Islam and magic - Knowledge (XXG)

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charm—in some God's power against the charm is so great Muhammad does not bother to take the magic object(s) out of the well; in others he is asked if he took them out, if he burned them, if he made a counter spell against the charm. In many hadith he answers “God, He is powerful and great, has already cured me", but in one version that statement is absent and Muhammad is only cured after the charm (a knot) is taken and disassembled—these variants representing to Perho how Muslims don't all believe magic has the same level of power. In the hadith where Muhammad says "God has already cured me", God’s power is described as "sufficient to counter the power of magic" and only an outsider/enemy is involved in magic, whereas in the latter hadith "human action" was required to counter the magic. Believers in human action against harmful witchcraft will indicate support for use of "protective spells" and counter spells.

1886:, into a sting operation while he was in Saudi on hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). He was sentenced to death but had his sentenced reduced to 15 years in prison "after outcry from international human rights organizations". In September 2011 a Sudanese man was beheaded, having been caught in another sting operation "set in motion by the religious police". Human rights workers allege that accused in Saudi Arabia are often foreign domestic workers from Africa and Southeast Asia who often are simply practicing folk medicine from their country or who are charged with witchcraft by their employers in retaliation for taking those employers to court for refusal to pay wages. (The power of the Committee for the Prevention of Vice and Promotion of Virtue that oversees the anti-witchcraft unit has been sharply curtailed under the reign of crown prince Muhammad bin Salman.) 1426:(gaining information about future events or things unseen by occult methods) encompassed a range of techniques, "grouped roughly" into those "largely intuitive" (for example, water diviners observed the behaviour of animals, such as the hoopoe, to discover "the presence of underground water") and those employing "numerical or mechanical methods". interpreting the will of God by examining "the conformation of animal parts"; the patterns appearing on the "surface of water, oil, or ink, (hydromancy); dream interpretation (oneiromancy); "Few details remain of the specific methods" used in these intuitive techniques. Predicting changes in weather patterns "based on the visibility of important star-groups", was the subject of a tract by 1327:) "involves imaginary phenomena ... aerial illusions, atmospheric vapors, playing with fire, tricks with bottles, cups, and glasses, illusions with eggs, fruits produced out of season, wax figures, animal taming, discovery of hidden objects, preparation of magic ink, and so on", often concocted from mixtures of "natural essences, ointments, liquified materials, or even special words with suggestive powers". Savage-Smith describes "confidence tricks, sleight-of-hand trick" using "lamps, candles, vapours, bottles, cups and glasses, eggs," etc., as "magic as trickery and conjuring" practiced by disreputable individuals in medieval Islamic times. 3859:"'Diyarbi' is the usual vocalisation if this name. It is also sometimes written as 'Diyarbi', see for instance Taha Husayn Al-Ayyam (Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, n.d.; originally published 1929) vol. I, p. 97. C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Literatur, Suppl. II p. 445, gives the name of the author as 'al-Daira-bi': Ahmad b. 'Uthman al-Dairabi al-Shafi'i al-Azhari, d. 1151/1738. For a survey of the contents of his Mujarrabat (or Fath al-malik al-majid), see Pielow, Quellen, p. 61 ff." Quoted from Kruk, "Harry Potter in the Gulf", 1267:"To evoke the spirit of a planet" (Fahd writes), a ritual must be performed where the magician is dressed in the right color ("red-gray for Saturn, white-gray for Jupiter, the yellow-green-red of red-gold for Mars, red-gold for Venus, a mixture of all colors for Mercury, and green-white for the Moon"), perfumed with the "scent" of the planet, has consumed the right "essence and flavor" of the planet, mounted an "image of whatever it is one plans to ask of the spirit invoked", and then waited for the right moment in the zodiac. 1935:(Mohammed Ayoub) that he, Sissoko, using black magic, "could take a sum of money and double it" ("... he saw lights and smoke. He heard the voices of spirits. Then there was silence"). Between 1995 and 1998 Ayoub made 183 transfers into bank accounts of Sissoko—eventually totaling 890 million dirhams or $ 242 million—"expected it to come back in double the amount." However, after a time the Bank's auditors "began to notice that something was wrong" and Sissoko (who had left Dubai for the U.S. and then 1604:) (see notes below) and prolonging the treatment "if no progress is observed". Though based on revealed scripture and religious belief, parts of the treatment also have "obvious psychotherapeutic value"—recitation of scripture the patient believes to be divine, emphasis on the patient talking about their problems, "repetition of simple rituals within a well-defined time schedule over a certain period of time"—and as of 2005, was "highly fashionable" even among the Muslim elite in places like Cairo. 2173:

14.Al-'Imran 18-9; 15. a'adhu; 16. al-A 'raf54, 56; 117-122; 17. 30x the Qur'anic words: waalqd al-sahara sdjidina; 18. a'aidhu; 19. Yunus 81-2, repeated; 20. a'adhu; 21. Taha 69; 22. a'aidhu; 23. al- Mu'minuna 115-8; 24. a 'aidhu; 25. al-Safat 1-10; 26. a'acdhu; 27. al-Ahqaf29-32; 28. a 'aidhu; 29. al-Rahman 33-6; 30. a 'aidhu; 31. al- hashr 21-4; 32. a 'aidhu; 33. al-Jann 1-9; 34. a'adhu; 36. basmala; 37. al-Ikhlas; 38. basmala; 39. al-Falaq, repeated a number of times; 40. basmala; 41. an-Nas

684:(reports about what Muhammad said and did), where Muhammad becomes ill because of an evil doer who uses a magic charm which is hidden "in a well" (in some versions of the story "hair left on the Prophet's comb" and "some other objects" are the charm, in another version "a string with a number of knots upon it"); the Prophet suffered from the magic but prays and receives a dream or a visit from Gabriel to tell him what to do, in the end he is cured through God's power. 546:

without saying, “We are only a test ˹for you˺, so do not abandon ˹your˺ faith.” Yet people learned ˹magic˺ that caused a rift ˹even˺ between husband and wife; although their magic could not harm anyone except by Allah’s Will. They learned what harmed them and did not benefit them—although they already knew that whoever buys into magic would have no share in the Hereafter. Miserable indeed was the price for which they sold their souls, if only they knew!

1384:. Ibn Sīnā explains the evil eye as "an admiring tendency of the soul that exercises , by this property, a weakening influence on the object of its admiration" According to Islam Question and Answer fatwa site, (according to Muhammad) the second greatest cause of death among Muslims is the evil eye: 'Most of those who die among my ummah (Muslim community) die because of the will and decree of Allaah, and then because of the evil eye.' 530: 921: 706:

to the divine for help with some problem, but is "more forceful" than standard prayer. Unlike the "austere monotheism" of orthodox Muslim belief favored by scholars it highlights the existence of "supramundane beings" and instead of bypassing/ignoring the question of evil, it engages it, offering a "plausible explanation for it". Finally, good and bad (licit and illicit) magic were also often "uncomfortably close".

1533:) has been used as divination. Treatises on divination maintained that "the victor and vanquished" of some battle or event could be determined by "calculating the numerical value of the names of the contenders, dividing each by nine, and finding the remainders on the chart". More complicated techniques involved combining the letters of one of the 99 names of God "with those of the name of the desired object" ( 859:(1332–1406) brands sorcery, talismans, and prestidigitation as forbidden and illegal. He categorically states that 'All actions are evil and done for evil purposes', and that they should be put to death. (His writing indicates that the sorcery he was speaking of was that which produced "injury to the body, mind, or spirit" of the victim -- such as illness, death, discord between husband and wife.) 1687:(1074 –1143). Rejection of sorcery by Classical scholars wasn't based on reason so much as Quranic exegesis. Within Islamic theology, the world is seen as a system created through God's consistent will, which can be discovered through reason and logic. Whereby, critics minimalize the existence of supernatural intervention. Supernaturality is limited to angels, jinn, and devils. 446:

associations" (Remke Kruk)—i.e. because it is "a late medieval Christian heresy", or because unlike sorcery it is "a psychic act" that uses no spells, rites or medicines. G. Hussein Rassool includes witchcraft as a subset of a "wider" definition of magic: "Witchcraft refers to toxic actions that are carried out by persons presumed to have access to the supernatural world."

560:) suggests it is, (in the words of Toufic Fahd), a "fragment of a celestial knowledge ...". Based on the verse, Irmeli Perho describes magic as "part of God’s creation, like good deeds and bad deeds; like belief and unbelief". Since the magicians "evil actions will only take place if God allows it", magic is accommodated in the Islamic doctrine of "an omnipotent God". 643:, or actually physical reproduction of the Quran is (thought to have) supernatural properties. Miniature reproductions of the Quran with print too small to read, are used to convey good luck, sometimes dangling from rear view mirrors of motor vehicles or worn as amulets; the ink from their pages sometimes dissolved with water and drunk as a cure for illness. 1903:

high Iranian government officials" who consult him on "matters of national security". The "top" sorcerer (claims to) regularly contact Jinn who "work for Israel's intelligence agency, the Mossad, and for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency", and has had 'a long battle to infiltrate the Israeli jinn and find out what they know.

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Olms Verlag, 1995), pointed out that the name of Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili, who lived later than al-Buni, is repeatedly mentioned in al-Buni's Shams al-ma 'arif (Beirut: Al-maktaba al-thagafiyya, n.d.). This might indicate that at least this work was compiled posthumously. quoted from Kruk, "Harry Potter in the Gulf",

101:) of natural substances"—is included as forbidden magic. As of 2005, this division was on display in bookstalls in market places across the Muslim Middle East and North Africa, where handbooks for practitioners of the occult were found alongside books full of warnings and condemnations of those handbooks' contents. 2003:(sorcery which allegedly causes vaginal bleeding outside menstruation and may go on for months) as being brought about by 'a trampling of the devil on one of the veins in the womb'. Its treatment is drinking water over which a "Qur'anic incantation has been recited", and taking baths in the water "for three days". 521:. Other pre-Islamic cultures and practises that had influence on early Islamic belief were Jewish, Sabians of the city of Harran, Aramaic, Iraqi practises; the danger and prevention of the evil eye, the astrology and the "special occult properties of plant, animal, and mineral substances" of late antiquity. 1458:), "were, and still are popular" in the Muslim world. Physiognomy does not try to align "physical characteristics with character traits" but to use them to read the future. Twitching eyelids, for example, would not indicate a nervous personality but might foretell "the success or failure of an enterprise". 788:(1149 or 1150–1209), describe magic as merely a tool with the outcome of an act of magic determining whether it is legitimate or not. Whether or not sorcery/magic is accessed by acts of piety or disobedience is often seen as an indicator whether sorcery/magic is licit or illicit, according to Moiz Ansari. 5828: 3845:

M. El-Gawhary, Die Gottesnamen im magischen Gebrauch in den al-Buni zugeschrieben Werken. (Diss. Bonn, 1968), cited in the introduction of Dorothee Anna Maria Pielow, Die Quellen der Weisheit. Die arabische Magie im Spiegel des Usul al-H'ikma von Ahmad Ibn 'Ali (sic) al-Buni. (Hildesheim etc.: Georg

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is permissible. According to Tobias Nünlist, rather than condemning magic and occultism as whole, Muslim writers on the subject usually distinguished between licit and illicit occult practises. According to Henrik Bogdan, Gordan Djurdjevic, contrary to Western esotericism and occultism, there is no

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in a healing; dissolving Quranic texts written on paper in water is forbidden, but "writing in bowls with ink that is washed off by the water poured into the bowl", is recommended by the well known conservative, Wahabbi-oriented cleric Wahid 'Abd al-Salam Bali. Kruk worries that the rise of stricter

1798:

On the one hand, practices approved by strict Islamic conservatives (called "orthodox" by Kruk) and revivalists to counteract magic include things like the use of water "over which the Quran has been recited" or to which have been added "salt, rose essence, oil of black caraway, or the leaves of the

1630:

describes a different set of 72 jinn (termed "Tayaliq") again under Fuqtus (here named "Fayqayțūš" or Fiqitush), blaming them for various ailments. According to these manuscripts, each jinni was brought before King Solomon and ordered to divulge their "corruption" and "residence" while the jinn-king

1437:

focuses more on spiritual protection and family counseling than prediction and prophecy. In addition to reading cards, dice, palms, and coffee grounds, activities include selling amulets to ward off evil spirits and providing advice for marital problems. In Afghanistan, fortunetellers operate out of

1310:

According to Savage-Smith, the amulets and talismanic objects (there being no difference between them) used by early Muslims "chiefly took the form of pious invocations to God, through Quranic quotations and prayers", and were used "to ward off the evil eye and misfortune", and to gain good fortune,

1305:

to combine the active celestial forces with the passive earthly forces at moments favorable to the desired action and influence, with the help of vapors to strengthen and attract the spirit of the talisman, with the intent of producing unusual manifestations in the world of generation and decay. In

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often refers to "God's holy names and of various Qur'anic texts" and belief that these have a powerful supernatural effect is "very much a part of Islamic daily practice", nonetheless some (Qasim Mahmud al-Mahmud), have denounced "these religious texts ... as demonic" and Islamically "unacceptable".

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Q.2:102 and many other verses describe magic in a negative light. It practices are secrets that the humans "ought not to have known"; devils/fallen angels teach it; it's practitioners will end up in hell; other verses condemn it as a pagan practice. But the Quran does not forbid magic or prescribe

3897:

For translations of relevant passages from al-Buni's Usul, see Pielow, Quellen, pp. 125-9; for an example of 'destroying the wrongdoer', see Ibn al-Hajj - al-Maghribi al-Tilimsani, Shumus al-anwar, 2 parts in one volume (Beirut: Dar al-Jil, n.d.) II, p. 162. quoted from Kruk, "Harry Potter in the

1947:

In Pakistan it is common to slaughter an animal to ward off evil and bad luck, it is especially efficacious is sacrificing a black goat. In December 2016, after 48 people died in the crash of a propeller-driven Pakistan International Airlines plane, a group of airline staff were seen slaughtering a

1902:

were arrested on charges of practising sorcery and black magic. According to "the top sorcerer among Iran's ruling elite" (top "according to associates clients and government officials"), Ahmadinejad met with him "at least twice" (Ahmadinejad denies the charges), and was just one among "dozens" of

1287:

the sorcerer does not need any aid, while those who work with talismans seek the aid of the spiritualities of the stars, the secrets of numbers, the particular qualities of existing things, and the positions of the sphere that exercise an influence upon the world of the elements, as the astrologers

705:

Dols offers a number of explanations, including that because they share resemblances, the two are sometimes in competition. Like religion, magic goes beyond reason and the natural world to deal with the "unseen". Performance of magic resembled prayer in that it is "usually a method of supplication"

1794:

Kruk writes that "over the centuries" the Islamic scholars of "official Islam" have worked to forbid magical practices, but despite their efforts magic practices have "become intricately interwoven with religious elements and practices" in Islamic culture. Consequently, the line between forbidden

1335:

According to Remke Kruk, while traditional handbooks of magic, such as ones "circulated under the name 'al-Buni' and their later offshoots", including a work referred to as the 'Diyarbi book', are full of information on how "khawass, hidden properties, of various Qur'an chapters and verses and of

701:

According to Michael Dols, despite the vast number of works on magic produced throughout Islamic history, the subject has often been ignored by scholars, and its legitimacy rarely discussed in Islamic law-books, (and if, only in passing). When it was discussed by scholars, magic was "almost always

445:

Sources on Islam and magic differ in their use of the term "witchcraft". It is sometimes seems to be used in place of "magic" (Pew Research Center survey on Muslim beliefs), sometimes excluded from use (Toufic Fahd), sometimes avoided in favor of "sorcery" because it (witchcraft) "evokes the wrong

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Toufic Fahd describes the difference between divination and magic as blurred. Both share a "practical and nontheoretical character"; use "supernatural means to predict natural elements", and share the technique of obtaining knowledge from "demonic inspiration"; but in "Islamic magical literature",

1407:

According to Dawn Perlmutter, writing in 2013, "an entire industry of professional exorcists" has arisen in "the Middle East and among Western Muslims", performing Qur'anic healing, posting on YouTube and advertising on Facebook and Twitter. In Islamic literature there are detailed treatises that

687:

One scholar, Irmeli Perho, notes that all versions of the hadith (and all hadith dealing with witchcraft) signify Islamic belief in the power of magic to harm even so great a man as the Prophet of Islam, but the many different variants of the hadith include different solutions to the curse of the

1568:

The difference between miracles and magic is this: a miracle is a divine power that arouses in the soul to exercise influence. The is supported in his activity by the spirit of God. The sorcerer, on the other hand, does his work by himself and with the help of his own psychic power, and, under

545:

They ˹instead˺ followed the magic promoted by the devils during the reign of Solomon. Never did Solomon disbelieve, rather the devils disbelieved. They taught magic to the people, along with what had been revealed to the two angels, Hârût and Mârût, in Babylon. The two angels never taught anyone

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consists of the following Qur'anic verses, formulas and short chapters: 1. a'aidhu-formula; 2. al-Fatiha; 3. a 'iidhu-formula; 4. al-Baqara 1-5; 5. a'aidhu- formula; 6. al-Baqara 102; 7. a 'aidhu; 8. al-Baqara 163-4; 9. a 'adhu; 10. al-Baqara 285-6; 11. a'aidhu; 12. al-Baqara 255; 13. a'aidhu;

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had a black goat sacrificed at his house every day to ward off black magic and the evil eye. (61% of Pakistani Muslim surveyed believe in the evil eye according to a 2012 Pew report.) Zardari was also known to seek the advice of a spiritual healer on when and where it was auspicious to travel.

1667:

A study by Boris Gershman based on surveys conducted by the Pew Research Center (PRC) between 2008 and 2017 of 95 countries (predominantly in the Muslim world, Europe and the Western Hemisphere) found that more than half of Muslims believed in witchcraft (a higher rate than Christians and even

1336:

God's holy names" can be put to work in invocations, but "all these books contain instructions" on harming other people. They contain information "not only about how to banish, but also about how to destroy and kill enemies and how to drive people", such as married or unmarried couples, "apart (

420:

Divination (i.e. "prediction of future events or gaining information about things unseen" by way of an occultic, standardized process or ritual), has been called "a branch of magic" by "Muslim encyclopedists, such as al-Afkānī, Tāshköprüzade, and Ḥājjī Khalīfah", according to Fahd. Shia cleric

1391:

natural and innate. It cannot be left alone. It does not depend on the free choice of its possessor. It is not acquired by him. an influence exercised by the soul of the person who has the evil eye. A thing or situation appears pleasing to the eye of a person, and he likes it very much. This

1235:

This thing is possible and lawful, according to reason and the law; whoever denies it is not highly regarded, because he winds up failing to acknowledge the omnipotence of God: to subjugate the spirits, to humble them before him, and to make them subordinate to men, is one of the miracles of

463:—supernatural creatures in Islam who may be good or evil but who are mentioned frequently in magical works throughout the Islamic world (often mentioned together with devils, i.e. shayāṭīn, and held responsible for misfortune, possession and diseases), to be summoned and bound to a sorcerer. 872:(801–873 CE), a philosopher, mathematician, physician, and philosopher, writing centuries before Al-Ghazali, asserted Astrology was consistent with Islam, with the stars not determining the future but simply passing on to Astrologers what God had decreed. (Al-Ghazali condemned Astrology as 1873:

books were "forbidden" and men and women who tend to be drawn from expatriate communities have been beheaded on charges of sorcery. In 2009, a special "Anti-Witchcraft Unit" was "created and formalized", not only to investigate and pursue alleged witches, but to "neutralize their cursed

1758:, there would be no restriction on God designing the natural law. God could deviate from the generally assumed order and bestow magical abilities on someone anytime and changing natural laws. Asserting that only God's will exists, they reject the dichotomy of supernatural and natural. 757:(Qasim Mahmud al-Mahmud accused a Islamic healer of the forbidden practice getting help from a jinn after the healer maintained that all fragments of text of the Quran have a 'spirit servant', and if a Muslim reads the appropriate "text a fixed number of times according to the 1965:

beheaded a male street performer ("known for entertaining locals with ... magic tricks like making coins and cell phones disappear") in a public square. (Although Adam Silverstein suggests this may be less strict enforcement than ISIS's confusion over the definition of sihr.)

1507:), was used both to predict the future, and "as a means of determining a course of action or deciding between courses of action". While casting lots was "considered legitimate" in Islam, according to Savage-Smith, two practices involving chance are prohibited by the Quran: 1264:"Evocation" involves ordering "the spirits of the dead, the demons, and the planets" to carry out the wishes of the magician, (whereas with "incantations and spells" it is jinn and demons who are compelled to obey the magician, according to Toufic Fahd in encyclopedia.com). 433:", according to Dastghaib Shirazi, and all those who go to "a sorcerer, a soothsayer or a liar and testifies to what he says" become infidels, according to the Holy Imam A.S. This is because "Allah the Almighty does not wish people to have knowledge of the future".) 1939:) stopped answering Ayoub's calls. Eventually the Dubai government covered the banks loses and Ayoub was convicted of fraud and sentenced to three years in prison. Rumour had it "he was also forced to undergo an exorcism, to cure him of his belief in black magic." 1663:

and spiritual healers, was not as widespread, ranging from one half to a quarter of Muslims in these regions. More religious Muslims are more likely to believe in the existence of jinn (spirits), talismans and other supernatural entities such as angels.

1783:

Throughout the Muslim world, there are sorcerers, fortune tellers and traditional healers; many are in violation of interpretations of the Shari’ah (Islamic law). This leads the magicians or healers that use magic or witchcraft into the realm of major

853:(leader of the devils in Islam). The licit magicians included exorcists. They obeyed Islamic law and invoked God's name. Illicit magicians or sorcerers, controlled or attempted to control demons by deeds or offerings that were displeasing to God. 1348:

Savage-Smith writes that "by the thirteenth century" in the Islamic world "there were manuals of sorcery giving spells for flying, for becoming invisible, for walking on water, for giving someone a dog's head", and other "amazing things".

1537:). An "even more" complicated form involved creating an "intricate circular chart ... concentric circles, letters of the alphabet, elements of astrology, and poetry" and calculating "the degree of the ecliptic on the eastern horizon". 723:(1609 AD – d. 1657 AD) in "summarizing the views of the Muslim theologians": 'The obedience of demons and jinn to humans is not something unimaginable, either from the standpoint of reason or from the standpoint of accepted practice.' 1311:

increase fertility, "potency or attractiveness". Early talismanic objects "reflect pre-Islamic magical symbolism" and contain symbols such as a "long horned stag", oryx, scorpion, lion or dog, stars, "a frame of pseudo-writing"; and

1878:". By 2011, the Anti-Witchcraft Unit had established nine witchcraft-fighting bureaus in cities across the Saudi, and processed "at least 586 cases of magical crime". In 2007, an Egyptian pharmacist, Mustafa Ibrahim, was beheaded in 1596:"Quranic treatment" is made up of practices based "exclusively" on "reciting Qur'anic texts, and defining exactly what this implies". Elements of the 'Qur'anic treatment include "talking about the patient's troubles", recitation of 2025:

that "a Muslim who indulges in magic and does not repent is punished by death", goes on to affirm that "many" Islamic jurists are of the opinion that "countering one magic spell by another is permitted", and gives examples of how

1833:

According to Ahmed Ferky Ibrahim, (professor of Islamic law at McGill University), while "capital punishment for magic is rooted in Islamic history", it was seldom applied historically. "When you read 16th- through 19th-century

1778:

circa 2005. Practical handbooks on the subject were common, but with the "orthodox" Islamic revival, "religious pamphlets condemning various practices" also became popular, starting around 1990. G. Hussein Rassool states that

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Mol, Arnold Yasin. "The Denial of Supernatural Sorcery in Classical and Modern Sunnī Tafsīr of Sūra al-Falaq (113: 4): A Reflection on Underlying Constructions." Al-Bayan: Journal of Qur'an and Hadith Studies 11.1 (2013): pp.

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4390:

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gives a very broad definition including "anything wondrous, including elegant and subtle poetry, ... sleight-of-hand tricks, ... the healing properties of plants, ... invocations to God for assistance, ... invocations to

1438:

small shops or outside of mosques and shrines across the country but are rarely consulted to portend the future; most often their clients are women or the elderly seeking guidance for problems affecting their families.

1812:(mentioned above) by more strict/conservative/orthodox Muslims. Kruk points out how fine the differences between approved and disapproved practices can be—it is acceptable to get in touch with jinn "in exorcisms" to 6162: 1476:, "the science of the stars"), was "by far" the most popular of the "numerous practices attempting to foretell future events or discern hidden things", according to Savage-Smith. It has several sub categories: 1240:

This practice is lawful in Islam according to Fahd, provided its practitioner does not act "in a manner that is wicked and harmful to others", and does not direct their "mind toward an object other than God".

96:

At least some of the dispute over what is permissible may be explained by how magic, or forbidden magic, is defined; whether natural, or sympathetic magic—which "makes use of the hidden properties (in Arabic:

313:

combines "will-power with particular physical and material forces for manipulating the natural order", and includes "eye-enchantment". Magic based on imagination, such as enchantments and magic of letters.

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Ibn Khaldūn. Al-muqaddimah. Edited by M. Quatremère. Paris, 1858–. Translated by Franz Rosenthal as The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History, 2d ed., 3 vols. (Princeton, 1967); vol. 3, p. 159; quoted in

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In a examination of hadith on magic and witchcraft, Irmeli Perho writes that "magic is seen as a power distinct from God, whereas in the Qurʾān magic is a power that is ultimately subject to God’s will".

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is "widespread and pervasive" and a "vital element of everyday life and practice", both historically and currently in Islamic culture. The topics also generating a "staggering" amount of literature.

1806:

The practice of many Islamic healers who claim to talk to jinn for the purpose of curing and preventing the evil eye and exorcism of possession by jinn, is believed to be the extremely serious sin of

1697:, argued against Magic on practical grounds, namely that if magic actually worked, it's practitioners would be rich and powerful rather than impoverished hustlers of common people in the marketplace. 709:

Magic in Islam is understood differently from that of modern Christian Europe, often related to God for means of protection from the evil eye, demons, and evil jinn, and by that, generally accepted.

1874:

paraphernalia, and disarm their spells". In that year, in just one region (Makkah) alone, "at least 118 people were charged with 'practicing magic' or 'using the book of Allah in a derogatory manner

395:—is the creating of an illusion (such as by moving a burning ball in circles so that it appears to be a circle of fire); "All the fuqaha are unanimous that Shobada ... is a type of magic", and " 1577:

happens because of the great "piety and abstinence" of the miracle worker and is not sinful (according to Dastghaib Shirazi), provided there can be no question that the performer of the miracle

1978:), on "how to deal with sorcery and its evil effects", written from an orthodox and strict Wahhabi viewpoint, by Saudi shaykh Wahid 'Abd al-Salam (or Ibn al-Salam) Bali. The book calls for 1196:"Most" magic in the early Islamic world was "protective in nature", asking for God's beneficence in general and His intervention specifically against the supernatural powers of the evil eye, 772:(c. 932-c.992) argues that good supernatural powers are received from God after purifying the soul, while sorcerers please devils and sacrifices to demons, committing acts of disobedience. 2804: 1306:

comparison with magic, this science is more accessible, for both its principles and its causes are known. Its usefulness is obvious, but mastery comes only after a great deal of effort.

81:, which are thought to bring "illness, poverty, and everyday misfortunes"; or alternately seeking to bring "good fortune, health, increased status, honor, and power". Techniques include 1640: 1849:

As of 2013, "stricter laws, arrests, and executions have resulted in efforts to deter magical practices" in "Afghanistan, Gaza, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia". Sorcery is also a crime in

1450:

Divining using "specific parts of the human body" (physiognomy), such as twitching eyelids or other involuntary movements, "the shape and appearance of the hands, joints, and nails" (

1915:

In Gaza, exorcism is not illegal but treated with considerable suspicion by the Islamist ruling Hamas party, which claimed to have "exposed thirty cases of fraud" in one year, 2010.

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after being convicted on charges of "practicing magic and sorcery" as well as other charges. In 2008, police went to the trouble of luring a well-known Lebanese television psychic,

702:

assumed" to be bad, and subject to hostility. This is despite the fact that at least (non-polytheistic) magical incantations intended to heal a subject are sanctioned by hadith.

1907:" The sorcerer also claimed that not only did jinn work for the US and Israel, but that some were being used by him "to infiltrate" the intelligence agencies of Israeli and U.S. 719:

Toufic Fahd argues that it is the directing of the mind "toward an object other than God" that is forbidden, not the utilizing of "demons and jinn" to perform magic. Fahd quotes

712:

According to Remke Kruk, the traditional "scholarly definition" of magic distinguishes between natural, or sympathetic magic—which "makes use of the hidden properties (in Arabic:

517:

Scholars of the history of religion have linked several magical practises in Islam with pre-Islamic Turkish and East African customs. Most notable of the Aftrican customs is the

729:

writes that "early jurists "generally" regarded sihr as "idolatrous", bringing harm and constituting apostasy; some other jurists distinguished between sihr intended to heal (

2199: 1188:

The categories of practices and treatments mentioned below sometimes overlap, and sometimes are historical and may no longer be either commonly practiced or practiced at all.

1651:

survey conducted in 2011–2012 of Muslims around the world, a majority of Muslims surveyed in the Middle East North Africa, Turkey, South Asia, and Southeast Asia believe in

425:—Dastghaib Shirazi specifying that it is where the one predicting uses knowledge obtained from "some groups of Jinns". ("All the jurists are unanimous in their opinion that 1676:

Dismissal of magic not as sin but as nonsense and deception has existed within Islamic tradition since the early age, and from "multiple theological and legal schools".

716:) of natural substances"; and "demoniac magic"—which "involves the help of spirits, usually malevolent spirits (demons)". The former is allowed, the latter is forbidden. 4623:"Is Ahmadinejad practicing black magic? Are his aides sorcerers? Do djinns haunt the ayatollahs? In Iran, bizarre charges fly as president and the supreme leader clash" 4133:

Meisami, J. S. "The Feather of Simurgh: The'Licit Magic'of the Arts in Medieval Islam. Hagop Kevorkian Series on Near Eastern Art and Civilization." (1991): 108-113.

585:

is described as having the power to speak with animals and jinn, and command birds and devils, (which according to Islam, he only possesses with God's permission).

841:(932-995) -- a "bookish" pious Muslim, concedes the permissibility of white magic and but condemns the practice of black magic. He traces licit magic back to King 2923: 5772: 5685: 2102: 817:) of foodstuffs, medicines and unguents"; but traditional medicines are both widely practiced in the Islamic world and "never subject to religious censorship". 4172: 1948:

black goat on the tarmac of Islamabad’s airport. This practice is not restricted to the lower echelon of Pakistani society. When he was President of Pakistan,

293:

Some of "the more commonly used branches" of the art of magic listed by Dastghaib Shirazi and/or schools of the occult listed by the Ottoman-Turkic theologian

165:

as that which leads its subject to "believe that what he sees is real when it is not", but also includes "everything that is known as 'white' or 'natural magic

563:

In Verse Q.10:2 Muhammad is falsely accused of being a magician by his opponents ('Yet the disbelievers said, “Indeed, this ˹man˺ is clearly a magician!”').

1754:

Modern Asharites and Maturidites usually argue against the rejection of magic and a distinction between the natural and supernatural in general. Adhering to

4581: 1248:

and the Pseudo-Majrīṭī) magical ability is not acquired, but must be something in the magician's "nature", specifically they must have a disposition called

892:

stated that those who have "the conviction that sorcery has effect of its own accord, and not because of God's decision and will", will not enter paradise.

4241:

Proceedings of the 20th Congress of the Union Européenne des Arabisants et Islamisants, Part Two; A. Fodor, ed. Budapest, 10–17 September 2000. pp.109–121

1668:

higher than religiously unaffiliated respondents), and that the more religious the person surveyed was the more likely they were to believe in witchcraft.

2022: 1252:, "the perfect nature"; "the person who possesses it attains 'knowledge of the secrets of creation, of natural causes, and of the mode of being of things 1990:(apathy-sorcery), various sexual afflictions, by incantations to drive out the jinn that is occupying the victim's brain or other parts of his body; or 636:(often translated as "grace"). There are also individual verses claimed to have power (such as the healing verses 9:15, 19:57, 16:69, 26:80, 41:44). 5890: 5860: 2085: 2068: 1480:

the relatively simple "non-horoscopic astrology" that involves "the prediction of events based upon the rising or setting of certain star groups";

1402: 1175: 305: 319:

or "the knowledge of subjugation of the spirits"—uses the psyche to bring "higher and stronger spirits" (such as "the spirits of the stars", and

6091: 778:(780-855 CE) "refrained from condemning" those who used magic to heal, to "the same class as sahirs", according to Michael Muhammad Knight. 6060: 5997: 4273: 4222: 3529: 3465: 3444: 3409: 2752: 2665: 2063: 1799:

lote tree". On the other, in traditionally practised "magic and sorcery" now under attack from those strict conservatives, recitation of the

2884: 1288:

maintain. The philosophers, therefore, say that sorcery is a union of spirit with spirit, while the talisman is a union of spirit with body.

4988: 1766:

Scholar Remke Kruk found books on magic and sorcery "extremely well represented" in "street stalls and bookshops" in the Muslim world from

1639: 1408:

include "entire exorcism rites and purification rituals for the destruction of amulets and other magical items" to neutralize black magic.

1655:—However, less than 20% of those surveyed thought that making offerings to jinn was an "acceptable part of Islamic tradition". Belief in 4855: 4146: 3983: 3930: 3804: 3741: 3713: 3685: 3657: 3629: 2715: 3082: 145: 1573:

According to contemporary Shia cleric Sayyid Abdul Husayn Dastghaib Shirazi, the ability "to perform extraordinary acts" (miracles) or

6157: 5967: 5732: 5106: 540:

Sixty six Quranic verses reportedly relate to the subject of magic, but the verse dealing with magic in the most detail is Q.2:102:

2469: 2042:) told a victim of witchcraft to carry a prayer of invocation/supplication written "on the skin of deer" and always keep it with him; 1569:

certain conditions, with the support of devils. The difference between the two concerns the idea, reality, and essence of the matter.

5101: 4946: 4891: 4833: 4529: 3595: 3486: 3235: 2845: 2614: 2217: 2097: 827:, who became the major source for Wahhabism, entirely disregards magic, including exorcisms, as superstition. During the end of the 4212: 1974:

As a "good representative" of the kind of literature attacking the practice of magic, Kruk cites a popular, widely available book (

329:

or talisman—combines "the powers of the higher spiritual world" with the base elements of nature to "produce awe-inspiring effect".

4673: 4410:

Nünlist, Tobias (2015). Dämonenglaube im Islam (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-110-33168-4. pp. 36-37

3223: 503:—the ability "to perform extraordinary acts" (aka miracles) which is given by God only to those with great "piety and abstinence". 6213: 1376:,), where misfortune befalls someone after another person has looked at them, usually with feelings of jealousy is recognized by 4351: 5875: 5499: 947: 2605:, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 02 December 2021 < 1795:

and allowed "is so blurred that neither the practitioner nor the client" are often aware of when they are crossing that line.

6208: 5855: 5716: 5081: 791: 4952: 4839: 3535: 1227:('I command you')". Nothing about the practice of commanding jinn is found in the Qurʾān or ḥadīth, but Fahd quotes scholar 405:—"the method of controlling Angels, Jinns, souls or various wild animals"; is "also harām and considered a form of sorcery". 157:) as "sorcery, witchcraft, magic". Toufic Fahd in the Brill Encyclopedia of Islam usually uses "magic as the translation of 6203: 5941: 5118: 5049: 3198:"17 The Book on Legal Punishments (Al-Hudud). (27)Chapter: What Has Been Related About The Legal Punishment For The Sahir" 1631:

Fiqitush gave Solomon a recipe for curing the ailments associated with each jinni as they confessed their transgressions.

904: 889: 4878:, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 2 December 2021 3426:

Travis Zadeh Commanding Demons and Jinn: The Sorcerer in Early Islamic Thought Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2014 p-154

1790:

which refers to the association of a partner with Allah, the summoning other than God and relying on others beside Allah.

5756: 2973:

Geister, Magier und Muslime. Dämonenwelt und Geisteraustreibung im Islam. Kornelius Hentschel, Diederichs 1997, Germany.

1492:

to answer specific questions—the location of lost objects, buried treasure, or "the diagnosis and prognosis of disease".

888:, considered sorcery as one of the few sins where killing was a "divinely sanctioned punishment". 20th century scholar 5342: 5113: 4700: 4554: 1751:, reject magic and associated traditions, interpretating references to sorcery and witchcraft in a metaphorical way. 2521: 1483:"judicial astrology" involving "calculating the positions of planets and the mathematical production of horoscopes" 6193: 5780: 3154:

Josef von Hammer-Purgstall Die Geisterlehre der Moslimen Staatsdruckerei, 1852 digit. 22. Juli 2010 p. 31 (German).

881: 794:(d. 1089) offered a wide range of rituals to perform sorcery, but also agreed that only magic in accordance with 421:

Sayyid Abdul Husayn Dastghaib Shirazi of Al-Islam.com and historian Emilie Savage-Smith calls divination in Islam

6116: 5812: 4936: 4823: 2134:

appears 20 times in the Quran (found with a search of "magic" in English in Dr. Mustafa Khattab, the Clear Quran)

1168: 617: 1622:), including several jinn appointed over each day of the week. A collection of late 14th- or early 15th-century 6142: 5920: 5910: 5820: 5692: 4981: 3437:

Islam And the Paranormal: What Does Islam Says About the Supernatural in the Light of Qur'an, Sunnah And Hadith

3354:

al-Mahmud, Qasim Mahmud- 'Abu 'Uthman' Al-sihr fi 'l-shari'a al-islamiyya; nash'atuhu, hukmuhu, al-wiqaya minhu

2198:

Rassool, G. Hussein (2018). "Magic, witchcraft and demonic possession from an Islamic perspective (Abstract)".

2035: 1846:, as was the case in Christian Europe ...The frequent persecution of magicians is indeed a recent phenomenon". 1553: 1082: 1825:

forms of Islam has led to an attack on healing "practices that used to be well integrated into Islamic life".

2498: 735:) and that intended to injure others -- Muhammad himself by his practice giving "foundational authority" to 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5936: 5748: 5700: 5487: 5369: 5161: 3587: 1928: 1899: 865:(1058–1111 CE) , although admitting the reality of magic, regards learning any sort of magic as forbidden. 726: 384:

or the hidden knowledge—discovers the names of "the angels or the satans" to be used to invoke those beings.

2436: 61:(attempts "to predict future events or gain information about things unseen"), precognition via dreams, or 6018: 6002: 5992: 5951: 5946: 5804: 5796: 1161: 820: 1710: 6033: 6028: 5905: 5427: 5183: 5156: 5096: 3957:"Definition of the evil eye, and ways of protecting oneself against it and treating it. Fatwa No. 20954" 3328:

Magic in Malta: Sellem Bin Al-Sheikh Mansur and the Roman Inquisition, 1605. (2022). Niederlande: Brill.

3102:

Sengers, G. (2003). "Chapter Five Koran Healing". In Women and Demons. Leiden, Niederlande: Brill. doi:

2013:(spells and incantations) allowed to be recited into the ear of the afflicted by Islamic healers is the 552:

punishment for its practice. The description in Q.2:102 of magic as revealed by supernatural creatures (

1392:

creates in him envy and the desire to take it away from its owner. Therefore he prefers to destroy him.

1283:, "divine magic" where there is communication with a god or gods) is (according to Ibn Khaldūn), that 294: 1993:

treating inability to have intercourse with your wife by urinating on the heated blade of a sharp axe.

6218: 6152: 6147: 5870: 5865: 5662: 5022: 4997: 4305: 1137: 912: 806: 785: 212:, "the occult sciences" of Islam, "include divination, astrology, oneiromancy", ... prophecy, magic ( 50: 31: 3259: 3168: 3034: 1623: 6198: 6038: 6023: 5764: 5724: 5379: 5364: 5166: 5061: 5056: 5032: 4974: 2074: 2006:

treating the evil eye (which is not caused by jinn) with "ritual bathing" and "pious incantations".

1895: 1866: 1648: 1614: 1467: 1147: 677: 190:

or demons or the spirits of the planets, and on occasion even to the divinatory art of astrology."

182: 5915: 5847: 5091: 4923: 4915: 4785: 4777: 4622: 4484: 4476: 2671: 2584: 2576: 2223: 2039: 1932: 1219:

According to Toufic Fahd in encyclopedia.com, "incantations and spells" are "meant to compel the

1208:

all involve contacting some spirit/supernatural being/deity and employing them for some purpose.

1077: 942: 2838:

Die Geheimnisse der oberen und der unteren Welt: Magie im Islam zwischen Glaube und Wissenschaft

2744:

Die Geheimnisse der oberen und der unteren Welt: Magie im Islam zwischen Glaube und Wissenschaft

2657: 1228: 737: 731: 720: 497:—Kruk defines it as an incantation made up of 41 "Quranic verses, formulas and short chapters"; 6137: 5544: 5374: 5178: 5027: 4942: 4887: 4829: 4333: 4269: 4218: 3591: 3525: 3482: 3461: 3440: 3405: 3231: 2841: 2748: 2661: 2610: 2213: 1883: 1728: 1037: 657: 3074: 6111: 5627: 5347: 5228: 5218: 5151: 5044: 4907: 4879: 4822:

Dols, Michael W. (2004). "3. The Theory of Magic in Healing". In Emilie Savage-Smith (ed.).

4769: 4468: 4323: 4313: 2653: 2647: 2568: 2205: 1949: 1850: 1545:

Magic or traditional healing without any dispute and approved by orthodox scholars includes

997: 977: 967: 937: 846: 775: 582: 173:

in contemporary Islamic society is haram and what isn't, Remke Kruk defines the practice of

137: 1996:

treating a stomach ache by drinking water "over which Qur'anic passages have been recited".

529: 378:

or alchemy—the transmuting (i.e. the attempt to transmute) base metals into gold or silver.

5437: 5337: 5233: 2127: 1800: 1369: 1358: 1132: 557: 533: 245: 6081: 5622: 1627: 4309: 2646:

Edmonds, Radcliffe G. III (2019). "The Illuminations of Theurgy: Philosophy and Magic".

1503:

Sortilege, or practice of casting lots and interpreting the results produced by chance (

920: 5667: 4898:

Kruk, Remke (May 2005). "Harry Potter in the Gulf: Contemporary Islam and the Occult".

4760:

Kruk, Remke (May 2005). "Harry Potter in the Gulf: Contemporary Islam and the Occult".

4459:

Kruk, Remke (May 2005). "Harry Potter in the Gulf: Contemporary Islam and the Occult".

4328: 4293: 2559:

Kruk, Remke (May 2005). "Harry Potter in the Gulf: Contemporary Islam and the Occult".

1835: 1736: 1701: 1643:

Share of population group believing in witchcraft, based on PEW Surveys from 2008-2017

1381: 1377: 1245: 828: 566:

Not all verses make negative references to supernatural powers or those that use them.

2606: 2348: 45:, (usually defined as magic) is forbidden in Islam, there is less agreement on how 6187: 6167: 5657: 5617: 5582: 5462: 5037: 4927: 4883: 4789: 4488: 2675: 2588: 2227: 1962: 1808: 1786: 1755: 1744: 1690: 1087: 1012: 601:(at least in popular/folk Islam) as a source of supernatural protection and healing. 346: 1520:("the game of the left-handed"), "involving arrows and the slaughtering of animals". 1433:

In modern times in the Middle East, "fortunetelling", according to Dawn Perlmutter,

1430:

c. 801–873 CE) and another tract "is still in circulation today, at least in Iraq".

339:—such as "sleight of hand, jugglery", creates the illusion of super-natural effects. 6132: 5788: 5740: 5524: 5477: 5472: 5432: 5193: 5076: 1870: 1862: 1340:)" invoking angels and/or jinn. These practices are condemned by orthodox Muslims. 1312: 838: 832: 824: 769: 748:-trained author of several books on the dangers of jinn and magic, uses "sorcery" ( 553: 54: 3682:(al-Majrīṭī, op. cit., p. 187; cf. Fahd, 1966, p. 192, n. 29; quoted in quoted in 2144: 198:

Toufic Fahd gives several definitions of related terms in Encyclopedia.com. Magic/

4318: 3519: 2742: 2159:-- was more narrowly on the dangers of jinn and how to protect yourself from them 1714:

offers a variety of psychological explanations for alleged encounters with jinn (

608:(Surah 113) is used as a prayer to God to ward off black magic, and according to 17: 5708: 5652: 5637: 5592: 5492: 5457: 5442: 5384: 5297: 5223: 5146: 4674:"WHAT IN THE WORLD, When an Airline Suffered Misfortune, Some Looked for a Goat" 2803:

Sayyid Abdul Husayn Dastghaib Shirazi. "The Thirty-First Greater Sin: Sorcery".

2021:

Shia cleric Sayyid Abdul Husayn Dastghaib Shirazi, who states on his webpage on

1839: 1748: 1740: 1127: 1052: 1042: 982: 972: 856: 669: 356: 223: 133: 66: 49:

is defined. Magic encompasses a wide-range of non-physical beliefs; including

6076: 5880: 5539: 5482: 5467: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5292: 5272: 5123: 5071: 5001: 4911: 4773: 4472: 3927:

quoted in A. Goichon, Directives et remarques, Paris, 1951, p. 523. quoted in

2572: 1843: 1684: 1660: 1423: 1417: 1057: 1017: 1007: 1002: 987: 862: 153:

as "bewitchment, beguilement, enchantment, fascination"; and the plural form (

86: 58: 2209: 2017:; an incantation made up of 41 "Quranic verses, formulas and short chapters". 161:", but "occasionally uses sorcery or witchcraft". Fahd himself first defines 5572: 5354: 5332: 5282: 5277: 5255: 4644: 3103: 1767: 1694: 1097: 1027: 1022: 992: 885: 625: 277: 82: 5128: 4935:

Savage-Smith, Emilie (2004). "Introduction". In Emilie Savage-Smith (ed.).

4337: 6086: 5647: 5529: 5447: 5287: 5250: 5086: 5066: 4606:"Rough spell for Iranian Politics, Presidents Staff Accused of Sorcery". 4239:

Magia y Superstitión en los Manuscritos de Ocaña (Toledo). Siglos XIV-XV.

1732: 1705: 1680: 1656: 1427: 869: 781: 613: 605: 430: 396: 365: 208: 70: 4919: 4781: 4480: 3222:

James Hastings; John Alexander Selbie; Louis Herbert Gray, eds. (1916).

2580: 1223:

and the demons to accomplish a desired end, by pronouncing the formula `

5632: 5562: 5452: 5213: 5188: 4966: 3956: 2079: 1276: 1205: 1107: 1047: 842: 745: 661:

has Muhammad condemning users of magic to death—"The punishment of the

633: 578: 574: 570: 249: 233: 65:. Magic further includes protection from other forms of magic, such as 3801:Ḥājjī Khalīfah, ed. Flügel, 1955–1958, vol. 4, pp. 646–647, quoted in 3626:Ḥājjī Khalīfah, ed. Flügel, 1955–1958, vol. 4, pp. 205–207, quoted in 2143:

who did not subscribed to the rationalized framework of magic of most

2088: – Belief in Islam of possession by spirits and of their exorcism 2045:

how Abbas the Safawid compelled a Christian to convert to Islam using

5642: 5597: 5567: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5422: 5405: 5400: 5327: 3980:

Ibn Khaldūn, trans. Rosenthal, 1967, vol. 3, pp. 170–171. quoted in

2091: 2050: 2046: 1879: 1514:—a pre-Islamic "use of rods to settle disputes or give simple omens"; 1142: 1102: 795: 681: 629: 609: 411:—the art of determining the lineage of an individual by use of magic. 241: 90: 62: 4214:

Legends of the Fire Spirits: Jinn and genies from Arabia to Zanzibar

518: 6163:

Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period

5829:

Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants

3738:Ḥājjī Khalīfah, ed. Flügel, 1955–1958, vol. 4, pp.165ff, quoted in 3197: 53:(which seeks to alter the course of events usually by calling on a 6172: 5612: 5607: 5587: 5577: 5504: 5415: 5410: 5359: 5267: 5245: 5240: 5171: 4701:"Pakistan president Asif Ali Zardari 'practises animal sacrifice'" 4198:

The Fihrist of al-Nadim: A Tenth-Century Survey of Muslim Culture.

1775: 1771: 1638: 1032: 850: 597:

about magic, it is thought to have supernatural properties and is

567: 528: 281: 124:. According to Adam Silverstein, the "Arabic word for 'magic' is 117: 74: 35: 5602: 5534: 5302: 5260: 3654:(Ibn Khaldūn, trans. Rosenthal, 1967, vol. 3, p. 167. quoted in 1936: 1924: 1716: 1652: 1204:, all mentioned in the Quran. Incantations, spells, evocation, 874: 621: 459: 320: 78: 4970: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 4294:"Witchcraft beliefs around the world: An exploratory analysis" 3710:

Ibn Khaldūn, trans. Rosenthal, 1967, vol. 3, p.166. quoted in

3301:

Dols, Michael W. (2021). "3. The Theory of Magic in Healing".

2031: 1601: 1486:

to determine the fate of individuals, countries, or dynasties,

1454:) and chiromancy or palmistry (employing lines on the hands - 3521:

The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History - Abridged Edition

3115: 2649:

Drawing Down the Moon: Magic in the Ancient Greco-Roman World

2053:(a.s.)’s grave", (both sounding very much like magic charms). 1894:

In Iran in 2011, 25 advisers and aides of the then President

1618:, describes a book that lists 70 jinn led by Fuqṭus (Arabic: 1584:

is "the most righteous and knowledgeable person of his time",

1442:

In Iran and Pakistan this fortunetelling is also widespread.

632:(Surah 114) are also thought to have the ability to generate 1931:(Foutanga Babani Sissoko) who convinced the bank manager at 481:—possessed, also sometimes as 'showing signs of possession'; 454:

Beings, afflictions, and tools often involved in magic are:

347:

Predicting the character of a person by his outer appearance

177:

as magic or sorcery, and translates material objects called

4645:"The playboy who got away with $ 242m – using 'black magic" 4582:"Iranian President Linked to Black Magic, Summoning Genies" 4353:

the worlds muslims: unity and diversity. executive summary

4252:

Medicina, Farmacopea y Magia en el "Misceláneo de Salomón"

3765: 3763: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3228:

Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics: Life and death-Mulla

2998: 2609:> First published online: 2012. First print edition: 4668: 4666: 3062: 4555:"Saudi Arabia: Witchcraft and Sorcery Cases on the Rise" 1529:

Using the "numerical values of letters" to form a word (

4287: 4285: 4250:

Joaquina Albarracin Navarro & Juan Martinez Ruiz.

4094: 4092: 4090: 4073: 4071: 4054: 4052: 3584:

Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad

1838:

court records, for instance, you realize there was no

744:

Wahid 'Abd al-Salam (or Ibn al-Salam) Bali, a popular

4601: 4599: 4200:

New York: Columbia University Press, 1970. pp. 727–8.

3022:. Vereinigtes Königreich: Taylor & Francis. 2021. 1970:

Methods of counteracting sorcery approved by scholars

577:(magical blessings) upon hearers and heals them. In 491:—the "most common Arabic terms" employed for amulets; 41:

While scholars generally agree that the Quranic term

4886:

First published online: 2012. First print edition:

4113: 4111: 4007: 4005: 1297:

According to Ḥājjī Khalīfah, the art of talismanry (

761:, they "will immediately obtain what they desire".) 6125: 6104: 6069: 6053: 6011: 5960: 5929: 5898: 5889: 5846: 5839: 5676: 5553: 5393: 5206: 5139: 5015: 5008: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 3559:

trans. F. Rosenthal , (Princeton, NJ, 1958), i. 191

3137: 3135: 3009:

translation by Dr. Mustafa Khattab, The Clear Quran

2879: 2877: 2875: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2625: 2623: 2201:

Evil Eye, Jinn Possession, and Mental Health Issues

1976:

al-Sarim al-Battar fi tasaddi li-l-sahara al-ashrar

831:, Muslims started to disregard occult practises as 655:A hadith graded as Da’if (Weak) by Darussalam from 136:,' but in modern Arabic the same word is used for ' 4723: 4721: 4500: 4498: 4438: 4436: 4029:The Early Muslim Tradition of Dream Interpretation 2607:http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7023 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 4373: 4371: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3380: 3378: 3162: 3160: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2910:Robbins Encyclopedia of Witchcraft and Demonology 2470:"What does the Islamic State consider 'sorcery'?" 2415: 2413: 1560:) are considered gifts of God and distinct from 3336: 3334: 2652:. Princeton University Press. pp. 314–377. 2265: 2263: 2246: 2244: 809:(c. 1150–1209) "includes under sorcery the use ( 752:) to mean "demonic, not on sympathetic magic". 252:(unity with the divine) and perfecting oneself); 4254:. Universidad de Granada, 1987. p.38 et passim 3402:Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn 3305:. Vereinigtes Königreich: Taylor & Francis. 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 5686:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament 4217:. New York, NY & London, UK: I.B. Tauris. 4173:"Quranic Treatment and Healing Through Ruqyah" 2924:Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande 2314:Knight, M. M. (2016). Magic in Islam. Penguin. 2193: 2191: 2189: 2094: – Body of mystical practice within Islam 116:The word usually translated as "magic" in the 5773:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts 4982: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2741:Günther, Sebastian; Pielow, Dorothee (2018). 2103:Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible 1803:and verses of the Quran play "a major part". 1727:Criticism on the supernatural was adopted in 1323:According to Ḥājjī Khalīfah, natural magic ( 1169: 265:Sebastian Günther and Dorothee Pielow list: 8: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2492: 2490: 3557:The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History, 3524:. Princeton University Press. p. 578. 3460:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 2015 2342: 2340: 2071: – Islamic astrology of the Golden Age 1923:The BBC relates the story of a charismatic 5895: 5843: 5012: 4989: 4975: 4967: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 1489:of "auspicious and inauspicious days"; and 1176: 1162: 919: 899: 813:, seeking help) of the hidden properties ( 4900:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 4762:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 4461:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 4327: 4317: 3104:https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004475984_008 2658:10.23943/princeton/9780691156934.003.0010 2561:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 2157:Wiqayat al-insan min al-jinn wa-l-shaytan 1422:In the early and classical Islamic world 437:the two "run parallel without mingling". 27:Divination, magic, and occultism in Islam 2885:"Chapter 4: Other Beliefs and Practices" 1762:Popular practices v. religious orthodoxy 3356:. ('Amman: Dar Wa'il, 2001), pp. 236-24 3075:"Magic – Oxford Islamic Studies Online" 2927:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1937), p. 21) 2185: 2119: 2086:Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam 2069:Astrology in the medieval Islamic world 2049:(prayer beads) "made of dust from Imam 1403:Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam 911: 573:suggests that the Quran itself bestows 6092:List of people executed for witchcraft 4941:. Ashgate/Variorum. pp. xiii–li. 4876:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2709: 2707: 2705: 2603:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 868:Abū Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ 593:Aside from what the text of the Quran 6061:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire 4828:. Ashgate/Variorum. pp. 87–101. 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2523:A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic 2064:Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world 1679:One example is the exegesis on Surah 475:—possession by jinn or other spirits; 169:". In his examination of what about 7: 1612:Ibn al-Nadim, Muslim scholar of his 1231:(1609–1657) defending the practice: 323:) under the control of the magician. 276:("secret sciences") as referring to 4938:Magic and Divination in Early Islam 4825:Magic and Divination in Early Islam 4120:Magic and Divination in Early Islam 4101:Magic and Divination in Early Islam 4080:Magic and Divination in Early Islam 4061:Magic and Divination in Early Islam 4042:Magic and Divination in Early Islam 4014:Magic and Divination in Early Islam 3914:Magic and Divination in Early Islam 3832:Magic and Divination in Early Islam 3788:Magic and Divination in Early Islam 3772:Magic and Divination in Early Islam 3613:Magic and Divination in Early Islam 3303:Magic and Divination in Early Islam 3020:Magic and Divination in Early Islam 2985:Magic and Divination in Early Islam 2939:Magic and Divination in Early Islam 2921:Edward Evans-Pritchard says in his 2865:Magic and Divination in Early Islam 2836:Sebastian Günther, Dorothee Pielow 2632:Magic and Divination in Early Islam 2520:Wehr, Hans. J. Milton Cowan (ed.). 2380:Magic and Divination in Early Islam 2301:Magic and Divination in Early Islam 2131: 1704:, doubted their existence as well. 1619: 1587:and does not claim to be a prophet. 1373: 1362: 1212: 371:Supplementary fields of magic are: 146:Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic 6158:Left-hand path and right-hand path 5733:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus 4803:Kruk, "Harry Potter in the Gulf", 4744:Kruk, "Harry Potter in the Gulf", 4728:Kruk, "Harry Potter in the Gulf", 4621:NAJAH MOHAMMED ALI (19 May 2011). 4530:"Saudi Arabia's War on Witchcraft" 4505:Kruk, "Harry Potter in the Gulf", 4443:Kruk, "Harry Potter in the Gulf", 3882:Kruk, "Harry Potter in the Gulf", 3385:Kruk, "Harry Potter in the Gulf", 3366:Kruk, "Harry Potter in the Gulf", 3230:. T. & T. Clark. p. 252. 2958:Kruk, "Harry Potter in the Gulf", 2499:"The Islamic State's War on Magic" 2420:Kruk, "Harry Potter in the Gulf", 2401:Kruk, "Harry Potter in the Gulf", 2270:Kruk, "Harry Potter in the Gulf", 2251:Kruk, "Harry Potter in the Gulf", 2204:(1st, ebook ed.). Routledge. 1600:—i.e specific Quranic verses (and 388:Still others (all forbidden) are: 25: 4699:Walsh, Declan (27 January 2010). 4117: 4098: 4077: 4058: 4039: 4011: 3911: 3829: 3785: 3769: 3610: 3479:Occultism in a Global Perspective 3477:Henrik Bogdan, Gordan Djurdjevic 2982: 2936: 2862: 2629: 2377: 2298: 2098:Superstitions in Muslim societies 1275:The difference between magic and 4884:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7023 4802: 4743: 4727: 4504: 4442: 3881: 3384: 3365: 2957: 2419: 2400: 2347:Perlmutter, Dawn (Spring 2013). 2269: 2250: 765:Opinions of traditional scholars 4955:from the original on 2021-07-18 4842:from the original on 2021-07-18 4580:Goldman, Russell (9 May 2011). 4528:Jacobs, Ryan (19 August 2013). 3538:from the original on 2021-07-18 3404:Syracuse University Press 2009 3085:from the original on 2018-08-06 2747:(in German). Brill. p. 8. 2468:Mansoor, Sanya (30 June 2015). 1472:In Islamic history, Astrology ( 1387:For Ibn Khaldūn, the effect is 948:Psychological theories of magic 257:ʿilm al-ḥiyal wa-ash-shaʾwadhah 5856:Jamyi Witch hiring controversy 5717:Summis desiderantes affectibus 4862:. Translated by David M. Weeks 4153:. Translated by David M. Weeks 3990:. Translated by David M. Weeks 3937:. Translated by David M. Weeks 3811:. Translated by David M. Weeks 3748:. Translated by David M. Weeks 3720:. Translated by David M. Weeks 3692:. Translated by David M. Weeks 3664:. Translated by David M. Weeks 3636:. Translated by David M. Weeks 3582:DeLong-Bas, Natana J. (2004). 2722:. Translated by David M. Weeks 2497:Rose, Nick (30 January 2015). 2349:"The Politics of Muslim Magic" 93:and other magical equipment. 1: 4196:Bayard Dodge, ed. and trans. 3319:, (Oxford, 1980 reprint), 119 2474:The Christian Science Monitor 1353:Evil eye (prevention against) 1281:ʿilm al-khawāṣṣ wa-al-ṭalāsim 890:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani 5861:accusations against children 5757:The Discoverie of Witchcraft 4319:10.1371/journal.pone.0276872 3586:(First ed.). New York: 3224:"Magic (Arabian and Muslim)" 1564:. According to Ibn Khaldūn, 1525:Letter number interpretation 1331:Black magic and love sorcery 536:in Their Forever Well (1703) 508:Origins and scriptural basis 238:ʿilm al-khawāṣṣ wa ṭ-ṭalāsim 4610:. 10 June 2011. p. A1. 3518:Khaldûn, Ibn (2015-04-27). 3505:Provisions of the Hereafter 2437:"[search. "magic"]" 1683:by early scholars, such as 823:(1292–1350), a disciple of 665:is a strike of the sword." 6235: 5781:Daemonolatreiae libri tres 4264:Shadrach, Nineveh (2007). 2082: – Doctrine of Sufism 1465: 1415: 1400: 882:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 849:in Islam) and illicit to 5813:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men 4912:10.1080/13530190500081626 4774:10.1080/13530190500081626 4473:10.1080/13530190500081626 3902:, May 2005, p.51, note 11 3499:al-Jawziyya, Ibn Qayyim. 2573:10.1080/13530190500081626 1961:In Syria in January 2015 1344:Wonderworking and marvels 647:Muhammad, sira and hadith 6143:Christian views on magic 5821:The Discovery of Witches 5693:Directorium Inquisitorum 4292:Gershman, Boris (2022). 4266:The Book of Deadly Names 4211:Lebling, Robert (2010). 3079:oxfordislamicstudies.com 2210:10.4324/9781315623764-14 1083:Christian views on magic 896:Practices and treatments 884:(1703–1792), founder of 803:and occultism in Islam. 692:Religious permissibility 255:White or natural magic ( 248:, especially to achieve 244:to invoke action or the 216:). Fahd further divides 6214:Religious controversies 5749:De praestigiis daemonum 5701:De maleficis mulieribus 4856:"Magic: Magic In Islam" 4608:The Wall Street Journal 4147:"Magic: Magic In Islam" 3984:"Magic: Magic In Islam" 3931:"Magic: Magic In Islam" 3863:, May 2005, p.50 note 9 3805:"Magic: Magic In Islam" 3742:"Magic: Magic In Islam" 3714:"Magic: Magic In Islam" 3686:"Magic: Magic In Islam" 3658:"Magic: Magic In Islam" 3630:"Magic: Magic In Islam" 3588:Oxford University Press 3317:The Traditions of Islam 2716:"Magic: Magic In Islam" 1900:Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei 1898:and his chief of staff 1865:(prior to the reign of 1672:Criticism and disbelief 799:clear conflict between 727:Michael Muhammad Knight 620:, the ancestors of the 616:to protect him against 272:("occult sciences") or 30:Belief and practice in 5805:Compendium Maleficarum 5797:Magical Investigations 5688:(8th–2nd centuries BC) 4874:Fahd, T., "Siḥr", in: 4377:Knight, M. M. (2016). 3568:Knight, M. M. (2016). 3507:]. pp. 1/475. 3481:Routledge, 11.09.2014 3458:Dämonenglaube im Islam 3340:Knight, M. M. (2016). 3260:"Magic in the ḥadīths" 3258:Perho, Irmeli (2012). 3169:"Magic in the ḥadīths" 3167:Perho, Irmeli (2012). 3141:Knight, M. M. (2016). 3129:for surah 21, verse 19 3035:"Magic in the ḥadīths" 3033:Perho, Irmeli (2012). 2601:Fahd, T., "Siḥr", in: 2285:Knight, M. M. (2016). 1792: 1644: 1571: 1440: 1394: 1319:White or Natural Magic 1308: 1290: 1238: 821:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya 537: 6209:Sociology of religion 5428:Cloak of invisibility 5184:Solitary practitioner 5097:Witch-cult hypothesis 4854:Fahd, Toufic (1987). 4268:. Ishtar Publishing. 4145:Fahd, Toufic (1987). 3982:Fahd, Toufic (1987). 3929:Fahd, Toufic (1987). 3803:Fahd, Toufic (1987). 3740:Fahd, Toufic (1987). 3712:Fahd, Toufic (1987). 3684:Fahd, Toufic (1987). 3656:Fahd, Toufic (1987). 3628:Fahd, Toufic (1987). 3269:. LXI Suppl.: 188–190 2714:Fahd, Toufic (1987). 2353:Middle East Quarterly 2145:Ash'arite theologians 2009:"foremost" among the 1829:Cases and punishments 1781: 1642: 1566: 1435: 1416:Further information: 1389: 1303: 1285: 1233: 697:Contemporary scholars 678:prophetic biographies 532: 513:Pre-Islamic influence 220:into three sections: 6204:Magic (supernatural) 6148:Magical organization 5663:Witches of Benevento 3590:, USA. p. 251. 2155:Bali's first book -- 1260:Evocation of spirits 1138:Magical organization 807:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 353:ʿIlm ta'bir ar-ru'ya 128:, ... in the Qur'an 89:, the production of 5765:Newes from Scotland 5725:Malleus Maleficarum 5102:Anglo-Saxon England 4310:2022PLoSO..1776872G 3145:. Tarcher, p.60-61. 2889:PEW Research Center 2126:The root sin-ha-ra 2075:Islam and astrology 1986:(madness-sorcery), 1896:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 1867:Muhammad bin Salman 1649:Pew Research Center 1541:Approved treatments 1468:Islam and astrology 1244:According to some ( 1148:Western esotericism 357:Interpreting dreams 302:ʿIlm akham an nugum 240:), the practice of 183:Emilie Savage-Smith 6117:Witches in fiction 6105:In popular culture 5679:historic treatises 4678:The New York Times 4651:. 16 February 2018 4561:. 24 November 2009 4559:Human Rights watch 3267:Orientalia Suecana 3176:Orientalia Suecana 3042:Orientalia Suecana 2840:BRILL, 18.10.2018 2032:ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 1933:Dubai Islamic Bank 1645: 1581:"is invoking God", 1078:Magic and religion 943:Magic and religion 847:Sulaimān ibn Dāwūd 784:(c. 980–1037) and 612:, was revealed to 538: 469:—spiritual beings; 429:or soothsaying is 143:". The Hans Wehr 138:entertaining magic 6194:Occultism (Islam) 6181: 6180: 6138:Witch (archetype) 6100: 6099: 6049: 6048: 5375:Sympathetic magic 5202: 5201: 4680:. 18 January 2017 4275:978-0-9783883-0-0 4237:Celia del Moral. 4224:978-0-85773-063-3 3531:978-0-691-16628-5 3466:978-3-110-33168-4 3445:978-0-595-37885-2 3439:, iUniverse 2006 3410:978-0-815-65070-6 3178:. LXI Suppl.: 183 3127:Tafsir Ibn Kathir 3044:. LXI Suppl.: 185 2754:978-90-04-38757-7 2667:978-0-691-15693-4 1929:confidence artist 1884:Ali Hussain Sibat 1842:of magicians, no 1635:In Muslim society 1626:manuscripts from 1608:Works about magic 1592:Quranic treatment 1186: 1185: 1038:Sympathetic magic 672:is mentioned in 658:Sahih al-Tirmidhi 610:hadith-literature 450:Other definitions 362:ʿIlm at-tillasmat 289:Branches of magic 18:Occultism (Islam) 16:(Redirected from 6226: 6112:Magic in fiction 5942:Northern Moravia 5896: 5876:Papua New Guinea 5844: 5628:Nine sorceresses 5380:Witches' Sabbath 5229:Ceremonial magic 5219:Apotropaic magic 5013: 4991: 4984: 4977: 4968: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4931: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4860:encyclopedia.com 4850: 4848: 4847: 4810: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4757: 4751: 4741: 4735: 4725: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4670: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4603: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4525: 4512: 4502: 4493: 4492: 4456: 4450: 4440: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4408: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4381:. Tarcher, p.52. 4375: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4331: 4321: 4304:(11): e0276872. 4289: 4280: 4279: 4261: 4255: 4248: 4242: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4207: 4201: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4151:encyclopedia.com 4140: 4134: 4131: 4125: 4115: 4106: 4096: 4085: 4075: 4066: 4056: 4047: 4037: 4031: 4027:John Lamoreaux. 4025: 4019: 4009: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3988:encyclopedia.com 3978: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3935:encyclopedia.com 3925: 3919: 3909: 3903: 3895: 3889: 3879: 3864: 3857: 3851: 3850:, May 2005, p.51 3843: 3837: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3809:encyclopedia.com 3799: 3793: 3783: 3777: 3767: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3746:encyclopedia.com 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3718:encyclopedia.com 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3690:encyclopedia.com 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3662:encyclopedia.com 3652: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3634:encyclopedia.com 3624: 3618: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3579: 3573: 3572:. Tarcher, p.90. 3566: 3560: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3496: 3490: 3475: 3469: 3456:Tobias Nünlist, 3454: 3448: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3413: 3398: 3392: 3382: 3373: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3344:. Tarcher, p.52. 3338: 3329: 3326: 3320: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3298: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3264: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3173: 3164: 3155: 3152: 3146: 3139: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3116:Cite Quran|27|19 3113: 3107: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3090: 3071: 3065: 3063:Q.10:2 quran.com 3060: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3039: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3001: 2996: 2990: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2965: 2955: 2944: 2934: 2928: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2881: 2870: 2860: 2849: 2834: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2800: 2759: 2758: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2720:encyclopedia.com 2711: 2680: 2679: 2643: 2637: 2627: 2618: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2556: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2528: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2494: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2465: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2433: 2427: 2417: 2408: 2398: 2385: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2344: 2315: 2312: 2306: 2296: 2290: 2289:. Tarcher, p.52. 2283: 2277: 2267: 2258: 2248: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2195: 2174: 2166: 2160: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2133: 2124: 1950:Asif Ali Zardari 1906: 1877: 1816:them, but it is 1711:Kitāb al-Hayawān 1693:jurist Abu Bakr 1621: 1615:Kitāb al-Fihrist 1375: 1364: 1255: 1250:al-tibaʿ al-tamm 1214: 1178: 1171: 1164: 978:Ceremonial magic 968:Apotropaic magic 938:History of magic 923: 900: 776:Ahmad Ibn Hanbal 589:Use of the Quran 382:ʿIlm al-Khafiyah 274:ʿUlum al-khafiya 270:ʿUlum al-gharība 168: 142: 21: 6234: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6121: 6096: 6065: 6045: 6007: 5961:Northern Europe 5956: 5925: 5885: 5835: 5678: 5672: 5555: 5549: 5488:Magical weapons 5438:Flying ointment 5389: 5234:Magical formula 5198: 5135: 5082:Greece and Rome 5004: 4995: 4958: 4956: 4949: 4934: 4897: 4865: 4863: 4853: 4845: 4843: 4836: 4821: 4818: 4813: 4801: 4797: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4742: 4738: 4726: 4719: 4709: 4707: 4698: 4697: 4693: 4683: 4681: 4672: 4671: 4664: 4654: 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3581: 3580: 3576: 3567: 3563: 3554: 3550: 3541: 3539: 3532: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3476: 3472: 3468:p. 289 (German) 3455: 3451: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3416: 3399: 3395: 3383: 3376: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3339: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3299: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3262: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3171: 3166: 3165: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3140: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3110: 3101: 3097: 3088: 3086: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3037: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2999:Quran.com 2:102 2997: 2993: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2956: 2947: 2935: 2931: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2891:. 9 August 2012 2883: 2882: 2873: 2861: 2852: 2835: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2802: 2801: 2762: 2755: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2713: 2712: 2683: 2668: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2628: 2621: 2600: 2596: 2558: 2557: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2504: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2467: 2466: 2455: 2445: 2443: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2418: 2411: 2399: 2388: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2346: 2345: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2297: 2293: 2284: 2280: 2268: 2261: 2249: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2220: 2197: 2196: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2177: 2167: 2163: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2060: 2040:Rashidun caliph 1972: 1945: 1921: 1904: 1892: 1875: 1859: 1831: 1801:99 names of God 1764: 1733:Salafi scholars 1674: 1647:According to a 1637: 1610: 1594: 1551: 1543: 1527: 1501: 1470: 1464: 1448: 1420: 1414: 1405: 1399: 1357:The evil eye, ( 1355: 1346: 1333: 1321: 1295: 1273: 1262: 1253: 1225:Azamtu ʿalaykum 1217: 1194: 1182: 1153: 1152: 1133:Magical formula 1123: 1122: 1113: 1112: 1093:Islam and magic 1073: 1072: 1063: 1062: 963: 962: 953: 952: 933: 932: 898: 767: 699: 694: 649: 591: 558:Hārūt and Mārūt 534:Harut and Marut 527: 515: 510: 452: 443: 418: 311:ʿIlm as-Simiya— 291: 246:divine presence 196: 166: 140: 114: 107: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6232: 6230: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6186: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6063: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6015: 6013: 6012:Western Europe 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5930:Eastern Europe 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5902: 5900: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5825: 5817: 5809: 5801: 5793: 5785: 5777: 5769: 5761: 5753: 5745: 5737: 5729: 5721: 5713: 5705: 5697: 5689: 5682: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5668:Witch of Endor 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5559: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5545:Witch's ladder 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5408: 5403: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5243: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5019: 5017: 5010: 5006: 5005: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4947: 4932: 4895: 4872: 4851: 4834: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4795: 4752: 4736: 4717: 4691: 4662: 4636: 4613: 4595: 4572: 4546: 4513: 4494: 4451: 4432: 4422: 4412: 4403: 4393: 4383: 4379:Magic in Islam 4367: 4343: 4281: 4274: 4256: 4243: 4230: 4223: 4202: 4189: 4164: 4135: 4126: 4118:Savage-Smith, 4107: 4099:Savage-Smith, 4086: 4078:Savage-Smith, 4067: 4059:Savage-Smith, 4048: 4040:Savage-Smith, 4032: 4020: 4012:Savage-Smith, 4001: 3973: 3948: 3920: 3912:Savage-Smith, 3904: 3890: 3865: 3852: 3838: 3830:Savage-Smith, 3822: 3794: 3786:Savage-Smith, 3778: 3776:: p.xxii-xxiii 3770:Savage-Smith, 3759: 3731: 3703: 3675: 3647: 3619: 3611:Savage-Smith, 3603: 3596: 3574: 3570:Magic in Islam 3561: 3548: 3530: 3510: 3491: 3470: 3449: 3428: 3414: 3400:Amira El-Zein 3393: 3374: 3358: 3346: 3342:Magic in Islam 3330: 3321: 3315:A. Guillaume, 3308: 3280: 3250: 3236: 3214: 3189: 3156: 3147: 3143:Magic in Islam 3131: 3119: 3108: 3095: 3066: 3055: 3025: 3011: 3002: 2991: 2983:Savage-Smith, 2975: 2966: 2945: 2937:Savage-Smith, 2929: 2914: 2902: 2871: 2863:Savage-Smith, 2850: 2820: 2760: 2753: 2733: 2681: 2666: 2638: 2630:Savage-Smith, 2619: 2594: 2540: 2512: 2486: 2453: 2428: 2409: 2386: 2378:Savage-Smith, 2370: 2316: 2307: 2299:Savage-Smith, 2291: 2287:Magic in Islam 2278: 2259: 2240: 2218: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2161: 2148: 2136: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2072: 2066: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2043: 2019: 2018: 2007: 2004: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988:sihr al-khumul 1971: 1968: 1959: 1958: 1944: 1941: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1891: 1888: 1858: 1855: 1830: 1827: 1822:ask their help 1763: 1760: 1737:Muhammad Abduh 1720:) and devils ( 1673: 1670: 1636: 1633: 1624:magico-medical 1609: 1606: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1550: 1547: 1542: 1539: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1515: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1481: 1466:Main article: 1463: 1460: 1456:ʿilm al-asārīr 1447: 1444: 1413: 1410: 1401:Main article: 1398: 1395: 1354: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1332: 1329: 1320: 1317: 1301:) is intended 1294: 1291: 1272: 1269: 1261: 1258: 1229:Ḥājjī Khalīfah 1216: 1210: 1193: 1190: 1184: 1183: 1181: 1180: 1173: 1166: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1124: 1121:Related topics 1120: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 964: 960: 959: 958: 955: 954: 951: 950: 945: 940: 934: 930: 929: 928: 925: 924: 916: 915: 909: 908: 897: 894: 829:Ottoman Empire 766: 763: 721:Ḥājjī Khalīfah 698: 695: 693: 690: 668:Witchcraft or 648: 645: 628:(Surah 1) and 590: 587: 549: 548: 526: 523: 514: 511: 509: 506: 505: 504: 498: 492: 482: 476: 470: 464: 451: 448: 442: 439: 417: 414: 413: 412: 406: 403:ʿIlm Taskhirāt 400: 399:" (forbidden). 386: 385: 379: 376:ʿIlm al-Kimiya 369: 368: 359: 350: 343:ʿIlm al-firasa 340: 337:ash-Sha'badhah 333:ʿIlm ar-Rimiya 330: 327:ʿIlm al-Himiya 324: 317:ʿIlm al-Limiya 314: 308: 290: 287: 286: 285: 263: 262: 261: 260: 253: 231: 195: 192: 113: 108: 106: 103: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6231: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6168:Folk religion 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5658:Three Witches 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5618:Morgan le Fay 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5463:Kitchen witch 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5114:Latin America 5112: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5046: 5043: 5039: 5038:Witch smeller 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4987: 4985: 4980: 4978: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4954: 4950: 4948:9780860787150 4944: 4940: 4939: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4893: 4892:9789004161214 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4841: 4837: 4835:9780860787150 4831: 4827: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4806: 4799: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4747: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4731: 4724: 4722: 4718: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4692: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4624: 4617: 4614: 4609: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4583: 4576: 4573: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4508: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4446: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4423: 4416: 4413: 4407: 4404: 4397: 4394: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4355: 4354: 4347: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4234: 4231: 4226: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4190: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4152: 4148: 4139: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4121: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4102: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4081: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4062: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4043: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4015: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3974: 3962: 3961:Islam Q&A 3958: 3952: 3949: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3921: 3917: 3915: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3885: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3833: 3826: 3823: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3795: 3791: 3789: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3773: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3732: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3704: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3676: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3648: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3614: 3607: 3604: 3599: 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' 105:Terminology 77:, and evil 67:black magic 6199:Witchcraft 6188:Categories 6153:Maleficium 6077:Witch-hunt 5881:Witch camp 5540:Witch ball 5483:Magic ring 5468:Love charm 5323:Necromancy 5318:Moon magic 5313:Mediumship 5308:Love magic 5293:Gray magic 5273:Divination 5072:Benandanti 5002:witchcraft 4959:2020-08-25 4866:1 December 4846:2020-08-25 4807:, May 2005 4748:, May 2005 4732:, May 2005 4584:. ABC News 4509:, May 2005 4447:, May 2005 4177:Iqra Sense 4157:1 December 4105:: p.xxxiii 4084:: p.xxxvii 4065:: p.xl-xli 3994:1 December 3967:2011-04-18 3941:1 December 3886:, May 2005 3815:1 December 3752:1 December 3724:1 December 3696:1 December 3668:1 December 3640:1 December 3542:2021-05-04 3389:, May 2005 3370:, May 2005 3243:2 December 3202:Sunnah.com 3089:2018-08-05 2962:, May 2005 2895:2 December 2813:2 December 2726:1 December 2533:2 December 2505:3 December 2479:2 December 2446:6 December 2424:, May 2005 2405:, May 2005 2274:, May 2005 2255:, May 2005 2109:References 1735:, such as 1685:Zamakshari 1661:witchcraft 1424:divination 1418:Divination 1412:Divination 1215:and spells 1058:Witchcraft 1018:Necromancy 1008:Invocation 1003:Gray magic 988:Divination 931:Background 863:Al-Ghazali 441:Witchcraft 416:Divination 59:divination 6054:Classical 5573:Baba Yaga 5556:mythology 5365:Spiritism 5355:Sex magic 5333:Shamanism 5328:Occultism 5283:Evocation 5278:Entheogen 5256:Damnation 5207:Practices 4928:159793466 4790:159793466 4768:(1): 60. 4489:159793466 4467:(1): 64. 4046:: p.xxxii 2943:: p.xxiii 2676:214333714 2589:159793466 2441:Quran.com 2228:217188843 2181:Citations 2036:Shia Imam 1982:treating 1768:Marrakesh 1700:A lot of 1695:al-Jaṣṣās 1657:talismans 1499:Sortilege 1462:Astrology 1299:al-Himiya 1236:creation. 1098:Mysticism 1028:Shamanism 1023:Sex magic 993:Evocation 886:Wahhabism 801:orthodoxy 626:Al-Fatiha 624:. Surahs 467:Rūḥanīyah 306:Astrology 278:occultism 83:evocation 63:occultism 6087:Pricking 5998:Scotland 5921:Virginia 5911:New York 5906:Maryland 5899:Americas 5648:Sorginak 5638:Pasiphaë 5530:Talisman 5500:Mojo bag 5448:Grimoire 5343:Regional 5288:Familiar 5251:Anathema 5167:Neopagan 5162:Medieval 5067:Akelarre 4953:Archived 4920:30037661 4840:Archived 4782:30037661 4649:BBC News 4481:30037661 4338:36417350 4298:PLOS ONE 4124:: p.xxxv 4018:: p.xxxi 3617:: p.xvii 3536:Archived 3447:page 173 3083:Archived 2581:30037661 2407:: p.53-4 2305:: p.xiii 2058:See also 2023:Al-Islam 1943:Pakistan 1814:threaten 1706:Al-Jahiz 1681:al-Falaq 1554:Miracles 1549:Miracles 1512:istiqsam 1428:al-Kindi 1397:Exorcism 1378:Ibn Sīnā 1293:Talisman 1198:shayatin 1071:Religion 905:a series 903:Part of 870:al-Kindi 811:isti'ana 782:Ibn Sina 614:Muhammad 606:Al-Falaq 366:Talisman 209:al-Ghayb 149:defines 71:evil eye 57:force), 6126:Related 6070:Related 5988:Iceland 5983:Finland 5978:England 5973:Denmark 5937:Hungary 5633:Obayifo 5563:Agamede 5520:Potions 5453:Incense 5394:Objects 5214:Animism 5189:Warlock 5124:Oceania 5107:Britain 4329:9683553 4306:Bibcode 3898:Gulf", 3412:page 77 2869:: p.xxx 2636:: p.xii 2080:Simiyya 1851:Nigeria 1836:Ottoman 1575:Karamat 1558:karāmāt 1368:, also 1366:al-ʿayn 1277:theurgy 1271:Theurgy 1206:theurgy 1108:Thelema 1048:Theurgy 843:Solomon 815:khawass 786:Al-Razi 754:Khawass 746:Wahhabi 714:khawass 634:barakah 583:Solomon 579:An-Naml 575:barakah 571:al-Isra 501:Karamat 427:Kahanat 423:Kaḥanat 250:henosis 242:rituals 234:Theurgy 99:khawass 91:amulets 51:sorcery 6039:Basque 6024:Geneva 6019:France 6003:Sweden 5993:Norway 5968:Baltic 5952:Russia 5947:Poland 5848:Modern 5832:(1751) 5824:(1647) 5816:(1627) 5808:(1608) 5800:(1599) 5792:(1597) 5784:(1595) 5776:(1593) 5768:(1591) 5760:(1584) 5752:(1563) 5744:(1509) 5736:(1489) 5728:(1487) 5720:(1484) 5712:(1475) 5704:(1440) 5696:(1376) 5643:Sebile 5598:Hecate 5568:Aradia 5515:Poppet 5510:Nkondi 5423:Censer 5406:Athame 5401:Amulet 5360:Sigils 5348:Yellow 5157:Hoodoo 5152:Goetia 5129:Mākutu 5057:Europe 5028:Azande 5023:Africa 5016:Region 4945: 4926: 4918: 4890: 4832: 4809:: p.62 4788: 4780: 4750:: p.61 4734:: p.59 4511:: p.65 4487: 4479: 4449:: p.50 4336: 4326: 4272: 4221: 4122:, 2004 4103:, 2004 4082:, 2004 4063:, 2004 4044:, 2004 4016:, 2004 3916:, 2004 3888:: p.51 3834:, 2004 3790:, 2004 3774:, 2004 3615:, 2004 3594: 3528: 3489:p. 156 3485: 3464: 3443: 3408: 3391:: p.64 3372:: p.54 3234: 3106:p. 124 2987:, 2004 2964:: p.63 2941:, 2004 2912:, p. 7 2867:, 2004 2844: 2751: 2674: 2664: 2634:, 2004 2613: 2587: 2579: 2501:. 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