1008:
20:
158:
974:
960:
735:
1553:
1206:
784:
Aqueous carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid which is very unstable and will dissociate rapidly into hydronium and bicarbonate. Therefore, in seawater, dissolved inorganic carbon is commonly referred to as the collection of bicarbonate, carbonate ions, and dissolved carbon dioxide
1098:
Oceanographers and engineers continue to find novel and more accurate methods of measuring carbon content in seawater. One method is to collect water samples and directly measure the DIC by using a TOC analyzer. Samples can be combined with stable isotope ratios C/C, alkalinity measurements, and
881:
Dissolved inorganic carbon is a key component of the biological pump, which is defined as the amount of biologically produced organic carbon flux from the upper ocean to the deep ocean. Dissolved inorganic carbon in the form of carbon dioxide is fixed into organic carbon is produced through
1099:
estimation of physical processes, to create diagnostic techniques. Researchers at
Scripps Institution of Oceanography developed a tool that uses flow injection analysis to measures microfluidic samples of seawater and continuously monitor dissolved inorganic carbon content.
1016:
Spatial distributions of DIC and nDIC. (a) DIC (normalized to year 2005); (b) salinity-normalized DIC (nDIC, DIC normalized to reference year of 2005 and salinity of 35) in the surface global ocean. The latitudinal trends are clear, particularly for
882:
photosynthesis. Respiration is the reverse process and consumes organic carbon to produce inorganic carbon. Photosynthesis, and the biological pump, is dependent on the availability of inorganic nutrients and carbon dioxide.
50:. Carbon compounds can be distinguished as either organic or inorganic, and as dissolved or particulate, depending on their composition. Organic carbon forms the backbone of key component of organic compounds such as –
942:
Oceanographers seek to understand the metabolic state of the ocean, or the efficiency of the biological pump, by estimating the net community production (NCP) which is the gross primary productivity (GPP) minus the
869:
More than 99% of dissolved inorganic carbon is in the form of bicarbonate and carbonate ions meaning that most of the ocean’s carbon storing ability is due to this chemical reactivity. Sea-air flux of CO
873:
and the resulting dissolved inorganic carbon is affected by physical processes such as strong winds and vertical mixing, and the biological processes of photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition.
947:(sum of the respiration of the local autotrophs and heterotrophs). An efficient biological pump increases biological export to the deeper ocean which has been hypothesized to suppress CO
1702:
Gruber, Nicolas; Kneeling, Charles D.; Stocker, Thomas F. (1998). "Carbon-13 constraints on the seasonal inorganics carbon budget at the BATS site in the northwestern
Sargasso Sea".
1534:
Wu, Y., Hain, M.P., Humphreys, M.P., Hartman, S. and
Tyrrell, T. (2019) "What drives the latitudinal gradient in open-ocean surface dissolved inorganic carbon concentration?"
245:
530:
203:
703:
230:
1187:
Neu, V., Ward, N.D., Krusche, A.V. and Nill, C. (2016) "Dissolved organic and inorganic carbon flow paths in an
Amazonian transitional forest".
1007:
766:
584:
1641:
1616:
1086:. In this way, the carbonate pump could be termed the carbonate counter pump. It works counter to the biological pump by counteracting the CO
708:
173:
1026:
The carbonate pump is sometimes referred to as the “hard tissue” component of the biological pump. Some surface marine organisms, like
1255:
995:
1223:
1591:
1233:
19:
1445:
Ma, W; Chai, F; Xiu, P; Tian, J (2014). "Simulation of export production and biological pump structure in the South China Sea".
1271:
Ma, W; Chai, F; Xiu, P; Tian, J (2014). "Simulation of export production and biological pump structure in the South China Sea".
1792:
69:
Inorganic carbon is found primarily in simple compounds such as carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate, and carbonate (CO
1172:
1797:
633:
1031:
638:
623:
303:
693:
591:
297:
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318:
759:
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673:
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579:
424:
285:
183:
683:
198:
503:
279:
240:
208:
981:
944:
752:
739:
688:
419:
1400:
Ducklow, H.W.; Doney, S.C. (2013). "What is the
Metabolic State of the Oligotrophic Ocean? A Debate".
28:
Average annual flux of DOC and DIC in rainfall, throughfall, stemflow, overland flow, and stream flow.
1750:
1711:
1674:
1501:
1488:
Kim, H.J.; Kim, T.-W; Hyeong, K; Yeh, S.-W.; Park, J.-Y.; Yoo, C.M.; Hwang, J. (2019). "Suppressed CO
1454:
1372:
1327:
1280:
1152:
615:
517:
273:
178:
47:
1142:
564:
380:
235:
1768:
1517:
1470:
1296:
643:
411:
395:
390:
313:
1034:, by fixing bicarbonate. This fixation of DIC is an important part of the oceanic carbon cycle.
1663:
evasion, dissolved inorganic carbon production, and net heterotrophy in the York River estuary"
1361:
evasion, dissolved inorganic carbon production, and net heterotrophy in the York River estuary"
1637:
1612:
1587:
1427:
1251:
1229:
574:
353:
188:
1758:
1719:
1682:
1579:
1543:
1509:
1462:
1417:
1409:
1380:
1335:
1288:
1196:
540:
434:
429:
973:
959:
157:
1027:
668:
535:
468:
456:
385:
259:
1413:
1754:
1715:
1678:
1505:
1458:
1376:
1331:
1284:
105:
respectively). Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) includes three major aqueous species, CO
1583:
678:
648:
628:
569:
483:
366:
361:
222:
1723:
1786:
1521:
1474:
1300:
1739:"Gas Diffusion Cell Geometry for a Microfluidic Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Analyzer"
1772:
1119:
461:
375:
329:
267:
149:
63:
59:
1082:), the carbonate pump fixes inorganic bicarbonate and causes a net release of CO
998:
525:
498:
493:
488:
478:
448:
334:
193:
1570:
Hain, M.P.; Sigman, D.M.; Haug, G.H (2014). "The
Biological Pump in the Past".
1557:
1210:
1763:
1738:
1687:
1658:
1466:
1385:
1356:
1292:
1109:
473:
1316:"Annual net community production and the biological carbon flux in the ocean"
1200:
1634:
Coccolithophores and the biological pump: responses to environmental changes
1609:
Coccolithophores and the biological pump: responses to environmental changes
1547:
1492:
Outgassing by an
Enhanced Biological Pump in the Eastern Tropical Pacific".
40:
1431:
1513:
1340:
1315:
1129:
1552:
1205:
556:
339:
51:
133:, and to a lesser extent their complexes in solution with metal ions.
1422:
718:
43:
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713:
55:
18:
1556:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
1209:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
1248:
Ocean
Dynamics and the Carbon Cycle: Principles and Mechanisms
1030:, produce hard structures out of calcium carbonate, a form of
992:
1250:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 7–9.
1147:
1066:
While the biological carbon pump fixes inorganic carbon (CO
1246:
Williams, Richard G.; Follows, Michael J. (14 July 2011).
1070:) into particulate organic carbon in the form of sugar (C
25:
Annual DOC and DIC fluxes in the
Tanguro Ranch watershed
1558:
Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1211:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1225:Carbon in the Geobiosphere: Earth's Outer Shell
1173:Environmental Research at Tanguro Ranch, Brazil
1737:Bresnahan, Philip J.; Martz, Todd R. (2018).
760:
16:Sum of inorganic carbon species in a solution
8:
1657:Raymond, Peter A.; Bauer, James E. (2000).
1355:Raymond, Peter A.; Bauer, James E. (2000).
767:
753:
140:
1762:
1686:
1421:
1384:
1339:
1228:, Springer Science & Business Media.
1013:Spatial distribution of ocean surface DIC
1494:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
1165:
704:Territorialisation of carbon governance
148:
39:) is the sum of the aqueous species of
709:Total Carbon Column Observing Network
7:
1632:Rost, Bjorn; Reibessel, Ulf (2004).
1607:Rost, Bjorn; Reibessel, Ulf (2004).
1414:10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172331
994:Sea surface DIC concentration (from
1584:10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00618-5
14:
1222:Mackenzie FT and Lerman A (2006)
1636:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
1611:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
1551:
1204:
972:
958:
734:
733:
156:
1402:Annual Review of Marine Science
1090:flux from the biological pump.
951:outgassing in the upper ocean.
669:Climate reconstruction proxies
1:
1724:10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00098-8
1320:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
1032:particulate inorganic carbon
639:Carbonate compensation depth
304:Particulate inorganic carbon
1189:Frontiers in Marine Science
1132:(carbon dioxide fugacity; f
1814:
694:Carbon capture and storage
298:Particulate organic carbon
292:Dissolved inorganic carbon
33:Dissolved inorganic carbon
1764:10.1109/JSEN.2018.2794882
1688:10.4319/lo.2000.45.8.1707
1467:10.1007/s00367-014-0384-0
1386:10.4319/lo.2000.45.8.1707
1293:10.1007/s00367-014-0384-0
1178:. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
699:Carbon cycle re-balancing
1704:Deep-Sea Research Part I
1572:Treatise on Geochemistry
1314:Emerson, Steven (2014).
1201:10.3389/fmars.2016.00114
1125:Dissolved organic carbon
674:Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
634:Carbonate–silicate cycle
602:Carbon dioxide clathrate
597:Clathrate gun hypothesis
425:Net ecosystem production
286:Dissolved organic carbon
1548:10.5194/bg-16-2661-2019
684:Deep Carbon Observatory
144:Part of a series on the
1018:
504:Continental shelf pump
280:Total inorganic carbon
246:Satellite measurements
29:
1793:Chemical oceanography
1010:
982:Industrial Revolution
966:"Present day" (1990s)
945:community respiration
689:Global Carbon Project
420:Ecosystem respiration
22:
1798:Analytical chemistry
1743:IEEE Sensors Journal
1514:10.1029/2019JC015287
1341:10.1002/2013GB004680
1153:Total organic carbon
1112:(total alkalinity; A
886:Photosynthesis: 6 CO
518:Carbon sequestration
274:Total organic carbon
1755:2018ISenJ..18.2211B
1716:1998DSRI...45..673G
1679:2000LimOc..45.1707R
1506:2019JGRC..124.7962K
1459:2014GML....34..541M
1377:2000LimOc..45.1707R
1332:2014GBioC..28...14E
1285:2014GML....34..541M
1143:Ocean acidification
565:Atmospheric methane
531:Soil carbon storage
381:Reverse Krebs cycle
236:Ocean acidification
1447:Geo-Marine Letters
1273:Geo-Marine Letters
1019:
644:Great Calcite Belt
592:Aerobic production
412:Carbon respiration
354:Metabolic pathways
314:Primary production
30:
1643:978-3-642-06016-8
1618:978-3-642-06016-8
1542:(13): 2661–2681.
1500:(11): 7962–7973.
777:
776:
575:Methane emissions
231:In the atmosphere
137:Marine ecosystems
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1749:(6): 2211–2217.
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1710:(4–5): 673–717.
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1673:(8): 1707–1717.
1667:Limnol. Oceanogr
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1371:(8): 1707–1717.
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430:Photorespiration
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1659:"Atmospheric CO
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1536:Biogeosciences
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1279:(6): 541–554.
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894:O + light → C
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490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
463:
460:
459:
458:
455:
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450:
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436:
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431:
428:
426:
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418:
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389:
388:
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384:
382:
379:
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373:
368:
365:
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360:
359:
355:
350:
349:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
320:
317:
316:
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312:
311:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
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275:
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269:
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256:
255:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
224:
219:
218:
210:
207:
205:
204:Boreal forest
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
164:
163:
159:
155:
154:
151:
147:
143:
142:
136:
134:
67:
65:
64:nucleic acids
61:
60:carbohydrates
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:
38:
34:
26:
21:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1670:
1666:
1652:
1633:
1627:
1608:
1602:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1368:
1364:
1350:
1326:(1): 14–28.
1323:
1319:
1309:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1247:
1241:
1224:
1218:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1175:
1168:
1120:Bjerrum plot
1097:
1065:
1025:
1012:
941:
880:
868:
783:
462:Martin curve
449:Carbon pumps
376:Calvin cycle
330:Black carbon
291:
268:Total carbon
209:Geochemistry
150:Carbon cycle
68:
36:
32:
31:
24:
1578:: 485–517.
1094:Measurement
999:climatology
526:Carbon sink
489:Viral shunt
479:Marine snow
335:Blue carbon
189:Deep carbon
184:Atmospheric
174:Terrestrial
1787:Categories
1408:: 525–33.
1160:References
1110:Alkalinity
938:O + energy
499:Whale pump
494:Jelly pump
474:Lipid pump
199:Permafrost
167:By regions
1522:210611691
1475:129982048
1423:1912/5282
1301:129982048
41:inorganic
1432:22809191
1130:Fugacity
1103:See also
829:(aq) + H
740:Category
52:proteins
48:solution
1773:3475999
1751:Bibcode
1712:Bibcode
1675:Bibcode
1502:Bibcode
1455:Bibcode
1373:Bibcode
1328:Bibcode
1281:Bibcode
1195:: 114.
1038:Ca + 2
984:(1700s)
585:Wetland
557:Methane
340:Kerogen
241:Removal
1771:
1640:
1615:
1590:
1520:
1473:
1430:
1299:
1254:
1232:
1050:→ CaCO
996:GLODAP
930:→ 6 CO
853:+ H ⇌
738:
719:CO2SYS
580:Arctic
319:marine
179:Marine
62:, and
56:lipids
44:carbon
1769:S2CID
1518:S2CID
1471:S2CID
1297:S2CID
1017:nDIC.
934:+ 6 H
926:+ 6 O
906:+ 6 O
890:+ 6 H
865:+ 2 H
833:O ⇌ H
714:C4MIP
662:Other
306:(PIC)
300:(POC)
294:(DIC)
288:(DOC)
282:(TIC)
276:(TOC)
46:in a
1638:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1428:PMID
1252:ISBN
1230:ISBN
1176:Esri
1054:+ CO
980:Pre-
270:(TC)
194:Soil
1759:doi
1720:doi
1683:doi
1580:doi
1544:doi
1510:doi
1498:124
1463:doi
1418:hdl
1410:doi
1381:doi
1336:doi
1289:doi
1197:doi
1058:+ H
1040:HCO
843:HCO
821:).
799:HCO
789:, H
785:(CO
111:HCO
83:HCO
73:, H
37:DIC
1789::
1767:.
1757:.
1745:.
1741:.
1718:.
1708:45
1706:.
1681:.
1671:45
1669:.
1665:.
1586:.
1574:.
1550:.
1540:16
1538:,
1516:.
1508:.
1496:.
1469:.
1461:.
1451:34
1449:.
1426:.
1416:.
1404:.
1379:.
1369:45
1367:.
1363:.
1334:.
1324:28
1322:.
1318:.
1295:.
1287:.
1277:34
1275:.
1203:.
1191:,
1148:pH
1134:CO
1076:12
920:12
900:12
855:CO
841:⇌
837:CO
825:CO
811:CO
809:,
797:,
793:CO
396:C4
391:C3
123:CO
109:,
95:CO
93:,
81:,
77:CO
66:.
58:,
54:,
1775:.
1761::
1753::
1747:8
1726:.
1722::
1714::
1691:.
1685::
1677::
1661:2
1646:.
1621:.
1596:.
1582::
1576:8
1560:.
1546::
1524:.
1512::
1504::
1490:2
1477:.
1465::
1457::
1434:.
1420::
1412::
1406:5
1389:.
1383::
1375::
1359:2
1344:.
1338::
1330::
1303:.
1291::
1283::
1260:.
1236:.
1213:.
1199::
1193:3
1139:)
1136:2
1116:)
1114:T
1088:2
1084:2
1080:6
1078:O
1074:H
1072:6
1068:2
1062:O
1060:2
1056:2
1052:3
1045:3
1001:)
949:2
936:2
932:2
928:2
924:6
922:O
918:H
916:6
908:2
904:6
902:O
898:H
896:6
892:2
888:2
871:2
860:3
848:3
839:3
835:2
831:2
827:2
816:3
804:3
795:3
791:2
787:2
768:e
761:t
754:v
128:3
121:,
116:3
107:2
100:3
88:3
79:3
75:2
71:2
35:(
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