290:
22:
852:
533:
505:
143:
2555:
880:
644:
758:
616:
786:
519:
630:
866:
274:
2301:
973:
840:
949:
318:
491:
341:
161:
744:
304:
772:
961:
604:
985:
1230:
Clark, P. U.; Shakun, J. D.; Baker, P. A.; Bartlein, P. J.; Brewer, S.; Brook, E.; Carlson, A. E.; Cheng, H.; Kaufman, D. S.; Liu, Z.; Marchitto, T. M.; Mix, A. C.; Morrill, C.; Otto-Bliesner, B. L.; Pahnke, K.; Russell, J. M.; Whitlock, C.; Adkins, J. F.; Blois, J. L.; Clark, J.; Colman, S. M.;
1067:
Rasmussen, Sune O.; Bigler, Matthias; Blockley, Simon P.; Blunier, Thomas; Buchardt, Susanne L.; Clausen, Henrik B.; Cvijanovic, Ivana; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Johnsen, Sigfus J.; Fischer, Hubertus; Gkinis, Vasileios; Guillevic, Myriam; Hoek, Wim Z.; Lowe, J. John; Pedro, Joel B.; Popp, Trevor;
131:, Central Range, and Northwestern Mountains, which had almost entirely disappeared by 17,500 BP, began to advance once again. Between 16,800 and 16,500 BP, these glaciers abruptly advanced into montane valleys and deposited moraines near the moraines formed during the
1434:
1241:
92:
that colonizes arctic-alpine regions. The termination of the Oldest Dryas is marked by an abrupt oxygen isotope excursion, which has been observed at many sites in the Alps that correspond to this interval of time.
135:. These glaciers then began to oscillate between advance and retreat until a final glacial advance at 15,500 BP. A thousand years later, following a general glacial retreat, these alpine glaciers were relegated to
1074:
Stratigraphic
Framework for Abrupt Climatic Changes during the Last Glacial Period Based on Three Synchronized Greenland Ice-core Records: Refining and Extending the INTIMATE Event Stratigraphy"
1168:
1324:
289:
1068:
Seierstad, Inger K.; Steffensen, Jørgen Peder; Svensson, Anders M.; Vallelonga, Paul; Vinther, Bo M.; Walker, Mike J.C.; Wheatley, Joe J.; Winstrup, Mai (December 2014).
1641:
433:
The bears would not have returned north except in pursuit of food. The tundra must already have been well populated. It is likely that the species hunted by humans at
401:
Species were mainly Arctic but during the
Glacial Maximum, the warmer weather species had withdrawn into refugia and began to repopulate Europe in the Oldest Dryas.
2087:
56:. The time period to which the layer corresponds is poorly defined and varies between regions, but it is generally dated as starting at 18.5–17 thousand years (
2081:
1386:
Zheng, Yanhong; Pancost, Richard D.; Liu, Xiaodong; Wang, Zhangzhang; Naafs, B.D.A.; Xie, Xiaoxun; Liu, Zhao; Yu, Xuefeng; Yang, Huan (2 October 2017).
2554:
2015:
1991:
1979:
545:
The above birds are primarily maritime. They must have fed in the copious glacial waters of the north that were just beginning to be released.
1601:
1634:
1307:
1144:
116:
stratigraphy in areas across the world, and to refer to the time period itself and its associated temporary reversal of the glacial retreat.
2791:
879:
2021:
2337:
1293:
2261:
1577:
851:
2251:
1557:
1541:
388:
208:
1205:
1136:
1954:
1627:
1361:
1025:
A widely-employed nomenclature for climatic change during the last glacial termination is the sequence Oldest Dryas (stadial),
410:, was among the first to arrive in the north. Genetic studies indicate North European brown bears came from a refugium in the
532:
366:
186:
45:
1948:
1591:
504:
2689:
1596:
1401:
362:
182:
1586:
2766:
1682:
1250:
1435:"Pollen and Oxygen Isotope Analyses on Late- and Post-Glacial Sediments of the Tourbière de Chirens (Dauphiné, France)"
225:, but much drier and grassier than the modern tundra. It contained shrubs and herbaceous plants such as the following:
2045:
351:
171:
757:
2386:
2191:
1918:
1332:
1078:
273:
370:
355:
190:
175:
21:
2801:
2781:
2571:
2464:
2256:
1912:
1687:
2796:
2771:
2211:
2003:
1942:
785:
53:
643:
2577:
1960:
518:
2426:
839:
629:
2731:
2602:
2486:
2418:
2330:
2093:
1997:
1936:
1924:
1722:
1531:
1034:
1026:
615:
1547:
972:
2694:
2539:
2512:
2442:
2359:
2354:
2236:
2171:
2069:
1847:
1801:
1662:
948:
865:
128:
2776:
2422:
2414:
2395:
2246:
2201:
2039:
1717:
1672:
1667:
1405:
1345:
1232:
1189:
1091:
743:
453:
411:
317:
132:
142:
2786:
2751:
2714:
2648:
2629:
2625:
2596:
2504:
2430:
2391:
2381:
2196:
1985:
1896:
1439:
1388:"Atmospheric Connections with the North Atlantic Enhanced the Deglacial Warming in Northeast China"
565:
1235:; Markgraf, V.; McManus, J.; Mitrovica, J. X.; Moreno, P. I.; Williams, J. W. (13 February 2012).
490:
2667:
2276:
2271:
2206:
1502:
1481:
Palacios, David; De AndrĂ©s, Nuria; GĂłmez-Ortiz, Antonio; GarcĂa-Ruiz, JosĂ© M. (18 January 2016).
1456:
461:
2410:
1760:
105:
2761:
2756:
2478:
2470:
2452:
2438:
2434:
2323:
2304:
2281:
2176:
1862:
1750:
1553:
1537:
1392:
1303:
1299:
1274:
1176:
1140:
931:
771:
434:
303:
238:
120:
89:
29:
2640:
2508:
2460:
2456:
1811:
1494:
1448:
1413:
1353:
1264:
1254:
1197:
1185:
1109:
1099:
261:
84:
1574:
1482:
960:
2500:
2492:
2448:
2150:
2119:
2051:
2033:
1791:
1770:
1692:
1677:
1581:
603:
82:
events, the stratigraphic layer is marked by abundance of the pollen and other remains of
41:
1409:
1349:
1193:
1095:
108:. The term was originally defined specifically for terrestrial records in the region of
2704:
2699:
2684:
2617:
2286:
2155:
2114:
1611:
1269:
1236:
280:
68:
61:
656:
The smaller mammals of the food chain inhabited the herbaceous blanket of the tundra:
2745:
2496:
2482:
2474:
2403:
2266:
2231:
2063:
2057:
2027:
2009:
1930:
1872:
1821:
1806:
1765:
1506:
1460:
1452:
1038:
1006:
711:
72:
1357:
1104:
1069:
984:
798:
In addition to bears and birds were other predators of the following small animals:
2709:
2181:
1702:
1697:
573:
477:
469:
253:
1130:
441:
by the end of the period were present during it. Here are other animals present:
2659:
2399:
2241:
2226:
2221:
2075:
1867:
1755:
1712:
1483:"Evidence of glacial activity during the Oldest Dryas in the mountains of Spain"
1030:
1001:
438:
340:
245:
160:
109:
76:
2613:
2376:
2368:
2145:
2124:
1857:
1816:
1707:
1569:
818:
659:
589:
406:
2588:
2563:
2531:
1259:
1129:
Hoek, Wim (2009). "Bølling-Allerød
Interstadial". In Gornitz, Vivien (ed.).
935:
801:
721:
702:
1278:
1619:
2523:
2129:
1837:
1341:
1325:"A Global Perspective on Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene Climate Change"
1087:
900:
415:
124:
113:
101:
1606:
2719:
2527:
2346:
2186:
1796:
1786:
939:
668:
231:
221:
During the Oldest Dryas, Europe was treeless and similar to the Arctic
49:
1114:
1498:
1418:
1387:
1201:
730:
557:
427:
222:
136:
1842:
1745:
927:
908:
581:
423:
419:
141:
20:
1169:"Northern Hemisphere Ice-sheet Responses to Past Climate Warming"
1852:
916:
826:
810:
692:
684:
676:
548:
444:
97:
2319:
1623:
1433:
Eicher, U.; Siegenthaler, U.; WegmĂĽller, S. (20 January 2017).
334:
154:
65:
57:
1533:
Quaternary
Glaciations - Extent and Chronology: A Closer Look
893:
Humans were interested in the large mammals, which included:
16:
Abrupt climatic cooling event during the last glacial retreat
2315:
1549:
Paleoclimatology: Reconstructing
Climates of the Quaternary
1597:
Chronology of
Climatic Change During the Last Deglaciation
1132:
1237:"Global Climate Evolution during the Last Deglaciation"
44:
subdivision layer corresponding to a relatively abrupt
1231:
Curry, W. B.; Flower, B. P.; He, F.; Johnson, T. C.;
1167:
Carlson, Anders E.; Winsor, Kelsey (26 August 2012).
2677:
2658:
2639:
2612:
2587:
2562:
2522:
2367:
2353:
2164:
2138:
2107:
1970:
1905:
1889:
1830:
1779:
1738:
1731:
1655:
1323:Shakun, Jeremy D.; Carlson, Anders E. (July 2010).
1487:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1242:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2088:Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field
1062:
1060:
1058:
2331:
1635:
8:
1602:Late Glacial Ice Advances in Maritime Canada
2082:Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area
926:At some point, the larger mammals arrived:
369:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
189:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2364:
2338:
2324:
2316:
1902:
1827:
1735:
1642:
1628:
1620:
1575:High-resolution studies of lake sediments
1417:
1268:
1258:
1113:
1103:
389:Learn how and when to remove this message
209:Learn how and when to remove this message
1587:Glaciers and Climate in Western Austria
1054:
1018:
944:
835:
739:
599:
486:
269:
2016:Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail
1980:Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area
1295:The Holocene: An Environmental History
100:, the Oldest Dryas corresponds to the
1530:Ehlers, Gibbard, Hughes (eds) (2011)
7:
367:adding citations to reliable sources
187:adding citations to reliable sources
2022:Ice Age National Scientific Reserve
112:, but has come to be used both for
14:
2010:Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area
2553:
2300:
2299:
1955:Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine
983:
971:
959:
947:
878:
864:
850:
838:
784:
770:
756:
742:
642:
628:
614:
602:
531:
517:
503:
489:
339:
316:
302:
288:
272:
159:
146:The edge of the ice in Greenland
1358:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.03.016
1105:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.007
2018:, Idaho, Oregon and Washington
885:Icelandic horse, perhaps like
1:
2690:Greenhouse and icehouse Earth
2262:Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal
1402:Geological Society of America
1683:Glacial history of Minnesota
1453:10.1016/0033-5894(81)90102-2
1251:National Academy of Sciences
52:, which occurred during the
2046:Kettle Moraine State Forest
1949:Lion's Head Provincial Park
1546:Bradley, Raymond S. (2013)
2818:
2387:Penultimate Glacial Period
2192:Penultimate Glacial Period
1919:Big Rock (glacial erratic)
1333:Quaternary Science Reviews
1079:Quaternary Science Reviews
2728:
2551:
2295:
2257:Late Glacial Interstadial
2036:, Minnesota and Wisconsin
1913:Arrowhead Provincial Park
1688:List of prehistoric lakes
2212:Holocene glacial retreat
2004:Glacial Lakes State Park
1943:Foothills Erratics Train
1298:(3rd ed.). Oxford:
418:. Other refugia were in
2578:Late Paleozoic icehouse
2252:Bølling–Allerød warming
1992:Devil's Lake State Park
1961:Ovayok Territorial Park
1650:Continental glaciations
1260:10.1073/pnas.1116619109
2792:Blytt–Sernander system
2732:Timeline of glaciation
2599:(579.88 to 579.63 Mya)
2094:Yosemite National Park
1998:Glacial Lake Wisconsin
1937:Eskers Provincial Park
1925:Cypress Hills (Canada)
1723:Timeline of glaciation
1607:The Venus of Neuchatel
1292:Roberts, Neil (2014).
457:, black-throated diver
147:
123:, the glaciers of the
33:
2695:Great Oxidation Event
2237:Quaternary glaciation
2172:Quaternary glaciation
2070:Mill Bluff State Park
2034:Interstate State Park
1848:Giant current ripples
1663:Cordilleran ice sheet
1592:Late Glacial Shetland
1300:John Wiley & Sons
669:Discrotonyx torquatus
145:
24:
2580:(360 Mya to 260 Mya)
2574:(460 Mya to 430 Mya)
2396:Last Glacial Maximum
2247:Wisconsin glaciation
2202:Last Glacial Maximum
1718:Post-glacial rebound
1673:Last Glacial Maximum
1668:Laurentide ice sheet
1340:(15–16). Amsterdam:
845:Lynx (or Felis) lynx
511:Podiceps nigricollis
465:, black-necked grebe
462:Podiceps nigricollis
363:improve this section
183:improve this section
133:Last Glacial Maximum
54:last glacial retreat
2767:Last Glacial Period
2715:Milankovitch cycles
2392:Last Glacial Period
2232:Pre-Illinoian Stage
2197:Last Glacial Period
1986:Coteau des Prairies
1897:Greenland ice sheet
1440:Quaternary Research
1410:2017Geo....45.1031Z
1367:on 24 December 2015
1350:2010QSRv...29.1801S
1233:Lynch-Stieglitz, J.
1194:2012NatGe...5..607C
1096:2014QSRv..106...14R
1035:Allerød oscillation
1033:(relatively cool),
1027:Bølling oscillation
566:Thymallus thymallus
62:before present (BP)
2628:(717 to 660 Mya);
2605:(547 to 541.5 Mya)
2277:4.2 kiloyear event
2272:8.2 kiloyear event
2207:Mousterian Pluvial
1939:, British Columbia
1580:2013-03-03 at the
1249:(19). Washington:
750:Microtus oeconomus
677:Microtus oeconomus
672:, collared lemming
296:Artemisia vulgaris
148:
34:
2739:
2738:
2670:(2.9 to 2.78 Gya)
2549:
2548:
2313:
2312:
2282:Piora Oscillation
2242:Sangamonian Stage
2103:
2102:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1309:978-1-4051-5521-2
1211:on 30 August 2021
1177:Nature Geoscience
1146:978-1-4020-4551-6
978:Woolly rhinoceros
954:Rangifer tarandus
932:woolly rhinoceros
901:Rangifer tarandus
539:Aquila chrysaetos
478:Aquila chrysaetos
399:
398:
391:
219:
218:
211:
121:Iberian Peninsula
90:indicator species
64:and ending 15–14
30:indicator species
2809:
2802:Dryas octopetala
2782:Paleoclimatology
2651:(2.4 to 2.1 Gya)
2641:Paleoproterozoic
2632:(650 to 635 Mya)
2557:
2365:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2317:
2303:
2302:
1903:
1828:
1812:Terminal moraine
1736:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1621:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1499:10.1144/sp433.10
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:10.1130/G39401.1
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1360:. Archived from
1329:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1262:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1204:. Archived from
1202:10.1038/NGEO1528
1186:Nature Portfolio
1173:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1107:
1073:
1064:
1042:
1023:
987:
975:
963:
951:
882:
868:
854:
842:
788:
774:
764:Microtus arvalis
760:
746:
693:Chionmys nivalis
685:Microtus arvalis
646:
632:
618:
606:
535:
521:
507:
493:
404:The brown bear,
394:
387:
383:
380:
374:
343:
335:
324:Dryas octopetala
320:
306:
292:
276:
262:Dryas octopetala
214:
207:
203:
200:
194:
163:
155:
85:Dryas octopetala
46:climatic cooling
42:biostratigraphic
26:Dryas octopetala
2817:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2797:Historical eras
2772:Climate history
2742:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2724:
2673:
2654:
2635:
2608:
2583:
2558:
2545:
2542:(34 to 2.5 Mya)
2530:
2526:
2518:
2358:
2349:
2344:
2314:
2309:
2291:
2177:Illinoian Stage
2160:
2151:Lambert Glacier
2134:
2120:Killary Harbour
2099:
2052:Lake Bonneville
1972:
1966:
1901:
1877:
1826:
1775:
1771:U-shaped valley
1761:Roche moutonnée
1727:
1693:Proglacial lake
1678:Canadian Shield
1651:
1648:
1617:
1582:Wayback Machine
1566:
1552:Academic Press
1527:
1525:Further reading
1522:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1400:(11). Boulder:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1253:: E1134–E1142.
1229:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1024:
1020:
1015:
998:
991:
988:
979:
976:
967:
964:
955:
952:
889:
883:
874:
869:
860:
855:
846:
843:
794:
792:Marmota marmota
789:
780:
775:
766:
761:
752:
747:
731:Marmota marmota
652:
647:
638:
633:
624:
619:
610:
607:
574:Rutilus rutilus
541:
536:
527:
522:
513:
508:
499:
494:
395:
384:
378:
375:
360:
344:
333:
326:
321:
312:
307:
298:
293:
284:
277:
215:
204:
198:
195:
180:
164:
153:
106:WĂĽrm glaciation
104:stadial of the
17:
12:
11:
5:
2815:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2744:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2705:Snowball Earth
2702:
2700:Little Ice Age
2697:
2692:
2687:
2685:Glacial period
2681:
2679:
2678:Related topics
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2622:
2620:
2618:Snowball Earth
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2600:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2572:Andean-Saharan
2568:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2534:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2515:(2.5 to 0 Mya)
2489:
2467:
2445:
2407:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2362:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2287:Little Ice Age
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2156:Ross Ice Shelf
2153:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2115:Hardangerfjord
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2040:Kelleys Island
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1988:, South Dakota
1983:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1927:, Saskatchewan
1922:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1900:
1899:
1893:
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1751:Glacial striae
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1572:
1565:
1564:External links
1562:
1561:
1560:
1544:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1473:
1447:(2): 160–170.
1425:
1378:
1315:
1308:
1302:. p. 98.
1284:
1222:
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922:
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870:
863:
861:
858:Alopex lagopus
856:
849:
847:
844:
837:
834:
833:
832:
831:
823:
819:Alopex lagopus
815:
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762:
755:
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609:Glacial stream
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502:
500:
495:
488:
485:
484:
483:
482:
481:, golden eagle
474:
473:, whooper swan
466:
458:
435:Lake Neuchâtel
397:
396:
347:
345:
338:
332:
329:
328:
327:
322:
315:
313:
308:
301:
299:
294:
287:
285:
281:Inner Mongolia
278:
271:
268:
267:
266:
265:
258:
257:, dwarf willow
250:
242:
235:
217:
216:
167:
165:
158:
152:
149:
71:. As with the
32:for the period
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2814:
2803:
2800:
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2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2497:Pre-Illinoian
2494:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2475:Pre-Illinoian
2472:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:Younger Dryas
2401:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:Late Cenozoic
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2267:Younger Dryas
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:Lake Missoula
2062:
2059:
2058:Lake Lahontan
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2028:Ice Age Trail
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1931:Eramosa River
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:North America
1888:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1822:Veiki moraine
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1807:Rogen moraine
1805:
1803:
1802:Pulju moraine
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1792:Erratic block
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:Tunnel valley
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1734:
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1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
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1633:
1631:
1626:
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1622:
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1613:
1610:
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1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
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1579:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:9780123869951
1555:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1542:9780444534477
1539:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:: 1031–1034.
1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1344:: 1801–1816.
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1223:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:(9). London:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1135:. Dordrecht:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:. Amsterdam:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1039:Younger Dryas
1036:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1012:
1008:
1007:Younger Dryas
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
986:
981:
974:
969:
962:
957:
950:
945:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
919:
918:
914:
911:
910:
906:
903:
902:
898:
897:
896:
895:
894:
888:
881:
876:
873:
867:
862:
859:
853:
848:
841:
836:
829:
828:
824:
821:
820:
816:
813:
812:
808:
807:
806:
805:
804:
803:
799:
793:
787:
782:
779:
778:Lepus timidus
773:
768:
765:
759:
754:
751:
745:
740:
733:
732:
728:
727:
726:
725:
724:
723:
715:, Arctic hare
714:
713:
712:Lepus timidus
709:
708:
707:
706:
705:
704:
695:
694:
690:
688:, common vole
687:
686:
682:
679:
678:
674:
671:
670:
666:
665:
664:
663:
662:
661:
657:
651:
645:
640:
637:
631:
626:
623:
617:
612:
605:
600:
593:
591:
587:
584:
583:
579:
576:
575:
571:
568:
567:
563:
560:
559:
555:
554:
553:
552:
551:
550:
546:
540:
534:
529:
526:
525:Cygnus cygnus
520:
515:
512:
506:
501:
498:
497:Gavia arctica
492:
487:
480:
479:
475:
472:
471:
470:Cygnus cygnus
467:
464:
463:
459:
456:
455:
454:Gavia arctica
451:
450:
449:
448:
447:
446:
442:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:
402:
393:
390:
382:
372:
368:
364:
358:
357:
353:
348:This section
346:
342:
337:
336:
330:
325:
319:
314:
311:
305:
300:
297:
291:
286:
282:
275:
270:
264:
263:
259:
256:
255:
251:
249:, dwarf birch
248:
247:
243:
241:
240:
236:
233:
230:
229:
228:
227:
226:
224:
213:
210:
202:
192:
188:
184:
178:
177:
173:
168:This section
166:
162:
157:
156:
150:
144:
140:
138:
134:
130:
129:Sierra Nevada
126:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
91:
87:
86:
81:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
31:
27:
23:
19:
2730:
2710:Interglacial
2217:Oldest Dryas
2216:
2187:Interstadial
2182:Interglacial
2165:Time periods
2096:, California
2090:, Washington
1831:Glacifluvial
1780:Depositional
1703:Lake Chicago
1698:Lake Agassiz
1616:
1570:the Holocene
1548:
1532:
1510:. Retrieved
1490:
1486:
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1444:
1438:
1428:
1397:
1391:
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1362:the original
1337:
1331:
1318:
1294:
1287:
1246:
1240:
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1206:the original
1181:
1175:
1162:
1150:. Retrieved
1131:
1124:
1083:
1077:
1021:
925:
915:
912:, wild horse
907:
899:
892:
886:
871:
857:
825:
822:, Arctic fox
817:
809:
800:
797:
791:
777:
763:
749:
729:
720:
710:
701:
696:, snowy vole
691:
683:
675:
667:
658:
655:
649:
636:Salmo trutta
635:
621:
588:
582:Salmo trutta
580:
572:
564:
556:
547:
544:
538:
524:
510:
496:
476:
468:
460:
452:
443:
432:
407:Ursus arctos
405:
403:
400:
385:
376:
361:Please help
349:
323:
309:
295:
260:
254:Salix retusa
252:
244:
237:
220:
205:
196:
181:Please help
169:
118:
95:
83:
79:
38:Oldest Dryas
37:
35:
25:
18:
2777:Pleistocene
2660:Mesoarchean
2603:Baykonurian
2465:Santa MarĂa
2419:Weichselian
2227:Pleistocene
2222:Older Dryas
2084:, Wisconsin
2076:Oneida Lake
2072:, Wisconsin
2048:, Wisconsin
2030:, Wisconsin
2024:, Wisconsin
2012:, Wisconsin
2006:, Minnesota
2000:, Wisconsin
1994:, Wisconsin
1982:, Wisconsin
1868:Outwash fan
1863:Kettle hole
1756:Ribbon lake
1713:Teays River
1612:Brown Bears
1188:: 607–613.
1031:Older Dryas
1002:Older Dryas
909:Equus ferus
887:Equus ferus
872:Canis lupus
827:Canis lupus
680:, root vole
439:Switzerland
412:Carpathians
310:Betula nana
279:Grassland (
246:Betula nana
110:Scandinavia
2787:Palynology
2752:Chronology
2746:Categories
2614:Cryogenian
2509:Beestonian
2461:Wolstonian
2443:Llanquihue
2427:Midlandian
2377:Antarctica
2369:Quaternary
2355:Quaternary
2146:Antarctica
2139:Antarctica
2125:Monte Rosa
2078:, New York
1858:Kame delta
1817:Till plain
1708:Lake Tight
1493:: 87–110.
1152:15 January
1115:2160/30436
1049:References
1041:(stadial).
966:Capra ibex
917:Capra ibex
904:, reindeer
811:Felis lynx
660:Cricetidae
650:Salvelinus
590:Salvelinus
569:, grayling
48:event, or
2589:Ediacaran
2564:Paleozoic
2540:Antarctic
2532:Oligocene
2491:7th–8th:
2487:Rio Llico
2469:3rd–6th:
2453:Illinoian
2423:Devensian
2415:Wisconsin
2382:Greenland
2066:, Montana
1963:, Nunavut
1957:, Ontario
1951:, Ontario
1945:, Alberta
1933:, Ontario
1921:, Alberta
1915:, Ontario
1739:Erosional
1732:Landforms
1536:Elsevier
1507:131340591
1461:129570510
1090:: 14–28.
936:cave bear
802:Carnivora
722:Sciuridae
703:Leporidae
622:Lota lota
558:Lota lota
379:July 2020
350:does not
239:Artemisia
234:, grasses
199:July 2020
170:does not
2762:Ice ages
2757:Holocene
2649:Huronian
2630:Marinoan
2626:Sturtian
2597:Gaskiers
2524:Pliocene
2505:Menapian
2431:Pinedale
2347:Ice ages
2305:Category
2130:Svalbard
2060:, Nevada
1838:Diluvium
1578:Archived
1512:15 April
1466:14 April
1342:Elsevier
1279:22331892
1137:Springer
1088:Elsevier
996:See also
734:, marmot
561:, burbot
416:Moldavia
125:Pyrenees
114:ice core
102:Gschnitz
2720:Stadial
2668:Pongola
2528:Miocene
2513:Caracol
2483:Anglian
2108:Eurasia
1797:Moraine
1787:Drumlin
1656:General
1406:Bibcode
1393:Geology
1346:Bibcode
1270:3358890
1190:Bibcode
1092:Bibcode
990:Mammoth
940:mammoth
592:alpinus
585:, trout
577:, roach
371:removed
356:sources
232:Poaceae
191:removed
176:sources
137:cirques
119:In the
96:In the
73:Younger
50:stadial
28:is the
2479:Elster
2471:Mindel
2439:Merida
2435:Fraser
2054:, Utah
2042:, Ohio
1973:States
1971:United
1906:Canada
1873:Sandur
1556:
1540:
1505:
1459:
1371:5 July
1306:
1277:
1267:
1215:5 July
1143:
1072:
1037:, and
920:, ibex
830:, wolf
814:, lynx
594:, char
428:Greece
223:tundra
2457:Saale
2447:2nd:
2409:1st:
2400:Older
1843:Esker
1746:Fjord
1503:S2CID
1457:S2CID
1365:(PDF)
1328:(PDF)
1209:(PDF)
1172:(PDF)
1013:Notes
928:hyena
424:Spain
420:Italy
331:Fauna
151:Flora
88:, an
80:Dryas
77:Older
40:is a
2501:Elbe
2493:GĂĽnz
2449:Riss
2411:WĂĽrm
2402:and
1853:Kame
1554:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1514:2023
1468:2023
1373:2019
1304:ISBN
1275:PMID
1217:2019
1154:2021
1141:ISBN
938:and
549:Fish
445:Aves
426:and
354:any
352:cite
174:any
172:cite
98:Alps
75:and
36:The
2503:or
1495:doi
1491:433
1449:doi
1414:doi
1354:doi
1265:PMC
1255:doi
1247:109
1198:doi
1110:hdl
1100:doi
1084:106
437:in
414:of
365:by
185:by
2748::
2511:,
2507:,
2499:,
2495:,
2485:,
2481:,
2477:,
2473:,
2463:,
2459:,
2455:,
2451:,
2441:,
2437:,
2429:,
2421:,
2417:,
2413:,
2398:,
2357:/
1501:.
1489:.
1485:.
1455:.
1445:15
1443:.
1437:.
1412:.
1398:45
1396:.
1390:.
1352:.
1338:29
1336:.
1330:.
1273:.
1263:.
1245:.
1239:.
1196:.
1180:.
1174:.
1139:.
1108:.
1098:.
1082:.
1076:.
1070:"A
1057:^
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