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525:. Rumors suggested that a white girl was living with the Mohaves, and the post commander requested her return, or to know the reason why she did not choose to return. The Mohaves initially sequestered Olive and resisted the request. At first they denied that Olive was even white. Over the course of negotiations some expressed their affection for Olive, others their fear of reprisal from whites. The messenger Francisco, meanwhile, withdrew to the homes of other nearby Mohaves; shortly thereafter he made a second fervent attempt to persuade the Mohaves to part with Olive. Trade items were included this time, including blankets and a white horse, and he passed on threats that the whites would destroy the Mohaves if they did not release Olive.
716:, a boom town ripe for a businessman like Fairchild to start a new and prosperous life. Fairchild founded the City Bank of Sherman and together they lived quietly in a large Victorian mansion. Olive began wearing a veil to cover her famous tattoo and became involved in charity work. She was particularly interested in helping a local orphanage. She and Fairchild never had their own children, but they did adopt a little girl and named her Mary Elizabeth after their mothers, nicknaming her Mamie. Her husband went on to track down copies of Stratton's book and burn them.
673:(1857). Olive and Lorenzo accompanied Stratton across the country on a book tour, promoting the book and lecturing in book circuits. Olive was a curiosity. Her boldly tattooed chin was on display and people came to hear her story and witness the blue tattoo for themselves. She was the first known tattooed White American woman as well as one of the first female public speakers. Olive entered the lecture circuit as feminism was developing. Though she herself never claimed to be part of the movement, her story entered the American consciousness shortly after the
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the tribe. Olive herself would later claim that she and Mary Ann were held captive by the Mohave and that she feared to leave, but this statement could have been colored by the
Reverend Royal Byron Stratton, who sponsored the publication of Olive's captivity narrative shortly after her return to White society. For example, Olive did not attempt to contact a large group of whites that visited the Mohaves during her period with them, and years later she went to meet with a Mohave leader,
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this is not consistent with the Mohave tradition, where such marks were given only to their own people to ensure that they would enter the land of the dead and be recognized there by their ancestors as members of the Mohave tribe. The tribe did not care if their slaves could reach the land of the dead, however, so they did not tattoo them. It has also been suggested that the evenness of Olive's facial markings may indicate her compliance with the procedure.
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477:). They were immediately taken in by the family of a tribal leader (kohot) whose non-Mohave name was Espaniole. The Mohave tribe was more prosperous than the group that had held the girls captive, and both Espaniole's wife, Aespaneo, and daughter, Topeka, took an interest in the Oatman girls' welfare. Oatman expressed her deep affection for these two women numerous times over the years after her captivity.
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380:(20 miles south of modern-day Phoenix, Arizona), they were told that the Gila Trail (Southern Emigration Route) to the west was barren, dangerous, and frequented by hostile Native Americans. They were warned that they would risk their lives if they proceeded further. While the other families resolved to stay in Maricopa Wells, the Oatmans chose to continue their westward journey.
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in a 20-day journey. Topeka (the daughter of
Espianola/Espanesay and Aespaneo) went on the journey with her. Before entering the fort, Olive was given Western clothing lent by the wife of an army officer, as she was clad in a traditional Mohave skirt with no covering above her waist. Inside the fort,
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wrote in an article about the Oatman captivity: "The
Mohaves always told her she could go to the white settlements when she pleased but they dared not go with her, fearing they might be punished for having kept a white woman so long among them, nor did they dare to let it be known that she was among
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Another thing that suggests Olive and Mary Ann were not held in forced captivity by the Mohave is that both girls were tattooed on their chins and arms, in keeping with the tribal custom. Oatman later claimed (in
Stratton's book and in her lectures) that she was tattooed to mark her as a slave, but
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Olive, however, denied rumors during her lifetime that she either had been married to a Mohave or had been sexually mistreated by the
Yavapai or Mohave. In Stratton's book, she declared that "to the honor of these savages let it be said, they never offered the least unchaste abuse to me." However,
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Aespaneo arranged for the Oatman girls to be given plots of land to farm. A Mohave tribesman, Llewelyn
Barrackman, said in an interview that Olive was most likely fully adopted into the tribe because she was given a Mohave nickname, something only presented to those who have fully assimilated into
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and food. Due to the lack of supplies, Royce Oatman was hesitant to share too much with the small party of
Yavapais. They became irate at his stinginess. During the encounter, the Yavapais attacked the Oatman family. The Yavapais clubbed the family to death. All were killed except for three of the
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in the press, as well as in her own memoir and speeches. Novels, plays, movies, and poetry were inspired, which resonated in the media of the time and long afterward. She had become an oddity in 1860s
America, partly because of the prominent blue tattooing of her chin by the Mohave, making her the
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Olive Oatman's 1860s lecture notes tell of her younger sister often yearning to join that better "world" where their "Father and Mother" had gone. Mary Ann died of starvation while the girls were living with the Mohave. This happened in about 1855–56, when Mary Ann was ten or eleven. It has been
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Native
Americans. The daughter of the Mohave Chief Espaniole saw the girls and their poor treatment during a trading expedition. She tried to make a trade for the girls. The Yavapais refused, but the chief's daughter, Topeka, was persistent and returned once more offering a trade for the girls.
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Olive later spoke with fondness of the
Mohaves, who she said treated her better than her first captors. She most likely considered herself assimilated. She was given a clan name, Oach, and a nickname, Spantsa, a Mohave word having to do with unquenchable lust or thirst. She chose not to reveal
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After the attack, Lorenzo awoke to find his parents and siblings dead, but he saw no sign of little Mary Ann or Olive. Lorenzo attempted the hazardous trek to find help. He eventually reached a settlement, where his wounds were treated. Lorenzo rejoined the emigrant train, and three days later
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herself to white railroad surveyors who spent nearly a week in the Mohave Valley trading and socializing with the tribe in February 1854. Because she did not know that Lorenzo had survived the massacre, she believed she had no immediate family, and the Mohave treated her as one of their own.
404:. The seven Oatman children ranged in age from one to 17 years old, the eldest being Lucy Oatman. Mary Ann was 8 months pregnant with their eighth child. On the Oatmans' fourth day out from Maricopa Wells, they were approached by a group of nineteen Native Americans who were asking for
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A 1965 episode of the TV series Death Valley Days starring Ronald Reagan recounts the story of Olive Oatman and features her brother Lorenzo's search for her. In this episode he finds her with the Mojave but she doesn't want to leave. Episode title: “The Lawless Have Laws.”
465:. After arriving at the village, the girls were initially treated in a way that appeared threatening, and Oatman later said she thought they would be killed. However, the girls were used as slaves to forage for food, to lug water and firewood, and for other menial tasks.
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in Arizona in 1854, the same time Oatman was living among the Mohave. Stratton did not receive an invitation to the wedding, and Olive never reached out to him again. Stratton became institutionalized after the development of hereditary insanity and died in 1875.
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Oatman married John Brant Fairchild (1830-1907) on November 9, 1865 in Rochester, New York. They met at a lecture she was giving alongside Stratton in Michigan. Fairchild was a wealthy rancher who had lost his brother to an attack by Native Americans during a
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returned to the bodies of his slain family. In a detailed retelling which was reprinted in newspapers over the decades, he said, "We buried the bodies of father, mother and babe in one common grave." The men had no way of digging proper graves in the
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Eventually the Yavapais gave in and traded the girls for two horses, some vegetables, blankets, and beads. After being taken into Mohave custody, the girls walked for days to a Mohave village along the Colorado River (in the center of what today is
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is very loosely based on Oatman. Outside of being captured by a group of Native Americans, bearing the distinctive blue chin tattoo, and having been raised Mormon, there are very few similarities between the character of Eva and the actual life of
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Olive's childhood friend Susan Thompson, whom she befriended again at this time, stated many years later that she believed Olive was "grieving" upon her forced return because she had been married to a Mohave man and had given birth to two boys.
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claimed that there was a drought in the region, and that the tribe experienced a dire shortage of food supplies, and Olive herself would have died had not Aespaneo, the matriarch of the tribe, saved her life by making a gruel to sustain her.
369:. Near Socorro, Royce Oatman assumed command of the party. They reached New Mexico Territory early in 1851 only to find the country and climate wholly unsuited to their purpose. The other wagons gradually abandoned the goal of reaching the
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Olive was born the third of seven children to Royce Boise Oatman (1809-1851) and Mary Ann Sperry Oatman (1813-1851) in La Harpe, Hancock County, Illinois. In 1839, her parents left the Methodist church and joined
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Within a few days of her arrival at the fort, Olive discovered that her brother Lorenzo was alive and had been looking for her and Mary Ann. Their meeting made headline news across the West.
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On March 18, 1851, while emigrating from Illinois to the confluence of the Colorado River and the Gila River (in modern-day Yuma, Arizona), her family was attacked by a small group from a
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After the attack, the Native Americans took some of the Oatman family's belongings, along with Olive and Mary Ann. Although Olive Oatman later identified her captors as members of the
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her nickname, Spantsa, may have meant "rotten womb" and implied that she was sexually active, although historians have argued that the name could have different meanings.
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297:, While Lorenzo exhaustively attempted to recruit governmental help in searching for them, Mary Ann died from starvation and Olive spent four years with the Mohave.
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739:, located near her release site, was named in her honor in 1915. It was part of the Oatman Gold District. The once thriving gold rush town is now a tourist stop.
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In 1857, a pastor named Royal Byron Stratton sought out Olive and Lorenzo Oatman. He co-wrote a book about the Oatman Massacre and the girls' captivity titled
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669:. It was a bestseller for that era, at 30,000 copies. Stratton used the royalties from the book to pay for Olive and her brother Lorenzo to attend the
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289:). They killed her parents and 4 siblings, left her older brother Lorenzo Dow Oatman (1836–1901) for dead, and enslaved Olive and her younger sister
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children: 15-year-old Lorenzo, who was left for dead, and 14-year-old Olive and 7-year-old Mary Ann, who were taken to be slaves for the Yavapais.
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first known White woman with Native tattoo on record. Much of what actually occurred during her time with the Native Americans remains unknown.
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over them. It has been said the remains were reburied several times and finally moved to the river for re-interment by early Arizona colonizer
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353:. There, Brewster claimed was the "intended place of gathering" for The Church of Christ followers. Dissension caused the group to split near
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Derounian-Stodola, Kathryn Zabelle (October 1998). "The Captive and Her Editor: The Ciphering of Olive Oatman and Royal B. Stratton".
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During the girls' stay with the Yavapais, another group of Native Americans came to trade with the tribe. This group was made up of
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After some discussion, in which Olive was this time included, the Mohaves decided to accept these terms, and Olive was escorted to
1453:"Life Among the Indians: Being an Interesting Narrative of the Captivity of the Oatman Girls, Among the Apache and Mohave Indians"
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Five years after the attack, she was repatriated into American society. The story of the Oatman Massacre began to be retold with
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The Oatman family, traveling alone, was nearly annihilated in what became known as the "Oatman Massacre" on the banks of the
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Her brother Lorenzo died on October 8, 1901. She outlived him by fewer than 2 years. Olive Oatman Fairchild died of a
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On August 5, 1850, the Brewsterites (including the Oatmans) left their encampment near Independence, Missouri as a
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with Brewster following the northern route. Royce Oatman and several other families chose the southern route via
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Captivity of the Oatman Girls: Being an Interesting Narrative of Life Among the Apache and Mohave Indians
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Life among the Indians: or, The Captivity of the Oatman Girls Among the Apache & Mohave Indians
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during the gold rush days. Other namesakes in Arizona are Oatman Mountain and the adjacent
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1802:"Olive Oatman, the Pioneer Girl Abducted by Native Americans Who Returned a Marked Woman"
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1412:"Marks of Transformation: Tribal Tattooing in California and the American Southwest"
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Dillon, Richard H. (1981). "Tragedy at Oatman Flat: Massacre, Captivity, Mystery".
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Mojave Indians, 1855. Mollhausen, H. B., artist; Sinclair, Thomas S., lithographer;
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Vaughan, R.C. (January 11, 2009). "Veiled Lady Causes Stir on Sherman Streets".
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on March 20, 1903, at the age of 65. She is buried at the West Hill Cemetery in
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Disaster at the Colorado : Beale's wagon road and the first emigrant party
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Ransom's Mark: A Story Based on the Life of the Young Pioneer Olive Oatman.
330:) instead of staying with the main body of Mormons under the leadership of
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region when she was a teenager. She later lectured about her experiences.
1954:"Hell on Wheels Handbook – Olive Oatman, a Historical Counterpart to Eva"
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messenger, arrived at the village with a message from the authorities at
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1903:. Arizona Department of Transportation, State of Arizona. p. 1905.
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994:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 253–54.
1703:"Flashback: Olive Oatman was D-FW's own Girl with the Chin Tattoo"
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2139:"A. G. Tassin's 1877 Manuscript Account of the Mohave Indians"
1829:"Oatman Mountain : Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering"
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Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Yale University
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James, Edward T.; James, Janet Wilson; Boyer, Paul S. (1971).
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rocky soil, so they gathered the bodies together and formed a
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with 93 people and 24 wagons headed to the confluence of the
2075:"A mark peculiar" – Tattoos in Captive Narratives, 1846–1857
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Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary
1066:"The story of the young pioneer girl with the tattooed face"
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The Oatman Massacre: A Tale of Desert Captivity and Survival
457:) living in a village eight miles (13 km) southwest of
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Political factionalism among the Mojave Indians, 1826–1875
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tribe, they were probably of the Tolkepaya tribe (Western
262:(September 7, 1837 – March 21, 1903) was a
1542:"Tintype portraits of Olive Oatman and Lorenzo D. Oatman"
802:
The Ghost Inside My Child: The Wild West and Tribal Quest
2053:"Heart Gone Wild" Did Olive Oatman want to be rescued?
1210:"Tale of Kindness Didn't Fit Notion of Savage Indian"
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McLeary, Sherrie S.; McGinty, Brian (June 12, 2010).
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Grave Marker at West Hill Cemetery in Sherman, Texas
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Violent Encounters: Interviews on Western Massacres
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2146:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology
1418:. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011
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692:, at the same time. Mary Brown refused a meeting.
2217:University of the Pacific (United States) alumni
1985:. Season 1. Episode 3. 30 August 2014. Lifetime.
1642:. Texas State Historical Association. 2010-06-12
1520:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 27–28.
1436:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
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316:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
2124:(MA thesis). University of Nevada, Los Vegas.
1855:"Geology of the Oatman gold district, Arizona"
1597:(Third ed.). New York, New York: author.
1126:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
266:woman who was enslaved and later released by
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285:, they were most likely Tolkepayas (Western
1503:. Vol. 18, no. 2. pp. 46–59.
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865:The Tonto Woman and Other Western Stories.
517:When Olive was 19 years old, Francisco, a
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1559:Powelson, Benjamin F. (6 December 2015).
1514:Lawrence, Deborah; Lawrence, Jon (2012).
1120:The Blue Tattoo: The Life of Olive Oatman
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780:The character of Eva Oates, portrayed by
742:Named in her honor, the historic town of
533:Olive was surrounded by cheering people.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2137:Schaefer, Jerry; Laylander, Don (2014).
1024:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
27:American woman once enslaved (1837–1903)
1359:California Historical Society Quarterly
1295:Baker (1981). "Mapping the Southwest".
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1744:"Olive Oatman & the Mohave Tribe"
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1180:. Harvard University Press. pp.
812:https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0556827/
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1901:Arizona Ghost Towns and Mining Camps
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
1929:Geographic Names Information System
1311:"History of Mojave Indians to 1860"
1208:Rasmussen, Cecilia (16 July 2000).
921:List of solved missing person cases
1981:"The Wild West and Tribal Quest".
1776:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 17.
1488:. National Women's History Museum.
970:Texas State Historical Association
712:Olive and John Fairchild moved to
489:and spoke with him of old times.
318:(Mormons) under the leadership of
253:Mary Elizabeth Fairchild (adopted)
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1952:Hsieh, Veronica (November 2011).
1853:Ransome, F. L. (August 1, 1923).
1313:. August 18, 2000. Archived from
1238:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 7.
1235:Early Maricopa County: 1871–1920
1064:Wild, Chris (28 February 2015).
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818:Fiction inspired by Olive Oatman
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392:The Oatman Family Massacre site.
281:. Though she identified them as
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2212:People of the American Old West
2202:Missing person cases in Arizona
1933:United States Geological Survey
1486:"The Abduction of Olive Oatman"
1299:. Vol. 18. pp. 48–53.
1276:. September 27, 1913. p. 4
640:Mohave woman with tattoos, 1883
239:
45:needs additional citations for
2118:Oesterman, Melinda A. (2005).
1800:Van Huygen, Meg (2015-11-16).
1742:Mae, Poppy (7 December 2017).
1591:Stratton, Royal Byron (1858).
750:, was a steamboat stop on the
326:(which was founded in 1848 by
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2095:"10 Myths About Olive Oatman"
1867:– via pubs.er.usgs.gov.
1640:"Fairchild, Olive Ann Oatman"
1563:. 58 State St, Rochester, NY.
966:"Fairchild, Olive Ann Oatman"
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2187:Captives of Native Americans
1391:. U.S. National Park Service
800:In an episode of the series
680:Both Oatman and Mary Brown,
400:84 miles east of modern-day
208:Olive Oatman Fairchild, Oach
2227:History of women in Arizona
2041:"Mohave Indian Photographs"
1673:Utah State University Press
1284:– via Newspapers.com.
1263:"The Murder at Oatman Flat"
746:, near the present town of
582:Olive Oatman, tintype, 1857
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2207:People from Sherman, Texas
2177:American Latter Day Saints
1661:Baley, Charles W. (2002).
1561:"Olive Oatman, circa 1863"
832:J. B. Lippincott & Co.
829:Who Would Have Thought It?
2232:History of women in Texas
2197:Kidnapped American people
2014:10.1017/S0361233300006311
1983:The Ghost Inside My Child
1484:Blattman, Elissa (2013).
764:Butterfield Overland Mail
762:was a stage stop for the
671:University of the Pacific
564:Olive Oatman, ambrotype,
217:University of the Pacific
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2083:University of Winchester
1573:: CS1 maint: location (
1389:Mojave National Preserve
990:Braatz, Timothy (2003).
594:Olive Oatman, Souvenir,
445:Death of Mary Ann Oatman
437:The Oatman Family grave.
429:Captivity and conversion
2192:Formerly missing people
2072:Bride, Sean H. (2018).
2062:" (February 26, 2018).
1899:Varney, Philip (1994).
1687:Free Download Full Text
1622:New York Public Library
1385:"Mojave Tribe: Culture"
1018:McGinty, Brian (2005).
675:Seneca Falls Convention
376:When the party reached
1880:Cite journal requires
1460:University of Berkeley
709:
446:
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1770:Ashby, Linda (2011).
1624:Digitized: 2007-12-18
1410:Krutak, Lars (2010).
1232:Rowe, Jeremy (2011).
824:De Burton, Maria Ruiz
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279:Native American tribe
1458:The Bancroft Library
842:Grayson, Elizabeth.
766:from 1858 to 1861.
690:San Jose, California
596:San Jose, California
463:Harquahala Mountains
359:New Mexico Territory
228:John Brant Fairchild
54:improve this article
2045:Library of Congress
1451:Stratton, Royal B.
1317:on August 18, 2000.
775:Television and film
760:Oatman Flat Station
744:Olive City, Arizona
688:survivor, lived in
475:Needles, California
384:The Oatman Massacre
2130:10.25669/rmpp-5mma
2105:on 3 February 2022
2099:True West Magazine
2065:True West Magazine
2058:2022-08-06 at the
1620:Original from the
1355:Kroeber, Alfred L.
992:Surviving Conquest
788:television series
770:In popular culture
710:
447:
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200:West Hill Cemetery
171:La Harpe, Illinois
2093:(1 August 2009).
1961:Entertainment LLC
1910:978-0-916179-44-1
1783:978-0-7385-7983-2
1682:978-0-87421-437-6
1527:978-0-8061-8434-0
1297:The American West
1245:978-0-7385-7416-5
1215:Los Angeles Times
1191:978-0-674-62734-5
494:Alfred L. Kroeber
328:James C. Brewster
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302:dramatic license
268:Native Americans
260:Olive Ann Oatman
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1994:Further reading
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2029:"Olive Oatman"
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2022:External links
2020:
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59:
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43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2149:
2145:
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2107:. Retrieved
2103:the original
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2005:
2001:
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1964:. Retrieved
1957:
1947:
1936:. Retrieved
1928:
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1900:
1894:
1873:cite journal
1864:10.3133/b743
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1832:
1809:. Retrieved
1806:Mental Floss
1805:
1772:
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1747:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1711:. Retrieved
1709:. 2017-08-22
1706:
1686:
1663:
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1644:. Retrieved
1619:
1616:google books
1614:– via
1608:. Retrieved
1593:
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1500:
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1479:
1468:. Retrieved
1464:the original
1456:
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1415:
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1388:
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1266:
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1119:
1073:. Retrieved
1069:
1059:
1051:Google Books
1049:– via
1043:. Retrieved
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969:
926:Mary Jemison
881:
864:
843:
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734:
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718:
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698:cattle drive
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448:
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324:Brewsterites
320:Joseph Smith
312:
299:
276:
259:
258:
136:Olive Oatman
116:
107:
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90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2172:1903 deaths
2167:1837 births
2008:: 171–192.
1959:AMC Network
1833:Summit Post
1707:Dallas News
756:Oatman Flat
627: 1863
602: 1860
569: 1856
519:Yuma Indian
339:wagon train
153: 1863
2161:Categories
2109:3 February
1966:17 January
1938:2022-08-06
1811:2022-08-05
1755:17 January
1749:Medium.com
1713:2021-03-23
1646:August 10,
1610:3 February
1470:2021-03-23
1395:3 February
1155:2016-06-19
1142:1128156875
1075:2019-11-05
1040:1005485817
942:References
682:Sallie Fox
661:Later life
398:Gila River
347:Gila River
309:Early life
80:newspapers
2002:Prospects
1838:August 5,
1669:Logan, UT
1422:August 5,
1339:August 5,
1280:August 1,
975:August 5,
748:Ehrenberg
530:Fort Yuma
523:Fort Yuma
461:, in the
110:July 2022
2222:Yuma War
2056:Archived
1569:cite web
1432:cite web
1371:43773362
1117:(2009).
1070:Mashable
1045:July 31,
899:See also
887:, 2003.
870:, 1998.
850:, 1997.
455:Yavapais
415:volcanic
355:Santa Fe
345:and the
291:Mary Ann
250:Children
1773:Sherman
795:Oatman.
784:in the
548:Gallery
513:Release
497:them".
483:Irataba
406:tobacco
363:Socorro
287:Yavapai
270:in the
244:
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470:Mohave
367:Tucson
283:Apache
223:Spouse
191:, U.S.
173:, U.S.
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1341:2022
1282:2020
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1138:OCLC
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1047:2020
1036:OCLC
1026:ISBN
977:2022
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