584:
get rectified, or an ombudsman report is published making recommendations for change. Further redress depends on the laws of the country concerned, but this typically involves financial compensation. Ombudsmen in most countries do not have the power to initiate legal proceedings or prosecution on the grounds of a complaint. This role is sometimes referred to as a "tribunician" role, and has been traditionally fulfilled by elected representatives – the term refers to the ancient Roman "
47:
215:, citizen advocate or other official may have duties similar to those of a national ombudsman and may also be appointed by a legislature. Below the national level, an ombudsman may be appointed by a state, local, or municipal government. Unofficial ombudsmen may be appointed by, or even work for, a corporation such as a utility supplier, newspaper,
524:
The
Parliamentary Ombudsman is the institution that the Scandinavian countries subsequently developed into its contemporary form, and which subsequently has been adopted in many other parts of the world. The word ombudsman and its specific meaning have since been adopted in various languages, such as
597:
The significant advantage of an ombudsman is that they examine complaints from outside the offending state institution, thus avoiding the conflicts of interest inherent in self-policing. However, the ombudsman system relies heavily on the selection of an appropriate individual for the office, and on
583:
In general, an ombudsman is a state official appointed to provide a check on government activity in the interests of the citizen and to oversee the investigation of complaints of improper government activity against the citizen. If the ombudsman finds a complaint to be substantiated, the problem may
612:
Many private companies, universities, non-profit organisations, and government agencies also have an ombudsman (or an ombuds office) to serve internal employees, managers and/or other constituencies. These ombudsman roles are structured to function independently, by reporting to the CEO or board of
203:
Ombudsmen also aim to identify systemic issues leading to poor service or breaches of people's rights. At the national level, most ombudsmen have a wide mandate to deal with the entire public sector, and sometimes also elements of the private sector (for example, contracted service providers). In
500:
and needed a representative in Sweden to ensure that judges and civil servants acted in accordance with the laws and with their duties. If they did not do so, the
Supreme Ombudsman had the right to prosecute them for negligence. In 1719 the Swedish Office of Supreme Ombudsman became the
598:
the cooperation of at least some effective official from within the apparatus of the state. The institution has also been criticized: "Ombudsmen are relics of absolutism, designed to iron out the worst excesses of administrative arbitrariness while keeping the power structures intact."
443:). The general meaning was and is approximately 'a man representing (someone)' (i.e., a representative) or 'a man with a commission (from someone)' (a commissioner). The Swedish-speaking minority in Finland uses the Swedish terminology. The various forms of the suffix
613:
directors, and according to the
International Ombudsman Association (IOA) Standards of Practice, they do not have any other role in the organisation. Organisational ombudsmen often receive more complaints than alternative procedures such as anonymous hot-lines.
280:) was unique to the Joseon dynasty, where an undercover official directly appointed by the king was sent to local provinces to monitor government officials and look after the populace while travelling incognito. The
636:
concerns; provide coaching, shuttle diplomacy, generic solutions (meaning a solution which protects the identity of one individual by applying to a class of people, rather than just for the one individual) and
438:
1028:
741:
222:
In some jurisdictions, an ombudsman charged with handling concerns about national government is more formally referred to as the "parliamentary commissioner" (e.g. the United
Kingdom
919:
692:
893:
223:
381:
meaning 'proxy', 'attorney'; that is, someone who is authorized to act for someone else, a meaning it still has in the
Scandinavian languages). In the Danish
1024:
996:
234:. The post of ombudsman had by the end of the 20th century been instituted by most governments and by some intergovernmental organizations such as the
518:
616:
Since the 1960s, the profession has grown in the United States, and Canada, particularly in corporations, universities, and government agencies. The
204:
some cases, there is a more restricted mandate to a certain sector of society. More recent developments have included the creation of specialized
701:(IOI) – representing 150 public sector independent ombudsman institutions on the national, state, regional and local level around the globe
854:
923:
641:
for conflicts; track problem areas; and make recommendations for changes to policies or procedures in support of orderly systems change.
794:
620:
works as a designated neutral party, one who is high-ranking in an organization, but who is not part of executive management. Using an
1227:
1066:
238:. As of 2005, including national and sub-national levels, a total of 129 offices of ombudsman have been established around the world.
231:
1034:
710:
698:
159:
104:
1008:
1001:
1135:
1212:
1012:
479:
230:). In many countries where the ombudsman's responsibility includes protecting human rights, the ombudsman is recognized as the
188:
is a government employee who investigates and tries to resolve complaints, usually through recommendations (binding or not) or
621:
1018:
1217:
716:
799:
885:
1207:
1143:
769:
695:- coordinates the relationship between national human right institutions and the United Nations human rights system
392:
1189:
includes lists of organizational ombuds offices in corporations, academic, governmental, and other organizations
683:
617:
607:
1222:
810:
662:
650:
506:
475:
205:
900:
674:
259:
227:
1113:
502:
493:
31:
514:
510:
482:
of 1809, to safeguard the rights of citizens by establishing a supervisory agency independent of the
513:, as a parallel institution to the still-present Chancellor of Justice, reflecting the concept of
1202:
764:
396:
332:
1094:(AOA) – "To promote the concepts of Ombudsmanship and to encourage its development in Asia"
850:
486:. The predecessor of the Swedish Parliamentary Ombudsman was the Office of Supreme Ombudsman (
212:
736:
671: – Set of procedures used in organizations to address complaints & resolve disputes
668:
544:
483:
456:
431:
400:
328:
124:
118:
69:
38:
1062:
1011: – 'EPA Ombudsman Resigns: Accountability in Handling of Superfund Sites Threatened',
1139:
1070:
956:"The influence of reading room rules on the quality and efficiency of historical research"
903:
897:
704:
633:
336:
1046:
255:
235:
686: – government regulator of freedom of information and protection of personal data
594:), whose role was to intercede in the political process on behalf of common citizens.
1196:
774:
629:
955:
832:(in Bengali). Vol. I & II. Lion Muhammad Gias Uddin. p. 46 (Vol. II).
649:
For specific ombudspersons or commissioners for children or young people, also see
321:
844:
1183: – International Ombudsman Institute (international directory of ombudsmen)
628:
dispute resolution approach, an organisational ombudsman can provide options to
247:
886:"A Western King and an Ancient Notion: Reflections on the Origins of Ombudsing"
849:. American University Studies. Series VII. Theology and Religion. Peter Lang.
197:
193:
55:
814:
638:
455:, et cetera, are just the forms the common Germanic word represented by the
382:
358:
284:
had some similar roles, with the power to veto acts that infringed upon the
189:
46:
17:
981:
The
Organizational Ombudsman: Origins, Roles and Operations, a Legal Guide
547:, which use translations instead. Modern variations of this term include
1119:
901:
http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Conflictology/article/viewArticle/251703/0
585:
281:
804:
497:
301:
51:
1186:
246:
A prototype of an ombudsman may have flourished in China during the
1159:
395:. From 1552, it is also used in other Nordic languages such as the
285:
251:
45:
1091:
944:
The Public
Complaint's Commission (Amendment) Act No. 21 of 1979.
1041:
305:
1165:
1027: – 'A practical guide to the role of military ombudsman',
693:
Global
Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI)
216:
96:
474:
Use of the term in its modern sense began in Sweden with the
1122:(formerly the British and Irish Ombudsman Association, BIOA)
1081:
Association of
Canadian College and University Ombudspersons
999: – 'The role of the ombudsman in biomedical journals',
463:
have in the various languages. Thus, the modern plural form
130:
1102:
1040:
707: – Coordinator and communicator between organizations
84:
75:
1180:
145:
1131:
1029:
Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces
870:
Pickl, V. (1987). "Islamic Roots of Ombudsman Systems".
742:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1047:
Deflem, Mathieu. 2017. "The Ombuds and Social Control."
904:
http://openaccess.uoc.edu/webapps/o2/handle/10609/12627
679:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
665: – Public authority in charge of children's rights
543:. Notable exceptions are French, Italian, Spanish, and
1043:, Ombudsman Institution of Public Transport in Germany
367:, essentially meaning 'representative' (with the word
160:
151:
136:
105:
90:
1148:
1025:
Ombudsman Institutions for the Armed Forces Handbook
688:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
148:
142:
133:
127:
87:
81:
1080:
713: – Type of independent state-based institution
200:(often with a significant degree of independence).
93:
78:
72:
1037:, Study by the European Centre for Minority Issues
1132:European Network of Ombudsmen in Higher Education
1125:
1054:International and regional ombudsman associations
27:Official representing the interests of the public
1103:Australian and New Zealand Ombudsman Association
1049:The Independent Voice, IOA newsletter, May 2017.
391:and concretely means a royal civil servant in a
677: – Person who acts to protect human rights
450:
415:
409:
403:
362:
320:). They were also attested in Siam, India, the
1126:European Network of Ombudspersons for Children
492:), which was established by the Swedish King,
487:
421:
386:
368:
288:. Another precursor to the ombudsman was the
224:Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration
58:, giving directions to the ombudsman's office
8:
913:
911:
567:. In Nigeria, the ombudsman is known as the
538:
532:
526:
444:
376:
352:
315:
309:
295:
289:
275:
269:
263:
589:
1035:Ombudsman Institutions and Minority Issues
563:, and the conventional English plural is
300:) which appears to go back to the second
828:Mahbubur Rahman, Muhammad (July 2011).
728:
509:was established in 1809 by the Swedish
496:, in 1713. Charles XII was in exile in
1114:Association of Mediterranean Ombudsmen
430:
7:
846:Korean Preaching, Han, and Narrative
192:. They are usually appointed by the
1160:International Ombudsman Association
316:
296:
219:, or professional regulatory body.
228:Western Australian state Ombudsman
25:
1063:African Ombudsman Research Centre
711:National human rights institution
699:International Ombudsman Institute
232:national human rights institution
1005:, Vol 48, No 4, pp 292–296, 2002
1002:Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
963:Svensk tidskrift för bibliografi
525:Dutch. The German language uses
357:is etymologically rooted in the
123:
68:
37:. For the Wikimedia Ombuds, see
1013:Project on Government Oversight
632:or employees and managers with
476:Swedish Parliamentary Ombudsman
1166:Organization of News Ombudsmen
1021: – 'What is an Ombudsman'
622:alternative dispute resolution
308:(634–644), and the concept of
1:
745:(5th ed.). HarperCollins
717:Ombudsman services by country
645:Ombudsman services by country
467:of the English borrowed word
1149:European Ombudsman Institute
569:Public Complaints Commission
161:-bədz-, -budz-
1092:Asian Ombudsman Association
310:
290:
264:
1244:
1144:Universiteit van Amsterdam
770:Collins English Dictionary
605:
29:
1228:Swedish words and phrases
586:tribunes of the plebeians
276:
270:
896:22 November 2015 at the
890:Journal of Conflictology
684:Information commissioner
618:organizational ombudsman
608:Organizational ombudsman
480:Instrument of Government
432:[ˈɔ̂mːbʉːdsˌman]
918:ombudsmän, Riksdagens.
811:Oxford University Press
507:Parliamentary Ombudsman
387:
385:from 1241, the term is
363:
250:(221 BC), and later in
30:For the TV series, see
1213:Government occupations
954:Beyer, Jürgen (2014).
843:Park, Sangyil (2008).
830:BCS Bangladesh Affairs
675:Human rights activists
590:
539:
533:
527:
488:
451:
445:
422:
416:
410:
404:
377:
369:
353:
260:secret royal inspector
211:In some countries, an
59:
1175:Ombudsman directories
1138:30 April 2005 at the
1120:Ombudsman Association
872:The Ombudsman Journal
807:UK English Dictionary
503:Chancellor of Justice
297:دِيوَانُ الْمَظَالِمِ
242:Origins and etymology
49:
1218:Ethics organizations
663:Children's ombudsman
651:Children's ombudsman
515:separation of powers
324:, Japan, and China.
206:children's ombudsmen
979:Charles L. Howard,
489:Högste Ombudsmannen
39:m:Ombuds commission
1069:2023-03-28 at the
478:instituted by the
420:, and the Swedish
258:. The position of
60:
1208:Legal professions
926:on 9 October 2007
856:978-1-4331-0449-7
817:on 22 March 2020.
317:قَاضِي الْقُضَاةِ
213:inspector general
115:
16:(Redirected from
1235:
1110:Europe/N.Africa
1019:Transparency.org
984:
977:
971:
970:
960:
951:
945:
942:
936:
935:
933:
931:
922:. Archived from
915:
906:
882:
876:
875:
867:
861:
860:
840:
834:
833:
825:
819:
818:
813:. Archived from
792:
786:
785:
783:
781:
761:
755:
754:
752:
750:
733:
689:
680:
669:Complaint system
602:In organizations
593:
542:
536:
530:
517:as developed by
491:
484:executive branch
454:
448:
442:
441:
440:
434:
429:
425:
419:
413:
408:, the Norwegian
407:
390:
380:
372:
366:
356:
319:
318:
313:
299:
298:
293:
291:Diwān al-Maẓālim
279:
278:
273:
272:
267:
158:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
122:
113:
108:
103:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
21:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1193:
1192:
1177:
1140:Wayback Machine
1071:Wayback Machine
1056:
1015:(22 April 2002)
993:
988:
987:
978:
974:
958:
953:
952:
948:
943:
939:
929:
927:
917:
916:
909:
898:Wayback Machine
883:
879:
869:
868:
864:
857:
842:
841:
837:
827:
826:
822:
798:
793:
789:
779:
777:
763:
762:
758:
748:
746:
735:
734:
730:
725:
705:Liaison officer
687:
678:
659:
647:
610:
604:
581:
437:
436:
435:
427:
244:
186:public advocate
141:
126:
117:
116:
106:
71:
67:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1241:
1239:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1223:Swedish titles
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1077:North America
1075:
1074:
1073:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1022:
1016:
1006:
997:JPGMOnline.com
992:
991:External links
989:
986:
985:
972:
946:
937:
907:
884:McKenna Lang,
877:
862:
855:
835:
820:
787:
756:
727:
726:
724:
721:
720:
719:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
681:
672:
666:
658:
655:
646:
643:
630:whistleblowers
606:Main article:
603:
600:
591:tribuni plebis
580:
577:
383:Law of Jutland
327:An indigenous
256:Joseon dynasty
243:
240:
236:European Union
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1240:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:– webpage at
1141:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
998:
995:
994:
990:
982:
976:
973:
968:
964:
957:
950:
947:
941:
938:
925:
921:
914:
912:
908:
905:
902:
899:
895:
891:
887:
881:
878:
873:
866:
863:
858:
852:
848:
847:
839:
836:
831:
824:
821:
816:
812:
808:
806:
801:
796:
791:
788:
776:
775:HarperCollins
772:
771:
766:
760:
757:
744:
743:
738:
732:
729:
722:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
685:
682:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
660:
656:
654:
652:
644:
642:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
609:
601:
599:
595:
592:
587:
578:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
535:
529:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
495:
490:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
447:
439:
433:
424:
418:
412:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
384:
379:
375:
371:
365:
360:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
312:
311:Qaḍī al-Quḍāt
307:
303:
292:
287:
283:
282:Roman Tribune
266:
261:
257:
253:
249:
241:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
209:
207:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:
156:
120:
111:
110:
101:
65:
57:
54:, capital of
53:
48:
44:
40:
36:
34:
19:
1099:Australasia
1000:
983:, ABA, 2010.
980:
975:
966:
962:
949:
940:
928:. Retrieved
924:the original
889:
880:
871:
865:
845:
838:
829:
823:
815:the original
803:
790:
778:. Retrieved
768:
759:
747:. Retrieved
740:
731:
648:
625:
615:
611:
596:
582:
572:
568:
564:
560:
557:ombudsperson
556:
552:
548:
523:
473:
468:
464:
460:
373:
348:
344:
340:
326:
322:Liao dynasty
265:amhaeng-eosa
245:
221:
210:
202:
185:
182:ombudsperson
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
63:
61:
43:
32:
18:Ombudsperson
1187:Ombuds Blog
800:"ombudsman"
795:"ombudsman"
765:"Ombudsman"
737:"ombudsman"
626:appropriate
579:In politics
561:ombudswoman
540:Ombudsleute
519:Montesquieu
494:Charles XII
471:is likely.
405:umboðsmaður
254:during the
248:Qin dynasty
178:ombudswoman
35:(TV series)
1197:Categories
920:"Historik"
723:References
534:Ombudsfrau
528:Ombudsmann
428:pronounced
417:ombodsmann
411:ombudsmann
364:umboðsmaðr
354:ombudsmand
349:ombudsmann
345:ombodsmann
226:, and the
198:parliament
194:government
109:-buudz-mən
56:The Gambia
1203:Ombudsmen
1134:(ENOHE),
969:(3): 125.
797:(US) and
639:mediation
624:(ADR) or
573:ombudsman
565:ombudsmen
469:ombudsman
465:ombudsmen
423:ombudsman
397:Icelandic
359:Old Norse
341:ombudsman
333:Norwegian
286:Plebeians
190:mediation
64:ombudsman
33:Ombudsman
1136:Archived
1067:Archived
1065:(AORC),
1009:POGO.org
894:Archived
657:See also
388:umbozman
50:Sign in
1156:global
1105:(ANZOA)
1083:(ACCUO)
1059:Africa
634:ethical
571:or the
545:Finnish
511:Riksdag
457:English
401:Faroese
393:hundred
374:/ombod/
329:Swedish
1128:(ENOC)
1031:(DCAF)
930:19 May
853:
805:Lexico
780:10 May
749:10 May
553:ombuds
505:. The
498:Turkey
452:-maður
339:term,
337:Danish
335:, and
302:caliph
196:or by
170:ombuds
52:Banjul
1168:(ONO)
1162:(IOA)
1151:(EOI)
1116:(AMO)
1088:Asia
959:(PDF)
559:, or
549:ombud
459:word
446:-mand
378:ombud
370:umbud
361:word
262:, or
252:Korea
184:, or
166:ombud
932:2017
851:ISBN
782:2019
751:2019
537:and
399:and
306:Umar
277:暗行御史
271:암행어사
114:also
1181:IOI
588:" (
461:man
351:or
217:NGO
174:bud
164:),
140:-,-
62:An
1199::
965:.
961:.
910:^
892:.
888:,
809:.
802:.
773:.
767:.
739:.
653:.
575:.
555:,
551:,
531:,
521:.
449:,
347:,
343:,
331:,
304:,
274:,
208:.
180:,
176:,
172:,
168:,
155:-/
125:/-
121::
119:US
112:,
107:OM
97:ən
967:8
934:.
874:.
859:.
784:.
753:.
426:(
414:/
314:(
294:(
268:(
152:z
149:d
146:ʌ
143:b
137:z
134:d
131:ə
128:b
100:/
94:m
91:z
88:d
85:ʊ
82:b
79:m
76:ɒ
73:ˈ
70:/
66:(
41:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
