mosque
2102:Sultanahmet Mosque
2057:Murat Pasha Mosque
2002:Eyüp Sultan Mosque
1967:Atik Valide Mosque
1369:, p. 262-266.
1357:, p. 168-169.
1136:, p. 180-181.
997:, p. 302-303.
931:, p. 269-270.
733:, p. 584-585.
703:, p. 219-220.
557:
539:instead, although
510:
457:Takiyya Mahmudiyya
452:
426:
390:
354:decoration on the
339:
293:
249:
189:The sabil-kuttab (
131:Sinan Pasha Mosque
107:
95:Sinan Pasha Mosque
33:
4053:
4052:
3900:
3899:
3656:
3655:
3643:Shading Umbrellas
3427:Stucco decoration
3327:For overview, see
3142:Four-centred arch
2882:
2881:
2833:Süleymaniye Hamam
2803:Davud Pasha Hamam
2717:Jaffa Clock Tower
2712:İzmit Clock Tower
2707:İzmir Clock Tower
2644:Dolmabahçe Palace
2634:Beylerbeyi Palace
2601:Yedikule Fortress
2591:Kilitbahir Castle
2538:Arslanagić Bridge
2370:Büyük Aga Medrese
2356:
2355:
2298:Osman Shah Mosque
2293:Orhan Gazi Mosque
2238:Haji Özbek Mosque
1997:Dolmabahçe Mosque
1982:Beylerbeyi Mosque
1977:Bayezid II Mosque
1962:Altunizade Mosque
1843:Historical stages
1646:978-1-64903-084-9
1209:978-90-04-09834-3
555:, in Cairo (1820)
407:Bab al-Muzayyinin
123:khāṣṣa mi'mārları
4073:
4046:Islam portal
4044:
4043:
4042:
4031:
4030:
3665:
3330:Islamic ornament
3209:South Asian dome
3137:Discharging arch
3118:
3091:
2935:Anatolian Seljuk
2909:
2902:
2895:
2886:
2778:Bayezid II Hamam
2755:Tophane Fountain
2553:Uzunköprü Bridge
2467:Khan As'ad Pasha
2442:Büyük Valide Han
2375:Caferağa Medrese
2258:Juma-Jami Mosque
2198:Ferhadija Mosque
2173:Çapanoğlu Mosque
2158:Bayezid I Mosque
2148:Ali Pasha Mosque
2052:Muradiye Complex
1952:
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506:Citadel of Cairo
482:Rashid (Rosetta)
420:Interior of the
286:Citadel of Cairo
232:are also found.
219:al-Mu'izz street
196:
64:Ottoman province
4081:
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3948:Moorish Revival
3926:
3896:
3862:Albarrana tower
3850:
3779:
3766:in modern Iran)
3680:Dar al-Muwaqqit
3652:
3603:(fountain type)
3588:
3582:
3545:
3539:
3530:Reflecting pool
3525:Persian gardens
3520:Paradise garden
3488:
3465:(entrance hall)
3436:
3392:Nagash painting
3314:
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3152:Lambrequin arch
3119:
3110:
3082:
3053:Sudano-Sahelian
2918:
2913:
2883:
2878:
2874:Imaret (Kavala)
2859:Köprülü Library
2852:other monuments
2847:
2838:Tahtakale Hamam
2793:Cağaloğlu Hamam
2764:
2731:
2678:
2615:
2557:
2524:
2506:
2423:
2389:
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2303:Selimiye Mosque
2178:Dzhumaya Mosque
2153:Bajrakli Mosque
2136:
2082:Selimiye Mosque
1941:
1895:
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1771:Muqarnas Online
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459:, sponsored by
438:Tunisian origin
403:al-Azhar Mosque
386:al-Azhar Mosque
378:
344:Aqsunqur Mosque
299:mosques is the
238:
183:
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154:Islamic culture
88:
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2639:Çırağan Palace
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2586:Castle of Kars
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2571:Ajyad Fortress
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2563:Fortifications
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2447:Büyük Yeni Han
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2067:Ortaköy Mosque
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1719:(4): 623–624.
1703:978-2271052834
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1335:
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1181:van Donzel, E.
1163:
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1088:, p. 133.
1078:
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1021:, p. 107.
1011:
1009:, p. 103.
999:
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985:, p. 584.
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973:, p. 302.
960:
958:, p. 161.
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919:, p. 312.
906:
894:
892:, p. 255.
882:
880:, p. 160.
870:
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821:
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761:, p. 585.
748:
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718:, p. 252.
705:
690:
688:, p. 218.
675:
668:
650:
648:, p. 251.
624:
623:
621:
618:
617:
616:
611:
604:
601:
581:Gawhara Palace
532:Şehzade Mosque
494:
491:
411:Sultan Qaytbay
377:
374:
237:
234:
203:primary school
182:
179:
177:
174:
87:
84:
48:Ottoman Empire
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4078:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4048:
4047:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4007:
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3997:
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3990:
3987:
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3847:
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3821:Hasht-Bihisht
3819:
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3695:Jama'at Khana
3693:
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3548:
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3536:
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3518:
3516:
3515:Mughal garden
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
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3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
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3408:
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3368:
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3334:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3317:
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3308:
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3301:
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3286:
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3266:
3263:
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3258:
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3122:
3117:
3107:
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3079:
3076:
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3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
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2978:
2976:
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2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:Ömeriye Baths
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
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2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2674:Yıldız Palace
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
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2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:Anadoluhisarı
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:Mostar Bridge
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
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2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2462:Khan al-Umdan
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2429:Caravanserais
2426:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2396:
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2378:
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2365:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:Tombul Mosque
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
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2226:
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2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
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2146:
2145:
2143:
2139:
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2128:
2125:
2123:
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2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
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2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:Laleli Mosque
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1992:Çinili Mosque
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Ayazma Mosque
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
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1918:
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1811:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1793:
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1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1754:9780691181875
1750:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1684:9789774167324
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1665:9781851496044
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1587:0-500-27429-0
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1568:9780714124414
1564:
1560:
1559:Iznik Pottery
1555:
1551:
1549:9780300064650
1545:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1528:
1526:9789004096264
1522:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1457:Williams 2018
1453:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:Williams 2018
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:9789774160950
1386:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1367:Williams 2018
1363:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1331:Williams 2018
1327:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1302:9789774160950
1298:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1279:
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1205:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1186:
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1178:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1157:9780195309911
1153:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1074:Williams 2018
1070:
1067:
1063:
1062:Williams 2018
1058:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1019:Carswell 2006
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:Williams 2018
1003:
1000:
996:
995:Williams 2018
991:
988:
984:
979:
976:
972:
971:Williams 2018
967:
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
937:
934:
930:
929:Williams 2018
925:
922:
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
898:
895:
891:
886:
883:
879:
874:
871:
866:
864:9789774160776
860:
856:
849:
846:
842:
837:
834:
830:
829:Williams 2018
825:
822:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
776:
773:, p. 34.
772:
771:Williams 2018
767:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
739:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
671:
669:9780195309911
665:
661:
654:
651:
647:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
626:
619:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
602:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
575:. The larger
574:
570:
566:
562:
554:
549:
545:
542:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:
507:
503:
499:
492:
490:
488:
483:
478:
476:
472:
467:
462:
458:
450:
445:
441:
439:
435:
431:
423:
418:
414:
412:
408:
404:
398:
395:
387:
382:
375:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:
353:
349:
345:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:Cairo Citadel
302:
298:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
273:
272:
267:
263:
259:
254:
246:
242:
235:
233:
231:
227:
226:Ottoman tiles
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
192:
187:
180:
175:
173:
171:
170:Mamluk Empire
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
104:
100:
96:
92:
85:
83:
81:
80:
75:
74:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
26:
21:
4037:
4024:
4021:Islamic arts
3801:Caravanserai
3326:
3280:Loudspeakers
3205:Persian dome
3167:Pointed arch
2965:Indo-Islamic
2955:Great Seljuk
2818:Király Baths
2798:Čifte Hammam
2684:Clock towers
2654:Grand Serail
2596:Rumelihisarı
2233:Hadum Mosque
2141:Other cities
2007:Fatih Mosque
1921:
1879:
1791:
1774:
1770:
1743:
1716:
1712:
1693:
1674:
1655:
1635:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1577:
1558:
1537:
1512:
1486:
1482:
1452:
1440:
1429:. Retrieved
1425:
1416:
1380:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1343:Goodwin 1971
1338:
1326:
1292:
1286:
1261:
1257:
1230:
1218:
1199:
1198:Volume VIII:
1192:
1166:
1147:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1057:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
936:
924:
917:Goodwin 1971
897:
885:
873:
854:
848:
836:
824:
807:
803:
766:
743:
738:
659:
653:
558:
524:Westernizing
520:Muhammad Ali
513:
511:
479:
456:
453:
427:
406:
399:
391:
376:18th century
355:
340:
294:
269:
250:
223:
210:
206:
188:
184:
150:North Africa
139:
122:
108:
77:
72:
35:
34:
3648:Windcatcher
3629:(courtyard)
3382:Mosque lamp
3362:Girih tiles
3319:Decorations
3197:Arabic dome
2843:Rudas Baths
2788:Büyük Hamam
1880:(See also:
1489:: 121–127.
1235:O'Kane 2016
1223:O'Kane 2016
1189:Lecomte, G.
1134:Rüstem 2019
1122:Rüstem 2019
890:O'Kane 2016
810:: 195–220.
569:Tusun Pasha
553:Tusun Pasha
394:Janissaries
332:Blue Mosque
328:Iznik tiles
230:Delft tiles
146:Middle East
3931:Influences
3846:Well house
3617:Mashrabiya
3265:Hussainiya
3201:Onion dome
2992:Indonesian
2980:Qutb Shahi
2692:Büyük Saat
2649:Eski Saray
2629:Azm Palace
2606:Kalemegdan
2477:Kürkçü Han
1612:(2): 201.
1467:References
1431:2023-01-17
1173:"Ras̲h̲īd"
1051:: 105–122.
983:Kuban 2010
759:Kuban 2010
731:Kuban 2010
352:Iznik tile
309:semi-domes
217:(1744) on
195:سبيل وكتاب
127:elevations
3905:Resources
3668:Religious
3638:Shabestan
3596:Hypostyle
3578:Shadirvan
3347:Arabesque
3270:Imamzadeh
3235:Religious
3215:Semi-dome
3162:Ogee arch
3131:Chahartaq
3094:Materials
3021:Almoravid
2996:Malaysian
2783:Bey Hamam
2737:Fountains
2611:Yeni-Kale
2581:Depedogen
2512:Hospitals
2457:Kapan Han
2437:Büyük Han
1927:Palestine
1777:: 27–43.
1733:163051032
1708:(review:
1626:163066491
1601:(review:
1264:: 39–55.
746:. Fayard.
573:Umm Abbas
348:Janissary
336:janissary
137:, Cairo.
119:devshirme
115:Mehmet II
4060:Category
4019:Part of
3855:Military
3791:Baradari
3784:Civilian
3607:Jharokha
3568:Mechouar
3505:Charbagh
3448:Andaruni
3422:Socarrat
3387:Muqarnas
3285:Maqsurah
3177:Vaulting
3106:Tadelakt
3087:Elements
3036:Zayyanid
3016:Aghlabid
2472:Koza Han
2362:Madrasas
1955:Istanbul
1483:Muqarnas
1258:Muqarnas
1191:(eds.).
804:Muqarnas
744:Le Caire
603:See also
597:frescoes
565:sunburst
541:Qur'anic
515:de facto
487:Damascus
461:Mahmud I
366:Mevlevis
330:in the "
111:Istanbul
3953:Mudéjar
3917:ArchNet
3867:Alcázar
3740:Musalla
3725:Maqbara
3715:Madrasa
3705:Külliye
3700:Khanqah
3690:Gongbei
3589:cooling
3587:Passive
3553:Chhatri
3546:objects
3544:Outdoor
3493:Gardens
3469:Mirador
3407:Shabaka
3397:Qashani
3352:Banna'i
3295:Minaret
3237:objects
3227:(eaves)
3225:Chhajja
3172:Squinch
3073:Umayyad
3068:Timurid
3058:Swahili
3043:Ottoman
3026:Almohad
3011:Moorish
3001:Iranian
2970:Bengali
2950:Fatimid
2945:Chinese
2940:Ayyubid
2930:Abbasid
2770:Hammams
2621:Palaces
2530:Bridges
2397:(tombs)
1947:Mosques
1937:Tunisia
1907:Algeria
1503:1523088
1278:1523134
1200:Ned–Sam
589:gilding
561:garland
504:in the
313:portico
284:in the
181:General
140:In the
103:Ottoman
52:minaret
3877:Kasbah
3826:Kasbah
3816:Hammam
3811:Ghorfa
3796:Bazaar
3775:Zawiya
3764:takyeh
3735:Mosque
3685:Dargah
3612:Kucheh
3558:Eidgah
3484:Zenana
3432:Zellij
3417:Sitara
3412:Shamsa
3300:Minbar
3290:Mihrab
3275:Kiswah
3260:Gonbad
3124:Arches
3078:Yemeni
3048:Somali
3031:Hafsid
3006:Mamluk
2985:Mughal
2975:Deccan
2923:Styles
2395:Türbes
1932:Serbia
1917:Cyprus
1751:
1731:
1700:
1681:
1662:
1643:
1624:
1584:
1565:
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1523:
1501:
1387:
1299:
1276:
1206:
1187:&
1154:
861:
666:
593:molded
563:, and
271:shaykh
211:maktab
207:kuttab
191:Arabic
162:Levant
105:styles
99:Mamluk
79:kuttab
31:(1744)
3892:Ribat
3887:Qalat
3872:Amsar
3831:Mahal
3770:Türbe
3760:Takya
3755:Surau
3750:Rauza
3745:Qubba
3730:Mazar
3720:Maqam
3661:Types
3573:Sebil
3463:Liwan
3453:Harem
3441:Rooms
3357:Girih
3342:Alfiz
3336:Ablaq
3310:Zarih
3305:Qibla
3254:Dikka
3249:Bedug
3244:Anaza
3220:Tajug
3186:Roofs
3101:Qadad
3063:Tatar
2960:Hausa
1922:Egypt
1767:(PDF)
1729:S2CID
1622:S2CID
1517:(PDF)
1499:JSTOR
1479:(PDF)
1274:JSTOR
1175:. In
620:Notes
357:qibla
317:Bulaq
199:sabil
135:Bulaq
73:sabil
68:Cairo
29:Cairo
3882:Ksar
3841:Souq
3762:(or
3627:Sahn
3601:Howz
3563:Fina
3535:Riad
3500:Bagh
3479:Qa’a
3474:Hosh
3458:Iwan
3377:Jali
3193:Dome
1749:ISBN
1698:ISBN
1679:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1385:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1204:ISBN
1152:ISBN
859:ISBN
664:ISBN
534:and
370:Sufi
368:, a
251:The
148:and
101:and
76:and
56:tile
23:The
1779:doi
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1266:doi
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209:or
133:in
113:by
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