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elements connecting the upper buoyant hull (called a hard tank) with the bottom soft tank containing permanent ballast; and the "cell spar", which is built from multiple vertical cylinders. The spar has more inherent stability than a TLP since it has a large counterweight at the bottom and does not depend on the mooring to hold it upright. It also has the ability, by adjusting the mooring line tensions (using chain-jacks attached to the mooring lines), to move horizontally and to position itself over wells at some distance from the main platform location. The first production spar was
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413:. As the pontoons were not sufficiently buoyant to support the weight of the rig and its consumables, it was towed between locations at a draught midway between the top of the pontoons and the underside of the deck. It was noticed that the motions at this draught were very small, and Blue Water Drilling and Shell jointly decided to try operating the rig in its floating mode. The concept of an anchored, stable floating deep-sea platform had been designed and tested back in the 1920s by
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usually receive higher salaries than onshore workers do. Supplies and waste are transported by ship, and the supply deliveries need to be carefully planned because storage space on the platform is limited. Today, much effort goes into relocating as many of the personnel as possible onshore, where management and technical experts are in touch with the platform by video conferencing. An onshore job is also more attractive for the aging workforce in the
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1151:(GBS), which sits on the ocean floor, is 111 metres (364 ft) high and has storage capacity for 1.3 million barrels (210,000 m) of crude oil in its 85-metre (279 ft) high caisson. The platform acts as a small concrete island with serrated outer edges designed to withstand the impact of an
867:. These MODUs (Mobile Offshore Drilling Units) are typically used in water depths up to 120 metres (390 ft), although some designs can go to 170 m (560 ft) depth. They are designed to move from place to place, and then anchor themselves by deploying their legs to the ocean bottom using a
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Offshore manned facilities also present logistics and human resources challenges. An offshore oil platform is a small community in itself with cafeteria, sleeping quarters, management and other support functions. In the North Sea, staff members are transported by helicopter for a two-week shift. They
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Given the number of grievances and conspiracy theories that involve the oil business, and the importance of gas/oil platforms to the economy, platforms in the United States are believed to be potential terrorist targets. Agencies and military units responsible for maritime counter-terrorism in the US
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Spars are moored to the seabed like TLPs, but whereas a TLP has vertical tension tethers, a spar has more conventional mooring lines. Spars have to-date been designed in three configurations: the "conventional" one-piece cylindrical hull; the "truss spar", in which the midsection is composed of truss
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to cause the structure to float, but of weight sufficient to keep the structure upright. Semi-submersible platforms can be moved from place to place and can be ballasted up or down by altering the amount of flooding in buoyancy tanks. They are generally anchored by combinations of chain, wire rope or
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and swamp barges), combined drilling and production facilities, either bottom-founded or floating platforms, and deepwater mobile offshore drilling units (MODU), including semi-submersibles and drillships. These are capable of operating in water depths up to 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). In shallower
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Aquatic organisms invariably attach themselves to the undersea portions of oil platforms, turning them into artificial reefs. In the Gulf of Mexico and offshore
California, the waters around oil platforms are popular destinations for sports and commercial fishermen, because of the greater numbers of
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These platforms consist of slender, flexible towers and a pile foundation supporting a conventional deck for drilling and production operations. Compliant towers are designed to sustain significant lateral deflections and forces, and are typically used in water depths ranging from 370 to 910 metres
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When a hurricane enters the GOM, oil production and transportation pipelines in the (expected) path of the storm shut down, crews are evacuated, and refineries and processing plants along the Gulf coast close. Drilling rigs pull pipe and move out of the projected path of the storm, if possible, or
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Offshore oil and gas production is more challenging than land-based installations due to the remote and harsher environment. Much of the innovation in the offshore petroleum sector concerns overcoming these challenges, including the need to provide very large production facilities. Production and
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storage capability. It is mainly installed by pulling it off the yard, by either wet-tow or/and dry-tow, and self-installing by controlled ballasting of the compartments with sea water. To position the GBS during installation, the GBS may be connected to either a transportation barge or any other
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A GBS can either be steel or concrete and is usually anchored directly onto the seabed. Steel GBS are predominantly used when there is no or limited availability of crane barges to install a conventional fixed offshore platform, for example in the
Caspian Sea. There are several steel GBS's in the
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A drillship is a maritime vessel that has been fitted with drilling apparatus. It is most often used for exploratory drilling of new oil or gas wells in deep water but can also be used for scientific drilling. Early versions were built on a modified tanker hull, but purpose-built designs are used
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was highly critical of a number of areas, including, but not limited to, management within the company, the design of the structure, and the Permit to Work System. The report was commissioned in 1988, and was delivered in
November 1990. The accident greatly accelerated the practice of providing
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TLPs are floating platforms tethered to the seabed in a manner that eliminates most vertical movement of the structure. TLPs are used in water depths up to about 2,000 meters (6,600 feet). The "conventional" TLP is a 4-column design that looks similar to a semisubmersible. Proprietary versions
1851:. The increased use of subsea facilities helps achieve the objective of keeping more workers onshore. Subsea facilities are also easier to expand, with new separators or different modules for different oil types, and are not limited by the fixed floor space of an above-water installation.
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in high volume from this natural gas at low cost. This process operates at around 1000 °C and removes carbon in a solid form from the methane, producing hydrogen. The carbon can then be pumped underground and is not released into the atmosphere. It is being evaluated in such research
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Offshore rigs are shut down during hurricanes. In the Gulf of Mexico hurricanes are increasing because of the increasing number of oil platforms that heat surrounding air with methane, it is estimated that U.S. Gulf of Mexico, oil and gas facilities emit approximately 500000 tons of
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Another type of offshore platform may float with a mooring system to maintain it on location. While a floating system may be lower cost in deeper waters than a fixed platform, the dynamic nature of the platforms introduces many challenges for the drilling and production facilities.
1652:, instead of being dismantled (at great cost), because he has found them to be havens for many of the species of fish which are otherwise declining in the region, in the course of 11 years of research. Love is funded mainly by government agencies, but also in small part by the
916:. FPSOs consist of large monohull structures, generally (but not always) shipshaped, equipped with processing facilities. These platforms are moored to a location for extended periods, and do not actually drill for oil or gas. Some variants of these applications, called
348:), that completed its historic Ship Shoal Block 32 well in October 1947, months before Superior actually drilled a discovery from their Vermilion platform farther offshore. In any case, that made Kerr-McGee's well the first oil discovery drilled out of sight of land.
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it up to a platform, or by flowing to onshore, with no installations visible above the sea. Subsea installations help to exploit resources at progressively deeper waters—locations that had been inaccessible—and overcome challenges posed by sea ice such as in the
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A typical oil production platform is self-sufficient in energy and water needs, housing electrical generation, water desalinators and all of the equipment necessary to process oil and gas such that it can be either delivered directly onshore by pipeline or to a
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include the
Seastar and MOSES mini TLPs; they are relatively low cost, used in water depths between 180 and 1,300 metres (590 and 4,270 ft). Mini TLPs can also be used as utility, satellite or early production platforms for larger deepwater discoveries.
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When offshore drilling moved into deeper waters of up to 30 metres (98 ft), fixed platform rigs were built, until demands for drilling equipment was needed in the 30 metres (98 ft) to 120 metres (390 ft) depth of the Gulf of Mexico, the first
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are popular because they are sheltered and deep enough) and then floated to their final position where they are sunk to the seabed. Fixed platforms are economically feasible for installation in water depths up to about 520 m (1,710 ft).
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legs, or both, anchored directly onto the seabed, supporting the deck with space for drilling rigs, production facilities and crew quarters. Such platforms are, by virtue of their immobility, designed for very long term use (for instance the
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platforms will also have facilities to accommodate the workers, although it is also common to have a separate accommodation platform linked by bridge to the production platform. Most commonly, oil platforms engage in activities on the
1598:, killing 11 people, and sank two days later. The resulting undersea gusher, conservatively estimated to exceed 20 million US gallons (76,000 m) as of early June 2010, became the worst oil spill in US history, eclipsing the
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Not all of the following personnel are present on every platform. On smaller platforms, one worker can perform a number of different jobs. The following also are not names officially recognized in the industry:
771:. Steel jackets are structural sections made of tubular steel members, and are usually piled into the seabed. To see more details regarding Design, construction and installation of such platforms refer to: and.
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barge (provided it is large enough to support the GBS) using strand jacks. The jacks shall be released gradually whilst the GBS is ballasted to ensure that the GBS does not sway too much from target location.
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are considered the direct predecessors of modern offshore platforms. Having been pre-constructed in a very short time, they were then floated to their location and placed on the shallow bottom of the
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In 1938, Humble Oil built a mile-long wooden trestle with railway tracks into the sea at McFadden Beach on the Gulf of Mexico, placing a derrick at its end – this was later destroyed by a hurricane.
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2909:. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 16th Annual Scientific Diving Symposium, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS).
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1803:. The addition increases the equivalent circulating density and downhole pressures in drilling wells, as well as the energy needed to lift produced fluids for separation on the platform.
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Automation systems specialist, to configure, maintain and troubleshoot the process control systems (PCS), process safety systems, emergency support systems and vessel management systems;
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The nature of their operation—extraction of volatile substances sometimes under extreme pressure in a hostile environment—means risk; accidents and tragedies occur regularly. The U.S.
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or FSU (floating storage unit), are used exclusively for storage purposes, and host very little process equipment. This is one of the best sources for having floating production.
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concept, often have in-built oil storage in tanks below the sea surface and these tanks were often used as a flotation capability, allowing them to be built close to shore (
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and was built at a cost of $ 3 billion. The deepest operational platform is the
Petrobras America Cascade FPSO in the Walker Ridge 249 field in 2,600 meters of water.
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reported 69 offshore deaths, 1,349 injuries, and 858 fires and explosions on offshore rigs in the Gulf of Mexico from 2001 to 2010. On July 6, 1988, 167 people died when
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is also generated, which is water brought to the surface along with the oil and gas; it is usually highly saline and may include dissolved or unseparated hydrocarbons.
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each year, corresponding to a loss of produced gas of 2.9 percent. The increasing number of oil rigs also increase movement of oil tankers which also increases CO
1155:. The GBS contains production storage tanks and the remainder of the void space is filled with ballast with the entire structure weighing in at 1.2 million
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located in 1,710 m (5,610 ft) of water in the Gulf of Mexico, was the world's deepest spar until 2010. The world's deepest platform as of 2011 was the
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As of June, 2010, there were over 620 mobile offshore drilling rigs (Jackups, semisubs, drillships, barges) available for service in the competitive rig fleet.
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presents environmental challenges, both from the produced hydrocarbons and the materials used during the drilling operation. Controversies include the ongoing
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Jack-up Mobile
Drilling Units (or jack-ups), as the name suggests, are rigs that can be jacked up above the sea using legs that can be lowered, much like
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2903:"Diver-based under water survey techniques used to assess fish populations and fouling community development on offshore oil and gas platform structures"
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and emergency shelter. They are designed to be operated remotely under normal conditions, only to be visited occasionally for routine maintenance or
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programs, in which former oil platforms are left in the sea, either in place or towed to new locations, as permanent artificial reefs. In the US
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to issue an
Executive Order unilaterally extending American territory to the edge of its continental shelf, an act that effectively ended the
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There are many different types of facilities from which offshore drilling operations take place. These include bottom-founded drilling rigs (
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by the LeTourneau
Company, it was launched in December 1955, and christened "Scorpion". The Scorpion was put into operation in May 1956 off
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1339:(s) living on some platforms that have a helicopter based offshore and transporting workers to other platforms or to shore on crew changes;
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laboratories as
Karlsruhe Liquid-metal Laboratory (KALLA). and the chemical engineering team at University of California – Santa Barbara
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1641:, as of September 2012, 420 former oil platforms, about 10 percent of decommissioned platforms, have been converted to permanent reefs.
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1070:. They are designed to operate in conjunction with a static production platform which is connected to the platform by flow lines or by
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from oil tankers or pipelines transporting oil from the platform to onshore facilities, and from leaks and accidents on the platform.
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was launched in 1963. Since then, many semi-submersibles have been purpose-designed for the drilling industry mobile offshore fleet.
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690:) Vertically moored tension leg and mini-tension leg platform (deepest: ConocoPhillips's Magnolia in 2004 1,425 m/4,674 ft GOM)
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Catering crew, including people tasked with performing essential functions such as cooking, laundry and cleaning the accommodation;
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The first truss spars were Kerr-McGee's
Boomvang and Nansen. The first (and, as of 2010, only) cell spar is Kerr-McGee's Red Hawk.
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2371:"Contracts let for Marjan oil field development. (Saudi Arabian Oil Co. bids out offshore development contracts) (Saudi Arabia)"
165:
Diagram showing the operation of a typical oil platform: 1. Drilling rig; 2. Rock layers; 3. Oil drills; 4. Oil and natural gas.
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79:, though they can also be used in lakes, inshore waters, and inland seas. Depending on the circumstances, the platform may be
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who is the ultimate authority during his/her shift and makes the essential decisions regarding the operation of the platform;
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waters, the mobile units are anchored to the seabed. However, in deeper water (more than 1,500 metres (4,900 ft)), the
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polyester rope, or both, during drilling and/or production operations, though they can also be kept in place by the use of
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2877:"Ecological Performance and Trophic Links: Comparisons Among Platforms And Natural Reefs For Selected Fish And Their Prey"
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world today (e.g. offshore Turkmenistan Waters (Caspian Sea) and offshore New Zealand). Steel GBS do not usually provide
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In early 1947, Superior Oil erected a drilling/production platform in 20 ft (6.1 m) of water some 18 miles off
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In British waters, the cost of removing all platform rig structures entirely was estimated in 2013 at ÂŁ30 billion.
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Drill crew will be on board if the installation is performing drilling operations. A drill crew will normally comprise:
718:) Sub-sea completion and tie-back to host facility (deepest: Shell's Coulomb tie to NaKika 2004, 2,307 m/ 7,570 ft)
149:
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Second mate to meet manning requirements of flag state, operates fast rescue craft, cargo operations, fire team leader;
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modeled after the Hess Baldpate platform, which stands 2,100 feet (640 m) above the ocean floor. It is one of the
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Third mate to meet manning requirements of flag state, operate fast rescue craft, cargo operations, fire team leader;
1987:
Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf
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connections. These sub-sea facilities may include one or more subsea wells or manifold centres for multiple wells.
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for the purpose of operating aircraft with an invention known as the "seadrome". The first purpose-built drilling
313:) drilled at a site 18 miles (29 km) off the coast, erecting a platform in 18 feet (5.5 m) of water off
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284:) used a fixed platform to develop a field in 14 feet (4.3 m) of water, one mile (1.6 km) offshore of
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system to maintain position over the well. They can drill in water depths up to 3,700 m (12,100 ft).
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1518:, exploded after a gas leak. The resulting investigation conducted by Lord Cullen and publicized in the first
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can also supply them, as well as tow them to location and serve as standby rescue and firefighting vessels.
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began appearing from specialized offshore drilling contractors such as forerunners of ENSCO International.
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These installations, sometimes called toadstools, are small platforms, consisting of little more than a
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Pictorial treatment on the installation of platforms which extend from the seabed to the ocean surface
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3373:"Saudi Arabia unveils plan to build a massive adventure tourism destination 'The Rig': Check details"
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712:) Floating production, storage, and offloading facility (deepest: 2005, 1,345 m/4,429 ft Brazil)
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3154:"BASF researchers working on fundamentally new, low-carbon production processes, Methane Pyrolysis"
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levels which directly warm water in the zone, warm waters are a key factor for hurricanes to form.
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such as Safaniya, Manifa and Marjan which belong to Saudi Arabia and are developed by Saudi Aramco.
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91:. In some arrangements the main facility may have storage facilities for the processed oil. Remote
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1847:, at least in the western world. These efforts among others are contained in the established term
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The great distance from land can make rescue operations more difficult as in the capsizing of the
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834:. Semi-submersibles can be used in water depths from 60 to 6,000 metres (200 to 20,000 ft).
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1173:. It is the largest floating offshore facility. It is approximately 488m long and 74m wide with
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developed the first mobile steel barges for drilling in the brackish coastal areas of the gulf.
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1823:(means of protecting offshore installations against ice action includes burial in the seabed).
993:
Neptune, anchored in 590 m (1,940 ft) in the Gulf of Mexico; however, spars (such as
674:) Conventional fixed platforms (deepest: Shell's Bullwinkle in 1991 at 412 m/1,353 ft GOM)
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and featured three electro-mechanically operated lattice-type legs. Built on the shores of the
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Crane operators to operate the cranes for lifting cargo around the platform and between boats;
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Dynamic positioning operator, navigation, ship or vessel maneuvering (MODU), station keeping,
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3214:"low-cost, low-emissions technology that can convert methane into hydrogen without forming CO
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owned and operated the four-column submersible Blue Water Rig No.1 in the Gulf of Mexico for
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Around 1896, the first submerged oil wells in salt water were drilled in the portion of the
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Ronalds, BF (2005). "Applicability ranges for offshore oil and gas production facilities".
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680:) Compliant tower (deepest: ChevronTexaco's Petronius in 1998 at 534 m /1,754 ft GOM)
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Offshore Operations Engineer (OOE) who is the senior technical authority on the platform;
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Offshore Methods Engineer (OME) who defines the installation methodology of the platform;
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Scaffolders to rig up scaffolding for when it is required for workers to work at height;
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or tanker loading facility, or both. Elements in the oil/gas production process include
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181:. The wide but shallow reservoir was built from 1837 to 1845 to provide water to the
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In 1945, concern for American control of its offshore oil reserves caused President
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Larger platforms are assisted by smaller ESVs (emergency support vessels) like the
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Other notable early submerged drilling activities occurred on the Canadian side of
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living accommodations on separate platforms, away from those used for extraction.
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235:, is one such example. In the 1920s, drilling was done from concrete platforms in
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To reduce the amount of carbon emissions otherwise released into the atmosphere,
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spar in the Gulf of Mexico, floating in 2,438 metres of water. It is operated by
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Around 1891, the first submerged oil wells were drilled from platforms built on
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706:) Semi-submersibles (deepest: Shell's NaKika in 2003, 1920 m/6,300 ft GOM)
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2789:"Gen. Stanley McChrystal explains what most people get wrong about Navy SEALs"
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395:
375:
371:
325:
310:
251:
219:
in the 1910s. Shortly thereafter, wells were drilled in tidal zones along the
212:
197:
113:
3066:
3033:"Methane Emissions from Offshore Oil and Gas Platforms in the Gulf of Mexico"
2902:
2802:
http://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/reports/decommissioning-in-the-north-sea
3313:
3057:
3032:
2996:"The impact of extreme weather on offshore production in the Gulf of Mexico"
1961:
1697:
1689:
1617:
map of the 3,858 oil and gas platforms extant in the Gulf of Mexico in 2006.
1537:
1515:
1435:
1419:
1385:
1041:
880:
491:
477:
450:
449:
in the Gulf of Mexico, floating in 2,438 meters of water. It is operated by
428:
240:
216:
208:
154:
122:
59:
3074:
1526:
The offshore can be in itself a hazardous environment. In March 1980, the '
1366:
1256:(platform supply vessels) keep the platforms provisioned and supplied, and
3341:"SpaceX acquires former oil rigs to serve as floating Starship spaceports"
2827:. Archived from the original on 2013-11-09 – via sero.nmfs.noaa.gov.
2700:
2119:"Beyond Sight of Land: A History of Oil Exploration in the Gulf of Mexico"
1788:
drilling facilities may be very large and a large investment, such as the
1648:
Milton Love has proposed that oil platforms off California be retained as
2968:
1728:
1514:
offshore production platform, on the Piper field in the UK sector of the
1203:
1063:
1033:
826:
789:
751:
577:
35:
3309:"Ageing oil rigs could be used to store carbon and fight climate change"
2506:"Significant Guidance for Design and Construction of Marine and Offsho…"
2480:"An Overview of Design, Analysis, Construction and Installation of Off…"
1867:
in the Gulf of Mexico in a water depth of 2,450 metres (8,040 ft).
246:
The oldest offshore well recorded in Infield's offshore database is the
34:
The Lun-A (Lunskoye-A) platform, located off the north eastern coast of
2907:
The Diving for Science, "Methods and Techniques of Underwater Research"
2400:"Russian Rosneft announces major oil, gas discovery in Arctic Kara Sea"
1886:
1724:
1723:
of natural gas pumped up by oil platforms is a possible alternative to
1676:
Smoke from controlled oil fire in Gulf of Mexico, Louisiana, after the
1424:
1336:
1169:
facility, which is situated approximately 200 km off the coast of
1152:
1037:
853:
778:
595:
563:
503:
499:
170:
2223:"Rowan Companies marks 50th anniversary of landmark LeTourneau jackup"
3475:
2006:
1991:
1835:
1807:
1630:
1550:
1527:
1241:
1215:
1130:
1103:
782:
630:
567:
539:
436:
364:
360:
262:
92:
67:
2118:
696:) Spar (deepest: Shell's Perdido in 2010, 2,450 m/8,000 ft GOM)
58:, etc.) is a large structure with facilities to extract and process
3031:
Yacovitch, Tara I.; Daube, Conner; Herndon, Scott C. (2020-03-09).
1870:
Non-floating compliant towers and fixed platforms, by water depth:
1696:
Offshore oil production involves environmental risks, most notably
2194:"Azerbaijan's Oil History: Brief Oil Chronology since 1920 Part 2"
2167:
1825:
1683:
1671:
1609:
1490:
1478:
1365:
1321:
Coxswains to maintain the lifeboats and manning them if necessary;
1184:
1087:
979:
903:
857:
847:
792:
785:
755:
737:
657:
591:
487:
460:
224:
160:
148:
136:
27:
Offshore ocean structure with oil drilling and related facilities
3409:
Collection of pictures of drilling rigs and production platforms
2425:"Year 2006 National Assessment – Alaska Outer Continental Shelf"
1838:
Polymariner which contains sleeping quarters for the crew, 1982.
1806:
The trend today is to conduct more of the production operations
1661:
1324:
Control room operators, especially FPSO or production platforms;
1166:
1062:, are small unmanned platforms consisting of little more than a
924:
825:
These platforms have hulls (columns and pontoons) of sufficient
201:
178:
30:
3427:
2822:"Decommissioning and Rigs-to-Reefs in the Gulf of Mexico: FAQs"
2315:
1810:, by separating water from oil and re-injecting it rather than
1342:
Maintenance technicians (instrument, electrical or mechanical).
763:). Various types of structure are used: steel jacket, concrete
95:
wells may also be connected to a platform by flow lines and by
2151:
Ref accessed 02-12-89 by technical aspects and coast mapping.
1775:, there are plans to repurpose decommissioned oil rigs into a
1156:
1000:
71:
3413:
An independent review of offshore platforms in the North Sea
3090:"The reaction that would give us clean fossil fuels forever"
1727:
for consideration. Methane pyrolysis produces non-polluting
1591:
1133:
is the world's heaviest offshore platform, located on the
345:
2729:
http://www.oilandgas.org.uk/issues/piperalpha/v0000864.cfm
2168:"Project Redsand CIO | Protecting The Redsand Towers"
1106:. Almost all of the 600KT structure will end up submerged.
914:
FPSO (floating production, storage, and offloading system)
908:
View of the Port of Las Palmas from the dock of La Esfinge
594:(Mumbai High, K G Basin-East Coast Of India, Tapti Field,
1799:
The ocean can add several thousand meters or more to the
1312:
Ballast control operator to operate fire and gas systems;
1293:
PSTL or operations coordinator for managing crew changes;
723:(Numbered from left to right; all records from 2005 data)
125:
are maintained at the required drilling location using
1553:
exploded and sank five days later, killing 11 people.
2312:"RIGZONE – Offshore Rig Data, Onshore Fleet Analysis"
254:. Landfill was used to raise shallow portions of the
1189:
A platform supply vessel for an oil platform in the
523:
the Caspian Sea (notably some major fields offshore
4552:
4467:
4204:
4156:
4145:
4020:
3578:
3493:
3484:
2588:"The offshore drilling life: cramped and dangerous"
2558:"Deep Gulf drilling thrives 18 mos. after BP spill"
2456:"NOAA Ocean Explorer: Expedition to the Deep Slope"
2068:
10 Reasons Not to Drill for Oil Offshore of Florida
1348:
Radio operator to operate all radio communications.
38:
and is a concrete gravity base substructure (CGBS).
1819:. One such challenge in shallower environments is
912:The main types of floating production systems are
651:Larger lake- and sea-based offshore platforms and
2162:
2160:
1859:The world's deepest oil platform is the floating
1351:Store Keeper, keeping the inventory well supplied
1252:operation is required. During normal operations,
1244:that are summoned when something has gone wrong,
445:One of the world's deepest hubs is currently the
405:resulted from an unexpected observation in 1961.
3188:free hydrogen from natural gas for energy usage"
2901:Cox SA, Beaver CR, Dokken QR, Rooker JR (1996).
2254:"History of offshore drilling units – PetroWiki"
928:
742:A fixed platform base under construction on the
4612:List of visionary tall buildings and structures
3248:"The Afterlife of Old Offshore Oil Rigs – ASME"
1487:platform which claimed the lives of 123 people.
1654:California Artificial Reef Enhancement Program
1354:Technician to record the fluid levels in tanks
927:facility is in production. See the section on
3439:
2701:"Potential for big spill after oil rig sinks"
2341:"UPDATE 1-Shell starts production at Perdido"
1330:Production techs to run the production plant;
1015:and was built at a cost of $ 3 billion.
583:major offshore oil fields are located in the
8:
2200:. Vol. 11, no. 2. pp. 56–63.
1370:Welders performing repairs on a Jack-up rig.
918:FSO (floating storage and offloading system)
886:today. Most drillships are outfitted with a
2879:. University of California, Santa Barbara.
900:Floating production, storage and offloading
4153:
3490:
3446:
3432:
3424:
2929:. Archived from the original on 2016-08-19
2335:
2333:
204:extending from land out into the channel.
153:Tender and offshore oil rig platform near
3056:
3011:
2771:"Potential Threats To Offshore Platforms"
1977:Offshore oil and gas in the United States
1768:for use with heavy-lift launch vehicles.
1177:of around 600,000t when fully ballasted.
439:project to drill into the Earth's crust.
3256:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
662:Types of offshore oil and gas structures
66:that lie in rock formations beneath the
29:
2854:"Vacation in Rome? Or on That Oil Rig?"
2642:"What is the World's Tallest Building?"
2486:from the original on September 29, 2018
2024:
1905:Benguela-Belize Lobito-Tomboco Platform
1821:seabed gouging by drifting ice features
1664:populations surrounding the platforms.
3037:Environmental Science & Technology
2972:(internet video). 2008. Archived from
2939:
2830:
2586:Fahley, Jonathan (December 30, 2011).
1762:converted to launch rockets into space
1692:could have impacts on the environment.
1469:United States offshore drilling debate
3339:Burghardt, Thomas (19 January 2021).
3288:from the original on November 8, 2020
3262:from the original on 20 January 2021.
2864:from the original on 5 February 2021.
2556:Fahey, Jonathan (December 30, 2011).
2351:from the original on 21 November 2010
2192:Mir-Yusif Mir-Babayev (Summer 2003).
2117:Morton, Michael Quentin (June 2016).
1167:Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG)
1022:Normally unmanned installations (NUI)
925:floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG)
250:well which came on stream in 1923 in
7:
3353:from the original on 20 January 2021
3228:from the original on 19 October 2020
3164:from the original on 19 October 2020
3118:Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of.
2875:Page M, Dugan J, Love M, Lenihan H.
1830:The oil platform Statfjord A in the
1300:operations in the event of incident;
177:(a.k.a. Mercer County Reservoir) in
2512:from the original on August 5, 2020
1792:standing on a depth of 300 meters.
1498:train on a California oil platform.
1438:. The crew will normally comprise:
1279:OIM (offshore installation manager)
1058:These installations, also known as
3418:Overview of Conventional Platforms
2133:from the original on 8 August 2021
2098:from the original on 27 April 2015
1569:) often train for platform raids.
83:to the ocean floor, consist of an
25:
3224:. American Institute of Physics.
3120:"Hydrogen from methane without CO
2905:. In Lang MA, Baldwin CC (eds.).
1972:Offshore geotechnical engineering
472:Notable offshore basins include:
309:In 1946, Magnolia Petroleum (now
3455:Tallest buildings and structures
2994:Kaiser, Mark J. (October 2008).
2377:. March 27, 1992. Archived from
997:) were previously used as FSOs.
4048:Countries with most skyscrapers
3321:from the original on 2020-10-26
3194:from the original on 2020-10-30
3134:from the original on 2020-10-21
3100:from the original on 2020-10-26
2920:– via Rubicon Foundation.
2913:from the original on 2009-08-22
2883:from the original on 2008-05-09
2751:from the original on 2008-04-08
2711:from the original on 2015-07-21
2598:from the original on 2020-02-07
2568:from the original on 2020-02-03
2437:from the original on 2017-09-02
2406:from the original on 2018-01-07
2293:from the original on 2014-05-10
2264:from the original on 2017-03-22
2235:from the original on 2017-10-31
2204:from the original on 2016-03-03
2174:from the original on 2017-07-02
3000:Applied Mathematical Modelling
2852:Urbina, Ian (15 August 2015).
2741:"North Sea platform collapses"
2388:– via Highbeam Research.
2054:10.1016/j.marstruc.2005.06.001
1028:Normally unmanned installation
566:, and central Africa, west of
390:, Texas. It was lost in 1969.
200:. The wells were drilled from
1:
4577:Antenna height considerations
3274:"Old oil rigs could become CO
2963:Debate Over Offshore Drilling
2678:. August 2010. Archived from
1937:List of tallest oil platforms
1660:have been used to assess the
1625:fish near the platforms. The
1284:Operations Team Leader (OTL);
1084:List of tallest oil platforms
750:These platforms are built on
4572:All buildings and structures
4043:Cities with most skyscrapers
3403:Listing of oil rig accidents
3158:United States Sustainability
2534:. 2010-03-11. Archived from
2283:"Building A Legend - Part 2"
1925:, 366 m (1,201 ft)
1919:, 366 m (1,201 ft)
1913:, 380 m (1,250 ft)
1907:, 390 m (1,280 ft)
1901:, 393 m (1,289 ft)
1895:, 413 m (1,355 ft)
1889:, 472 m (1,549 ft)
1883:, 502 m (1,647 ft)
1877:, 535 m (1,755 ft)
1540:with the loss of 123 lives.
1530:' (floating hotel) platform
1114:is a compliant tower in the
520:, part of the Ventura Basin)
332:), as operator for partners
328:Oil Industries (now part of
4038:Buildings by height to roof
2375:Middle East Economic Digest
1678:Deepwater Horizon oil spill
1536:capsized in a storm in the
1504:Minerals Management Service
1467:For fuller discussion, see
1410:Glossary of oilfield jargon
1078:Particularly large examples
984:Devil's Tower spar platform
929:particularly large examples
894:Floating production systems
775:Concrete caisson structures
767:, floating steel, and even
639:the offshore fields in the
407:Blue Water Drilling Company
322:Vermilion Parish, Louisiana
286:Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana
173:in the fresh waters of the
141:Oil wells just offshore at
107:US offshore drilling debate
4689:
2081:, Sunday, January 14, 2018
1668:Effects on the environment
1466:
1434:crew will be on board for
1120:world's tallest structures
1081:
1051:
1025:
973:
953:
938:
897:
878:
841:
818:
811:(1,210 to 2,990 ft).
803:
731:
315:St. Mary Parish, Louisiana
4582:Architectural engineering
4103:Skyscrapers by floor area
3461:
3184:"KITT/IASS – Producing CO
3013:10.1016/j.apm.2007.06.031
2946:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2837:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1766:more are being redesigned
1644:On the US Pacific coast,
1054:Conductor support systems
1048:Conductor support systems
871:gear system on each leg.
821:Semi-submersible platform
815:Semi-submersible platform
4562:Additionally guyed tower
2769:Jenkins, Brian Michael.
2198:Azerbaijan International
1496:United States Navy SEALs
1442:Well services supervisor
1165:has developed the first
1102:, under construction in
4607:Height restriction laws
4485:Before the 20th century
3058:10.1021/acs.est.9b07148
2776:. The RAND Corporation.
1917:Tombua Landana Platform
1572:On April 21, 2010, the
1228:oil/gas export metering
1100:gravity-based structure
956:Gravity-based structure
950:Gravity-based structure
415:Edward Robert Armstrong
342:Stanolind Oil & Gas
56:oil production platform
4673:Structural engineering
4668:Natural gas technology
4113:Voluntarily demolished
3628:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2648:. 2009. Archived from
2460:oceanexplorer.noaa.gov
2430:. Dept Interior BEOM.
1997:Shallow water drilling
1942:Accommodation platform
1839:
1693:
1681:
1618:
1600:Exxon Valdez oil spill
1499:
1488:
1458:Pump hanger and ranger
1371:
1345:Fully qualified medic.
1194:
1181:Maintenance and supply
1148:gravity base structure
1107:
985:
909:
860:
747:
663:
469:
282:ExxonMobil Corporation
166:
158:
146:
143:Summerland, California
39:
4622:Partially guyed tower
2646:All About Skyscrapers
2575:– via Phys.org.
1849:integrated operations
1829:
1748:can be repurposed to
1687:
1675:
1613:
1533:Alexander L. Kielland
1494:
1485:Alexander L. Kielland
1482:
1369:
1224:water injection pumps
1188:
1091:
983:
907:
851:
838:Jack-up drilling rigs
741:
661:
635:Northwest Territories
518:Santa Barbara Channel
464:
378:. It was designed by
194:Santa Barbara Channel
164:
152:
140:
33:
18:Offshore drilling rig
4658:Petroleum production
4653:Offshore engineering
4567:Air traffic obstacle
3982:United Arab Emirates
2508:. October 31, 2013.
2482:. October 31, 2013.
1508:Occidental Petroleum
1359:Incidental personnel
1298:fire and gas systems
1218:process to dry gas,
1212:production separator
941:Tension-leg platform
935:Tension-leg platform
457:Main offshore basins
330:Occidental Petroleum
278:Superior Oil Company
261:In the early 1930s,
192:extending under the
183:Miami and Erie Canal
175:Grand Lake St. Marys
4663:Drilling technology
4184:former Soviet Union
3511:Indian subcontinent
3049:2020EnST...54.3530Y
2791:. Business Insider.
2672:"FLNG gets serious"
2532:"Chevron Drillship"
2092:"Oil in Azerbaijan"
2079:The Bradenton Times
2046:2005MaStr..18..251R
1911:Gullfaks C Platform
1893:Bullwinkle Platform
1832:Statfjord oil field
1269:Essential personnel
1208:production manifold
1060:satellite platforms
888:dynamic positioning
832:dynamic positioning
777:, pioneered by the
572:offshore fields in
558:several fields off
465:Offshore platform,
427:The first offshore
370:In 1954, the first
355:constructed during
304:freedom of the seas
274:Chevron Corporation
227:and Louisiana. The
127:dynamic positioning
3284:. August 8, 2019.
3212:Fernandez, Sonia.
2858:The New York Times
2807:2014-10-20 at the
2652:on 5 February 2011
2347:. March 31, 2010.
2073:2020-08-05 at the
2002:Submarine pipeline
1957:Deepwater drilling
1875:Petronius Platform
1845:petroleum industry
1840:
1756:below the seabed.
1694:
1682:
1619:
1606:Ecological effects
1500:
1489:
1427:and Welder Helpers
1372:
1195:
1135:Jeanne D'Arc Basin
1112:Petronius Platform
1108:
986:
923:The world's first
910:
861:
748:
664:
629:off the coasts of
605:oil and gas fields
538:off the coasts of
470:
435:developed for the
334:Phillips Petroleum
276:) and its partner
167:
159:
147:
40:
4635:
4634:
4592:Early skyscrapers
4548:
4547:
4480:400 to 500 metres
4475:300 to 400 metres
4141:
4140:
4123:Early skyscrapers
4058:Designed by women
3401:Oil Rig Disasters
3088:Cartwright, Jon.
3006:(10): 1996–2018.
2787:Feloni, Richard.
2617:"First Cell Spar"
2066:Compton, Glenn, "
2034:Marine Structures
1881:Baldpate Platform
1855:Deepest platforms
1721:methane pyrolysis
1584:Venice, Louisiana
1575:Deepwater Horizon
1250:search and rescue
1200:floating platform
1171:Western Australia
1163:Royal Dutch Shell
1141:off the coast of
1013:Royal Dutch Shell
769:floating concrete
761:Hibernia platform
744:Atchafalaya River
514:Los Angeles Basin
411:Shell Oil Company
384:Mississippi River
263:the Texas Company
229:Goose Creek field
103:Offshore drilling
85:artificial island
77:continental shelf
52:offshore platform
16:(Redirected from
4680:
4154:
4063:Eastern Orthodox
3491:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3425:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3307:Watson, Jeremy.
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3060:
3043:(6): 3530–3538.
3028:
3022:
3021:
3015:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2945:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2828:
2826:
2818:
2812:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2737:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2619:. Archived from
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2562:Associated Press
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2314:. Archived from
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2164:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2088:
2082:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2029:
1923:Harmony Platform
1899:Pompano Platform
1887:Troll A Platform
1790:Troll A platform
1650:artificial reefs
1646:marine biologist
800:Compliant towers
622:north of Siberia
419:semi-submersible
403:semi-submersible
380:R. G. LeTourneau
270:Pure Oil Company
190:Summerland field
119:semisubmersibles
46:(also called an
21:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4554:
4544:
4540:Twin structures
4463:
4200:
4149:
4137:
4016:
3857:North Macedonia
3574:
3558:Central America
3480:
3457:
3452:
3397:
3392:
3391:
3382:
3380:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3354:
3346:NASASpaceFlight
3338:
3337:
3333:
3324:
3322:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3197:
3195:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3137:
3135:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3103:
3101:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3030:
3029:
3025:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2979:
2977:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2938:
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2930:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2886:
2884:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2809:Wayback Machine
2800:
2796:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2754:
2752:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2723:
2714:
2712:
2699:
2698:
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2683:
2670:
2669:
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2655:
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2640:
2639:
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2599:
2585:
2584:
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2569:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2504:
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2499:
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2487:
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2473:
2464:
2462:
2454:
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2418:
2409:
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2398:
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2384:
2382:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2318:on 8 April 2015
2310:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2294:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2267:
2265:
2260:. 2 June 2015.
2252:
2251:
2247:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2075:Wayback Machine
2065:
2061:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2016:
1952:Deep sea mining
1932:
1857:
1785:
1753:
1738:
1715:
1670:
1608:
1586:, (property of
1477:
1472:
1465:
1361:
1271:
1266:
1220:gas compressors
1183:
1086:
1080:
1072:umbilical cable
1056:
1050:
1030:
1024:
978:
976:Spar (platform)
972:
958:
952:
943:
937:
902:
896:
883:
877:
869:rack and pinion
852:Jackup rigs in
846:
840:
823:
817:
808:
806:Compliant tower
802:
736:
730:
728:Fixed platforms
649:
574:South East Asia
553:Atlantic Canada
459:
374:was ordered by
211:since 1913 and
135:
36:Sakhalin Island
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4686:
4684:
4676:
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4609:
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4471:
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4456:
4451:
4449:United Kingdom
4446:
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4436:
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4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
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4391:
4386:
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4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4264:Czech Republic
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4151:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4108:Twin buildings
4105:
4100:
4095:
4093:Most expensive
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3987:United Kingdom
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
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3809:
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3799:
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3754:
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3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3687:Czech Republic
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
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3595:
3590:
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3513:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3415:
3410:
3407:Oil Rig Photos
3404:
3396:
3395:External links
3393:
3390:
3389:
3364:
3331:
3299:
3278:storage sites"
3275:
3265:
3239:
3215:
3204:
3185:
3175:
3144:
3121:
3110:
3080:
3023:
2986:
2953:
2893:
2867:
2844:
2813:
2794:
2779:
2761:
2747:. 1980-03-27.
2732:
2721:
2707:. 2010-04-22.
2692:
2663:
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2608:
2578:
2548:
2523:
2497:
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2329:
2303:
2274:
2245:
2214:
2184:
2156:
2144:
2109:
2083:
2059:
2040:(3): 251–263.
2023:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1856:
1853:
1784:
1781:
1751:
1742:decommissioned
1737:
1734:
1713:
1702:Produced water
1680:, May 5, 2010.
1669:
1666:
1639:Gulf of Mexico
1607:
1604:
1590:and leased to
1476:
1473:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1443:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1403:
1398:
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1383:
1378:
1360:
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1331:
1328:
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1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1182:
1179:
1139:Atlantic Ocean
1116:Gulf of Mexico
1082:Main article:
1079:
1076:
1052:Main article:
1049:
1046:
1026:Main article:
1023:
1020:
974:Main article:
971:
970:Spar platforms
968:
954:Main article:
951:
948:
939:Main article:
936:
933:
898:Main article:
895:
892:
879:Main article:
876:
873:
842:Main article:
839:
836:
819:Main article:
816:
813:
804:Main article:
801:
798:
734:Fixed platform
732:Main article:
729:
726:
725:
724:
720:
719:
713:
707:
697:
691:
681:
675:
648:
645:
644:
643:
637:
623:
616:
610:Taranaki Basin
606:
599:
588:
581:
570:
556:
542:
528:
521:
507:
484:Gulf of Mexico
480:
467:Gulf of Mexico
458:
455:
372:jackup oil rig
353:Maunsell Forts
338:ConocoPhillips
237:Lake Maracaibo
233:Baytown, Texas
145:, before 1906.
134:
131:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4685:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4648:Oil platforms
4646:
4645:
4643:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4602:Groundscraper
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4551:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4515:Ferris wheels
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4454:United States
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
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4412:
4410:
4407:
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4402:
4399:
4395:
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4390:
4387:
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4382:
4380:
4377:
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4350:
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4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4195:
4194:South America
4192:
4191:
4190:The Americas
4189:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4150:(of any type)
4148:
4144:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
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4084:
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4079:
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4059:
4056:
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4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
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4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3992:United States
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
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3928:
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3900:
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3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
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3843:
3840:
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3835:
3833:
3830:
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3823:
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3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
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3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
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3735:
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3698:
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3675:
3673:
3670:
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3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
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3641:
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3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3569:
3568:Latin America
3566:
3564:
3563:South America
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3553:North America
3551:
3550:
3549:The Americas
3548:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3533:Baltic states
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3444:
3442:
3437:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3335:
3332:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3303:
3300:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3269:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3208:
3205:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3176:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3114:
3111:
3099:
3095:
3094:New Scientist
3091:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2987:
2976:on 2008-08-24
2975:
2971:
2970:
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2964:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2925:
2912:
2908:
2904:
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2878:
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2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2845:
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2814:
2810:
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2798:
2795:
2790:
2783:
2780:
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2765:
2762:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2722:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2682:on 2017-01-31
2681:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2623:on 2011-07-11
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2538:on 2010-05-30
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2433:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2381:on 2012-11-05
2380:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2317:
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2304:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2263:
2259:
2258:petrowiki.org
2255:
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2231:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2185:
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2169:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:North Sea oil
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:spar platform
1863:, which is a
1862:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1804:
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4520:Freestanding
4444:Turkmenistan
4409:South Africa
4389:Saudi Arabia
3932:South Africa
3907:Saudi Arabia
3381:. Retrieved
3379:. 2024-01-19
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2086:
2078:
2062:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2012:Texas Towers
1982:Oil drilling
1869:
1858:
1841:
1805:
1801:fluid column
1798:
1794:
1786:
1773:Saudi Arabia
1770:
1739:
1718:
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1633:have active
1623:
1620:
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1571:
1567:Marine Recon
1555:
1546:Petrobras 36
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1531:
1525:
1501:
1430:
1401:Mud engineer
1362:
1272:
1258:AHTS vessels
1245:
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1175:displacement
1161:
1146:
1143:Newfoundland
1129:platform in
1124:
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1098:platform, a
1066:and a small
1059:
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1017:
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991:Kerr-McGee's
987:
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824:
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749:
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709:
703:
699:
693:
687:
683:
677:
671:
667:
653:drilling rig
650:
641:Adriatic Sea
627:Arctic Ocean
585:Persian Gulf
545:Newfoundland
471:
444:
441:
432:
426:
421:
400:
396:jack-up rigs
392:
388:Port Aransas
369:
357:World War II
351:The British
350:
319:
308:
300:3-mile limit
296:Harry Truman
293:
290:
267:
260:
245:
206:
187:
168:
111:
101:
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51:
47:
44:oil platform
43:
41:
4627:Tower block
4525:Lighthouses
4429:Switzerland
4369:Philippines
4359:New Zealand
4354:Netherlands
4214:Afghanistan
4098:Residential
4073:Educational
4028:100+ floors
3952:Switzerland
3937:South Korea
3882:Philippines
3852:North Korea
3842:Netherlands
3528:Scandinavia
3019:anchor down
2924:"Full text"
1947:Chukchi Cap
1817:Barents Sea
1736:Repurposing
1559:Coast Guard
1512:Piper Alpha
1415:Derrickhand
1396:Company man
1391:Roustabouts
1096:natural gas
1074:, or both.
963:hydrocarbon
614:New Zealand
562:, south of
560:West Africa
549:Nova Scotia
496:Mississippi
256:Caspian Sea
64:natural gas
4642:Categories
4459:Uzbekistan
4344:Luxembourg
4206:By country
4147:Structures
4033:Architects
3772:Kazakhstan
3618:Bangladesh
3613:Azerbaijan
3580:By country
3471:Skyscraper
3383:2024-01-25
3357:20 January
3325:2020-10-20
3292:October 8,
3232:19 October
3198:2020-10-20
3168:19 October
3138:2020-10-20
3124:emissions"
3104:2020-10-20
2980:2008-09-27
2933:2019-09-09
2917:2008-06-27
2887:2008-06-27
2755:2008-06-19
2715:2010-06-04
2686:2018-12-16
2627:2010-05-24
2602:2019-09-08
2572:2019-09-08
2542:2010-05-24
2465:2022-06-02
2441:2017-08-18
2410:2017-08-18
2402:. Platts.
2385:2011-02-26
2297:2017-05-01
2268:2017-05-01
2239:2017-05-01
2208:2006-11-01
2178:2007-06-16
2153:Kerr-McGee
2137:8 November
2019:References
1783:Challenges
1777:theme park
1760:have been
1754:into rocks
1698:oil spills
1690:gas flares
1688:Long-term
1588:Transocean
1563:Navy SEALs
1386:Roughnecks
1376:Toolpusher
1334:Helicopter
1193:oil field.
995:Brent Spar
875:Drillships
844:Jackup rig
603:Baltic Sea
590:fields in
525:Azerbaijan
510:California
486:(offshore
401:The first
376:Zapata Oil
326:Kerr-McGee
311:ExxonMobil
306:" regime.
252:Azerbaijan
248:Bibi Eibat
221:Gulf Coast
213:Caddo Lake
198:California
123:drillships
4510:Flagpoles
4419:Sri Lanka
4319:Indonesia
4229:Australia
4172:West Asia
4157:By region
4128:Supertall
4083:Hospitals
4002:Venezuela
3917:Singapore
3802:Lithuania
3742:Indonesia
3662:Hong Kong
3603:Australia
3598:Argentina
3516:Southeast
3494:By region
3486:Buildings
3314:The Times
3067:0013-936X
2676:Gas Today
1962:Drillship
1834:with the
1746:platforms
1543:In 2001,
1538:North Sea
1516:North Sea
1463:Drawbacks
1452:operators
1436:well work
1420:Geologist
1137:, in the
1042:well work
881:Drillship
783:Norwegian
655:for oil.
492:Louisiana
478:North Sea
451:Shell plc
429:drillship
367:estuary.
268:In 1937,
241:Venezuela
217:Louisiana
209:Lake Erie
155:Louisiana
97:umbilical
60:petroleum
4495:Chimneys
4404:Slovakia
4379:Portugal
4249:Bulgaria
4133:Megatall
4053:Churches
4012:Zimbabwe
3967:Thailand
3962:Tanzania
3927:Slovakia
3922:Slovenia
3892:Portugal
3872:Pakistan
3827:Mongolia
3807:Malaysia
3672:Colombia
3643:Cambodia
3638:Bulgaria
3351:Archived
3319:Archived
3286:Archived
3282:BBC News
3260:Archived
3258:. 2019.
3226:Archived
3222:Phys-Org
3192:Archived
3162:Archived
3160:. BASF.
3132:Archived
3128:phys.org
3098:Archived
3075:32149499
2969:CBS News
2942:cite web
2911:Archived
2881:Archived
2862:Archived
2833:cite web
2805:Archived
2749:Archived
2745:BBC News
2709:Archived
2705:NBC News
2596:Archived
2566:Archived
2516:July 16,
2510:Archived
2490:July 16,
2484:Archived
2432:Archived
2404:Archived
2355:20 April
2349:Archived
2322:20 April
2291:Archived
2262:Archived
2230:Archived
2202:Archived
2172:Archived
2131:Archived
2123:GeoExpro
2102:20 April
2096:Archived
2071:Archived
1930:See also
1729:hydrogen
1596:exploded
1446:Wireline
1406:Motorman
1204:wellhead
1191:VĹ©ng TĂ u
1127:Hibernia
1064:well bay
1034:well bay
827:buoyancy
790:Scottish
752:concrete
702:) &
686:) &
670:) &
620:Kara Sea
598:, India)
580:, Russia
578:Sakhalin
512:(in the
431:was the
363:and the
4553:Related
4530:Statues
4500:Crosses
4490:Bridges
4434:Tunisia
4384:Romania
4349:Myanmar
4329:Ireland
4309:Iceland
4304:Hungary
4294:Germany
4284:Finland
4279:Estonia
4269:Denmark
4244:Belgium
4239:Bahrain
4234:Austria
4224:Algeria
4219:Albania
4068:Mosques
4007:Vietnam
3997:Uruguay
3977:Ukraine
3897:Romania
3847:Nigeria
3837:Myanmar
3832:Morocco
3797:Lebanon
3752:Ireland
3732:Iceland
3722:Germany
3717:Georgia
3707:Finland
3702:Estonia
3697:Ecuador
3692:Denmark
3677:Croatia
3623:Bolivia
3608:Austria
3593:Algeria
3588:Albania
3545:Oceania
3538:Balkans
3466:History
3045:Bibcode
2592:AP News
2345:Reuters
2287:YouTube
2042:Bibcode
1861:Perdido
1812:pumping
1750:pump CO
1740:If not
1725:flaring
1710:methane
1425:Welders
1381:Driller
1248:when a
1239:British
1234:pumps.
1153:iceberg
1145:. This
1093:Troll A
1038:helipad
1009:Perdido
931:below.
854:Longkou
779:Condeep
765:caisson
596:Gujarat
564:Nigeria
504:Florida
500:Alabama
447:Perdido
133:History
70:. Many
48:oil rig
4555:topics
4535:Towers
4439:Turkey
4424:Sweden
4398:Kosovo
4394:Serbia
4374:Poland
4364:Norway
4299:Greece
4289:France
4254:Canada
4179:Europe
4164:Africa
4088:Hotels
4078:Future
3972:Turkey
3957:Taiwan
3947:Sweden
3912:Serbia
3902:Russia
3887:Poland
3867:Panama
3862:Norway
3822:Monaco
3817:Mexico
3792:Latvia
3787:Kuwait
3782:Kosovo
3757:Israel
3727:Greece
3712:France
3682:Cyprus
3648:Canada
3633:Brazil
3523:Europe
3501:Africa
3476:Storey
3152:BASF.
3073:
3065:
2656:23 May
2007:TEMPSC
1992:SAR201
1836:flotel
1808:subsea
1764:, and
1758:Others
1744:, old
1658:Divers
1631:Brunei
1551:Brazil
1528:flotel
1242:Iolair
1216:glycol
1131:Canada
1104:Norway
793:firths
786:fjords
631:Alaska
568:Angola
540:Brazil
532:Campos
437:Mohole
433:CUSS 1
365:Mersey
361:Thames
340:) and
93:subsea
68:seabed
4597:Fires
4468:Lists
4414:Spain
4339:Japan
4334:Italy
4314:India
4274:Egypt
4259:China
4168:Asia
4021:Lists
3942:Spain
3812:Malta
3777:Kenya
3767:Japan
3762:Italy
3737:India
3666:Macau
3658:China
3653:Chile
2927:(PDF)
2825:(PDF)
2774:(PDF)
2435:(PDF)
2428:(PDF)
2233:(PDF)
2226:(PDF)
1580:miles
1475:Risks
1408:See:
1337:pilot
865:jacks
858:China
756:steel
647:Types
592:India
488:Texas
272:(now
231:near
225:Texas
202:piers
171:piles
89:float
87:, or
81:fixed
4505:Dams
4324:Iran
4118:Wood
3877:Peru
3747:Iran
3506:Asia
3377:CNCB
3359:2021
3294:2021
3234:2020
3170:2020
3071:PMID
3063:ISSN
2948:link
2839:link
2658:2010
2518:2019
2492:2019
2357:2015
2324:2015
2139:2016
2104:2015
1662:fish
1629:and
1615:NOAA
1264:Crew
1254:PSVs
1246:e.g.
1230:and
1157:tons
1125:The
1110:The
788:and
625:the
618:the
608:the
601:the
576:and
547:and
534:and
530:the
516:and
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482:the
476:the
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