486:
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934:; however, it is possible to approximately correct a roof prism for polychromatic light by superimposing several layers. In this way, since the 1990s, roof prism binoculars have also achieved resolution values that were previously only achievable with porro prisms. The presence of a phase-correction coating can be checked on unopened binoculars using two polarization filters.
166:, and various metal oxides, which are deposited onto the optical substrate. By careful choice of the exact composition, thickness, and number of these layers, it is possible to tailor the reflectivity and transmitivity of the coating to produce almost any desired characteristic. Reflection coefficients of surfaces can be reduced to less than 0.2%, producing an
828:
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solar spectrum. This enables higher photovoltaic efficiency at elevated optical concentrations by reducing the photovoltaic's cell temperature. The reduced temperature also increases the cell's lifetime. Additionally, their low infrared emissivity minimizes thermal losses, increasing the system's overall optothermal efficiency.
466:
Further reduction is possible by using multiple coating layers, designed such that reflections from the surfaces undergo maximum destructive interference. By using two or more layers, broadband antireflection coatings which cover the visible range (400-700 nm) with maximum reflectivities of less
970:
FROCs were used as both monolithic spectrum splitters and selective solar absorbers which makes them suitable for hybrid solar-thermal energy generation. They can be designed to reflect specific wavelength ranges, aligning with the energy band gap of photovoltaic cells, while absorbing the remaining
574:
interfere with one another to maximize reflection and minimize transmission. The best of these coatings built-up from deposited dielectric lossless materials on perfectly smooth surfaces can reach reflectivities greater than 99.999% (over a fairly narrow range of wavelengths). Common HR coatings can
950:
between these two resonances manifests as an asymmetric Fano resonance line-shape. FROCs are considered a separate category of optical coatings because they enjoy optical properties that cannot be reproduced using other optical coatings. Mainly, semi-transparent FROCs act as a beam splitting filter
867:
between the s-polarized and p-polarized light results in a different intensity distribution perpendicular to the roof edge as compared to that along the roof edge. This effect reduces contrast and resolution in the image perpendicular to the roof edge, producing an inferior image compared to that
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By manipulating the exact thickness and composition of the layers in the reflective stack, the reflection characteristics can be tuned to a particular application, and may incorporate both high-reflective and anti-reflective wavelength regions. The coating can be designed as a long- or short-pass
637:
between scattered light from each layer causes the mirror to reflect EUV light of the desired wavelength as would a normal metal mirror in visible light. Using multilayer optics it is possible to reflect up to 70% of incident EUV light (at a particular wavelength chosen when the mirror is
686:. Other TCOs (Transparent Conductive Oxides) include AZO (Aluminium doped Zinc Oxide), which offers much better UV transmission than ITO. A special class of transparent conductive coatings applies to infrared films for theater-air military optics where IR transparent windows need to have (
966:
properties as they can produce colors across a wide color gamut with both high brightness and high purity. Moreover, the dependence of color on the angle of incident light can be controlled through the dielectric cavity material, making FROCs adaptable for applications requiring either
578:
As for AR coatings, HR coatings are affected by the incidence angle of the light. When used away from normal incidence, the reflective range shifts to shorter wavelengths, and becomes polarization dependent. This effect can be exploited to produce coatings that polarize a light beam.
591:
requires two dielectric coatings, one long-wavelength pass filter reflecting light below 500 nm (to separate the blue component of the light), and one short-pass filter to reflect red light, above 600 nm wavelength. The remaining transmitted light is the green component.
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From a technical point of view, the phase-correction coating layer does not correct the actual phase shift, but rather the partial polarization of the light that results from total reflection. Such a correction can always only be made for a selected wavelength and for a specific
91:
467:
than 0.5% are commonly achievable. Reflection in narrower wavelength bands can be as low as 0.1%. Alternatively, a series of layers with small differences in refractive index can be used to create a broadband antireflective coating by means of a
174:(HR) coating. The level of reflectivity can also be tuned to any particular value, for instance to produce a mirror that reflects 90% and transmits 10% of the light that falls on it, over some range of wavelengths. Such mirrors are often used as
442:
In practice, the performance of a simple one-layer interference coating is limited by the fact that the reflections only exactly cancel for one wavelength of light at one angle, and by difficulties finding suitable materials. For ordinary glass
570:. The thicknesses of the layers are generally quarter-wave (then they yield to the broadest high reflection band in comparison to the non-quarter-wave systems composed from the same materials), this time designed such that reflected beams
1105:
Shivaramakrishnan
Pancharatnam: Generalized theory of interference, and its applications. Part I. Coherent pencils. In: Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A. Band 44. Indian Academy of Sciences, 1956, S. 247–262,
756:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
855:
effects and a loss of contrast in the image. Dielectric phase-correction prism coatings are applied in a vacuum chamber with maybe 30 different superimposed vapor coating layers deposits, making it a complex production process.
1151:
270:
A number of different effects are used to reduce reflection. The simplest is to use a thin layer of material at the interface, with an index of refraction between those of the two media. The reflection is minimized when
604:
portion of the spectrum (wavelengths shorter than about 30 nm) nearly all materials absorb strongly, making it difficult to focus or otherwise manipulate light in this wavelength range. Telescopes such as
1203:
ElKabbash, Mohamed, et al. "Fano resonant optical coatings platform for full gamut and high purity structural colors," Nature
Communications, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 3960, 2023, Nature Publishing Group UK London.
216:
over aluminium), or to enhance the reflectivity of the metal film. Metal and dielectric combinations are also used to make advanced coatings that cannot be made any other way. One example is the so-called
529:
High-reflection (HR) coatings work the opposite way to antireflection coatings. The general idea is usually based on the periodic layer system composed from two materials, one with a high index, such as
766:
463:, even though its index is higher than desirable (n=1.38). With such coatings, reflection as low as 1% can be achieved on common glass, and better results can be obtained on higher index media.
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566:, whose width is determined by the ratio of the two used indices only (for quarter-wave systems), while the maximum reflectivity increases up to almost 100% with a number of layers in the
326:
1171:
Paul Maurer: Phase
Compensation of Total Internal Reflection. In: Journal of the Optical Society of America. Band 56, Nr. 9, 1. September 1966, S. 1219–1221, doi:10.1364/JOSA.56.001219
416:
Such coatings can reduce the reflection for ordinary glass from about 4% per surface to around 2%. These were the first type of antireflection coating known, having been discovered by
926:. This coating corrects for the difference in geometric phase between s- and p-polarized light so both have effectively the same phase shift, preventing image-degrading interference.
1147:
110:. The metal used determines the reflection characteristics of the mirror; aluminium is the cheapest and most common coating, and yields a reflectivity of around 88%-92% over the
71:, which can be used to produce mirrors that reflect greater than 99.99% of the light that falls on them. More complex optical coatings exhibit high reflection over some range of
1115:
M.V. Berry: The
Adiabatic Phase and Pancharatnam’s Phase for Polarized Light. In: Journal of Modern Optics. Band 34, Nr. 11, 1987, S. 1401–1407, doi:10.1080/09500348714551321
674:(ITO). ITO is not very optically transparent, however. The layers must be thin to provide substantial transparency, particularly at the blue end of the spectrum. Using ITO,
1194:
ElKabbash, Mohamed, et al. "Fano-resonant ultrathin film optical coatings," Nature
Nanotechnology, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 440--446, 2021, Nature Publishing Group UK London.
141:
By controlling the thickness and density of metal coatings, it is possible to decrease the reflectivity and increase the transmission of the surface, resulting in a
413:
are the indices of the two media. The optimum refractive indices for multiple coating layers at angles of incidence other than 0° is given by Moreno et al. (2005).
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effect of a thin layer. If the layer's thickness is controlled precisely such that it is exactly one-quarter of the wavelength of the light in the layer (a
1216:
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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by coupling a broadband nanocavity, which serves as the continuum, with a narrowband Fabry-Perot nanocavity, representing the discrete state. The
784:
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662:. Transparent conductive coatings are also used extensively to provide electrodes in situations where light is required to pass, for example in
158:
coating (i.e. using materials with a different refractive index to the substrate). These are constructed from thin layers of materials such as
423:
Practical antireflection coatings rely on an intermediate layer not only for its direct reduction of reflection coefficient, but also use the
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Other manufacturers followed soon, and since then phase-correction coatings are used across the board in medium and high-quality roof prism
610:
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that form images with EUV light use multilayer mirrors that are constructed of hundreds of alternating layers of a high-mass metal such as
989:
186:. Alternatively, the coating can be designed such that the mirror reflects light only in a narrow band of wavelengths, producing an
694:) properties. These are known as RAITs (Radar Attenuating / Infrared Transmitting) and include materials such as boron doped DLC (
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in 1886. He found that old, slightly tarnished pieces of glass transmitted more light than new, clean pieces due to this effect.
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864:
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562:=1.49). This periodic system significantly enhances the reflectivity of the surface in the certain wavelength range called
797:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing German
Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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431:), the reflections from the front and back sides of the thin layer will destructively interfere and cancel each other.
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filter, a bandpass or notch filter, or a mirror with a specific reflectivity (useful in lasers). For example, the
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The versatility of dielectric coatings leads to their use in many scientific optical instruments (such as lasers,
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Reflectance vs. wavelength curves for aluminium (Al), silver (Ag), and gold (Au) metal mirrors at normal incidence
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Konrad Seil: Progress in binocular design. In: SPIE Proceedings. Band 1533, 1991, S. 48–60, doi:10.1117/12.48843
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angle-independent or angle-dependent coloring. This includes decorative purposes and anti-counterfeit measures.
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Fano
Resonant Optical Coatings (FROCs) represent a new category of optical coatings. FROCs exhibit the photonic
277:
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In a roof prism without a phase-correcting coating, s-polarized and p-polarized light each acquire a different
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C. Clark, et al., "Two-color Mach 3 IR coating for TAMD systems", Proc. SPIE Vol. 4375, p. 307-314 (2001)
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221:", which exhibits high (but not perfect) reflection, with unusually low sensitivity to wavelength, angle, and
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achieve 99.9% reflectivity over a broad wavelength range (tens of nanometers in the visible spectrum range).
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Dielectric layers are sometimes applied over top of metal films, either to provide a protective layer (as in
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light. These coatings have become a key technology in the field of optics. One type of optical coating is an
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633:. Each layer pair is designed to have a thickness equal to half the wavelength of light to be reflected.
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coatings are used in applications where it is important that the coating conduct electricity or dissipate
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perpendicular to the roof edge generated by bright points in the image. In technical optics, such a
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can be achieved. An ITO coating may be combined with an antireflective coating to further improve
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170:(AR) coating. Conversely, the reflectivity can be increased to greater than 99.99%, producing a
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Comparison of uncoated glasses (top) and glasses with an anti-reflective coating (bottom).
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as they pass through the upper prism. When the two polarized components are recombined,
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Beam path at the roof edge (cross-section); the P-coating layer is on both roof surfaces
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that reflects and transmits the same color, a property that cannot be achieved with
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known as a phase-compensating coating on the roof surfaces of the roof prism. These
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Antireflection coatings are used to reduce reflection from surfaces. Whenever a
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P-Coating: Improved imaging in binoculars through phase-corrected roof prisms.
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experiments. A common substance used in transparent conductive coatings is
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differ by exactly one wavelength, which leads to constructive interference.
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erecting system. This roof edge diffraction effect may also be seen as a
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Diagram of a dielectric mirror. Thin layers with a high refractive index
263:), some portion of the light is reflected from the surface (known as the
131:
119:
1148:"Why do the best roof-prism binoculars need a phase-correction coating?"
843:-dependent phase-lag of the transmitted light, in a manner similar to a
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
622:
60:
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A woman wears sunglasses featuring a highly reflective optical coating
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in the direction perpendicular to the crest of the roof as this is a
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122:, but suffers from decreasing reflectivity (<90%) in the blue and
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75:, and anti-reflection over another range, allowing the production of
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884:, and in quantum physics an equivalent phenomenon is known as the
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are interleaved with thicker layers with a lower refractive index
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451:≈1.23. Few useful substances have the required refractive index.
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658:, while dissipative coatings are used to prevent the build-up of
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on the roof surfaces was developed in 1988 by Adolf
Weyrauch at
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Material which alters light reflection or transmission on optics
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260:
130:, which gives excellent (98%-99%) reflectivity throughout the
654:. Conductive coatings are used to protect the aperture from
134:, but limited reflectivity at wavelengths shorter than 550
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to this template: there are already 1,848 articles in the
118:, which has a reflectivity of 95%-99% even into the far
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of material deposited on an optical component such as a
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applied to one of the roof surfaces to avoid unwanted
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Interference in a quarter-wave antireflection coating
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The unwanted interference effects are suppressed by
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a machine-translated version of the German article.
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891:This effect can be seen in the elongation of the
255:to another (such as when light enters a sheet of
98:The simplest optical coatings are thin layers of
995:I. Moreno, et al., "Thin-film spatial filters,"
154:The other major type of optical coating is the
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723:expand this article with text translated from
803:{{Translated|de|Phasenkorrekturbeschichtung}}
8:
1047:"MIT researchers create a 'perfect mirror'"
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1022:"Introduction to PVD Coating Technologies"
899:from the discontinuity at the roof crest.
321:{\displaystyle n_{1}={\sqrt {n_{0}n_{S}}}}
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1217:List of telescope parts and construction
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209:, spectacles, and photographic lenses.
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205:) as well as consumer devices such as
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447:≈1.5), the optimum coating index is
359:is the index of the thin layer, and
126:spectral regions. Most expensive is
23:Optically coated mirrors and lenses
984:, 2nd ed. (1990), Addison Wesley.
14:
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621:, and a low-mass spacer such as
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642:Transparent conductive coatings
147:. These are sometimes used as "
959:, or semi-transparent metals.
938:Fano Resonant Optical Coatings
801:You may also add the template
1:
656:electromagnetic interference
596:Extreme ultraviolet coatings
814:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
773:will aid in categorization.
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980:Hecht, Eugene. Chapter 9,
748:Machine translation, like
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461:physical vapour deposition
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1128:A. Weyrauch, B. Dörband:
1074:Thin-film spatial filters
849:phase-correction coatings
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666:technologies and in many
635:Constructive interference
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267:) between the two media.
259:after travelling through
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912:phase-correction coating
475:High-reflection coatings
251:of light moves from one
962:FROCs enjoy remarkable
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235:Anti-reflective coating
229:Antireflection coatings
57:anti-reflective coating
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67:. Another type is the
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114:. More expensive is
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957:dielectric mirrors
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1142:
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1133:
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1083:the original
1073:
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1053:. 1998-11-26
1050:
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1025:
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948:interference
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928:
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853:interference
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841:polarization
834:
789:edit summary
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646:Transparent
645:
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532:zinc sulfide
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897:diffraction
886:Berry phase
870:porro prism
837:roof prisms
690:) stealth (
124:ultraviolet
73:wavelengths
33:thin layers
1158:2022-05-20
1092:2007-05-30
1057:2007-01-17
1007:References
924:binoculars
920:Carl Zeiss
906:a special
648:conductive
615:molybdenum
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479:See also:
207:binoculars
156:dielectric
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916:P-coating
893:Airy disk
807:talk page
759:Consider
727:in German
564:band-stop
265:interface
178:, and as
108:silvering
104:aluminium
61:spectacle
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1226:Category
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839:cause a
783:provide
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975:Sources
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253:medium
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116:silver
100:metals
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1086:(PDF)
1079:(PDF)
878:phase
750:DeepL
688:Radar
631:glass
607:TRACE
568:stack
257:glass
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1132:In:
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781:must
779:You
743:View
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386:and
128:gold
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