584:
as a temporary prison. A British subject at the scene claimed he witnessed the shooting deaths of thirty unarmed prisoners during this march, by both Greeks in the crowd and Greek troops. British officers in the harbor reported seeing Greek troops bayoneting multiple
Turkish prisoners during the march and then saw them thrown into the sea. In the chaos, looting of Turkish houses began, and by the end of the day three to four hundred Turks had been killed. One hundred Greeks were also killed, including two soldiers. Violence continued the next day and for the next months as Greek troops took over towns and villages in the region and atrocities were committed by both ethnic groups, notably the
3073:
654:
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that when a Greek witness and
Turkish witness disagreed, a European witness would be used to provide the conclusions for the report. This system was dismissed by Venizelos because he claimed that the Europeans living in Smyrna benefited from privileges given to them under the Ottoman rule and were thus opposed to Greek rule. The report was released to negotiators in October and generally found Greeks responsible for the bloodshed related to the landing and the violence throughout the Smyrna zone after the landing. In addition, the conclusions questioned the fundamental justification for the Greek occupation and suggested Greek troops be replaced by an allied force.
705:
functionaries remained in low positions. Urgent steps were required for the organization of a local administration as soon as the Greek army secured control of the region. A significant obstacle during the first period of the Greek administration was the absence of a clear definition of the Greek mandate. In this context the coexistence of interallied authorities whose functions often overlapped with that of the Greek authorities resulted in a series of misunderstandings and friction between the two sides. This situation resulted after a decision by the
Supreme Allied Council that all movements of the Greek army had to be approved by Field Marshal
63:
247:
222:
685:
interrupted and ended a sermon by the bishop
Chrysostomos that he believed to be incendiary. Troops would disobey his orders to not abuse the Turkish population often putting him in conflict with the military. On 14 July 1919, the acting foreign secretary sent a long critical telegraph to Venizelos suggesting that Stergiadis be removed and writing that "His sick neuroticism has reached a climax." Venizelos continued to support Stergiadis despite this opposition, while the latter oversaw a number of projects planning for a permanent Greek administration of Smyrna.
689:
681:
Greek soldiers responsible for violence on 15–16 May with court martial and created a commission to decide on payment for victims (made up of representatives from Great
Britain, France, Italy and other allies). Stergiadis took a strict stance against discrimination of the Turkish population and opposed church leaders and the local Greek population on a number of occasions. Historians disagree about whether this was a genuine stance against discrimination or whether it was an attempt to present a positive vision of the occupation to the allies.
823:
926:, as head of the new university. In the summer of 1922, its facilities were completed at a cost of 110,000 Turkish liras. The latter included 70 lecture rooms, a large amphitheatre, a number of laboratories and separate smaller structures for the university personnel. Its various schools and departments of the university were to start operating gradually. Moreover, a microbiology laboratory, the local Pasteur institute and the department of health became the first fields of instruction at the new university.
90:
645:. Milne warned in his report that Turkish guerrilla action would continue as long as the Greeks continued to occupy Smyrna and questioned the justification for Greek occupation. Most importantly, his report developed a border that would separate the Smyrna zone from the rest of Anatolia. The council of Great Britain, France, U.S. and Italy approved the Milne line beyond which Greek troops were not to cross, except to pursue attackers but not more than 3 km beyond the line.
1306:
388:
494:(to bring areas with a majority Greek population or with historical or religious ties to Greece under control of the Greek state) and supported by Lloyd George, began a large propaganda effort to promote their claim to Smyrna including establishing a mission under the foreign minister in the city. Moreover, the Greek claim over the Smyrna area (which appeared to have a clear Greek majority, although exact percentages varied depending on the source) were supported by
1290:
399:
848:
75:
548:
1382:
597:
560:
330:, firmly opposed discrimination against the Turkish population by the administration; however, ethnic tensions and discrimination remained. Stergiadis also began work on projects involving resettlement of Greek refugees, the foundations for a university, and some public health projects. Smyrna was a major base of operations for Greek troops in Anatolia during the
468:. These negotiations began in February 1919 and each country had distinct negotiating preferences about Smyrna. The French, who had large investments in the region, took a position for territorial integrity of a Turkish state that would include the zone of Smyrna. The British were at a loggerhead over the issue with the
634:, a main British diplomat, dismissed the larger conclusion by saying the commission had overstepped its mandate. In the negotiations after the report, Clemenceau reminded Venizelos that the occupation of Smyrna was not permanent and merely a political solution. Venizelos responded angrily and the negotiators moved on.
575:, blessed the first troops as they arrived. An inexperienced colonel was in charge of the operation and neither the appointed high commissioner nor high-ranking military individuals were there for the landing, resulting in miscommunication and a breakdown of discipline. Most significantly, this resulted in the
488:, opposed this suggestion and wanting Smyrna to be under separate administration. The Italian position was that Smyrna was rightfully their possession and so the diplomats would refuse to make any comments when Greek control over the area was discussed. The Greek government, pursuing Venizelos' support for the
1393:
Greek troops evacuated Smyrna on 9 September 1922 and a small allied force of
British entered the city to prevent looting and violence. The next day, Mustafa Kemal, leading a number of troops, entered the city and was greeted by enthusiastic Turkish crowds. Atrocities by Turkish troops and irregulars
1301:
In 1920, the Smyrna zone became a key base for the Greek summer offensive in the Greco-Turkish War. Early in July 1920, the allies approved operations by the Greeks to take over
Eastern Thrace and territory around Smyrna as part of ongoing hostilities with the Turkish Nationalist movement. On 22 July
567:
On 14 May 1919, the Greek mission in Smyrna read a statement announcing that Greek troops would be arriving the next day in the city. Smith reports that this news was "received with great emotion" by the Greek population of the city while thousands of
Turkish residents gathered in the hill that night
532:
supported a Greek military occupation of Smyrna. Although Smyrna would be occupied by Greek troops, authorized by the Allies, the Allies did not agree that Greece would take sovereignty over the territory until further negotiations settled this issue. The
Italian delegation acquiesced to this outcome
1354:
in
September 1921 resulted in a retreat of Greek forces to the 1920 lines. The ensuing retreat resulted in massive civilian casualties and atrocities committed by Greek and Turkish troops. Jensen summarizes the violence writing that "The Turkish population was subjected to horrible atrocities by the
839:
Following the Treaty of Sèvres, all sections of the Ottoman administration that dealt with issues pertaining to Muslim religion, education and family affairs were organized by the High Commission. Under this context a special polytechnic school was established in Smyrna which soon operated with 210
629:
for the United States, General Bunoust for France, General Hare for England, General Dall'olio for Italy and, as a non-voting observer, Colonel Mazarakis for Greece. It began work in August 1919 and interviewed 175 witnesses and visited multiple sites of alleged atrocities. The decision reached was
583:
and the barracks of Ottoman troops. Someone fired a shot (Smith indicates that no one knows who) and chaos resulted, with the Greek troops firing multiple shots into the konak and the barracks. The Ottoman troops surrendered and the Greek regiment began marching them up the coast to a ship to serve
523:
would not be given to them in the peace outcome. Lloyd George saw an opportunity to break the impasse over Smyrna with the absence of the Italian delegation and, according to Jensen, he "concocted a report that an armed uprising of Turkish guerrillas in the Smyrna area was seriously endangering the
1325:
which was designed to discuss mostly issues of Germany, but because of increasing power of the nationalist forces under Kemal, the discussion shifted to focus on Smyrna. French pressure and divisions within the British government resulted in Lloyd George accepting a time frame of 5 years for Greek
684:
This stance against discrimination of the Turkish population often pitted Stergiadis against the local Greek population, the church and the army. He reportedly would carry a stick through the town with which he would beat Greeks that were being abusive of Turkish citizens. At one point, Stergiadis
1342:
In October 1920, Venizelos lost his position as Prime Minister of Greece. French and Italians used this opportunity to remove their support and financial obligations to the Smyrna occupation and this left the British as the only force supporting the Greek occupation. Smyrna remained a key base of
680:
was appointed the high commissioner of Smyrna in February and arrived in the city four days after the 15 May landing. Stergiadis immediately went to work in setting up an administration, easing ethnic violence, and making way for permanent annexation of Smyrna. Stergiadis immediately punished the
502:
which emphasized the right to autonomous development for minorities in Anatolia. In negotiations, despite French and Italian objections, by the middle of February 1919 Lloyd George shifted the discussion to how Greek administration would work and not whether Greek administration would happen. To
843:
However, nationalist sentiments and suspicion continued to limit the impacts of Stergiadis' administration. The resettlement of Greeks and harsh treatment by the army and local Greek population led many Turkish residents to leave which created a refugee problem. Discrimination by junior Greek
453:, the Greek Prime Minister at the time, promised large parts of the Anatolian coast to Greece, including Smyrna. Venizelos resigned from his position shortly after this communication, but when he had formally returned to power in June 1917, Greece entered the war on the side of the Entente.
704:
The Greek consulate building became the center of government. Since Ottoman sovereignty was not replaced with the occupation, their administrative structure continued to exist but Stergiadis simply replaced senior positions with Greeks (except for the post for Muslim Affairs) while Turkish
796:
by the Ottoman authorities, assumed top priority, already from May 1919. The Greek authorities wanted to avoid a situation where refugees would return without the necessary supervision and planning. For this purpose, a special department was created within the High Commission.
1409:
The evacuation of Smyrna by Greek troops ended most of the large scale fighting in the Greco-Turkish war which was formally ended with an Armistice and a final treaty on 24 July 1923 with the Treaty of Lausanne. Much of the Greek population was included in the 1923
325:
on 15 May 1919 was celebrated by the substantial local Greek population but quickly resulted in ethnic violence in the area. This violence decreased international support for the occupation and led to a rise in Turkish nationalism. The high commissioner of Smyrna,
1334:
agreed to on 10 August 1920. Because the treaty largely ignored the rise of nationalist forces and the ethnic tension in the Smyrna zone, Montgomery has described the Treaty of Sèvres as "stillborn". However, with the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres, the Ottoman
2079:
As the refugees crowded into the city, massacres, rape and looting, mainly but not exclusively by the irregulars, became the unspoken order of the day... Finally, the streets and houses of Smyrna were soaked in petrol... and on 13 September the city was set
961:
1774:
871:
settlements in the area, mainly found in the surroundings of the urban areas, as well as along the coastal zone. The most important excavation were conducted during 1921–1922, where important findings were unearthed in the
518:
In April 1919, the Italians landed and took over Antalya and began showing signs of moving troops towards Smyrna. During the negotiations at about the same time, the Italian delegation walked out when it became clear that
617:
on 19 May 1919). Several demonstrations were held by Turkish people in Constantinople condemning the occupation of Smyrna. Between 100,000 and 150,000 people gathered in a meeting at Sultanahmet square organized by the
954:
608:
The landing and reports of the violence had a large impact on many parties. The landing helped bring together the various groups of Turkish resistance into an organized movement (further assisted by the landing of
947:
568:
lighting fires and beating drums in protest. The same night, thousands of Turkish prisoners were released from a prison with the complicity of the Ottoman and Italian commanders in charge of the prison.
811:
In general the period of the Greek administration experienced a continuous movement of refugee populations aided by charitable institutions such as the Red Cross and the Greek "Patriotic Institution" (
571:
Greek occupation of Smyrna started on 15 May 1919 where a large crowd gathered waving the Greek kingdom flags on the docks where the Greek troops were expected to arrive. The Metropolitan of Smyrna,
1394:
against the Greek and Armenian population occurred immediately after the takeover. Most notably, Chrysostomos, the Orthodox Bishop, was lynched by a mob of Turkish citizens. A few days afterward, a
1313:
International negotiations between the allies and the Ottoman administration largely ignored the increasing conflict. In early 1920, Lloyd George was able to convince the new French Prime Minister,
819:). In total, 100,000 Greeks who had lost their land during World War I, many a result of Ottoman discrimination, were resettled under Stergiadis, given generous credit, and access to farm tools.
464:. Great Britain, Greece, Italy, France, and the United States began discussing what the treaty provisions regarding the partition of Ottoman territory would be, negotiations which resulted in the
361:
deaths range from 10,000 to 100,000. With the end of the occupation of Smyrna, major combat in Anatolia between Greek and Turkish forces largely ended, and on 24 July 1923, the parties signed the
3753:
1778:
2459:
2225:
989:
2795:
2412:
2368:
2472:
3748:
1587:
Finefrock, Michael M. (1980). "Ataturk, Lloyd George and the Megali Idea: Cause and Consequence of the Greek Plan to Seize Constantinople from the Allies, June–August 1922".
625:
As a response to the claims of violence, the French Prime Minister Clemenceau suggested an Interallied Commission of Inquiry to Smyrna: the commission was made up of Admiral
808:) had been destroyed during World War I. Especially from the 45,000 households belonging to local Greeks, 18,000 were partially damaged, while 23,000 completely destroyed.
507:, to discuss how the zone of Smyrna would operate and what its impacts would be on the population. Following this discussion, in late February 1919, Venezilos appointed
896:
in Ephesus. In general, the excavations undertaken by the Greek administration provided interesting material concerning the history of Ancient Greek and Byzantine Art.
3763:
485:
3778:
3616:
2551:
1229:
2432:
2342:
1411:
1330:
at that point. These decisions, i.e. regarding a Greek administration but with limited Turkish sovereignty and a 5-year limit, were included in the text of the
712:
The administration of the Smyrna zone was organized in units largely based on the former Ottoman system. Apart from the kaza of Smyrna and the adjacent area of
579:
landing north of where they were to take up their post. They had to march south, passing a large part of the Greek celebratory crowds, the Ottoman governor's
2982:
1355:
retreating troops and accompanying civilian Christian mobs. The pursuing Turkish cavalry did not hesitate in kind on the Christian populace; the road from
3773:
3571:
1846:
1800:
622:
and Türk Ocağı. In Great Britain and France, the reports of violence increased opposition in the governments to a permanent Greek control over the area.
446:
1398:
the Greek and Armenian quarters of the city, while the Turkish and Jewish quarters remained undamaged. On the Turkish side, the events are known as the
524:
Greek and other Christian minorities." Both to protect local Christians and also to limit increasing Italian action in Anatolia, French Prime Minister
2911:
2218:
240:
3072:
2395:
2878:
3566:
2951:
2758:
1112:
62:
3014:
1510:
461:
2961:
2182:"Greek Atrocities in the Vilayet of Smyrna (May to July 1919) Inedited Documents and Evidence of English and French Officers (First Series)"
2211:
653:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3662:
445:
and surrounding provinces presumably including Smyrna. But in later 1915, as an inducement to enter the war, British Foreign Secretary
3496:
3601:
2685:
2055:
1037:
935:
331:
153:
2423:
2321:
2065:
2035:
1758:
1731:
1469:
1302:
1920, Greek military divisions crossed the Milne line around the Smyrna zone and began military operations in the rest of Anatolia.
3768:
2808:
2541:
3722:
3465:
1459:
3699:
3667:
2248:
481:
382:
314:
2753:
1107:
3672:
3652:
3631:
3516:
2748:
1102:
2196:
1748:
800:
A survey conducted by the refugees department indicated that more than 150 towns and villages along the coastal area (from
3758:
2347:
2337:
867:
Archaeological missions in Asia Minor were of significant importance for the High Commission. Excavations were focused on
706:
638:
3828:
3586:
3460:
3455:
2092:
Stewart, Matthew (1 January 2003). "It Was All a Pleasant Business: The Historical Context of 'On the Quai at Smyrna'".
1444:
666:
392:
378:
688:
3705:
3576:
2931:
2868:
2607:
2234:
1160:
972:
911:
905:
852:
2665:
2160:
1721:
1216:
716:
which were under the direct control of the Smyrna High Commission, the remaining zone was divided into one province (
1814:
3727:
3682:
2778:
2442:
2286:
1132:
923:
919:
856:
642:
601:
74:
2258:
3581:
3556:
3531:
3511:
3506:
3052:
3007:
2834:
2829:
2783:
2276:
1423:
1137:
910:
Another important project undertaken during the Greek administration was the institution and organization of the
338:
2660:
2594:
2521:
1211:
1147:
1002:
822:
3541:
3405:
662:
2584:
2526:
2482:
2042:
Kemal's triumphant entry into Smyrna... as Greek and Armenian inhabitants were raped, mutilated, and murdered.
1252:
1009:
610:
342:
2504:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3783:
3677:
3657:
3647:
3591:
3057:
2941:
2926:
2773:
2693:
2579:
2477:
1717:
1237:
1127:
1045:
542:
422:
322:
3410:
3390:
3176:
3037:
2921:
2738:
2617:
2531:
2467:
1399:
1170:
1092:
1019:
997:
572:
426:
346:
2655:
2650:
2494:
2402:
1206:
1201:
3561:
3526:
3501:
3445:
3435:
2860:
2803:
2763:
2612:
2516:
2373:
2301:
2167:
of the Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry into the Greek Occupation of Smyrna and Adjoining Territories.
1498:
1376:
1344:
1276:
1165:
1117:
1014:
915:
792:
The repatriation of the Asia Minor Greeks who had sought refuge in the Greek Kingdom as a result of the
677:
658:
512:
508:
450:
414:
327:
303:
286:
134:
2499:
801:
2675:
2177:
3606:
3521:
3400:
3117:
3000:
2956:
2936:
2559:
2306:
2181:
1386:
1368:
1294:
1262:
893:
626:
576:
350:
2170:
3711:
3536:
3480:
3415:
2901:
2873:
2743:
2728:
2437:
1331:
1314:
1097:
1082:
827:
465:
457:
407:
374:
282:
2896:
387:
3717:
3611:
3596:
3450:
3216:
3207:
3111:
2966:
2627:
2569:
2109:
1877:
1650:
1604:
1569:
1403:
1372:
1242:
1178:
844:
administrators and military members further contributed to Turkish hostility in the Smyrna zone.
525:
477:
362:
2733:
2670:
1750:
Language, religion and national identity in Europe and the Middle East : a historical study
1305:
1289:
1221:
1087:
585:
1899:
3693:
3621:
3359:
3062:
2713:
2489:
2390:
2253:
2061:
2031:
2025:
1840:
1794:
1754:
1727:
1506:
1465:
1351:
1327:
1067:
1024:
847:
580:
504:
227:
115:
46:
1343:
operations for the ongoing war through the rest of 1920 and 1921, particularly under General
3687:
3626:
3395:
3385:
2839:
2824:
2635:
2417:
2296:
2132:
2101:
1869:
1642:
1596:
1561:
1186:
889:
398:
318:
89:
3475:
3343:
3318:
3164:
3105:
2768:
2718:
2645:
2574:
2564:
2316:
2291:
2281:
2164:
1336:
1257:
1247:
1196:
1122:
1072:
619:
511:, a close political ally, the High Commissioner of Smyrna (appointed over political riser
499:
353:
burnt large parts of the city (including most of the Greek and Armenian areas). Estimated
3546:
3440:
3425:
3148:
3123:
3087:
3042:
2946:
2888:
2723:
2708:
2640:
2602:
2385:
2311:
1395:
1191:
1155:
1077:
1062:
868:
812:
793:
787:
759:
747:
743:
728:
717:
547:
529:
495:
430:
418:
403:
294:
641:
was tasked by the allies with devising a solution to Italian and Greek tension in the
429:(with Germany and Austria-Hungary) and joined France, Great Britain and Russia in the
3742:
3551:
3364:
3302:
2536:
2380:
2363:
2113:
1881:
1654:
1608:
1573:
1029:
1381:
3420:
2703:
2407:
1057:
885:
473:
17:
1633:
Montgomery, A. E. (1972). "The Making of the Treaty of Sèvres of 10 August 1920".
751:
739:
596:
1321:. Negotiations were further refined in April 1920 at a meeting of the parties in
3292:
3170:
3023:
2192:
755:
490:
559:
3430:
3212:
3193:
3129:
3047:
2203:
1873:
1646:
1565:
1318:
877:
775:
631:
469:
434:
939:
3333:
3323:
3308:
3297:
3277:
358:
713:
2157:
2105:
345:. After the Turkish advance on Smyrna, a mob murdered the Orthodox bishop
3272:
3267:
3252:
3093:
2188:
1821:
767:
552:
438:
278:
2171:"Remembering Smyrna/Izmir: Shared History, Shared Trauma" by Leyla Neyzi
2133:"Greece in Asia Minor: The Greek Administration in the Vilayet of Aydin"
460:
was signed between the Entente powers and the Ottoman Empire ending the
3287:
3282:
3262:
3247:
3242:
3158:
1356:
1322:
881:
805:
771:
763:
692:
442:
1860:
Goldstein, Erik (1989). "Great Britain and Greater Greece 1917–1920".
1726:(New edition, 2nd impression ed.). London: C. Hurst. p. 92.
3369:
3327:
3313:
3202:
3154:
614:
520:
354:
274:
265:
101:
840:
Muslim students and with costs covered by the Greek administration.
1600:
437:
and, if the partition of the Ottoman Empire were to occur, land in
3338:
3257:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3197:
3099:
1552:
Jensen, Peter Kincaid (1979). "The Greco-Turkish War, 1920–1922".
1380:
1304:
1288:
873:
846:
821:
687:
652:
595:
558:
546:
397:
386:
337:
The Greek occupation of Smyrna ended on 9 September 1922 with the
3470:
29:
Greek administration of the area around Smyrna/İzmir (1919–1922)
2996:
2207:
1461:
The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence Since 1878
943:
2992:
1486:
Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe
2027:
Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places
503:
further this aim, he brought in a set of experts, including
476:
promoting the territorial integrity idea and Prime Minister
1339:
Izzet Bey handed over authority over Smyrna to Stergiadis.
2057:
The Great Sea : A Human History of the Mediterranean
1501:; Rudolph J. Rummel (1994). "Turkey's Genocidal Purges".
1326:
control over Smyrna with the issue to be decided by the
657:
The Greek leadership in October 1920: High Commissioner
413:
At the end of World War I (1914–1918), attention of the
1901:. Cambridge University Press, 20 June 2002 – 308 pages.
1488:. Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 52.
892:
monuments were also unearthed, such as the 6th century
918:
and entrusted to Professor German-Greek mathematician
727:): that of Manisa, as well as the following counties (
695:
in front of the headquarters of the High Commissioner.
1317:
to accept Greek control of Smyrna, but under Turkish
2369:
United States during the Turkish War of Independence
2024:
Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (2013).
1723:
Ionian Vision : Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922
855:, was established in December 1920 and organized by
3640:
3489:
3378:
3352:
3186:
3139:
3080:
3030:
2910:
2887:
2859:
2852:
2817:
2794:
2684:
2626:
2593:
2550:
2458:
2451:
2356:
2330:
2267:
2241:
914:. Originally conceived by the Greek Prime Minister
308:
261:
177:
167:
148:
128:
114:
107:
97:
36:
2060:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 287.
1983:
1981:
1979:
1402:, while on the Greek side, they are known as the
417:focused on the partition of the territory of the
1414:resulting in migration to Greece and elsewhere.
3179:(1918–23 with France, Italy and United Kingdom)
637:At about the same time, British Field Marshal
321:population living in and around the city. The
289:authorized the occupation and creation of the
3754:States and territories disestablished in 1922
3008:
2219:
1412:population exchange between Greece and Turkey
955:
649:Administration of the Smyrna Zone (1919–1922)
285:from 15 May 1919 until 9 September 1922. The
8:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1554:International Journal of Middle East Studies
563:Greek soldiers taking their posts, May 1919.
3749:States and territories established in 1919
3572:Provisional Government of National Defence
3015:
3001:
2993:
2856:
2455:
2226:
2212:
2204:
1424:Outline and timeline of the Greek genocide
962:
948:
940:
88:
33:
1547:
1545:
1543:
533:and the Greek occupation was authorized.
281:) and surrounding areas were under Greek
241:Government of the Grand National Assembly
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
888:. Apart from ancient Greek antiquities,
3764:Former countries of the interwar period
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1464:. Oxford University Press. p. 92.
1435:
106:
96:
3567:Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus
2138:. University of London, King's College
1845:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1838:
1799:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1792:
1753:. Amsterdam : Benjamins. p. 243.
1359:to Smyrna lay littered with corpses."
3779:Territories under military occupation
2197:Imprimerie Petter, Giesser & Held
930:Developments in the Greco-Turkish War
788:Greek genocide § Relief efforts
194:
190:
176:
166:
162:
127:
123:
113:
7:
1293:Greek soldiers and civilians at the
313:) during negotiations regarding the
3663:Convention of Constantinople (1881)
3177:Constantinople, Zone of the Straits
894:Basilica of St. John the Theologian
3497:Party of Radicals (Ionian Islands)
665:and his chief of staff, Maj. Gen.
391:Allied troops marching during the
25:
3466:Northern Epirus Liberation Front
3071:
2952:Conference of London (1921–1922)
2180:(Lausanne, Switzerland) (1919).
245:
220:
73:
61:
3668:Treaty of Constantinople (1897)
2478:First Offensive of Sulaymaniyah
2249:Partition of the Ottoman Empire
1309:Greek soldiers retreating, 1922
700:Structure of the administration
604:in Istanbul for national unity.
383:Partition of the Ottoman Empire
315:partition of the Ottoman Empire
3673:Greek-Serbian Alliance of 1913
3653:Greek-Serbian Alliance of 1867
2348:Grand National Assembly (1923)
2343:Grand National Assembly (1920)
2131:Solomonidis, Victoria (1984).
415:Allied Powers (Entente Powers)
1:
3774:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
3602:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
2429:Ankara Government and Georgia
1589:The Journal of Modern History
936:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
794:deportations and persecutions
332:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
3587:Occupation of Constantinople
3456:Georgios Christakis-Zografos
2809:Liberation of Constantinople
2542:Liberation of Constantinople
555:'s coastal street, May 1919.
462:Ottoman front of World War I
393:Occupation of Constantinople
379:Occupation of Constantinople
3706:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
3700:Venizelos–Tittoni agreement
3577:National Defence Army Corps
3167:(1914–17, 1919–21, 1940–41)
2932:Conference of London (1920)
2235:Turkish War of Independence
1896:A concise History of Greece
912:Ionian University of Smyrna
906:Ionian University of Smyrna
853:Ionian University of Smyrna
449:in private discussion with
309:
3845:
3804:1922 in the Ottoman Empire
3799:1921 in the Ottoman Empire
3794:1920 in the Ottoman Empire
3789:1919 in the Ottoman Empire
3728:Treaty of Guarantee (1960)
3683:Treaty of Bucharest (1913)
2443:Yalova Peninsula massacres
2287:Sultanahmet demonstrations
2030:. Routledge. p. 351.
1505:. Transaction Publishers.
1366:
1350:A significant loss at the
933:
903:
863:Archaeological excavations
785:
540:
425:, by which Italy left the
372:
3718:Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
3532:1878 Macedonian rebellion
3517:Cretan revolt (1866–1869)
3512:1867 Macedonian rebellion
3507:1854 Macedonian rebellion
3069:
3053:Greek War of Independence
2979:
2338:Ottoman Parliament (1919)
2277:Turkish National Movement
2014:Solomonidis, 1984, p. 188
2005:Solomonidis, 1984, p. 186
1996:Solomonidis, 1984, p. 184
1987:Solomonidis, 1984, p. 182
1973:Solomonidis, 1984, p. 180
1964:Solomonidis, 1984, p. 179
1955:Solomonidis, 1984, p. 171
1946:Solomonidis, 1984, p. 165
1937:Solomonidis, 1984, p. 162
1928:Solomonidis, 1984, p. 154
1919:Solomonidis, 1984, p. 138
1910:Solomonidis, 1984, p. 132
1874:10.1017/s0018246x00012188
1647:10.1017/S0018246X0000354X
1566:10.1017/s0020743800051333
983:
816:
758:, Karaburna, Sivrihisar,
732:
721:
551:Greek troops marching on
433:, Italy was promised the
349:and a few days later the
339:Turkish capture of Smyrna
298:
199:
195:
191:
187:
163:
144:
140:
124:
87:
57:
52:
44:
3632:1974 Cypriot coup d'état
3542:Greco-Turkish War (1897)
3406:Alexandros Koumoundouros
2739:Summer Offensive of 1920
2532:Summer Offensive of 1920
2176:Permanent Bureau of the
2054:Abulafia, David (2011).
1718:Llewellyn-Smith, Michael
826:Arrival of Crown Prince
782:Repatriation of refugees
663:Leonidas Paraskevopoulos
592:Reactions to the landing
456:On 30 October 1918, the
3678:Treaty of London (1913)
3658:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
3648:Treaty of London (1864)
3592:Greek landing at Smyrna
3173:(1919–22 as dependency)
3058:First Hellenic Republic
2779:Liberation of Balıkesir
2580:Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur
2322:Grand National Assembly
1458:Biondich, Mark (2011).
920:Constantin Carathéodory
857:Constantin Carathéodory
543:Greek landing at Smyrna
537:Greek landing at Smyrna
423:Treaty of London (1915)
341:by troops commanded by
3723:Treaty of Paris (1947)
3411:Dimitrios Kalapothakis
3391:Aristotelis Valaoritis
3038:Fall of Constantinople
2962:Conference of Lausanne
2922:Treaty of Alexandropol
2879:Paris Peace Conference
2163:5 October 2018 at the
1862:The Historical Journal
1635:The Historical Journal
1390:
1310:
1298:
859:
831:
696:
669:
605:
564:
556:
410:
395:
317:to protect the ethnic
179:• Disestablished
3769:20th century in İzmir
3562:Himara revolt of 1912
3527:Epirus Revolt of 1878
3502:Epirus Revolt of 1854
3446:Themistoklis Sofoulis
3436:Eleftherios Venizelos
2804:Bombardment of Samsun
2374:Bombardment of Samsun
2259:King–Crane Commission
2106:10.1353/hem.2004.0014
1747:Myhill, John (2006).
1499:Irving Louis Horowitz
1404:Catastrophe of Smyrna
1384:
1377:On the Quai at Smyrna
1367:Further information:
1345:Georgios Hatzianestis
1308:
1292:
1093:1920 Summer Offensive
1020:1920 Summer Offensive
916:Eleftherios Venizelos
850:
825:
691:
678:Aristeidis Stergiadis
659:Aristeidis Stergiadis
656:
643:Menderes River Valley
599:
562:
550:
513:Themistoklis Sofoulis
509:Aristeidis Stergiadis
451:Eleftherios Venizelos
401:
390:
373:Further information:
343:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
328:Aristeidis Stergiadis
135:Aristeidis Stergiadis
3759:Occupation of Smyrna
3607:Great Fire of Smyrna
3522:Cretan revolt (1878)
3401:Macedonian Committee
3379:People/Organizations
3118:North Aegean islands
2957:Armistice of Mudanya
2937:Cilicia Peace Treaty
2869:Conference of London
2094:The Hemingway Review
1387:Great fire of Smyrna
1369:Great Fire of Smyrna
1148:Turkish–Armenian War
924:Göttingen University
627:Mark Lambert Bristol
577:1/38 Evzone Regiment
351:Great Fire of Smyrna
3829:Military occupation
3537:Macedonian Struggle
3481:Dimitrios Ioannidis
3416:Stephanos Dragoumis
2874:San Remo conference
2495:Battle of Babaçiçek
2438:Samsun deportations
2433:Population exchange
2424:Personae non gratae
1503:Death by Government
1484:Naimark, Norman M.
1400:Liberation of İzmir
1315:Alexandre Millerand
528:and U.S. President
458:Armistice of Mudros
375:Armistice of Mudros
283:military occupation
169:• Established
18:Occupation of Izmir
3612:1931 Cyprus Revolt
3597:Republic of Pontus
3461:Theodoros Pangalos
3451:Nikolaos Plastiras
3217:Cappadocian Greeks
3161:(1912–13, 1920–23)
2967:Treaty of Lausanne
2570:Kuva-yi Inzibatiye
2302:Balıkesir Congress
1827:on 21 October 2012
1391:
1373:Treaty of Lausanne
1311:
1299:
1295:Smyrna clock tower
1179:Franco-Turkish War
860:
832:
697:
670:
667:Theodoros Pangalos
606:
565:
557:
526:Georges Clemenceau
478:David Lloyd George
411:
396:
363:Treaty of Lausanne
154:Greco-Turkish War
3736:
3735:
3694:Protocol of Corfu
3622:Greco-Italian War
3360:Greek nationalism
3063:Kingdom of Greece
2990:
2989:
2975:
2974:
2848:
2847:
2784:Capture of Smyrna
2560:Koçgiri rebellion
2500:Özdemir Operation
2490:Tal Afar uprising
2391:Burning of Smyrna
2307:Alaşehir Congress
2254:Khilafat Movement
1512:978-1-56000-927-6
1352:Battle of Sakarya
1328:League of Nations
1286:
1285:
1113:Kütahya–Eskişehir
1038:Greco-Turkish War
990:Anglo-Turkish War
817:Πατριωτικό Ίδρυμα
673:High commissioner
588:on 27 June 1919.
505:Arnold J. Toynbee
421:. As part of the
406:according to the
402:Partition of the
307:
271:
270:
257:
256:
253:
252:
233:
232:
228:Vilayet of Smyrna
157:
130:• 1919–1922
116:High Commissioner
16:(Redirected from
3836:
3712:Treaty of Sèvres
3688:Treaty of Athens
3627:Cyprus Emergency
3396:Ethniki Etaireia
3386:Ioannis Kolettis
3196:which included:
3075:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2994:
2942:Treaty of Ankara
2927:Treaty of Moscow
2902:Treaty of Sèvres
2857:
2676:Alemdar Incident
2522:Şehzadebaşı raid
2513:Eskişehir (1920)
2473:Al-Jazeera Front
2456:
2418:Menemen massacre
2403:Kaç Kaç incident
2297:Erzurum Congress
2228:
2221:
2214:
2205:
2200:
2186:
2178:Turkish Congress
2147:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2118:
2117:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1894:Clogg, Richard.
1892:
1886:
1885:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1826:
1820:. Archived from
1819:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1781:on 23 March 2014
1777:. Archived from
1771:
1765:
1764:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1714:
1659:
1658:
1630:
1613:
1612:
1595:(1): 1047–1066.
1584:
1578:
1577:
1549:
1518:
1516:
1495:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1455:
1449:
1440:
1332:Treaty of Sèvres
978:
977:
964:
957:
950:
941:
818:
734:
723:
466:Treaty of Sèvres
408:Treaty of Sèvres
365:ending the war.
312:
302:
300:
249:
248:
237:
236:
224:
223:
217:
216:
201:
200:
183:9 September 1922
159:
155:
92:
77:
65:
34:
21:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3636:
3485:
3476:Georgios Grivas
3431:Military League
3374:
3348:
3319:Eastern Rumelia
3182:
3165:Northern Epirus
3141:
3135:
3076:
3067:
3026:
3021:
2991:
2986:
2971:
2913:
2906:
2883:
2844:
2813:
2790:
2769:Great Offensive
2680:
2622:
2589:
2575:Battle of Geyve
2565:Konya rebellion
2546:
2447:
2352:
2326:
2317:Amasya Protocol
2292:Amasya Circular
2282:Karakol society
2269:
2263:
2237:
2232:
2184:
2175:
2165:Wayback Machine
2154:
2152:Further reading
2141:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1893:
1889:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1837:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1815:"Archived copy"
1813:
1812:
1808:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1775:"Archived copy"
1773:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1716:
1715:
1662:
1632:
1631:
1616:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1551:
1550:
1521:
1513:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1445:Fires of Hatred
1441:
1437:
1432:
1420:
1379:
1365:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1123:Great Offensive
979:
974:
971:
970:
968:
938:
932:
908:
902:
865:
837:
790:
784:
702:
675:
651:
620:Karakol society
594:
586:Battle of Aydın
545:
539:
500:Fourteen Points
427:Triple Alliance
385:
371:
246:
221:
180:
170:
152:
131:
93:
83:
82:
81:
78:
70:
69:
66:
40:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3842:
3840:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3824:1922 in Greece
3821:
3819:1921 in Greece
3816:
3814:1920 in Greece
3811:
3809:1919 in Greece
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3784:Greek Anatolia
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3741:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3617:Greece in WWII
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3547:Theriso revolt
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3441:Penelope Delta
3438:
3433:
3428:
3426:Kostis Palamas
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3152:
3149:Eastern Thrace
3145:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3127:
3124:Western Thrace
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3088:Ionian Islands
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3043:Ottoman Greece
3040:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2947:Treaty of Kars
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2470:
2468:Constantinople
2464:
2462:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2396:Responsibility
2388:
2386:Fire of Manisa
2383:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2312:Sivas Congress
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2173:
2168:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2084:
2066:
2046:
2036:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1887:
1868:(2): 339–356.
1852:
1806:
1766:
1759:
1739:
1732:
1660:
1641:(4): 775–787.
1614:
1601:10.1086/242238
1579:
1560:(4): 553–565.
1519:
1511:
1490:
1477:
1470:
1450:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1396:fire destroyed
1364:
1361:
1297:, summer 1920.
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
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1007:
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1005:
998:Constantinople
994:
993:
985:
984:
981:
980:
973:Turkish War of
969:
967:
966:
959:
952:
944:
934:Main article:
931:
928:
904:Main article:
901:
898:
864:
861:
836:
835:Muslim affairs
833:
783:
780:
750:(Vaindirion),
701:
698:
674:
671:
650:
647:
593:
590:
541:Main article:
538:
535:
530:Woodrow Wilson
521:Fiume (Rijeka)
496:Woodrow Wilson
482:Foreign Office
431:Triple Entente
419:Ottoman Empire
404:Ottoman Empire
370:
367:
291:Zone of Smyrna
269:
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263:
259:
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149:Historical era
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38:
37:Zone of Smyrna
28:
24:
14:
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10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
3841:
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3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Greece in WWI
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3552:Balkan League
3550:
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3535:
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3409:
3407:
3404:
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3399:
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3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3365:Hellenization
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3303:Armenia Minor
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
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3199:
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3178:
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3172:
3169:
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3163:
3160:
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3147:
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3125:
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3119:
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3110:
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3018:
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3006:
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2999:
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2928:
2925:
2923:
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2915:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Misak-ı Millî
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Artvin (1921)
2828:
2826:
2825:Artvin (1919)
2823:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
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2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2537:Chanak crisis
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
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2512:
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2397:
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2392:
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2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:Chanak crisis
2379:
2375:
2372:
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2370:
2367:
2365:
2364:Amasya trials
2362:
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2209:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2190:
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2159:
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2134:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2069:
2067:9780195323344
2063:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2037:9781134259588
2033:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1943:
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1925:
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1810:
1807:
1802:
1796:
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1767:
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1760:9789027227119
1756:
1752:
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1743:
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1733:9781850653684
1729:
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1494:
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1471:9780199299058
1467:
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1422:
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1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1385:Photo of the
1383:
1378:
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1353:
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1249:
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1238:Ahmet Anzavur
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
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1223:
1220:
1218:
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1056:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:Chanak crisis
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
992:
991:
987:
986:
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958:
953:
951:
946:
945:
942:
937:
929:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
907:
899:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
869:ancient Greek
862:
858:
854:
849:
845:
841:
834:
829:
824:
820:
814:
809:
807:
803:
798:
795:
789:
781:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
764:Palea Phocaea
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:Ypodioikiseis
733:Υποδιοικήσεις
730:
726:
719:
715:
710:
708:
699:
694:
690:
686:
682:
679:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
648:
646:
644:
640:
635:
633:
628:
623:
621:
616:
612:
611:Mustafa Kemal
603:
598:
591:
589:
587:
582:
578:
574:
569:
561:
554:
549:
544:
536:
534:
531:
527:
522:
516:
514:
510:
506:
501:
497:
493:
492:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
409:
405:
400:
394:
389:
384:
380:
376:
368:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
324:
323:Greek landing
320:
316:
311:
305:
296:
292:
288:
287:Allied Powers
284:
280:
276:
267:
264:
262:Today part of
260:
244:
242:
239:
238:
235:
229:
226:
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
206:
203:
202:
198:
186:
182:
172:
158:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:
133:
119:
117:
110:
103:
100:
91:
86:
76:
64:
56:
51:
48:
43:
35:
32:
27:
19:
3421:Pavlos Melas
3339:Sazan island
3142:acquisitions
2981:
2697:
2694:Smyrna, 1919
2618:Alexandropol
2422:
2408:Malta exiles
2140:. Retrieved
2100:(1): 58–71.
2097:
2093:
2087:
2078:
2071:. Retrieved
2056:
2049:
2041:
2026:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1895:
1890:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1829:. Retrieved
1822:the original
1809:
1783:. Retrieved
1779:the original
1769:
1749:
1742:
1722:
1638:
1634:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1557:
1553:
1502:
1493:
1485:
1480:
1460:
1453:
1448:, pp. 47–52.
1443:
1438:
1408:
1392:
1349:
1341:
1312:
1300:
1269:
1228:
1177:
1171:Alexandropol
1146:
1050:
1036:
988:
975:Independence
909:
866:
842:
838:
810:
799:
791:
735:
724:
711:
707:George Milne
703:
683:
676:
639:George Milne
636:
624:
607:
573:Chrysostomos
570:
566:
517:
489:
484:, headed by
474:India Office
455:
412:
347:Chrysostomos
336:
310:Zóni Smýrnis
299:Ζώνη Σμύρνης
290:
277:(modern-day
273:The city of
272:
210:Succeeded by
209:
204:
80:Coat of arms
39:Ζώνη Σμύρνης
31:
26:
3557:Balkan Wars
3293:Paphlagonia
3187:Other areas
3171:Smyrna Zone
3081:Annexations
3024:Megali Idea
2193:Switzerland
2073:23 February
1277:1922 Samsun
1015:1920 Samsun
1003:Şehzadebaşı
766:, Menemen,
661:, Lt. Gen.
602:demonstrate
491:Megali Idea
486:Lord Curzon
447:Edward Grey
205:Preceded by
173:15 May 1919
156:(1919–1922)
3743:Categories
3213:Cappadocia
3194:Asia Minor
3130:Dodecanese
3048:Greek Plan
3031:Background
2853:Agreements
2774:Dumlupınar
2698:Occupation
2666:Kanlıgeçit
1898:, page 93
1430:References
1319:suzerainty
1217:Kanlıgeçit
1161:Sarikamish
1138:2nd Smyrna
1128:Dumlupınar
1051:Occupation
1046:1st Smyrna
900:University
878:Klazomenai
786:See also:
632:Eyre Crowe
470:War Office
441:including
435:Dodecanese
369:Background
108:Government
3328:Monastiri
3324:Pelagonia
3309:Commagene
3298:Chamanene
3278:Pamphylia
3151:(1920–23)
3140:Temporary
3112:Macedonia
2759:Eskişehir
2754:2nd İnönü
2749:1st İnönü
2729:Tellidede
2661:Kovanbaşı
2651:Karboğazı
2608:Sarıkamış
2505:Köysancak
2452:Campaigns
2331:Elections
2270:awakening
2158:Documents
2114:153449331
1882:154766206
1655:159577598
1609:144330013
1574:163086095
1517:, p. 233.
1442:Naimark.
1363:Aftermath
1212:Kovanbaşı
1202:Karboğazı
1133:Balıkesir
1108:2nd İnönü
1103:1st İnönü
1083:Tellidede
890:Byzantine
876:sites of
746:(Thira),
725:Nomarchia
304:romanized
53:1919–1922
3641:Treaties
3307:Part of
3273:Lycaonia
3268:Cataonia
3253:Bithynia
3094:Thessaly
2983:Timeline
2914:Assembly
2912:National
2268:National
2242:Concepts
2189:Lausanne
2161:Archived
1841:cite web
1795:cite web
1720:(1999).
1418:See also
1025:Tal Afar
752:Nympheon
748:Bayındır
722:Νομαρχία
714:Ayasoluk
480:and the
439:Anatolia
359:Armenian
3334:Gevgeli
3330:region)
3288:Pisidia
3283:Isauria
3263:Cilicia
3248:Galatia
3243:Phrygia
3159:Tenedos
2889:Ottoman
2835:Ardahan
2818:Georgia
2764:Sakarya
2719:Erbeyli
2714:Bergama
2656:Kaç Kaç
2595:Armenia
2552:Revolts
2483:Taşlıca
2460:British
2125:Sources
2080:alight.
1323:Sanremo
1263:Koçgiri
1230:Revolts
1207:Kaç Kaç
1118:Sakarya
1073:Erbeyli
1068:Bergama
882:Ephesus
802:Edremit
772:Bergama
693:Evzones
443:Antalya
306::
98:Capital
3714:(1920)
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3490:Events
3370:Enosis
3344:Pontus
3314:Cyprus
3203:Aeolis
3155:Imbros
3132:(1947)
3126:(1919)
3120:(1912)
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3106:Epirus
3102:(1912)
3096:(1881)
3090:(1864)
2861:Allies
2840:Batumi
2724:Erikli
2709:Malgaç
2646:Aintab
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874:Ionian
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600:Turks
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47:Greece
3353:Ideas
3258:Lycia
3238:Troas
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3198:Ionia
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2734:Aydın
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2185:(PDF)
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813:Greek
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2144:2014
2075:2014
2062:ISBN
2032:ISBN
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1787:2013
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