791:
research (modernly known as 'analytics') relies upon stochastic variables and a therefore access to truly random numbers. Fortunately, the cybernetics field also required the same level of randomness. The development of increasingly better random number generators has been a boon to both disciplines. Modern applications of operations research includes city planning, football strategies, emergency planning, optimizing all facets of industry and economy, and undoubtedly with the likelihood of the inclusion of terrorist attack planning and definitely counterterrorist attack planning. More recently, the research approach of operations research, which dates back to the 1950s, has been criticized for being collections of mathematical models but lacking an empirical basis of data collection for applications. How to collect data is not presented in the textbooks. Because of the lack of data, there are also no computer applications in the textbooks.
590:
aircraft a long way from the target it had time to alter course under water so the chances of it being within the 20-foot kill zone of the charges was small. It was more efficient to attack those submarines close to the surface when the targets' locations were better known than to attempt their destruction at greater depths when their positions could only be guessed. Before the change of settings from 100 to 25 feet, 1% of submerged U-boats were sunk and 14% damaged. After the change, 7% were sunk and 11% damaged; if submarines were caught on the surface but had time to submerge just before being attacked, the numbers rose to 11% sunk and 15% damaged. Blackett observed "there can be few cases where such a great operational gain had been obtained by such a small and simple change of tactics".
615:
acceptable reduces aircraft performance. Their suggestion to remove some of the crew so that an aircraft loss would result in fewer personnel losses, was also rejected by RAF command. Blackett's team made the logical recommendation that the armor be placed in the areas which were completely untouched by damage in the bombers who returned. They reasoned that the survey was biased, since it only included aircraft that returned to
Britain. The areas untouched in returning aircraft were probably vital areas, which, if hit, would result in the loss of the aircraft. This story has been disputed, with a similar damage assessment study completed in the US by the
541:
4864:
594:
1342:, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, India, Japan and South Africa. For the institutionalization of Operations Research, the foundation of the (IFORS) in 1960 was of decisive importance, which stimulated the foundation of national OR societies in Austria, Switzerland and Germany. IFORS held important international conferences every three years since 1957. The constituent members of IFORS form regional groups, such as that in Europe, the
683:
43:
5569:
4876:
4262:
4274:
5558:
582:
operations in the grey North
Atlantic skies. Tests showed that aircraft painted white were on average not spotted until they were 20% closer than those painted black. This change indicated that 30% more submarines would be attacked and sunk for the same number of sightings. As a result of these findings Coastal Command changed their aircraft to using white undersurfaces.
4900:
4888:
4286:
230:. Operational researchers faced with a new problem must determine which of these techniques are most appropriate given the nature of the system, the goals for improvement, and constraints on time and computing power, or develop a new technique specific to the problem at hand (and, afterwards, to that type of problem).
638:
they could overwhelm the night fighters who flew in individual cells directed to their targets by ground controllers. It was then a matter of calculating the statistical loss from collisions against the statistical loss from night fighters to calculate how close the bombers should fly to minimize RAF
614:
was noted and the recommendation was given that armor be added in the most heavily damaged areas. This recommendation was not adopted because the fact that the aircraft were able to return with these areas damaged indicated the areas were not vital, and adding armor to non-vital areas where damage is
360:
In the decades after the two world wars, the tools of operations research were more widely applied to problems in business, industry, and society. Since that time, operational research has expanded into a field widely used in industries ranging from petrochemicals to airlines, finance, logistics, and
642:
The "exchange rate" ratio of output to input was a characteristic feature of operational research. By comparing the number of flying hours put in by Allied aircraft to the number of U-boat sightings in a given area, it was possible to redistribute aircraft to more productive patrol areas. Comparison
573:
to detect. On the other hand, large convoys could deploy more warships against an attacker. Blackett's staff showed that the losses suffered by convoys depended largely on the number of escort vessels present, rather than the size of the convoy. Their conclusion was that a few large convoys are more
507:
The modern field of operational research arose during World War II. In the World War II era, operational research was defined as "a scientific method of providing executive departments with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding the operations under their control". Other names for it included
1011:
characterized the field of management science as "the business use of operations research". Like operational research itself, management science (MS) is an interdisciplinary branch of applied mathematics devoted to optimal decision planning, with strong links with economics, business, engineering,
658:
by increasing the training ratio from 4 to 10 percent of flying hours; revealed that wolf-packs of three United States submarines were the most effective number to enable all members of the pack to engage targets discovered on their individual patrol stations; revealed that glossy enamel paint was
589:
were changed from 100 to 25 feet, the kill ratios would go up. The reason was that if a U-boat saw an aircraft only shortly before it arrived over the target then at 100 feet the charges would do no damage (because the U-boat wouldn't have had time to descend as far as 100 feet), and if it saw the
581:
to hunt and destroy submarines, one of the analysts asked what colour the aircraft were. As most of them were from Bomber
Command they were painted black for night-time operations. At the suggestion of CC-ORS a test was run to see if that was the best colour to camouflage the aircraft for daytime
568:
system to reduce shipping losses, but while the principle of using warships to accompany merchant ships was generally accepted, it was unclear whether it was better for convoys to be small or large. Convoys travel at the speed of the slowest member, so small convoys can travel faster. It was also
778:
gave important impulses for the spread of
Operations Research in Western Europe; NATO headquarters (SHAPE) organised four conferences on OR in the 1950s – the one in 1956 with 120 participants – bringing OR to mainland Europe. Within NATO, OR was also known as "Scientific Advisory" (SA) and was
1039:
to improve an organization's ability to enact rational and meaningful management decisions by arriving at optimal or near-optimal solutions to sometimes complex decision problems. Management scientists help businesses to achieve their goals using the scientific methods of operational research.
1043:
The management scientist's mandate is to use rational, systematic, science-based techniques to inform and improve decisions of all kinds. Of course, the techniques of management science are not restricted to business applications but may be applied to military, medical, public administration,
790:
With the development of computers over the next three decades, Operations
Research can now solve problems with hundreds of thousands of variables and constraints. Moreover, the large volumes of data required for such problems can be stored and manipulated very efficiently." Much of operations
769:
In the 1950s and 1960s, chairs of operations research were established in the U.S. and United
Kingdom (from 1964 in Lancaster) in the management faculties of universities. Further influences from the U.S. on the development of operations research in Western Europe can be traced here. The
2011:
Petropoulos, Fotios; Laporte, Gilbert; Aktas, Emel; Alumur, Sibel A.; Archetti, Claudia; Ayhan, Hayriye; Battarra, Maria; Bennell, Julia A.; Bourjolly, Jean-Marie; Boylan, John E.; Breton, Michèle; Canca, David; Charlin, Laurent; Chen, Bo; Cicek, Cihan Tugrul (27 December 2023).
1507:: Founded in 1975 and is presently by far the largest operational research journal in the world, with its around 9,000 pages of published papers per year. In 2004, its total number of citations was the second largest amongst Operational Research and Management Science journals;
889:
Project production activities: managing the flow of work activities in a capital project in response to system variability through operations research tools for variability reduction and buffer allocation using a combination of allocation of capacity, inventory and
456:" (CH). Initially, Rowe analysed the operating of the radar equipment and its communication networks, expanding later to include the operating personnel's behaviour. This revealed unappreciated limitations of the CH network and allowed remedial action to be taken.
2196:(AORG) that existed from 1946 to 1962. "In January 1962 the name was changed to Army Operational Research Establishment (AORE). Following the creation of a unified Ministry of Defence, a tri-service operational research organisation was established: the
765:
to ORSA, which soon had more than 500 members. In the 1960s, ORSA reached 8000 members. Consulting companies also founded OR groups. In 1953, Abraham
Charnes and William Cooper published the first textbook on Linear Programming.
761:(ORSA) in 1952 and the Institute for Management Science (TIMS) in 1953. Philip Morse, the head of the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group of the Pentagon, became the first president of ORSA and attracted the companies of the
222:. Nearly all of these techniques involve the construction of mathematical models that attempt to describe the system. Because of the computational and statistical nature of most of these fields, OR also has strong ties to
729:
With expanded techniques and growing awareness of the field at the close of the war, operational research was no longer limited to only operational, but was extended to encompass equipment procurement, training,
1351:
1926:
A systems analyst who contributes in the area of DSS must be skilled in such areas as management science (synonymous with decision science and operation research), modeling, simulation, and advanced statistics.
770:
authoritative OR textbooks from the U.S. were published in
Germany in German language and in France in French (but not in Italian), such as the book by George Dantzig "Linear Programming"(1963) and the book by
2693:
361:
government, moving to a focus on the development of mathematical models that can be used to analyse and optimize sometimes complex systems, and has become an area of active academic and industrial research.
783:, the transfer of NATO headquarters from France to Belgium led to the institutionalization of OR in Belgium, where Jacques Drèze founded CORE, the Center for Operations Research and Econometrics at the
2578:
Richard
Vahrenkamp: Mathematical Management – Operations Research in the United States and Western Europe, 1945 – 1990, in: Management Revue – Socio-Economic Studies, vol. 34 (2023), issue 1, pp. 69–91
1378:
758:
757:, simulation and production control, which were used primarily in civilian industry. Scientific societies and journals on the subject of operations research were founded in the 1950s, such as the
5618:
1327:
1055:
that may prove useful in helping to illuminate management issues and solve managerial problems, as well as designing and developing new and better models of organizational excellence.
734:
and infrastructure. Operations research also grew in many areas other than the military once scientists learned to apply its principles to the civilian sector. The development of the
3580:
Maurice W. Kirby (Operational
Research Society (Great Britain)). Operational Research in War and Peace: The British Experience from the 1930s to 1970, Imperial College Press, 2003.
1343:
3333:
774:
et al. "Introduction to Operations Research"(1957). The latter was also published in Spanish in 1973, opening at the same time Latin American readers to Operations Research.
1591:
1347:
670:, and they followed British forces in the advance across Europe. They analyzed, among other topics, the effectiveness of artillery, aerial bombing and anti-tank shooting.
564:
winners and many other people who went on to be pre-eminent in their fields. They undertook a number of crucial analyses that aided the war effort. Britain introduced the
53:
2623:"New Era of Project Delivery – Project as Production System", R. G. Shenoy and T. R. Zabelle, Journal of Project Production Management, Vol 1, pp Nov 2016, pp. 13–24
1985:
1423:
2731:
2189:
659:
more effective camouflage for night fighters than conventional dull camouflage paint finish, and a smooth paint finish increased airspeed by reducing skin friction.
725:"To examine quantitatively whether the user organization is getting from the operation of its equipment the best attainable contribution to its overall objective."
5603:
4324:
784:
779:
grouped together in the Advisory Group of Aeronautical Research and Development (AGARD). SHAPE and AGARD organized an OR conference in April 1957 in Paris. When
1283:
may not be appropriate or may not suffice. Therefore, during the past 30 years, a number of non-quantified modeling methods have been developed. These include:
3382:
647:
laid per ship sunk was common to several campaigns: German mines in British ports, British mines on German routes, and United States mines in Japanese routes.
2210:
1523:
610:. For the survey, Bomber Command inspected all bombers returning from bombing raids over Germany over a particular period. All damage inflicted by German
2242:
2297:
2259:
5439:
3675:
2656:
2316:
2278:
437:
4938:
1502:
1297:
1361:
which provides an introduction to OR and examples of successful applications of OR to industrial problems. This initiative has been adopted by the
2624:
4242:
3153:
1233:, military branches, and government. The range of problems and issues to which it has contributed insights and solutions is vast. It includes:
413:'s broad gauge. Beginning in the 20th century, study of inventory management could be considered the origin of modern operations research with
3593:
3717:
1381:(INFORMS) publishes thirteen scholarly journals about operations research, including the top two journals in their class, according to 2005
4687:
1580:
1543:
4904:
433:
brought operational research to bear on problems in physics in the 1920s and would later attempt to extend these to the social sciences.
4226:
1339:
284:
515:
close to 1,000 men and women in Britain were engaged in operational research. About 200 operational research scientists worked for the
4832:
4317:
1437:
1240:
Assignment (assigning crew to flights, trains or buses; employees to projects; commitment and dispatch of power generation facilities)
150:
problems. Because of its emphasis on practical applications, operations research has overlapped with many other disciplines, notably
3585:
1919:
1831:
90:
2675:
2079:
5613:
4368:
4055:
859:
468:
2494:
2197:
1357:
In 2004, the US-based organization INFORMS began an initiative to market the OR profession better, including a website entitled
762:
5623:
5598:
4782:
2193:
2150:
1653:
460:
4880:
4216:
1747:
1133:
849:
127:, is a discipline that deals with the development and application of analytical methods to improve decision-making. The term
1989:
1519:: a quarterly journal devoted to advancing the science of modeling and simulation as it relates to the military and defense.
905:: globalizing operations processes in order to take advantage of cheaper materials, labor, land or other productivity inputs
3540:
Robert J. Thierauf & Richard A. Grosse, "Decision Making Through Operations Research", John Wiley & Sons, INC, 1970
2174:"Operational Research in the British Army 1939–1945", October 1947, Report C67/3/4/48, UK National Archives file WO291/1301
4310:
4221:
3668:
2735:
2524:
1816:
1777:
1733:
1444:
1334:
for operational research societies worldwide, representing approximately 50 national societies including those in the US,
31:
5130:
5593:
4931:
1416:
1362:
1335:
917:
913:
854:
526:
1243:
Facility location (deciding most appropriate location for new facilities such as warehouses; factories or fire station)
5608:
5424:
5376:
5064:
4807:
4363:
1762:
1496:
1430:
1276:
921:
545:
72:
3337:
2200:(DOAE) which was formed in 1965, and it absorbed the Army Operational Research Establishment based at West Byfleet."
5086:
5074:
5069:
5059:
4378:
4070:
3922:
1201:
824:
616:
219:
5029:
3648:
2217:
827:: for instance, setup of telecommunications or power system networks to maintain quality of service during outages
5504:
4980:
4792:
4764:
4401:
4290:
1163:
925:
836:
207:
203:
199:
179:
143:
5628:
5170:
5039:
4837:
4266:
3661:
1846:
1806:
1382:
937:
807:: identifying those processes in a multiple-dependency project which affect the overall duration of the project
540:
158:(of profit, performance, or yield) or minimum (of loss, risk, or cost). Originating in military efforts before
154:. Operations research is often concerned with determining the extreme values of some real-world objective: the
117:
107:
68:
3950:
3009:(2023), "Mathematical Management – Operations Research in the United States and Western Europe, 1945 – 1990",
464:
2625:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312602707_New_Era_of_Project_Delivery_-_Project_as_Production_System
5572:
5469:
5464:
5414:
5287:
5165:
4924:
4722:
4712:
4682:
4616:
4351:
3633:
3127:
2386:
2374:
2294:
2256:
1821:
1811:
1787:
1718:
1639:
1280:
1212:
1071:
883:
530:
414:
261:
233:
The major sub-disciplines (but not limited to) in modern operational research, as identified by the journal
191:
4892:
2653:
2313:
2275:
1066:
Some of the fields that have considerable overlap with Operations Research and Management Science include:
745:
In the 1950s, the term Operations Research was used to describe heterogeneous mathematical methods such as
5489:
5449:
5444:
5226:
5197:
5054:
4976:
4820:
4717:
4697:
4692:
4621:
4346:
4278:
3970:
3773:
1782:
1772:
1767:
1634:
1461:
1143:
931:
866:
800:
151:
5434:
5419:
5135:
4847:
4777:
4654:
4578:
4517:
4502:
4497:
4474:
4356:
4247:
3960:
3830:
3365:
3006:
2802:
2532:
1826:
1331:
1158:
1114:
1104:
990:
971:
750:
611:
476:
472:
410:
341:
319:
300:
248:
4863:
2339:
1884:
5484:
5404:
5336:
5251:
5145:
5081:
4827:
4707:
4702:
4626:
4527:
4110:
4085:
4040:
3888:
3883:
3845:
3820:
2013:
1841:
1792:
1757:
1230:
1207:
886:: managing the flow of raw materials and products based on uncertain demand for the finished products
780:
606:
Bomber Command's Operational Research Section (BC-ORS), analyzed a report of a survey carried out by
441:
426:
2614:"Factory Physics for Managers", E. S. Pound, J. H. Bell, and M. L. Spearman, McGraw-Hill, 2014, p 47
977:
Finding the optimal parameter (weights) setting of an algorithm that generates the realisation of a
593:
5326:
5175:
5118:
4961:
4842:
4674:
4573:
4507:
4464:
4454:
4434:
3985:
3878:
3369:
3157:
1836:
1801:
1629:
1619:
1533:
1217:
1048:
1036:
830:
714:
620:
578:
553:
449:
315:
309:
305:
4273:
3621:
Mathematical Management – Operations Research in the United States and Western Europe, 1945 – 1990
525:
worked for several different organizations during the war. Early in the war while working for the
174:
techniques and methods applied in the pursuit of improved decision-making and efficiency, such as
5409:
5355:
5282:
5192:
5150:
5140:
5108:
5103:
5049:
5044:
4868:
4787:
4727:
4659:
4649:
4588:
4563:
4439:
4396:
4391:
4115:
4050:
4030:
4020:
3980:
3965:
3940:
3898:
3893:
3747:
3737:
3732:
3022:
2476:
2132:
2025:
1723:
1664:
1268:
1267:
Management is also concerned with so-called soft-operational analysis which concerns methods for
1177:
1076:
1032:
1002:
945:
844:
739:
667:
663:
607:
560:. Blackett's team at Coastal Command's Operational Research Section (CC-ORS) included two future
533:
rounds needed to shoot down an enemy aircraft from an average of over 20,000 at the start of the
445:
406:
374:
349:
345:
328:
295:
269:
187:
135:
128:
1058:
The application of these models within the corporate sector became known as management science.
662:
On land, the operational research sections of the Army Operational Research Group (AORG) of the
548:
in standard RAF green/dark earth/black night bomber finish as originally used by Coastal Command
2151:"operations research (industrial engineering) :: History – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
5542:
5530:
5509:
5479:
5341:
5265:
5221:
4583:
4568:
4512:
4459:
4180:
4095:
4035:
4005:
3930:
3788:
3783:
3707:
3589:
3581:
2713:
2459:
Mangel, Marc; Samaniego, Francisco J (1984). "Abraham Wald's Work on Aircraft Survivability".
2404:
2236:
2124:
2043:
1915:
1698:
1689:
1674:
1669:
1487:
1301:
1288:
1148:
1099:
1028:
771:
735:
557:
534:
378:
336:
215:
155:
1483:: jointly published the Belgian, French and Italian Operations Research Societies (Springer);
421:
in 1913. Operational research may have originated in the efforts of military planners during
5494:
5474:
5381:
5331:
5302:
5160:
5125:
5022:
5000:
4797:
4772:
4644:
4492:
4429:
4175:
4045:
3907:
3858:
3840:
3014:
2705:
2468:
2441:
2116:
2035:
1713:
1684:
1624:
1272:
1081:
804:
655:
585:
Other work by the CC-ORS indicated that on average if the trigger depth of aerial-delivered
522:
390:
223:
2590:"Nominal Science without Data: The Cold War Content of Game Theory and Operations Research"
2589:
409:
in 1840, and to studies into the dynamical behaviour of railway vehicles in defence of the
5562:
5034:
4971:
4737:
4664:
4593:
4386:
4145:
4130:
4105:
4080:
4000:
3995:
3955:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3778:
3727:
3684:
2679:
2660:
2545:
2320:
2301:
2282:
2263:
2083:
1708:
1492:
1187:
1182:
966:
754:
484:
402:
394:
257:
183:
171:
147:
3623:, in: Management Revue – Socio-Economic Studies, vol. 34 (2023), issue 1, pp. 69–91.
2352:
643:
of exchange rates established "effectiveness ratios" useful in planning. The ratio of 60
2563:
2418:
1908:
1517:
Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation (JDMS): Applications, Methodology, Technology
5537:
5277:
5236:
5155:
4947:
4815:
4742:
4449:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4160:
4135:
4125:
4120:
4090:
4015:
4010:
3975:
3935:
3903:
3825:
3810:
3742:
3712:
3484:
Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability
2672:
2076:
1703:
1659:
1529:
1197:
965:
Determining optimal prices, in many retail and B2B settings, within the disciplines of
951:
631:
599:
492:
430:
418:
386:
682:
5587:
5459:
5359:
5350:
5321:
5307:
5297:
5241:
5005:
4995:
4985:
4603:
4535:
4487:
4185:
4100:
4060:
3945:
3768:
3752:
3550:
3026:
2635:
2498:
2353:""Numbers are Essential": Victory in the North Atlantic Reconsidered, March–May 1943"
2331:
1851:
1728:
1679:
1532:; this is the oldest continuously published journal of OR in the world, published by
1008:
985:
compositions (classical music) by using weighted local cost and transition cost rules
902:
880:, such as determining the routes of buses so that as few buses are needed as possible
872:
818:
814:
810:
635:
508:
operational analysis (UK Ministry of Defence from 1962) and quantitative management.
488:
398:
370:
253:
211:
170:
Operational research (OR) encompasses the development and the use of a wide range of
1252:
Game Theory (identifying, understanding; developing strategies adopted by companies)
448:. Rowe conceived the idea as a means to analyse and improve the working of the UK's
17:
5429:
5261:
5256:
4990:
4545:
4540:
4444:
4165:
4065:
3990:
3530:
Taha, Hamdy A., "Operations Research: An Introduction", Pearson, 10th Edition, 2016
2445:
2094:
P. W. Bridgman, The Logic of Modern Physics, The MacMillan Company, New York, 1927.
2065:
1292:
1138:
1090:
978:
644:
624:
586:
516:
512:
332:
195:
159:
3649:
Occupational Outlook Handbook, U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics
2039:
529:(RAE) he set up a team known as the "Circus" which helped to reduce the number of
440:
in the UK in 1937 as the result of an initiative of the station's superintendent,
3609:, History of Mathematics, Vol. 4, Providence, American Mathematical Society, 1990
405:'s research into the cost of transportation and sorting of mail led to England's
5454:
5366:
5246:
5098:
5012:
4747:
4411:
4334:
4155:
4150:
4140:
4075:
3815:
3702:
3461:
L. V. Kantorovich, "Mathematical Methods of Organizing and Planning Production"
3018:
2709:
1168:
1124:
1119:
1109:
1086:
899:: automating or integrating robotic systems in human-driven operations processes
746:
561:
480:
422:
382:
289:
279:
1261:
Telecom & Data Communication Engineering (packet routing; timing; analysis)
60:
US perspective completely neglected, George Dantzig gets a passing mention only
5214:
4966:
4732:
4611:
4406:
4170:
4025:
2075:
M.S. Sodhi, "What about the 'O' in O.R.?" OR/MS Today, December, 2007, p. 12,
1192:
1172:
896:
721:. In his opening address, Watson-Watt offered a definition of the aims of OR:
453:
274:
175:
139:
121:
3311:
3289:
3267:
3245:
3223:
3201:
3179:
2717:
2128:
2047:
5525:
5292:
5209:
5204:
5017:
3835:
3722:
1856:
1614:
1246:
Hydraulics & Piping Engineering (managing flow of water from reservoirs)
1153:
1129:
731:
496:
323:
227:
162:, its techniques have grown to concern problems in a variety of industries.
3644:
The Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS)
3600:
History of Mathematical Programming: A Collection of Personal Reminiscences
552:
In 1941, Blackett moved from the RAE to the Navy, after first working with
5557:
4302:
2828:
1584:, the official journal of the Production and Operations Management Society
634:, it was realized by the British that if the RAF bombers were to fly in a
5317:
5312:
5187:
4636:
4555:
4482:
3341:
1914:, West series in data processing and information systems, West Pub. Co.,
1752:
1094:
1024:
1020:
1229:
Applications are abundant such as in airlines, manufacturing companies,
5371:
5270:
5182:
4421:
3482:
H. W. Kuhn, A. W. Tucker, "Nonlinear Programming," pp. 481–492 in
2829:"Société française de Recherche Opérationnelle et d'Aide à la Décision"
2694:"A bibliometric analysis of operations research and management science"
2480:
2136:
1513:: published and sponsored by the Canadian Operational Research Society;
1052:
1017:
1013:
982:
909:
877:
2523:
Milkman, Raymond H. (May 1968). "Operation Research in World War II".
2432:
Wallis, W. Allen (1980). "The Statistical Research Group, 1942–1945".
2176:
Quoted on the dust-jacket of: Morse, Philip M, and Kimball, George E,
146:, operations research arrives at optimal or near-optimal solutions to
5346:
3692:
3607:
Operations Analysis in the U.S. Army Eighth Air Force in World War II
1963:
1941:
718:
570:
565:
3502:
Charles C. Holt, Franco Modigliani, John F. Muth, Herbert A. Simon,
3490:
Search and Screening: General Principles and Historical Applications
2472:
2120:
813:: designing the layout of equipment in a factory or components on a
27:
Discipline concerning the application of advanced analytical methods
3470:
Decisions with Multiple Objectives: Preferences and Value Tradeoffs
3421:
Management Models and Industrial Applications of Linear Programming
2180:, 1st edition revised, MIT Press & J Wiley, 5th printing, 1954.
2030:
1576:, the official journal of the Brazilian Operations Research Society
1352:
Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation and Education Conference
5231:
5113:
5093:
3653:
3568:
An Annotated Timeline of Operations Research: An Informal History
3105:
989:
Operational research is also used extensively in government where
592:
539:
4916:
3131:
2062:
Pascal's and Huygens's game-theoretic foundations for probability
5388:
3520:, Cambridge, Division of Research, Harvard Business School, 1961
1564:: official journal of the Operational Research Society of India;
775:
651:
4920:
4306:
3657:
3475:
H. W. Kuhn, "The Hungarian Method for the Assignment Problem,"
1346:(EURO). Other important operational research organizations are
1258:
Computer Network Engineering (packet routing; timing; analysis)
134:
Employing techniques from other mathematical sciences, such as
3039:
1570:: a quarterly journal of The OR Society published by Palgrave;
1478:
677:
36:
3614:
O. R. in World War 2: Operational Research Against the U-boat
1379:
Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
1047:
Management science is concerned with developing and applying
3598:
J. K. Lenstra, A. H. G. Rinnooy Kan, A. Schrijver (editors)
1603:
495:) looked for ways to make better decisions in such areas as
3061:
2984:
2918:
2640:
Management Science: The Business Use of Operations Research
1279:. In dealing with these sorts of challenges, mathematical
3643:
3639:
International Federation of Operational Research Societies
3362:
2940:
2806:
2780:
2107:
Zuckerman, Solly (1964). "In the Beginning -- And Later".
1328:
International Federation of Operational Research Societies
3433:
C. West Churchman, Russell L. Ackoff & E. L. Arnoff,
3423:, Volumes I and II, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1961
3083:
2896:
2682:
The University of Tennessee, 2006. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
1249:
Health Services (information and supply chain management)
1044:
charitable groups, political groups or community groups.
3638:
3575:
Profiles in Operations Research: Pioneers and Innovators
2757:
1473:
These are listed in alphabetical order of their titles.
781:
France withdrew from the NATO military command structure
749:, dynamic programming, linear programming, warehousing,
650:
Operational research doubled the on-target bomb rate of
3334:
The Society for Modeling & Simulation International
1910:
Systems analysis for computer-based information systems
1550:
Omega - The International Journal of Management Science
694:
377:
solved problems involving sometimes complex decisions (
312:
specially for 0-1 integer linear programming for binary
64:
2962:
2851:
1344:
Association of European Operational Research Societies
693: with: a link to future research. You can help by
3513:, New York, MIT Press and John Wiley & Sons, 1951
2874:
569:
argued that small convoys would be harder for German
2077:
http://www.lionhrtpub.com/orms/orms-12-07/frqed.html
577:
While performing an analysis of the methods used by
5518:
5397:
4954:
4806:
4763:
4673:
4635:
4602:
4554:
4526:
4473:
4420:
4377:
4235:
4209:
3921:
3797:
3761:
3691:
2698:
Omega - International Journal of Management Science
3426:Abraham Charnes, William W. Cooper, A. Henderson,
2663:Lancaster University, 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
2565:PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH
1907:
1592:Spanish Statistics and Operations Research Society
1348:Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization
5619:Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)
3573:Saul I. Gass (Editor), Arjang A. Assad (Editor),
1424:Manufacturing & Service Operations Management
893:Efficient messaging and customer response tactics
630:When Germany organized its air defences into the
3533:Frederick S. Hillier & Gerald J. Lieberman,
3504:Planning Production, Inventories, and Work Force
2014:"Operational Research: methods and applications"
2495:"RAF History – Bomber Command 60th Anniversary"
2461:Journal of the American Statistical Association
2434:Journal of the American Statistical Association
912:transportation and delivery systems (Examples:
239:The Journal of the Operational Research Society
120:: Operations Analysis), often shortened to the
3556:, Moscow: Soviet Radio Publishing House, 1964.
3497:Activity Analysis of Production and Allocation
2518:
2516:
436:Modern operational research originated at the
4932:
4318:
3669:
3570:. New York, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2005.
3451:, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1962
3444:, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1963
3416:, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1957
2401:Dirty Little Secrets of the Twentieth Century
1988:. INFORMS.org. 2 January 2009. Archived from
50:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
3537:, McGraw-Hill: Boston MA; 10th Edition, 2014
3013:, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 69–91,
2102:
2100:
1237:Scheduling (of airlines, trains, buses etc.)
459:Scientists in the United Kingdom (including
3506:, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1960
2557:
2555:
2018:Journal of the Operational Research Society
1524:Journal of the Operational Research Society
1481:-A Quarterly Journal of Operations Research
962:Blending of raw materials in oil refineries
957:Sports events and their television coverage
4939:
4925:
4917:
4325:
4311:
4303:
3803:
3676:
3662:
3654:
2198:Defence Operational Research Establishment
1936:
1934:
3011:Management Revue – Socio-Economic Studies
2029:
974:: Cutting small items out of bigger ones.
950:Network data traffic: these are known as
91:Learn how and when to remove this message
2190:UK National Archives Catalogue for WO291
1503:European Journal of Operational Research
1365:in the UK, including a website entitled
556:, in 1941 and then early in 1942 to the
471:, (later Baron Zuckerman OM, KCB, FRS),
3547:, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1969
3499:, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1951
3472:, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1976
3447:Lester K. Ford, Jr., D. Ray Fulkerson,
3430:, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1953
2192:lists a War Office organisation called
1876:
1287:stakeholder based approaches including
397:, solved these types of problems using
2692:Merigó, José M; Yang, Jian-Bo (2017).
2541:
2530:
2419:"Examine your assumptions – LessWrong"
2241:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2234:
266:Policy modeling and public sector work
245:Computing and information technologies
5604:Mathematical optimization in business
3428:An Introduction to Linear Programming
2779:Leszczynski, Mary (8 November 2011).
2649:
2647:
759:Operation Research Society of America
7:
4887:
4285:
3516:Robert O. Schlaifer, Howard Raiffa,
3509:Philip M. Morse, George E. Kimball,
3419:Abraham Charnes, William W. Cooper,
1581:Production and Operations Management
1544:Military Operations Research Society
369:In the 17th century, mathematicians
4899:
4227:Systems theory in political science
3554:Introduction to Operations Research
3535:Introduction to Operations Research
3518:Applied Statistical Decision Theory
3437:, New York: J. Wiley and Sons, 1957
3435:Introduction to Operations Research
3246:"INFORMS Transactions on Education"
713:In 1947, under the auspices of the
285:Transportation theory (mathematics)
131:is occasionally used as a synonym.
5495:Microfoundations of macroeconomics
3477:Naval Research Logistics Quarterly
1540:Military Operations Research (MOR)
1438:Mathematics of Operations Research
25:
3545:Principles of Operations Research
3442:Linear Programming and Extensions
2340:A Failure of Intelligence: Part I
1832:Search-based software engineering
1405:INFORMS Transactions on Education
574:defensible than many small ones.
5568:
5567:
5556:
4898:
4886:
4875:
4874:
4862:
4284:
4272:
4261:
4260:
3492:, New York, Pergamon Press, 1980
3130:. Learn about OR. Archived from
2562:"1.2 A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE".
2355:. Familyheritage.ca. 24 May 1943
860:Weapon target assignment problem
681:
41:
4783:Computational complexity theory
3566:Saul I. Gass, Arjang A. Assad,
2194:Army Operational Research Group
717:, a symposium was organized in
4217:Systems theory in anthropology
3511:Methods of Operations Research
3495:Tjalling C. Koopmans, editor,
3224:"INFORMS Journal on Computing"
3202:"Information Systems Research"
2805:. Orsoc.org.uk. Archived from
2446:10.1080/01621459.1980.10477469
1964:"Operations Research Analysts"
1778:Geographic information systems
1748:Behavioral operations research
1590:: the official journal of the
1134:Geographic information science
850:Generalized assignment problem
821:time (therefore reducing cost)
463:(later Lord Blackett OM PRS),
30:For the academic journal, see
1:
4222:Systems theory in archaeology
3616:, London, Elek Science, 1973.
3468:Ralph Keeney, Howard Raiffa,
3156:. Informs.org. Archived from
2525:United States Naval Institute
2178:Methods of Operation Research
2040:10.1080/01605682.2023.2253852
1817:Project production management
785:Catholic University of Leuven
623:, the result of work done by
491:), and in the United States (
32:Operations Research (journal)
3634:What is Operations Research?
3458:, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1961
2588:Vahrenkamp, Richard (2019).
2497:. Raf.mod.uk. Archived from
1400:INFORMS Journal on Computing
1395:Information Systems Research
1363:Operational Research Society
918:intermodal freight transport
855:Quadratic assignment problem
527:Royal Aircraft Establishment
111:
5440:Civil engineering economics
5425:Statistical decision theory
5065:Income elasticity of demand
3019:10.5771/0935-9915-2023-1-69
2710:10.1016/j.omega.2016.12.004
2673:What is Management Science?
2654:What is Management Science?
2597:Real World Economics Review
1906:Wetherbe, James C. (1979),
1763:Business process management
1556:Operations Research Letters
1497:Decision Sciences Institute
1277:problem structuring methods
922:travelling salesman problem
763:military-industrial complex
67:, discuss the issue on the
5645:
5075:Price elasticity of supply
5070:Price elasticity of demand
5060:Cross elasticity of demand
4833:Films about mathematicians
3407:Classic books and articles
2987:. ORSSA. 23 September 2011
2399:James F. Dunnigan (1999).
1609:Operations research topics
1202:Transportation forecasting
1000:
617:Statistical Research Group
220:analytic hierarchy process
29:
5551:
4856:
4402:Philosophy of mathematics
4342:
4256:
3854:
3806:
3718:Coupled human–environment
3340:. Scs.org. Archived from
2659:14 September 2008 at the
1528:: an official journal of
1164:Mathematical optimization
926:driver scheduling problem
908:Transportation: managing
204:ordinal priority approach
200:data envelopment analysis
192:Markov decision processes
180:mathematical optimization
58:. The specific issue is:
5131:Income–consumption curve
4838:Recreational mathematics
3551:Wentzel (Ventsel), E. S.
1847:Supply chain engineering
1807:Operational level of war
1407:(an open access journal)
1383:Journal Citation Reports
499:and training schedules.
438:Bawdsey Research Station
118:Air Force Specialty Code
5614:Engineering disciplines
5465:Industrial organization
4723:Mathematical statistics
4713:Mathematical psychology
4683:Engineering mathematics
4617:Algebraic number theory
4051:Charles A. S. Hall
3108:. The Science of Better
3106:"The Science of Better"
2678:7 December 2008 at the
1822:Reliability engineering
1812:Power system simulation
1788:Industrial organization
1719:Frederick W. Lanchester
1640:Artificial intelligence
1281:modeling and simulation
1213:Supply chain management
1072:Artificial Intelligence
884:Supply chain management
654:bombing Japan from the
531:anti-aircraft artillery
415:economic order quantity
399:combinatorial reasoning
262:supply chain management
5624:Mathematical economics
5599:Industrial engineering
4869:Mathematics portal
4718:Mathematical sociology
4698:Mathematical economics
4693:Mathematical chemistry
4622:Analytic number theory
4503:Differential equations
3971:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
3290:"Organization Science"
2899:. ASOR. 1 January 1972
2540:Cite journal requires
2300:2 October 2013 at the
2281:27 August 2013 at the
2262:27 August 2013 at the
1986:"OR / Pubs / IOL Home"
1783:Industrial engineering
1773:Engineering management
1768:Database normalization
1654:Operations researchers
1648:Operations researchers
1635:Real options valuation
1462:Transportation Science
1317:Societies and journals
1298:morphological analysis
1144:Industrial engineering
869:: looking for a target
867:Bayesian search theory
801:Critical path analysis
603:
549:
407:universal "Penny Post"
152:industrial engineering
5435:Engineering economics
5030:Cost–benefit analysis
4848:Mathematics education
4778:Theory of computation
4498:Hypercomplex analysis
4248:Principia Cybernetica
3961:Anthony Stafford Beer
3831:Sociotechnical system
3605:Charles W. McArthur,
3602:, North-Holland, 1991
3368:24 April 2006 at the
2336:MIT Technology Review
2319:27 March 2014 at the
1827:Scientific management
1359:The Science of Better
1332:umbrella organization
1300:and various forms of
1231:service organizations
1159:Mathematical modeling
1115:Financial engineering
1105:Decision intelligence
1033:mathematical modeling
991:evidence-based policy
972:Cutting stock problem
841:Assignment Problems:
666:(MoS) were landed in
596:
543:
477:Owen Wansbrough-Jones
342:Quadratic programming
320:Aerospace engineering
301:Nonlinear programming
249:Financial engineering
5252:Price discrimination
5146:Intertemporal choice
4828:Informal mathematics
4708:Mathematical physics
4703:Mathematical finance
4688:Mathematical biology
4627:Diophantine geometry
4111:Mihajlo D. Mesarovic
4086:Edward Norton Lorenz
4041:Jay Wright Forrester
3846:World-systems theory
3821:Earth system science
3619:Richard Vahrenkamp:
2738:on 29 September 2017
2082:14 July 2009 at the
1842:Strategic management
1793:Managerial economics
1758:Business engineering
1574:Pesquisa Operacional
1534:Taylor & Francis
1451:Organization Science
1208:Stochastic processes
1037:numerical algorithms
954:or queueing systems.
825:Network optimization
452:system, code-named "
113:operational research
73:create a new article
65:improve this article
52:may not represent a
18:Operational research
5594:Operations research
5563:Business portal
5500:Operations research
5327:Substitution effect
4843:Mathematics and art
4753:Operations research
4508:Functional analysis
3986:Kenneth E. Boulding
3456:Industrial Dynamics
3440:George B. Dantzig,
3414:Dynamic Programming
3370:Library of Congress
3180:"Decision Analysis"
3134:on 15 November 2011
2407:. pp. 215–217.
2338:(1 November 2006) "
2060:Shafer, G. (2018).
1837:Simulation modeling
1802:Military simulation
1630:Optimal maintenance
1620:Dynamic programming
1542:: published by the
1445:Operations Research
1373:Journals of INFORMS
1338:, France, Germany,
1312:robustness analysis
1218:Systems engineering
1023:-based principles,
942:Manufacturing steps
831:Resource allocation
715:British Association
621:Columbia University
579:RAF Coastal Command
554:RAF Coastal Command
450:early-warning radar
425:(convoy theory and
316:Dynamic programming
310:NP-complete problem
306:Integer programming
235:Operations Research
196:econometric methods
104:Operations research
5609:Applied statistics
5141:Indifference curve
5109:Goods and services
5050:Economies of scope
5045:Economies of scale
4788:Numerical analysis
4397:Mathematical logic
4392:Information theory
4116:James Grier Miller
4071:Faina M. Kirillova
4031:Heinz von Foerster
4021:Edsger W. Dijkstra
3981:Alexander Bogdanov
3966:Richard E. Bellman
3941:William Ross Ashby
3612:C. H. Waddington,
3543:Harvey M. Wagner,
3479:, 1–2, 1955, 83–97
3465:, 4, 1960, 266–422
3463:Management Science
3454:Jay W. Forrester,
3154:"INFORMS Journals"
3007:Richard Vahrenkamp
2501:on 5 November 2011
1724:Thomas L. Magnanti
1665:Leonid Kantorovich
1615:Black box analysis
1417:Management Science
1302:influence diagrams
1269:strategic planning
1178:Project management
1077:Business analytics
1029:analytical methods
1016:. It uses various
1003:Management science
997:Management science
938:Personnel staffing
845:Assignment problem
795:Problems addressed
751:spare parts theory
740:linear programming
674:After World War II
664:Ministry of Supply
608:RAF Bomber Command
604:
550:
537:to 4,000 in 1941.
446:Robert Watson-Watt
389:; others, such as
375:Christiaan Huygens
365:Historical origins
350:Quadratic function
346:Quadratic equation
329:Information theory
296:Linear programming
270:Revenue management
188:stochastic-process
129:management science
5581:
5580:
5543:Political economy
5342:Supply and demand
5222:Pareto efficiency
4914:
4913:
4513:Harmonic analysis
4300:
4299:
4181:Manuela M. Veloso
4096:Humberto Maturana
4036:Stephanie Forrest
4006:C. West Churchman
3931:Russell L. Ackoff
3917:
3916:
3789:Positive feedback
3784:Negative feedback
3594:978-1-86094-366-9
3525:Classic textbooks
3449:Flows in Networks
3344:on 23 August 2009
3312:"Service Science"
3042:. Euro-online.org
2405:Harper Paperbacks
2223:on 12 August 2011
1867:
1866:
1699:William W. Cooper
1690:C. West Churchman
1675:Russell L. Ackoff
1670:Tjalling Koopmans
1495:on behalf of the
1488:Decision Sciences
1431:Marketing Science
1390:Decision Analysis
1306:cognitive mapping
1289:metagame analysis
1149:Inventory control
1100:Decision analysis
1035:, statistics and
837:Facility location
772:C. West Churchman
736:simplex algorithm
711:
710:
535:Battle of Britain
427:Lanchester's laws
379:problem of points
344:for solutions of
337:Quantum computing
280:Stochastic models
216:decision analysis
101:
100:
93:
75:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
5636:
5571:
5570:
5561:
5560:
5303:Returns to scale
5161:Market structure
4941:
4934:
4927:
4918:
4902:
4901:
4890:
4889:
4878:
4877:
4867:
4866:
4798:Computer algebra
4773:Computer science
4493:Complex analysis
4327:
4320:
4313:
4304:
4288:
4287:
4276:
4264:
4263:
4176:Francisco Varela
3908:Systems thinking
3841:Urban metabolism
3804:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3655:
3577:. Springer, 2011
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3379:
3373:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3128:"Learn about OR"
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2809:on 24 April 2006
2803:"The OR Society"
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2734:. Archived from
2728:
2722:
2721:
2689:
2683:
2670:
2664:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2594:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2440:(370): 320–330.
2429:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2396:
2390:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2349:
2343:
2329:
2323:
2310:
2304:
2291:
2285:
2272:
2266:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2216:. Archived from
2215:
2207:
2201:
2187:
2181:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2104:
2095:
2092:
2086:
2073:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2033:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1913:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1881:
1714:Ramayya Krishnan
1685:Alfred Blumstein
1625:Inventory theory
1604:
1309:strategic choice
1273:decision support
1082:Computer science
805:project planning
706:
703:
685:
678:
668:Normandy in 1944
656:Marianas Islands
523:Patrick Blackett
513:Second World War
503:Second World War
473:C. H. Waddington
461:Patrick Blackett
391:Pierre de Fermat
258:service sciences
224:computer science
115:
96:
89:
85:
82:
76:
45:
44:
37:
21:
5644:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5629:Decision-making
5584:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5555:
5547:
5514:
5393:
5035:Deadweight loss
4972:Consumer choice
4950:
4945:
4915:
4910:
4861:
4852:
4802:
4759:
4738:Systems science
4669:
4665:Homotopy theory
4631:
4598:
4550:
4522:
4469:
4416:
4387:Category theory
4373:
4338:
4331:
4301:
4296:
4252:
4231:
4205:
4146:Anatol Rapoport
4131:Talcott Parsons
4106:Donella Meadows
4081:Allenna Leonard
4001:Mary Cartwright
3996:Kathleen Carley
3956:Gregory Bateson
3951:Béla H. Bánáthy
3913:
3850:
3799:
3793:
3779:Limiting factor
3774:Leverage points
3757:
3695:
3687:
3685:Systems science
3682:
3630:
3563:
3527:
3488:B. O. Koopman,
3412:R. E. Bellman,
3409:
3404:
3402:Further reading
3399:
3398:
3388:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3273:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3160:on 9 March 2010
3152:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2680:Wayback Machine
2671:
2667:
2661:Wayback Machine
2652:
2645:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2539:
2529:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2473:10.2307/2288257
2458:
2457:
2453:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2330:
2326:
2321:Wayback Machine
2311:
2307:
2302:Wayback Machine
2292:
2288:
2283:Wayback Machine
2273:
2269:
2264:Wayback Machine
2254:
2250:
2233:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2211:"Archived copy"
2209:
2208:
2204:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2121:10.2307/3007115
2106:
2105:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2084:Wayback Machine
2074:
2070:
2059:
2055:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1922:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1885:"What is O.R.?"
1883:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1709:Richard M. Karp
1601:
1493:Wiley-Blackwell
1471:
1456:Service Science
1375:
1324:
1319:
1227:
1222:
1188:Queueing theory
1183:Policy analysis
1064:
1005:
999:
967:pricing science
952:queueing models
797:
707:
701:
698:
691:needs expansion
676:
505:
485:Jacob Bronowski
469:Solly Zuckerman
403:Charles Babbage
395:Jacob Bernoulli
387:expected values
367:
358:
208:neural networks
184:queueing theory
172:problem-solving
168:
148:decision-making
108:British English
97:
86:
80:
77:
62:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5642:
5640:
5632:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5586:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5565:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5538:Macroeconomics
5535:
5534:
5533:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5369:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5353:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5237:Price controls
5229:
5224:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5185:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5158:
5156:Market failure
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5009:
5008:
4998:
4993:
4983:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4948:Microeconomics
4946:
4944:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4921:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4896:
4884:
4872:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4816:Mathematicians
4812:
4810:
4808:Related topics
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4769:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4743:Control theory
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4679:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4532:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4518:Measure theory
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4383:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4307:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4282:
4270:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4201:Anthony Wilden
4198:
4196:Jennifer Wilby
4193:
4191:Norbert Wiener
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4161:Claude Shannon
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4136:Ilya Prigogine
4133:
4128:
4126:Howard T. Odum
4123:
4121:Radhika Nagpal
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4091:Niklas Luhmann
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4016:George Dantzig
4013:
4011:Manfred Clynes
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3976:Margaret Boden
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3936:Victor Aladjev
3933:
3927:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3826:Living systems
3823:
3818:
3813:
3811:Control theory
3807:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3629:
3628:External links
3626:
3625:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3578:
3571:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3548:
3541:
3538:
3531:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3385:. Springer.com
3374:
3363:The OR Society
3355:
3325:
3303:
3281:
3259:
3237:
3215:
3193:
3171:
3145:
3119:
3097:
3075:
3064:. Sisostds.org
3053:
3031:
2998:
2976:
2954:
2932:
2910:
2888:
2865:
2842:
2820:
2794:
2771:
2749:
2723:
2684:
2665:
2643:
2628:
2616:
2607:
2580:
2571:
2551:
2542:|journal=
2512:
2486:
2451:
2424:
2410:
2391:
2378:
2366:
2344:
2324:
2305:
2286:
2267:
2248:
2202:
2182:
2167:
2155:Britannica.com
2142:
2115:(4): 287–292.
2096:
2087:
2068:
2053:
2024:(3): 423–617.
2003:
1992:on 27 May 2009
1977:
1955:
1930:
1920:
1898:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1742:Related fields
1738:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1704:Robert Dorfman
1701:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1660:George Dantzig
1657:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1537:
1530:The OR Society
1520:
1514:
1508:
1499:
1484:
1470:
1469:Other journals
1467:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1374:
1371:
1367:Learn About OR
1330:(IFORS) is an
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1295:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1198:Social network
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1063:
1062:Related fields
1060:
1001:Main article:
998:
995:
987:
986:
975:
969:
963:
960:
959:
958:
955:
948:
943:
940:
929:
906:
900:
894:
891:
887:
881:
875:
873:Optimal search
870:
864:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
839:
834:
828:
822:
808:
796:
793:
727:
726:
709:
708:
688:
686:
675:
672:
632:Kammhuber Line
600:Kammhuber Line
504:
501:
493:George Dantzig
431:Percy Bridgman
419:Ford W. Harris
383:game-theoretic
366:
363:
357:
354:
353:
352:
339:
326:
313:
303:
298:
293:
292:for strategies
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
264:
251:
246:
212:expert systems
167:
164:
99:
98:
56:of the subject
54:worldwide view
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5641:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5574:
5566:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5470:Institutional
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5415:Computational
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5360:Law of supply
5357:
5354:
5352:
5351:Law of demand
5348:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5337:Social choice
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5322:Excess supply
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5308:Risk aversion
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:Price ceiling
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5198:Complementary
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4981:non-convexity
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4942:
4937:
4935:
4930:
4928:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4907:
4906:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4765:Computational
4762:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4604:Number theory
4601:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4536:Combinatorics
4534:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4488:Real analysis
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4336:
4328:
4323:
4321:
4316:
4314:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4293:
4292:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:Organizations
4234:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4186:Kevin Warwick
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4101:Margaret Mead
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4061:Lydia Kavraki
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4046:Barbara Grosz
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3946:Ruzena Bajcsy
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:Doubling time
3767:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3667:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3586:1-86094-366-7
3583:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3372:Web Archives;
3371:
3367:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3314:. Informs.org
3313:
3307:
3304:
3292:. Informs.org
3291:
3285:
3282:
3270:. Informs.org
3269:
3263:
3260:
3248:. Informs.org
3247:
3241:
3238:
3226:. Informs.org
3225:
3219:
3216:
3204:. Informs.org
3203:
3197:
3194:
3182:. Informs.org
3181:
3175:
3172:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3041:
3040:"EURO (EURO)"
3035:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2853:
2846:
2843:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2782:
2775:
2772:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2636:Stafford Beer
2632:
2629:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2534:
2526:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2332:Freeman Dyson
2328:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2219:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2168:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2004:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1921:9780829902280
1917:
1912:
1911:
1902:
1899:
1887:. INFORMS.org
1886:
1880:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:System safety
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1734:Peter Whittle
1732:
1730:
1729:Alvin E. Roth
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:Stafford Beer
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1511:INFOR Journal
1509:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1491:published by
1490:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1009:Stafford Beer
1004:
996:
994:
992:
984:
980:
976:
973:
970:
968:
964:
961:
956:
953:
949:
947:
946:Project tasks
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
933:
930:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
904:
903:Globalization
901:
898:
895:
892:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
874:
871:
868:
865:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
840:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
819:manufacturing
816:
815:computer chip
812:
811:Floorplanning
809:
806:
802:
799:
798:
794:
792:
788:
786:
782:
777:
773:
767:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
742:was in 1947.
741:
737:
733:
724:
723:
722:
720:
716:
705:
696:
692:
689:This section
687:
684:
680:
679:
673:
671:
669:
665:
660:
657:
653:
648:
646:
640:
637:
636:bomber stream
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
613:
609:
602:
601:
595:
591:
588:
587:depth charges
583:
580:
575:
572:
567:
563:
559:
555:
547:
542:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
518:
514:
509:
502:
500:
498:
494:
490:
489:Freeman Dyson
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:developed by
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:Blaise Pascal
364:
362:
355:
351:
347:
343:
340:
338:
334:
330:
327:
325:
321:
317:
314:
311:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
265:
263:
259:
255:
254:Manufacturing
252:
250:
247:
244:
243:
242:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
165:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
123:
119:
114:
109:
105:
95:
92:
84:
81:December 2020
74:
70:
66:
61:
57:
55:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5505:Optimization
5499:
5490:Mathematical
5450:Experimental
5445:Evolutionary
5430:Econometrics
5288:Public goods
5262:Price system
5257:Price signal
5171:Monopolistic
5040:Distribution
4955:Major topics
4903:
4891:
4879:
4860:
4793:Optimization
4752:
4655:Differential
4579:Differential
4546:Order theory
4541:Graph theory
4445:Group theory
4289:
4277:
4265:
4210:Applications
4166:Katia Sycara
4066:James J. Kay
4056:Mike Jackson
3991:Murray Bowen
3889:Pharmacology
3884:Neuroscience
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3574:
3567:
3553:
3544:
3534:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3387:. Retrieved
3377:
3358:
3346:. Retrieved
3342:the original
3328:
3316:. Retrieved
3306:
3294:. Retrieved
3284:
3272:. Retrieved
3268:"Interfaces"
3262:
3250:. Retrieved
3240:
3228:. Retrieved
3218:
3206:. Retrieved
3196:
3184:. Retrieved
3174:
3162:. Retrieved
3158:the original
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3132:the original
3122:
3110:. Retrieved
3100:
3088:. Retrieved
3078:
3066:. Retrieved
3056:
3044:. Retrieved
3034:
3010:
3001:
2989:. Retrieved
2979:
2967:. Retrieved
2957:
2945:. Retrieved
2935:
2923:. Retrieved
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2891:
2879:. Retrieved
2868:
2856:. Retrieved
2845:
2833:. Retrieved
2823:
2811:. Retrieved
2807:the original
2797:
2785:. Retrieved
2774:
2762:. Retrieved
2752:
2740:. Retrieved
2736:the original
2726:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2668:
2639:
2631:
2619:
2610:
2600:
2596:
2583:
2574:
2564:
2533:cite journal
2527:Proceedings.
2503:. Retrieved
2499:the original
2489:
2467:(386): 259.
2464:
2460:
2454:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2413:
2400:
2394:
2381:
2369:
2357:. Retrieved
2347:
2335:
2327:
2308:
2289:
2270:
2251:
2225:. Retrieved
2218:the original
2205:
2185:
2177:
2170:
2158:. Retrieved
2154:
2145:
2112:
2108:
2090:
2071:
2061:
2056:
2021:
2017:
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1990:the original
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1942:"What is OR"
1925:
1909:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1879:
1861:
1587:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1539:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1501:
1486:
1477:
1472:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1385:. They are:
1376:
1366:
1358:
1356:
1325:
1293:drama theory
1271:, strategic
1266:
1264:
1255:Urban Design
1228:
1225:Applications
1139:Graph theory
1091:Data science
1065:
1057:
1046:
1042:
1006:
988:
979:figured bass
914:LTL shipping
789:
768:
755:queue theory
744:
728:
712:
699:
695:adding to it
690:
661:
649:
641:
629:
625:Abraham Wald
612:air defenses
605:
598:
584:
576:
551:
521:
517:British Army
510:
506:
465:Cecil Gordon
458:
435:
368:
359:
333:Cryptography
238:
234:
232:
169:
160:World War II
144:optimization
133:
124:
112:
103:
102:
87:
78:
59:
51:
5455:Game theory
5420:Development
5367:Uncertainty
5247:Price floor
5227:Preferences
5166:Competition
5136:Information
5099:Externality
5082:Equilibrium
5023:Transaction
5001:Opportunity
4962:Aggregation
4905:WikiProject
4748:Game theory
4728:Probability
4465:Homological
4455:Multilinear
4435:Commutative
4412:Type theory
4379:Foundations
4335:mathematics
4156:Peter Senge
4151:John Seddon
4141:Qian Xuesen
4076:George Klir
3879:Engineering
3816:Cybernetics
3798:Theoretical
3748:Recommender
3738:Multi-agent
3733:Information
3389:13 November
3348:13 November
3164:13 November
3138:13 November
3112:13 November
3090:13 November
3068:13 November
3046:13 November
2991:13 November
2969:13 November
2947:13 November
2925:13 November
2903:13 November
2881:13 November
2835:13 November
2813:13 November
2787:13 November
2764:13 November
2505:13 November
2387:pp. 102,103
2359:13 November
2160:13 November
1996:13 November
1948:13 November
1350:(SISO) and
1169:Probability
1125:Game theory
1120:Forecasting
1110:Engineering
1087:Data mining
747:game theory
562:Nobel prize
511:During the
481:Frank Yates
423:World War I
381:) by using
290:Game theory
5588:Categories
5485:Managerial
5405:Behavioral
5278:Production
5215:Oligopsony
5055:Elasticity
4967:Budget set
4733:Statistics
4612:Arithmetic
4574:Arithmetic
4440:Elementary
4407:Set theory
4171:Eric Trist
4026:Fred Emery
3923:Scientists
3899:Psychology
3894:Philosophy
3723:Ecological
3708:Biological
2854:. airo.org
2850:airo.org.
2031:2303.14217
1970:27 January
1944:. HSOR.org
1871:References
1656:(category)
1568:OR Insight
1411:Interfaces
1354:(I/ITSEC)
1193:Simulation
1173:statistics
1031:including
1025:strategies
1018:scientific
1012:and other
932:Scheduling
897:Automation
817:to reduce
702:March 2010
454:Chain Home
442:A. P. Rowe
385:ideas and
275:Simulation
218:, and the
186:and other
176:simulation
140:statistics
122:initialism
5526:Economics
5398:Subfields
5293:Rationing
5210:Oligopoly
5205:Monopsony
5193:Bilateral
5126:Household
4977:Convexity
4660:Geometric
4650:Algebraic
4589:Euclidean
4564:Algebraic
4460:Universal
3836:Systemics
3086:. I/Itsec
3084:"I/Itsec"
3027:258937881
2965:. Orsi.in
2877:. Cors.ca
2873:cors.ca.
2783:. Informs
2781:"Informs"
2718:0305-0483
2704:: 37–48.
2295:p. 96,109
2276:pp. 91–94
2227:7 October
2129:1473-2858
2048:0160-5682
1966:. Bls.gov
1891:7 January
1857:Wargaming
1322:Societies
1154:Logistics
1130:Geography
1007:In 1967,
993:is used.
787:in 1966.
732:logistics
558:Admiralty
546:Liberator
497:logistics
401:instead.
324:Economics
228:analytics
69:talk page
5573:Category
5519:See also
5410:Business
5382:Marginal
5377:Expected
5318:Shortage
5313:Scarcity
5188:Monopoly
5094:Exchange
5006:Implicit
4996:Marginal
4881:Category
4637:Topology
4584:Discrete
4569:Analytic
4556:Geometry
4528:Discrete
4483:Calculus
4475:Analysis
4430:Abstract
4369:Glossary
4352:Timeline
4267:Category
3869:Dynamics
3859:Analysis
3762:Concepts
3728:Economic
3366:Archived
3318:19 March
3296:19 March
3274:19 March
3252:19 March
3230:19 March
3208:19 March
3186:19 March
2858:31 March
2831:. ROADEF
2676:Archived
2657:Archived
2603:: 19–50.
2385:(Kirby,
2317:Archived
2298:Archived
2279:Archived
2260:Archived
2237:cite web
2080:Archived
1753:Big data
1599:See also
1562:Opsearch
1095:Big data
1053:concepts
1021:research
1014:sciences
833:problems
639:losses.
331:used in
190:models,
166:Overview
136:modeling
116:) (U.S.
63:You may
5531:Applied
5510:Welfare
5372:Utility
5332:Surplus
5271:Pricing
5183:Duopoly
5176:Perfect
5119:Service
5087:General
4991:Average
4893:Commons
4675:Applied
4645:General
4422:Algebra
4347:History
4291:Commons
3874:Ecology
3864:Biology
3743:Nervous
3713:Complex
3561:History
2985:"ORSSA"
2921:. ORSNZ
2919:"ORSNZ"
2760:. IFORS
2758:"IFORS"
2742:28 June
2638:(1967)
2481:2288257
2373:Kirby,
2312:Kirby,
2293:Kirby,
2274:Kirby,
2255:Kirby,
2137:3007115
983:Baroque
910:freight
878:Routing
597:Map of
571:U-boats
356:History
156:maximum
5356:Supply
5347:Demand
5283:Profit
5151:Market
5013:Social
4594:Finite
4450:Linear
4357:Future
4333:Major
4279:Portal
3904:Theory
3800:fields
3753:Social
3693:System
3592:
3584:
3338:"JDMS"
3062:"SISO"
3025:
2963:"ORSI"
2943:. ORSP
2941:"ORSP"
2897:"ASOR"
2875:"CORS"
2852:"AIRO"
2732:"Blog"
2716:
2479:
2375:p. 101
2257:p. 117
2135:
2127:
2046:
1918:
1862:
1526:(JORS)
1505:(EJOR)
1204:models
1049:models
1027:, and
719:Dundee
566:convoy
260:, and
142:, and
5475:Labor
5460:Green
5232:Price
5114:Goods
5104:Firms
4821:lists
4364:Lists
4337:areas
3696:types
3383:"TOP"
3023:S2CID
2593:(PDF)
2477:JSTOR
2314:p. 96
2221:(PDF)
2214:(PDF)
2133:JSTOR
2026:arXiv
1340:Italy
652:B-29s
645:mines
241:are:
71:, or
5389:Wage
5298:Rent
5266:Free
5018:Sunk
4986:Cost
4979:and
4243:List
3590:ISBN
3582:ISBN
3391:2011
3350:2011
3320:2015
3298:2015
3276:2015
3254:2015
3232:2015
3210:2015
3188:2015
3166:2011
3140:2011
3114:2011
3092:2011
3070:2011
3048:2011
2993:2011
2971:2011
2949:2011
2927:2011
2905:2011
2883:2011
2860:2018
2837:2011
2815:2011
2789:2011
2766:2011
2744:2017
2714:ISSN
2546:help
2507:2011
2361:2011
2243:link
2229:2009
2162:2011
2125:ISSN
2044:ISSN
1998:2011
1972:2012
1950:2011
1916:ISBN
1893:2012
1377:The
1326:The
1291:and
1171:and
1051:and
890:time
776:NATO
738:for
487:and
444:and
393:and
373:and
348:and
322:and
237:and
226:and
5480:Law
3703:Art
3015:doi
2706:doi
2469:doi
2442:doi
2117:doi
2036:doi
1588:TOP
1479:4OR
981:in
803:or
697:.
619:at
429:).
411:GWR
318:in
308:in
5590::
3588:,
3336:.
3021:,
2712:.
2702:73
2700:.
2696:.
2646:^
2601:88
2599:.
2595:.
2554:^
2537::
2535:}}
2531:{{
2515:^
2475:.
2465:79
2463:.
2438:75
2436:.
2403:.
2334:,
2239:}}
2235:{{
2153:.
2131:.
2123:.
2113:15
2111:.
2109:OR
2099:^
2064:.
2042:.
2034:.
2022:75
2020:.
2016:.
1933:^
1924:,
1369:.
1336:UK
1275:,
934::
924:,
920:,
916:,
753:,
627:.
544:A
519:.
483:,
479:,
475:,
467:,
335:,
256:,
214:,
210:,
206:,
202:,
198:,
194:,
182:,
178:,
138:,
125:OR
110::
5358:/
5349:/
5320:/
5264:/
4940:e
4933:t
4926:v
4326:e
4319:t
4312:v
3910:)
3906:(
3677:e
3670:t
3663:v
3393:.
3352:.
3322:.
3300:.
3278:.
3256:.
3234:.
3212:.
3190:.
3168:.
3142:.
3116:.
3094:.
3072:.
3050:.
3017::
2995:.
2973:.
2951:.
2929:.
2907:.
2885:.
2862:.
2839:.
2817:.
2791:.
2768:.
2746:.
2720:.
2708::
2605:.
2568:.
2548:)
2544:(
2509:.
2483:.
2471::
2448:.
2444::
2421:.
2389:)
2363:.
2342:"
2245:)
2231:.
2164:.
2139:.
2119::
2050:.
2038::
2028::
2000:.
1974:.
1952:.
1895:.
1594:.
1558:;
1552:;
1546:;
1536:;
1200:/
1132:/
1093:/
1089:/
928:)
704:)
700:(
106:(
94:)
88:(
83:)
79:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.