36:
539:, the 'Logic of Paradox'—it is an invalid argument. However, logical monists may respond that a plurality of logical theories does not mean that no single one of the theories is the correct one. After all, there are and have been a multitude of theories in physics, but that hasn't been taken to mean that all of them are correct.
399:
It is common to refer to a film, novel or otherwise fictitious or virtual narrative as not being 'real'. Thus, the characters in the film or novel are not real, where the 'real world' is the everyday world in which we live. However, some authors may argue that fiction informs our concept of reality,
526:
or even that the 'correct' logic depends on the relevant logical questions under consideration (a sort of logical instrumentalism). Pluralism about logical consequence says that because different logical systems have different logical consequence relations, there is therefore more than one correct
387:
The topic of ontological pluralism discusses different ways, kinds, or modes of being. Recent attention in ontological pluralism is due to the work of Kris McDaniel, who defends ontological pluralism in a number of papers. The name for the doctrine is due to Jason Turner, who, following McDaniel,
449:
Wittgenstein suggests that it is not possible to identify a single concept underlying all versions of 'number', but that there are many interconnected meanings that transition one to another; vocabulary need not be restricted to technical meanings to be useful, and indeed technical meanings are
199:
is a limited form, a pluralism of exactly two models, structures, elements, or concepts. A distinction is made between the metaphysical identification of realms of reality and the more restricted sub-fields of ontological pluralism (that examines what exists in each of these realms) and
559:
In logic there are no morals. Everyone is at liberty to build his own logic, i.e. his own language, as he wishes. All that is required of him is that, if he wishes to discuss it, he must state his methods clearly, and give syntactical rules instead of philosophical
415:
argues that there is no overarching, single, fundamental ontology, but only a patchwork of overlapping interconnected ontologies ineluctably leading from one to another. For example, Wittgenstein discusses 'number' as technical vocabulary and in more general usage:
178:
Metaphysical pluralism in philosophy is the multiplicity of metaphysical models of the structure and content of reality, both as it appears and as logic dictates that it might be, as is exhibited by the four related models in Plato's
542:
Pluralists of the instrumentalist sort hold if a logic can be correct at all, it based on its ability to answer the logical questions under consideration. If one wants to understand vague propositions, one may need a
379:, of all shapes and sizes, which randomly collide and mechanically hook together in the void, thus providing a reductive account of changeable figure, order and position as aggregates of the unchangeable atoms.
428:
give the concept 'number' rigid limits in this way, that is, use the word 'number' for a rigidly limited concept, but I can also use it so that the extension of the concept is
128:
In epistemology, pluralism is the position that there is not one consistent means of approaching truths about the world, but rather many. Often this is associated with
420:""All right: the concept of 'number' is defined for you as the logical sum of these individual interrelated concepts: cardinal numbers, rational numbers, real numbers
396:." "There are numbers, fictional characters, impossible things, and holes. But, we don't think these things all exist in the same sense as cars and human beings."
148:. In logic, pluralism is the relatively novel view that there is no one correct logic, or alternatively, that there is more than one correct logic. Such as using
125:
is the comparison of the modes of existence of things like 'humans' and 'cars' with things like 'numbers' and some other concepts as they are used in science.
501:
to express the contrary view that at least some natural phenomena cannot be fully explained by a single theory or fully investigated using a single approach.
489:
Epistemological pluralism is a term used in philosophy and in other fields of study to refer to different ways of knowing things, different epistemological
145:
1037:
279:
are used by
Anaxagoras to explain the multiplicity in reality and becoming. This pluralist theory of being influenced later thinkers such as
144:
it may refer to the acceptance of co-existing scientific paradigms which though accurately describing their relevant domains are nonetheless
962:
Hector-Neri Castañeda (April 1979). "Fiction and reality: Their fundamental connections: An essay on the ontology of total experience".
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998:
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was another
Classical Greek philosopher with links to pluralism. His metaphysical system is centered around mechanically necessitated
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458:
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605:
1187:
595:
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suggests that "In contemporary guise, it is the doctrine that a logically perspicuous description of reality will use multiple
989:
Matti Eklund (2009). "Chapter 4: Carnap and ontological pluralism". In David J Chalmers; David Manley; Ryan
Wasserman (eds.).
1197:
1172:
1164:
453:
Eklund has argued that
Wittgenstein's conception includes as a special case the technically constructed, largely autonomous,
467:
and
Carnapian ontological pluralism. He places Carnap's ontological pluralism in the context of other philosophers, such as
1202:
610:
353:, as well as both logical and empirical considerations for natural science, he presented numerous arguments against the
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wrote that they were fire, air, water and earth, although he used the word "root" rather than "element" (στοιχεῖον;
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234:) of these indestructible and unchangeable root elements, all things came to be in a fullness (πλήρωμα;
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121:. In ontology, pluralism refers to different ways, kinds, or modes of being. For example, a topic in
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can be defined a number of ways: the position that there is more than one correct account of
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312:, but they will assign it a more active and rational role in their philosophical systems.
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522:(or no single, 'correct' account at all), that there is more than one correct set of
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Scientific pluralism; volume XIX in
Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science
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204:(that deals with the methodology for establishing knowledge about these realms).
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which governs, combines and diffuses the various "roots" of reality (known as
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195:. Pluralism is in contrast to the concept of monism in metaphysics, while
547:. Or if one wants to know what the truth-value of the Liar Paradox is, a
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Belief that reality ultimately includes many different kinds of things.
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113:. In metaphysics, it is the view that there are in fact many different
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935:"Chapter 26: Exploring the boundary between fiction and reality"
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closed by a frontier. ...Can you give the boundary? No. You can
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for attaining a full description of a particular field. In the
226:), which appeared later in Plato. From the association (φιλία;
97:(the view that all is two). The term has different meanings in
888:
Jason Turner (April 2012). "Logic and ontological pluralism".
29:
1021:
Stephen H Kellert; Helen E Longino; C Kenneth Waters (2006).
991:
Metametaphysics: New Essays on the
Foundations of Ontology
267:). Unlike Empedocles' four "root elements" and similar to
681:
Beall, JC; Restall, Greg (2000). "Logical
Pluralism".
654:
Joshua
Spencer (12 November 2012). "Ways of being".
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which cannot be thought of as ranging over a single
527:logic. For example, classical logic holds that the
1032:. The University of Minnesota Press. p. vii.
45:may lack focus or may be about more than one topic
497:epistemological pluralism arose in opposition to
847:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
334:, while answering for the ever-changing flux of
27:Doctrine of multiplicity in contrast with monism
1106:Priest, Graham (1979). "The Logic of Paradox".
557:
418:
49:Please help improve this article, possibly by
933:Deborah A Prentice; Richard J Gerrig (1999).
450:'exact' only within some proscribed context.
89:of multiplicity, often used in opposition to
8:
1016:
1014:
939:Dual-process theories in social psychology
937:. In Shelly Chaiken; Yaacov Trope (eds.).
901:
752:"Simple substances: Monism and pluralism"
649:
647:
441:Ludwig Wittgenstein, excerpt from §68 in
555:held to a version of logical pluralism:
375:. The atoms were an infinite variety of
788:Wayne P. Pomerleau (11 February 2011).
760:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
643:
551:paraconsistent logic may be required.
330:of basic material elements as per the
993:. Clarendon Press. pp. 130–156.
318:incorporated these elements, but his
7:
1023:"Introduction: The pluralist stance"
941:. Guilford Press. pp. 529–546.
565:Rudolph Carnap, excerpt from §17 in
275:(yet not physical in nature), these
53:the article and/or by introducing a
1086:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
844:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
798:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
683:Australasian Journal of Philosophy
424:;" ... — it need not be so. For I
25:
606:Pluralism in political philosophy
365:, who posited a basic duality of
322:was not material in essence. His
668:10.1111/j.1747-9991.2012.00527.x
34:
57:, or discuss this issue on the
1108:Journal of Philosophical Logic
890:Journal of Philosophical Logic
567:The Logical Syntax of Language
93:(the view that all is one) or
1:
611:Pluralism in political theory
976:10.1016/0304-422x(79)90014-7
794:in article on William James"
531:is a valid argument, but in
443:Philosophical Investigations
338:and the unchanging unity of
300:. The notion of a governing
246:) and proportion (ἀνάλογος;
1062:"Epistemological pluralism"
723:. Encyclopædia Britannica.
1219:
508:
482:
326:allowed him to maintain a
230:) and separation (νεῖκος;
211:
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117:in nature that constitute
912:10.1007/s10992-010-9167-x
810:Diels –Kranz, Simplicius
695:10.1080/00048400012349751
485:Epistemological pluralism
479:Epistemological pluralism
281:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
202:epistemological pluralism
183:and as developed in the
152:in most cases, but using
1193:Epistemological theories
535:'s paraconsistent logic—
349:due to the continuum of
1060:E Brian Davies (2006).
861:Fragments of Anaxagoras
837:Curd, Patricia (2015).
529:argument from explosion
253:Similar to Empedocles,
1188:Pluralism (philosophy)
1005:On-line text found at
571:
447:
304:would also be used by
164:Metaphysical pluralism
1198:Metaphysical theories
750:D. W. Hamlyn (1984).
495:philosophy of science
460:linguistic frameworks
383:Ontological pluralism
156:to deal with certain
142:philosophy of science
123:ontological pluralism
18:Ontological pluralism
740:, Book 6 (509D–513E)
154:paraconsistent logic
1203:Metaphysics of mind
1157:Ways of Worldmaking
1082:"Logical Pluralism"
626:Religious pluralism
621:Quantifier variance
520:logical consequence
409:Ludwig Wittgenstein
320:substance pluralism
240:) of ratio (λόγος;
218:In ancient Greece,
138:cultural relativism
55:disambiguation page
1120:10.1007/BF00258428
1080:Russell, Gillian.
1066:Available through
656:Philosophy Compass
324:hylomorphic theory
81:is a term used in
1039:978-0-8166-4763-7
792:Realms of reality
545:many-valued logic
524:logical constants
516:Logical pluralism
511:Logical pluralism
505:Logical pluralism
455:forms of language
404:kind of reality.
214:Ancient pluralism
208:Ancient pluralism
174:Mind–body dualism
132:, or conceptual,
85:, referring to a
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16:(Redirected from
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662:(12): 910–918.
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631:Value pluralism
586:Legal pluralism
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407:One reading of
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839:"Anaxagoras"
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67:January 2023
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1159:, Hackett,
878:, I, 4, 985
876:Metaphysics
874:Aristotle,
757:Metaphysics
717:"Pluralism"
400:and so has
390:quantifiers
328:reduced set
293:'s idea of
277:homoioneroi
265:homoioneroi
193:physicalism
99:metaphysics
1182:Categories
1173:0915144514
1165:0915144522
827:, 48 b - c
596:Panarchism
560:arguments.
549:dialetheic
469:Eli Hirsch
363:Democritus
340:Parmenides
336:Heraclitus
269:Democritus
255:Anaxagoras
224:stoicheion
220:Empedocles
168:See also:
134:contextual
130:pragmatism
115:substances
83:philosophy
898:CiteSeerX
703:218621064
601:Pantheism
359:Leucippus
342:. In his
332:Milesians
316:Aristotle
158:paradoxes
140:. In the
87:worldview
79:Pluralism
59:talk page
51:splitting
1155:, 1978,
1136:35042223
1128:30227165
920:10257001
738:Republic
574:See also
563:—
439:—
306:Socrates
248:analogos
187:between
185:contrast
181:Republic
103:ontology
1091:28 July
1007:Cornell
964:Poetics
825:Timaeus
823:Plato,
812:Physics
736:Plato,
436:one..."
355:atomism
345:Physics
297:henades
237:pleroma
197:dualism
119:reality
95:dualism
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465:Carnap
394:domain
286:monads
232:neikos
228:philia
170:Monism
91:monism
1132:S2CID
1124:JSTOR
1047:(PDF)
1026:(PDF)
916:S2CID
699:S2CID
638:Notes
373:atoms
310:Plato
295:will
273:atoms
243:logos
136:, or
111:logic
1169:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1093:2016
1034:ISBN
995:ISBN
943:ISBN
769:ISBN
762:109
471:and
434:draw
422:etc.
402:some
371:and
368:void
361:and
308:and
302:nous
289:and
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