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27:
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Research in 2020 tested
Ouroboros Hydra, a protocol version that used "off-chain state channels" (called "heads") to enable peer-to-peer transactions. Such "layer 2" protocols manage transactions off the main blockchain, and each head could potentially process "up to 1,000 transactions per second".
82:
Ouroboros Praos (2017) provided security against fully-adaptive corruption in the semi-synchronous model. At team at
Cornell University discussed Ouroboros Praos and their own provably secure proof-of-stake protocol called Snow White. In 2020, Praos was used to introduce decentralized block
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64:
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128:. July. European Parliament Policy Department for Economic, Scientific, and Quality of Life Policies, Directorate-General for Internal Policies.
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Ouroboros BFT was an interim version used in 2020 to enable the switch between the
Classic and Praos versions of Cardano using a
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1800:
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108:
has described the
Ouroboros consensus mechanism as energy efficient. Nguyen et al. compared Ouroboros to other PoS protocols.
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2058:
623:
96:
In theory, Ouroboros Hydra could rival the 30,000 simultaneous transactions offered by conventional payment systems such as
59:
Ouroboros was published as "the first provable secure PoS consensus protocol". It was postulated by an academic team led by
2585:
1901:
1587:
1018:
452:
Karpinski, Mikolaj; Kovalchuk, Lyudmila; Kochan, Roman; Oliynykov, Roman; Rodinko, Mariia; Wieclaw, Lukasz (2021-09-25).
34:'s inspiration for the structure of benzene. It is used to symbolize the ever-growing consensus on the Cardano blockchain
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126:“Cryptocurrencies and blockchain. Legal context and implications for financial crime, money laundering, and tax evasion”
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542:"Proof-of-Stake Consensus Mechanisms for Future Blockchain Networks: Fundamentals, Applications and Opportunities"
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Nguyen, Cong T.; Hoang, Dinh Thai; Nguyen, Diep N.; Niyato, Dusit; Nguyen, Huynh Tuong; Dutkiewicz, Eryk (2019).
50:
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415:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 11598. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 23–41.
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The
Cardano Consensus and Storage Layer (2023) Edsko de Vries, Thomas Winant and Duncan Coutts. GitHub.
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1423:
1176:
1108:
409:"Snow White: Robustly Reconfigurable Consensus and Applications to Provably Secure Proof of Stake"
71:
as the basis of the
Cardano blockchain platform and various upgrades. Ouroboros versions include:
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205:"Cardano And Ethereum Founder Analyzes The Newest Evolutions In Crypto And Blockchain Technology"
139:
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454:"Blockchain Technologies: Probability of Double-Spend Attack on a Proof-of-Stake Consensus"
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Kiayias, Aggelos; Russell, Alexander; David, Bernardo; Oliynykov, Roman (27 July 2017).
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370:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 10821. Cham: Springer. pp. 66–98.
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2018:
2013:
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364:"Ouroboros Praos: An Adaptively-Secure, Semi-synchronous Proof-of-Stake Blockchain"
229:"The Blockchain Galaxy A comprehensive research on distributed ledger technologies"
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Ouroboros
Genesis (2018) provides security with a dynamic participation model;
53:
577:
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285:
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1388:
1290:
1217:
1123:
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97:
505:
362:
David, Bernardo; GaĹľi, Peter; Kiayias, Aggelos; Russell, Alexander (2018).
276:
259:
300:
https://input-output-hk.github.io/ouroboros-network/pdfs/report/report.pdf
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1967:
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1433:
1353:
1338:
1285:
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1023:
915:
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313:"Ouroboros-BFT: A Simple Byzantine Fault Tolerant Consensus Protocol"
312:
608:
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2117:
1972:
1536:
1474:
1458:
1418:
1403:
1358:
1074:
899:
767:
25:
602:
260:"Survey of Consensus Algorithms for Proof of Stake in Blockchain"
140:"Ouroboros: A Provably Secure Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocol"
67:
in 2017. Later that year, Ouroboros (Classic) was implemented by
2375:
791:
713:
68:
2213:
1701:
612:
56:. It can run both permissionless and permissioned blockchains.
1479:
1443:
1049:
1697:
92:
Ouroboros
Crypsinous (2019) gives higher levels of privacy
19:
This article is about the protocol. For other uses, see
89:
Ouroboros
Chronos (2019) is independent of global time;
311:
Kiayias, Aggelos; Russell, Alexander (30 Oct 2018).
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258:Ge, Lina; Wang, Jie; Zhang, Guifen (2022-05-29).
177:"A beginner's guide to how cryptocurrencies work"
407:Daian, Phil; Pass, Rafael; Shi, Elaine (2019).
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1713:
624:
8:
2232:
2218:
2210:
1987:
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763:
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65:Annual International Cryptology Conference
567:
557:
495:
477:
411:. In Goldberg, Ian; Moore, Tyler (eds.).
275:
413:Financial Cryptography and Data Security
198:
196:
1907:List of people in blockchain technology
368:Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT 2018
117:
79:that preserved the blockchain history;
175:Hu, Charlotte net (15 November 2021).
124:Robby Houben, Alexander Syners (2018)
1598:Decentralized autonomous organization
83:production on Cardano by stake pools;
7:
2194:
1668:
146:. Cham: Springer. pp. 357–388.
144:Advances in Cryptology – Crypto 2017
2685:
264:Security and Communication Networks
142:. In Katz, J.; Shacham, H. (eds.).
14:
1608:Distributed ledger technology law
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2674:
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2664:
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2184:
2183:
1679:
1667:
1656:
1655:
520:"Digital Banking Trends Of 2020"
45:consensus protocols used in the
2675:
2059:2020 Twitter account hijacking
1:
1902:List of bitcoin organizations
2076:The Rise and Rise of Bitcoin
458:Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
152:10.1007/978-3-319-63688-7_12
2711:Database management systems
2241:Database management systems
2039:Bitcoin scalability problem
669:Cryptographic hash function
559:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2925010
421:10.1007/978-3-030-32101-7_2
376:10.1007/978-3-319-78375-8_3
100:by running scores of heads.
2732:
2647:Object–relational database
21:Ouroboros (disambiguation)
18:
2660:
2622:Federated database system
2355:Blockchain-based database
2179:
2054:2018 Bitcoin bomb threats
2049:2018 cryptocurrency crash
1892:List of bitcoin companies
1735:
1651:
1628:Initial exchange offering
1603:Decentralized application
1583:Cryptocurrency in Nigeria
317:Cryptology ePrint Archive
1633:List of cryptocurrencies
1520:Crypto service companies
1311:Cryptocurrency exchanges
2652:Transaction processing
2607:Database normalization
2550:Query rewriting system
2153:Bitcoin in El Salvador
1568:Complementary currency
674:Decentralized exchange
659:Cryptocurrency tumbler
35:
2627:Referential integrity
1938:Cryptocurrency wallet
1897:List of bitcoin forks
1755:Environmental effects
1623:Initial coin offering
1578:Cryptocurrency bubble
1109:Basic Attention Token
679:Decentralized finance
664:Cryptocurrency wallet
605:at Cardano Foundation
339:"About Ouroboros BFT"
203:Ehrlich, Steven net.
29:
2617:Distributed database
1776:Andreas Antonopoulos
1618:Environmental impact
1588:Cryptocurrency scams
277:10.1155/2022/2812526
77:hard fork combinator
2637:Relational calculus
2515:Concurrency control
1273:Inactive currencies
470:2021Senso..21.6408K
16:Blockchain protocol
2716:Digital currencies
2632:Relational algebra
2576:Query optimization
2381:Armstrong's axioms
2106:Bitcoin Foundation
2044:History of bitcoin
1851:Cameron Winklevoss
733:Proof of authority
704:Non-fungible token
684:Distributed ledger
319:(Report 2018/1049)
104:Cardano's founder
36:
2698:
2697:
2306:Wide-column store
2301:Document-oriented
2207:
2206:
2099:
2027:
2026:
1998:Bitcoin Unlimited
1953:Lightning Network
1695:
1694:
1515:
1514:
994:
993:
694:Lightning Network
479:10.3390/s21196408
430:978-3-030-32101-7
385:978-3-319-78374-1
161:978-3-319-63688-7
106:Charles Hoskinson
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2642:Relational model
2612:Database storage
2489:Stored procedure
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2196:
2187:
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2112:Bitcoin Magazine
2097:
1988:
1856:Tyler Winklevoss
1816:Satoshi Nakamoto
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1708:
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1682:
1671:
1670:
1659:
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1643:Virtual currency
1593:Digital currency
1573:Crypto-anarchism
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1218:HBAR (Hashgraph)
1201:Other currencies
837:Ethereum Classic
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640:Cryptocurrencies
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2602:Database models
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2545:Query optimizer
2520:Data dictionary
2503:
2474:Transaction log
2430:
2386:Codd's 12 rules
2359:
2289:Column-oriented
2255:Object-oriented
2243:
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2203:
2175:
2147:
2128:Canaan Creative
2098:(not exchanges)
2096:
2090:
2063:
2023:
2002:
1977:
1923:Bitcoin network
1911:
1880:
1831:Vitalik Buterin
1781:Brian Armstrong
1759:
1731:
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1647:
1613:Double-spending
1563:Blockchain game
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552:: 85727–85745.
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61:Aggelos Kiayias
41:is a family of
30:The ouroboros,
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1003:
1000:Proof of stake
996:
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971:Nervos Network
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743:Proof of stake
740:
738:Proof of space
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709:Smart contract
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597:External links
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43:proof-of-stake
15:
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2:
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2421:Surrogate key
2419:
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2414:
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2409:
2407:
2406:Candidate key
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
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2258:
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2256:
2253:
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2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2200:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Bitcoin Beach
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
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2141:
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2015:
2012:
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2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:Proof of work
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1876:Erik Voorhees
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:Ross Ulbricht
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Charlie Shrem
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:Mark Karpelès
1809:
1807:
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1498:
1495:
1493:
1492:LocalBitcoins
1490:
1486:
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1427:
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1424:ItBit (Paxos)
1422:
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1397:
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1234:
1231:
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1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
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1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
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1127:
1125:
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1120:
1117:
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1107:
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1100:
1097:
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1068:
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1038:
1036:
1033:
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1027:
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1017:
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1007:
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997:
987:
984:
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979:
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964:
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954:
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947:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
930:
927:
923:
917:
914:
913:
911:
909:RandomX-based
907:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
890:
887:
883:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
851:
848:
844:
838:
835:
832:
829:
828:
826:
823:
819:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
772:
769:
765:
762:
759:
758:Proof of work
755:
749:
748:Proof of work
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
728:
725:
721:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
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677:
675:
672:
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657:
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641:
634:
629:
627:
622:
620:
615:
614:
611:
604:
601:
600:
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587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
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560:
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551:
547:
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521:
515:
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278:
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239:
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182:
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163:
157:
153:
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134:
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127:
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111:
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99:
94:
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74:
73:
72:
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66:
62:
57:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
22:
2171:Bitcoin City
2110:
2082:
2074:
2019:Bitcoin Gold
2014:Bitcoin Cash
1916:Technologies
1866:Dave Kleiman
1861:Craig Wright
1750:Legal status
1684:
1672:
1660:
1537:Initiative Q
895:Bitcoin Gold
787:Counterparty
782:Bitcoin Cash
549:
545:
535:
524:. Retrieved
522:. 2020-04-15
514:
464:(19): 6408.
461:
457:
447:
412:
402:
367:
357:
346:. Retrieved
342:
333:
323:November 23,
321:. Retrieved
316:
306:
294:
270:: e2812526.
267:
263:
253:
242:. Retrieved
240:. 6 May 2020
235:
223:
212:. Retrieved
208:
184:. Retrieved
180:
170:
143:
133:
120:
103:
58:
38:
37:
2690:WikiProject
2581:Replication
2469:Transaction
2411:Foreign key
2391:CAP theorem
2338:Multi-model
2161:Bitcoin Law
2087:(2015 film)
2079:(2014 film)
1943:Bitcoin ATM
1846:Cody Wilson
1638:Token money
1527:Hyperledger
1399:EDX Markets
1263:WhopperCoin
1159:Stablecoins
569:10220/49702
546:IEEE Access
54:blockchains
2705:Categories
2555:Query plan
2508:Components
2426:Unique key
2343:comparison
2277:comparison
2267:Relational
2260:comparison
1928:Blockchain
1826:Nick Szabo
1801:Hal Finney
1796:Tim Draper
1558:BitLicense
1502:QuadrigaCX
1485:bankruptcy
1449:ShapeShift
1394:Crypto.com
1281:BitConnect
1233:MobileCoin
1002:currencies
861:Bitconnect
856:Auroracoin
760:currencies
726:mechanisms
654:Blockchain
647:Technology
526:2023-07-04
348:2023-02-21
244:2021-12-07
214:2021-12-06
186:2021-12-06
112:References
2564:Functions
2499:Partition
2326:In-memory
2284:Key–value
1841:Roger Ver
1786:Adam Back
1745:Economics
1389:Coincheck
1291:KodakCoin
1139:Shiba Inu
1124:KodakCoin
1114:Chainlink
1040:Injective
1014:Avalanche
976:Primecoin
724:Consensus
603:Ouroboros
586:195883618
578:2169-3536
488:1424-8220
286:1939-0114
39:Ouroboros
2670:Category
2586:Sharding
2442:Relation
2416:Superkey
2371:Database
2364:Concepts
2189:Category
2138:GHash.io
2133:CoinDesk
2084:Deep Web
2007:Currency
1871:Jihan Wu
1662:Category
1384:Coinbase
1364:Bitstamp
1344:Bitpanda
1334:bitFlyer
1329:Bitfinex
1253:SafeMoon
1213:Filecoin
1192:USD Coin
1060:Polkadot
1055:Peercoin
1035:Gridcoin
1029:Ethereum
1009:Algorand
986:Vertcoin
956:AmbaCoin
886:Equihash
876:Litecoin
871:Dogecoin
831:Ethereum
807:Peercoin
802:Namecoin
797:MazaCoin
699:MetaMask
506:34640729
439:34952336
237:Deloitte
51:Polkadot
2680:Outline
2479:Trigger
2435:Objects
2199:Commons
2123:Bitmain
2032:History
1806:Wei Dai
1740:History
1729:Bitcoin
1674:Commons
1553:Airdrop
1532:IQ.Wiki
1497:Mt. Gox
1468:Defunct
1454:Uniswap
1414:Genesis
1349:Bithumb
1324:Binance
1296:OneCoin
1258:Stellar
1144:The DAO
1134:Polygon
1104:Aventus
1019:Cardano
812:Titcoin
777:Bitcoin
768:SHA-256
497:8512294
466:Bibcode
394:4898657
63:at the
47:Cardano
2494:Cursor
2452:column
2321:NewSQL
2068:Movies
1991:Client
1968:SegWit
1764:People
1507:Thodex
1434:Kucoin
1429:Kraken
1409:Gemini
1379:Circle
1354:BitMEX
1339:Bitkub
1286:Coinye
1248:Ripple
1223:Helium
1187:Tether
1092:tokens
1090:ERC-20
1065:Solana
1024:EOS.IO
928:-based
916:Monero
888:-based
866:Coinye
849:-based
847:Scrypt
824:-based
822:Ethash
770:-based
584:
576:
504:
494:
486:
437:
427:
392:
382:
284:
209:Forbes
158:
32:Kekulé
2484:Index
2447:table
2350:Cloud
2316:NoSQL
2311:Graph
2248:Types
2118:BitGo
1983:Forks
1973:SHA-2
1948:ECDSA
1885:Lists
1475:BTC-e
1459:Upbit
1419:Huobi
1404:eToro
1359:Bitso
1301:Petro
1182:Terra
1129:Minds
1099:Augur
1075:Tezos
1070:Steem
1031:(2.0)
981:Verge
949:Other
940:Petro
900:Zcash
833:(1.0)
582:S2CID
435:S2CID
390:S2CID
232:(PDF)
2535:ODBC
2525:JDBC
2464:View
2401:Null
2396:CRUD
2376:ACID
2331:list
2294:list
2272:list
2143:Nuri
1686:List
1439:Kuna
1369:BTCC
1319:Abra
1238:Nano
1228:Luna
1208:Chia
1172:Diem
1149:TRON
966:IOTA
961:Firo
935:Dash
792:LBRY
714:Web3
689:Fork
574:ISSN
502:PMID
484:ISSN
425:ISBN
380:ISBN
325:2020
282:ISSN
268:2022
156:ISBN
98:Visa
69:IOHK
49:and
2530:XQJ
2457:row
1958:P2P
1480:FTX
1444:OKX
1374:BUX
1243:NEO
1177:Pax
1167:Dai
1119:Kin
1080:TON
1050:Nxt
1045:Kin
926:X11
564:hdl
554:doi
492:PMC
474:doi
417:doi
372:doi
272:doi
148:doi
2707::
580:.
572:.
562:.
548:.
544:.
500:.
490:.
482:.
472:.
462:21
460:.
456:.
433:.
423:.
388:.
378:.
366:.
341:.
315:.
280:.
266:.
262:.
234:.
207:.
195:^
179:.
154:.
2233:e
2226:t
2219:v
1721:e
1714:t
1707:v
632:e
625:t
618:v
588:.
566::
556::
550:7
529:.
508:.
476::
468::
441:.
419::
396:.
374::
351:.
327:.
288:.
274::
247:.
217:.
189:.
164:.
150::
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
