1573:"t that time the orthodoxy best described as linguistic philosophy, inspired by Wittgenstein, was crystallizing and seemed to me totally and utterly misguided. Wittgenstein's basic idea was that there is no general solution to issues other than the custom of the community. Communities are ultimate. He didn't put it this way, but that was what it amounted to. And this doesn't make sense in a world in which communities are not stable and are not clearly isolated from each other. Nevertheless, Wittgenstein managed to sell this idea, and it was enthusiastically adopted as an unquestionable revelation. It is very hard nowadays for people to understand what the atmosphere was like then. This was
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of thing exercises the wit to no purpose. We tie knots and bind up words in double meanings, and then try to untie them. Have we leisure enough for this? Do we already know how to live, or die? We should rather proceed with our whole souls towards the point where it is our duty to take heed lest things, as well as words, deceive us. Why, pray, do you discriminate between similar words, when nobody is ever deceived by them except during the discussion? It is things that lead us astray: it is between things that you must discriminate.
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tradition in 1969. Cavell more explicitly adopted the banner of ordinary language philosophy and inspired a generation of philosophers and literary theorists to reexamine the merits of this philosophical approach, all the while distancing himself from the limitations of traditional analytic philosophy. This caused a relatively recent resurgence of interest in this methodology, with some updates particularly due to the literature and teachings of Cavell, has also become a mainstay of what might be called
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latter led to replacing them with careful attention to language in its normal use, in order to "dissolve" the appearance of philosophical problems, rather than attempt to solve them. At its inception, ordinary language philosophy (also called linguistic philosophy) was taken as either an extension of or as an alternative to analytic philosophy.
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For these men, too, have left to us, not positive discoveries, but problems whose solution is still to be sought. They might perhaps have discovered the essentials, had they not sought the superfluous also. They lost much time in quibbling about words and in sophistical argumentation; all that sort
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in the 1940s, under Austin and Ryle, and was quite widespread for a time before declining rapidly in popularity in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Despite this decline, Stanley Cavell and John Searle (both students of Austin) published seminal texts which draw significantly from the ordinary language
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Philosophers in this school would insist that we cannot assume that (for example) truth 'is' a 'thing' (in the same sense that tables and chairs are 'things') that the word 'truth' represents. Instead, we must look at the differing ways in which the words 'truth' and 'conscious' actually function in
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with ordinary language as it stands, and that many traditional philosophical problems are only illusions brought on by misunderstandings about language and related subjects. The former idea led to rejecting the approaches of earlier analytic philosophy—arguably, of any earlier philosophy—and the
769:. From this came the idea that philosophy had gotten into trouble by trying to use words outside of the context of their use in ordinary language. For example, "understanding" is what you mean when you say "I understand". "Knowledge" is what you mean when you say "I know". The point is that you
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Revelation. It wasn't doubted. But it was quite obvious to me it was wrong. It was obvious to me the moment I came across it, although initially, if your entire environment, and all the bright people in it, hold something to be true, you assume
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By contrast, Wittgenstein later described his task as bringing "words back from their metaphysical to their everyday use". The sea change brought on by his unpublished work in the 1930s centered largely on the idea that there is nothing
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ordinary language. We may well discover, after investigation, that there is no single entity to which the word 'truth' corresponds, something
Wittgenstein attempts to get across via his concept of a 'family resemblance' (cf.
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This approach typically involves eschewing philosophical "theories" in favor of close attention to the details of the use of everyday "ordinary" language. Its earliest forms are associated with the later work of
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Wittgenstein more or less agreed with
Russell that language ought to be reformulated so as to be unambiguous, so as to accurately represent the world, so that we can better deal with philosophical questions.
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and a number of mid-20th century philosophers who can be split into two main groups, neither of which could be described as an organized "school". In its earlier stages, contemporaries of
Wittgenstein at
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definition, and the argument may unravel into self-referential nonsense. Rather, philosophers must explore the definitions these terms already have, without forcing convenient redefinitions onto them.
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started to develop ideas recognisable as ordinary language philosophy. These ideas were further elaborated from 1945 onwards through the work of some Oxford
University philosophers led initially by
653:. The close association between ordinary language philosophy and these later thinkers has led to it sometimes being called "Oxford philosophy". The posthumous publication of Wittgenstein's
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in 1953 further solidified the notion of ordinary language philosophy. Philosophers a generation after Austin who made use of the method of ordinary language philosophy include
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tended to dismiss language as being of little philosophical significance, and ordinary language as just too confused to help solve metaphysical and epistemological problems.
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must be wrong, not understanding it properly, and they must be right. And so I explored it further and finally came to the conclusion that I did understand it right, and it
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what "understanding" or "knowledge" are, at least implicitly. Philosophers are ill-advised to construct new definitions of these terms, because this is necessarily a
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described the activities of other philosophers in ways that reflect some of the same concerns as ordinary language philosophers.
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One of the most ardent critics of ordinary language philosophy was a student at Oxford (and later a philosopher himself),
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have adopted the teachings of Cavell in particular, generating a resurgence of interest in ordinary language philosophy.
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Posthumously published in 1953. Part 1: Philosophical
Investigations; Part 2: Philosophy of Psychology - A fragment.
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2057:, revised edition. New York: Basic Books, 1966. See chapter 18, "Wittgenstein and Ordinary Language Philosophy".
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Bauer, Nancy; Beckwith, Sarah; Crary, Alice; Laugier, Sandra; Moi, Toril; Zerilli, Linda (Spring 2015).
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that states a
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might be seen as a forerunner to ordinary language philosophy, especially in his noted publication
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2047:. "Oxford and the "Epidemic" of Ordinary Language Philosophy", The Monist 84: 325–345, 2001.
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1705:(Translation by Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe, 4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
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1514:. Seeking to avoid the increasingly metaphysical and abstruse language found in mainstream
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1925:, ed. J. O. Urmson and Marina Sbisa. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975.
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Philosophical
Analysis in the Twentieth Century: Volume Two, The Age of Meaning
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all attempted to improve upon it, in particular using the resources of modern
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1871:. Vol. I. Translated by Gummere, Richard M. Harvard University Press.
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1760:. Cambridge Philosophical Anniversaries. Cambridge University Press.
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View that philosophical problems are based in distortions of language
1642:
When Words Are Called For: A Defense of
Ordinary Language Philosophy
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1699:
Ludwig
Wittgenstein (2009). Peter Hacker; Joachim Schulte (eds.).
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1932:, ed. J. O. Urmson & G. J. Warnock. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1961.
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Ordinary language analysis largely flourished and developed at
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1841:
Riddles of the Sphinx: a study in the philosophy of evolution
795:). Therefore, ordinary language philosophers tend to be anti-
1941:, ed. G. J. Warnock. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1962.
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Gellner criticized ordinary language philosophy in his book
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1881:
Interview with Gellner by John Davis, section 2. Quoted by
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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Chase, Greg; Floyd, Juliet; Laugier, Sandra, eds. (2022).
1996:, ed. A. W. Moore. Oxford, Oxford University Press: 1993.
1727:
Searle, John R.; Searle, John Rogers (2 January 1969).
1683:. Englewood Cliffs N.J. : Prentice-Hall. pp.
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distorting or forgetting how words are ordinarily used
2126:. Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project. Archived from
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2073: – edited by Anthony Coleman & Ivan Welty.
1730:
Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language
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1957:. "The Ascription of Responsibility and Rights".
1679:Ordinary Language: essays in philosophical method
1987:Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics
1591:Ernest Gellner, Interview with John Davis, 1991
1571:
1462:had a less positive view of ordinary language.
2067:. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2005.
4263:
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1812:(2). Johns Hopkins University Press: v–xiii.
1537:). Interestingly, the pragmatist philosopher
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8:
1645:. Harvard University Press MA. p. xiii.
2092:"Ludwig Wittgenstein: Analysis of language"
2071:Ordinary Language Philosophy: A Reappraisal
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2147:Steven Pinker on Concepts & Reasoning
753:Learn how and when to remove this message
1928:-----. "A Plea for Excuses". In Austin,
1757:Cavell's Must We Mean What We Say? At 50
1959:Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society
1662:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1631:
818:
322:
189:
127:
46:
7:
2090:Garth Kemerling (12 November 2011).
2077:Garth Kemerling (12 November 2011).
1992:-----. "On Referring". Reprinted in
30:For the philosophy of language, see
2140:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1989:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1963.
1973:. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1965.
1865:"XLV+ On Sophistical Argumentation"
1656:Parker-Ryan, Sally (3 April 2012).
637:. This Oxford group also included
25:
524:Social and political philosophers
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1949:Philosophy and Ordinary Language
1065:Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough
711:
687:, as well as literary theorists
68:
54:
2079:"Analysis of ordinary language"
2008:Philosophy & Psychoanalysis
1478:), the young Wittgenstein, and
4518:Analytic–synthetic distinction
2135:"Ordinary Language Philosophy"
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1886:Wittgenstein's Ethical Thought
1658:"Ordinary language philosophy"
1489:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
1016:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
1:
2055:A Hundred Years of Philosophy
1586:rubbish, which indeed it is."
1098:Lectures and Conversations on
5342:Ordinary language philosophy
3703:Ordinary language philosophy
2110:Ordinary language philosophy
2034:. New York: Macmillan, 1953.
2028:Philosophical Investigations
1702:Philosophical Investigations
1044:Philosophical Investigations
1023:Some Remarks on Logical Form
977:Ordinary language philosophy
792:Philosophical Investigations
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1883:Iczkovits, Yaniv (2012).
1838:Schiller, F.C.S. (1891).
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2022:Blue and Brown Books
2018:Wittgenstein, Ludwig
1938:Sense and Sensibilia
1930:Philosophical Papers
1827:on 6 September 2015.
1806:New Literary History
1405:Cambridge University
1102:and Religious Belief
1030:Blue and Brown Books
992:Therapeutic approach
603:Cambridge University
519:Philosophers of mind
5347:Analytic philosophy
5026:Patricia Churchland
4957:Christine Korsgaard
4843:Logical positivists
4735:Ludwig Wittgenstein
4512:paradox of analysis
4279:Analytic philosophy
3215:Nimbarka Sampradaya
3126:Korean Confucianism
2873:Academic Skepticism
1970:The Concept of Mind
1639:Baz, Avner (2012).
1600:published in 1959.
1516:analytic philosophy
1460:analytic philosophy
1407:Moral Sciences Club
1133:John Maynard Keynes
952:Analytic philosophy
820:Ludwig Wittgenstein
720:This Central ideas
629:, then followed by
598:Ludwig Wittgenstein
529:Women in philosophy
259:Indigenous American
42:Part of a series on
5199:William Lane Craig
4917:Friedrich Waismann
4874:Carl Gustav Hempel
4833:Timothy Williamson
4793:Alasdair MacIntyre
4651:Australian realism
4631:Russ Shafer-Landau
4492:Analytical Thomism
4447:Logical positivism
3836:Post-structuralism
3738:Scientific realism
3693:Quinean naturalism
3673:Logical positivism
3629:Analytical Marxism
2848:Peripatetic school
2760:Chinese naturalism
2287:Aesthetic response
2214:Applied philosophy
1549:Seneca the Younger
1524:post-structuralism
1399:Cambridge Apostles
1345:Constantine Sandis
1143:Friedrich Waismann
909:Family resemblance
832:
735:encyclopedic style
722:is written like a
615:Friedrich Waismann
222:Eastern philosophy
5329:
5328:
5297:
5296:
5013:Pittsburgh School
5003:Peter van Inwagen
4937:Roderick Chisholm
4925:
4924:
4818:Richard Swinburne
4753:G. E. M. Anscombe
4589:
4588:
4487:Analytic theology
4462:Ordinary language
4400:
4399:
4245:
4244:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4198:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3624:Analytic feminism
3596:
3595:
3558:Kierkegaardianism
3520:Transcendentalism
3480:Neo-scholasticism
3326:Classical Realism
3303:
3302:
3075:
3074:
2890:Neopythagoreanism
2647:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2264:Social philosophy
2039:Secondary sources
2032:G. E. M. Anscombe
1539:F. C. S. Schiller
1507:Oxford University
1456:
1455:
1418:Stonborough House
1220:G. E. M. Anscombe
1175:G. E. M. Anscombe
1090:Remarks on Colour
1058:Culture and Value
873:Logical necessity
763:
762:
755:
623:Morris Lazerowitz
619:Oets Kolk Bouwsma
567:
566:
375:
374:
16:(Redirected from
5364:
5319:
5318:
5309:
5308:
5248:Nancy Cartwright
5089:Nicholas Rescher
5066:Bas van Fraassen
5056:Nicholas Rescher
4879:Hans Reichenbach
4862:
4828:Bernard Williams
4725:Bertrand Russell
4647:
4581:Rigid designator
4544:
4290:
4286:Related articles
4272:
4265:
4258:
4249:
4234:
4233:
4222:
4221:
4220:
3937:
3928:
3911:
3801:Frankfurt School
3748:Transactionalism
3698:Normative ethics
3678:Legal positivism
3654:Falsificationism
3639:Consequentialism
3634:Communitarianism
3607:
3475:New Confucianism
3314:
3121:Neo-Confucianism
3086:
2895:Second Sophistic
2880:Middle Platonism
2723:
2664:
2653:
2496:Epiphenomenalism
2363:Consequentialism
2297:Institutionalism
2202:
2191:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2153:
2131:
2130:on 26 June 2013.
2099:
2086:
1945:Hanfling, Oswald
1901:
1900:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1820:. Archived from
1803:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1598:Words and Things
1592:
1464:Bertrand Russell
1448:
1441:
1434:
1413:New Wittgenstein
1360:Michael Williams
1200:G. H. von Wright
1123:Bertrand Russell
887:Later philosophy
868:State of affairs
858:Truth conditions
840:Early philosophy
807:
758:
751:
747:
744:
738:
715:
714:
707:
643:Geoffrey Warnock
559:
552:
545:
264:Aztec philosophy
143:Ancient Egyptian
125:
77:
73:
72:
71:
58:
39:
21:
18:Ordinary English
5372:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5316:
5293:
5284:Jan Łukasiewicz
5272:
5240:Stanford School
5234:
5220:Paul Feyerabend
5208:
5194:Alvin Plantinga
5182:
5168:James F. Conant
5154:
5098:
5070:
5061:Wilfrid Sellars
5051:Alexander Pruss
5031:Paul Churchland
5007:
4986:
4942:Donald Davidson
4921:
4883:
4860:
4837:
4763:Michael Dummett
4739:
4730:Frank P. Ramsey
4683:
4645:
4621:Jaakko Hintikka
4606:Keith Donnellan
4585:
4542:
4496:
4457:Neurophilosophy
4442:Logical atomism
4396:
4350:
4324:
4281:
4276:
4246:
4241:
4218:
4216:
4195:
4159:
4059:
4021:
3968:
3922:
3921:
3893:
3882:Russian cosmism
3855:
3851:Western Marxism
3816:New Historicism
3781:Critical theory
3767:
3763:Wittgensteinian
3659:Foundationalism
3592:
3529:
3510:Social contract
3366:Foundationalism
3299:
3281:
3265:Illuminationism
3250:Aristotelianism
3236:
3225:Vishishtadvaita
3178:
3130:
3071:
3038:
2909:
2838:Megarian school
2833:Eretrian school
2774:
2735:Agriculturalism
2712:
2658:
2639:
2586:
2558:
2515:
2467:
2424:
2408:Incompatibilism
2377:
2349:
2301:
2273:
2196:
2185:
2180:
2118:
2106:
2089:
2076:
2041:
1984:Strawson, P. F.
1915:
1913:Primary sources
1910:
1908:Further reading
1905:
1904:
1897:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1776:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1606:
1593:
1590:
1563:
1452:
1423:
1422:
1409:
1406:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1355:Stephen Toulmin
1320:Stephen Mulhall
1305:Sabina Lovibond
1295:Warren Goldfarb
1280:Jaakko Hintikka
1270:Oswald Hanfling
1235:James F. Conant
1214:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1158:Francis Skinner
1117:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1078:
1074:
1010:
1002:
1001:
967:Logical atomism
957:Linguistic turn
947:
939:
938:
929:Anti-skepticism
889:
879:
878:
877:
863:Truth functions
842:
805:
759:
748:
742:
739:
731:help improve it
728:
716:
712:
705:
697:Shoshana Felman
673:Oswald Hanfling
563:
534:
533:
499:Epistemologists
489:
488:
477:
476:
413:
389:
388:
377:
376:
122:
121:
110:
69:
67:
66:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5370:
5368:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5334:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5313:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5268:Patrick Suppes
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5244:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5150:Michael Walzer
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5036:Adolf Grünbaum
5033:
5028:
5023:
5021:Robert Brandom
5017:
5015:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4977:W. V. O. Quine
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4952:Nelson Goodman
4949:
4947:Daniel Dennett
4944:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4912:Moritz Schlick
4909:
4904:
4899:
4893:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4870:
4868:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4847:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4823:Charles Taylor
4820:
4815:
4813:P. F. Strawson
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4710:Norman Malcolm
4707:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4679:J. J. C. Smart
4676:
4671:
4666:
4664:David Chalmers
4661:
4655:
4653:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4626:Giuseppe Peano
4623:
4618:
4616:Edmund Gettier
4613:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4571:Possible world
4568:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4523:Counterfactual
4520:
4515:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4382:Paraconsistent
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4293:Areas of focus
4287:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4252:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4227:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4027:Middle Eastern
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3934:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3791:Existentialism
3788:
3786:Deconstruction
3783:
3777:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3619:Applied ethics
3615:
3613:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3583:Nietzscheanism
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3525:Utilitarianism
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3423:Transcendental
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3361:Existentialism
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3149:Augustinianism
3146:
3140:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3062:Zoroastrianism
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2905:Church Fathers
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2787:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2420:Libertarianism
2417:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2224:Metaphilosophy
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2132:
2116:
2105:
2104:External links
2102:
2101:
2100:
2087:
2074:
2068:
2058:
2051:Passmore, John
2048:
2045:Forguson, Lynd
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2024:
2015:
1997:
1990:
1981:
1974:
1962:
1952:
1942:
1933:
1926:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1896:978-1137026354
1895:
1874:
1869:Moral Epistles
1855:
1830:
1799:"Introduction"
1789:
1774:
1746:
1739:
1719:
1712:978-1405159289
1711:
1690:
1667:
1648:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1588:
1567:Ernest Gellner
1562:
1559:
1480:W. V. O. Quine
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1375:Crispin Wright
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1335:D. Z. Phillips
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1310:Norman Malcolm
1307:
1302:
1300:Sandra Laugier
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1275:Cressida Heyes
1272:
1267:
1262:
1260:A. C. Grayling
1257:
1252:
1250:Terry Eagleton
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1230:Stanley Cavell
1227:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1180:Norman Malcolm
1177:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1148:Moritz Schlick
1145:
1140:
1138:Paul Engelmann
1135:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1095:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1073:Remarks on the
1070:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
948:
945:
944:
941:
940:
937:
936:
931:
926:
921:
919:Rule-following
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
894:Meaning as use
890:
885:
884:
881:
880:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
844:
843:
838:
837:
834:
833:
823:
822:
816:
815:
804:
801:
782:What is Truth?
761:
760:
719:
717:
710:
704:
701:
685:Sandra Laugier
665:Stanley Cavell
651:P. F. Strawson
607:Norman Malcolm
565:
564:
562:
561:
554:
547:
539:
536:
535:
532:
531:
526:
521:
516:
514:Metaphysicians
511:
506:
501:
496:
490:
484:
483:
482:
479:
478:
475:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
442:Metaphilosophy
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
412:
411:
406:
401:
396:
390:
384:
383:
382:
379:
378:
373:
372:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
327:
326:
320:
319:
318:
317:
316:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
280:
279:
278:
268:
267:
266:
256:
255:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
219:
218:
217:
212:
207:
194:
193:
187:
186:
185:
184:
183:
182:
177:
167:
162:
157:
152:
151:
150:
145:
132:
131:
123:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
63:
60:
59:
51:
50:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5369:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5322:
5314:
5312:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5290:
5289:Alfred Tarski
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5258:Peter Galison
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5145:Nathan Salmon
5143:
5141:
5140:Richard Rorty
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5110:Alonzo Church
5108:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5046:Ruth Millikan
5044:
5042:
5041:John McDowell
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4972:Hilary Putnam
4970:
4968:
4967:Robert Nozick
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4897:Rudolf Carnap
4895:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4889:Vienna Circle
4886:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4866:Berlin Circle
4863:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4773:Philippa Foot
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4720:Graham Priest
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4700:Charlie Broad
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4611:Gottlob Frege
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4538:Supervenience
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4437:Functionalism
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4422:Descriptivism
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4387:Philosophical
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4377:Non-classical
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4268:
4266:
4261:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4238:
4237:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:Miscellaneous
4162:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:Miscellaneous
3858:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:Structuralism
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:Postmodernism
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3821:Phenomenology
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3758:Vienna Circle
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:Moral realism
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3490:Phenomenology
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:Individualism
3428:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3295:Judeo-Islamic
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3271:ʿIlm al-Kalām
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Shuddhadvaita
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Scholasticism
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2650:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:Conceptualism
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2534:Particularism
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:Functionalism
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:Eliminativism
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:Compatibilism
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2330:Particularism
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2061:Soames, Scott
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1965:Ryle, Gilbert
1963:
1960:
1956:
1955:Hart, H. L. A
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1775:9781316515259
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1740:9780521096263
1736:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1632:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1535:neopragmatism
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1476:Rudolf Carnap
1473:
1472:Vienna Circle
1469:
1468:Gottlob Frege
1465:
1461:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1419:
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1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:John McDowell
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:Anthony Kenny
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
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1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1169:Vienna Circle
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1153:Rudolf Carnap
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
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1103:
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978:
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968:
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960:
958:
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949:
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935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
899:Language-game
897:
895:
892:
891:
888:
883:
882:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
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836:
835:
829:
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802:
800:
798:
794:
793:
787:
783:
778:
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772:
768:
757:
754:
746:
743:December 2022
736:
732:
726:
725:
718:
709:
708:
703:Central ideas
702:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:H. L. A. Hart
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:Alice Ambrose
608:
604:
599:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
560:
555:
553:
548:
546:
541:
540:
538:
537:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
487:
481:
480:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
457:Phenomenology
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
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391:
387:
381:
380:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
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351:
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344:
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339:
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331:
330:
329:
328:
325:
321:
314:
311:
309:
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301:
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296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
284:
281:
277:
274:
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269:
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257:
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220:
216:
213:
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208:
206:
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202:
201:
198:
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192:
188:
181:
178:
176:
173:
172:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
149:
148:Ancient Greek
146:
144:
141:
140:
139:
136:
135:
134:
133:
130:
126:
120:
114:
113:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
76:
65:
64:
62:
61:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5178:Cora Diamond
5094:Morton White
4962:Thomas Nagel
4907:Otto Neurath
4856:Ernest Nagel
4803:Gilbert Ryle
4798:Derek Parfit
4758:J. L. Austin
4744:
4705:Casimir Lewy
4674:Peter Singer
4669:J. L. Mackie
4641:Barry Stroud
4601:Noam Chomsky
4594:Philosophers
4528:Natural kind
4461:
4412:Anti-realism
4372:Mathematical
4346:Performative
4305:Epistemology
4229:
4215:
3886:
3877:Postcritique
3867:Kyoto School
3826:Posthumanism
3806:Hermeneutics
3702:
3661: /
3602:Contemporary
3578:Newtonianism
3541:Cartesianism
3500:Reductionism
3336:Conservatism
3331:Collectivism
3269:
2997:Sarvāstivadā
2975:Anekantavada
2900:Neoplatonism
2868:Epicureanism
2801:Pythagoreans
2740:Confucianism
2706:Contemporary
2696:Early modern
2600:Anti-realism
2554:Universalism
2511:Subjectivism
2307:Epistemology
2138:
2128:the original
2123:
2095:
2082:
2064:
2054:
2027:
2021:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1986:
1977:
1967:
1958:
1948:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1919:Austin, J. L
1885:
1877:
1868:
1858:
1840:
1833:
1822:the original
1809:
1805:
1792:
1756:
1749:
1729:
1722:
1701:
1697:See §116 in
1693:
1678:
1670:
1661:
1651:
1641:
1634:
1597:
1595:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1569:, who said:
1564:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1528:
1520:posthumanism
1504:
1498:
1495:
1487:
1474:(especially
1457:
1393:Other topics
1350:Barry Stroud
1330:Marie McGinn
1325:Colin McGinn
1265:Peter Hacker
1255:Juliet Floyd
1245:Cora Diamond
1225:Gordon Baker
1213:Interpreters
1167:
1163:Frank Ramsey
1096:
1088:
1081:
1071:
1063:
1056:
1051:On Certainty
1049:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1014:
976:
924:Form of life
853:Truth tables
797:essentialist
790:
785:
781:
779:
774:
771:already know
770:
764:
749:
740:
721:
654:
647:J. O. Urmson
631:J. L. Austin
627:Gilbert Ryle
594:
573:
569:
568:
486:Philosophers
394:Epistemology
215:South Africa
170:Contemporary
119:Philosophies
36:
5277:Lwow-Warsaw
5263:Ian Hacking
5230:Karl Popper
5225:Thomas Kuhn
5173:Alice Crary
5135:Saul Kripke
5130:Jaegwon Kim
5125:David Lewis
5115:Jerry Fodor
5084:Susan Haack
4998:Robert Audi
4808:John Searle
4778:Peter Geach
4768:Antony Flew
4715:G. E. Moore
4636:Ernest Sosa
4566:Possibility
4315:Mathematics
4300:Metaphysics
3872:Objectivism
3811:Neo-Marxism
3773:Continental
3683:Meta-ethics
3663:Coherentism
3568:Hegelianism
3505:Rationalism
3465:Natural law
3445:Materialism
3371:Historicism
3341:Determinism
3232:Navya-Nyāya
3007:Sautrāntika
3002:Pudgalavada
2938:Vaisheshika
2791:Presocratic
2691:Renaissance
2630:Physicalism
2615:Materialism
2521:Normativity
2506:Objectivism
2491:Emergentism
2481:Behaviorism
2430:Metaphysics
2396:Determinism
2335:Rationalism
2004:Other Minds
2000:John Wisdom
1370:John Wisdom
1365:Peter Winch
1340:Rupert Read
1290:Saul Kripke
1240:Alice Crary
1195:Peter Geach
1190:Peter Winch
1128:G. E. Moore
767:abstraction
693:Rita Felski
681:Nancy Bauer
677:Alice Crary
669:John Searle
661:Antony Flew
409:Metaphysics
324:By religion
180:Continental
160:Renaissance
5336:Categories
5253:John Dupré
5120:Kurt Gödel
5076:Pragmatism
4991:Notre Dame
4982:John Rawls
4851:A. J. Ayer
4788:R. M. Hare
4783:Paul Grice
4695:Arif Ahmed
4482:Sense data
4467:Pragmatism
4341:Linguistic
4171:Amerindian
4078:Australian
4017:Vietnamese
3997:Indonesian
3546:Kantianism
3495:Positivism
3485:Pragmatism
3460:Naturalism
3440:Liberalism
3418:Subjective
3356:Empiricism
3260:Avicennism
3205:Bhedabheda
3089:East Asian
3012:Madhyamaka
2992:Abhidharma
2858:Pyrrhonism
2625:Nominalism
2620:Naturalism
2549:Skepticism
2539:Relativism
2529:Absolutism
2458:Naturalism
2368:Deontology
2340:Skepticism
2325:Naturalism
2315:Empiricism
2279:Aesthetics
2183:Philosophy
2030:, trans.
1626:References
1531:pragmatism
1380:Hans Sluga
1185:Rush Rhees
635:Paul Grice
584:to convey
417:Aesthetics
106:Categories
48:Philosophy
5103:Princeton
4902:Hans Hahn
4688:Cambridge
4561:Necessity
4556:Actualism
4427:Emotivism
4392:Predicate
4362:Classical
4050:Pakistani
4012:Taiwanese
3959:Ethiopian
3932:By region
3918:By region
3733:Scientism
3728:Systemics
3588:Spinozism
3515:Socialism
3450:Modernism
3413:Objective
3321:Anarchism
3255:Averroism
3144:Christian
3096:Neotaoism
3067:Zurvanism
3057:Mithraism
3052:Mazdakism
2823:Cyrenaics
2750:Logicians
2383:Free will
2345:Solipsism
2292:Formalism
1784:247288246
1561:Criticism
1486:. In his
946:Movements
689:Toril Moi
675:. Today,
509:Logicians
504:Ethicists
462:Political
422:Education
343:Christian
338:Confucian
237:Indonesia
191:By region
129:By period
5311:Category
5187:Reformed
5160:Quietism
4548:Modality
4508:Analysis
4501:Concepts
4472:Quietism
4432:Feminism
4405:Theories
4310:Language
4236:Category
4191:Yugoslav
4181:Romanian
4088:Scottish
4073:American
4002:Japanese
3982:Buddhist
3964:Africana
3954:Egyptian
3796:Feminist
3718:Rawlsian
3713:Quietism
3611:Analytic
3563:Krausism
3470:Nihilism
3435:Kokugaku
3398:Absolute
3393:Idealism
3381:Humanism
3169:Occamism
3136:European
3081:Medieval
3027:Yogacara
2987:Buddhist
2980:Syādvāda
2863:Stoicism
2828:Cynicism
2816:Sophists
2811:Atomists
2806:Eleatics
2745:Legalism
2686:Medieval
2610:Idealism
2564:Ontology
2544:Nihilism
2448:Idealism
2206:Branches
2195:Branches
2010:, 1953,
2006:, 1952,
1978:Dilemmas
1604:See also
1589:—
987:Quietism
812:a series
810:Part of
605:such as
467:Religion
452:Ontology
432:Language
386:Branches
333:Buddhist
288:American
210:Ethiopia
175:Analytic
155:Medieval
96:Glossary
81:Contents
5213:Science
4930:Harvard
4576:Realism
4452:Marxism
4367:Deviant
4336:Aretaic
4320:Science
4186:Russian
4155:Spanish
4150:Slovene
4140:Maltese
4135:Italian
4115:Finland
4083:British
4065:Western
4055:Turkish
4040:Islamic
4035:Iranian
3987:Chinese
3974:Eastern
3941:African
3888:more...
3573:Marxism
3403:British
3346:Dualism
3242:Islamic
3200:Advaita
3190:Vedanta
3164:Scotism
3159:Thomism
3101:Tiantai
3044:Persian
3032:Tibetan
3022:Śūnyatā
2963:Cārvāka
2953:Ājīvika
2948:Mīmāṃsā
2928:Samkhya
2843:Academy
2796:Ionians
2770:Yangism
2727:Chinese
2718:Ancient
2681:Western
2676:Ancient
2635:Realism
2592:Reality
2582:Process
2463:Realism
2443:Dualism
2438:Atomism
2320:Fideism
1976:-----.
1961:, 1949.
1935:-----.
982:Fideism
803:History
729:Please
586:meaning
576:) is a
472:Science
427:History
353:Islamic
313:Russian
308:Italian
293:British
283:Western
276:Iranian
252:Vietnam
227:Chinese
200:African
138:Ancient
101:History
86:Outline
4745:Oxford
4145:Polish
4125:German
4120:French
4105:Danish
4095:Canada
4045:Jewish
4007:Korean
3992:Indian
3534:People
3455:Monism
3408:German
3376:Holism
3309:Modern
3287:Jewish
3210:Dvaita
3183:Indian
3106:Huayan
2958:Ajñana
2915:Indian
2780:Greco-
2765:Taoism
2755:Mohism
2701:Modern
2668:By era
2657:By era
2572:Action
2453:Monism
2373:Virtue
2355:Ethics
2114:Curlie
2026:-----.
2014:, 1965
1893:
1850:850714
1848:
1782:
1772:
1737:
1709:
1522:, and
1470:, the
1458:Early
1116:People
1083:Zettel
695:, and
399:Ethics
368:Taoist
363:Jewish
303:German
298:French
232:Indian
165:Modern
5321:Index
4355:Logic
4329:Turns
4176:Aztec
4130:Greek
4110:Dutch
4100:Czech
3949:Bantu
3386:Anti-
2933:Nyaya
2923:Hindu
2783:Roman
2577:Event
2219:Logic
2124:InPho
1825:(PDF)
1802:(PDF)
1780:S2CID
1499:wrong
1484:logic
1009:Works
404:Logic
348:Hindu
247:Korea
242:Japan
205:Egypt
91:Lists
3277:Sufi
3111:Chan
2970:Jain
2943:Yoga
2473:Mind
2413:Hard
2401:Hard
1891:ISBN
1846:OCLC
1770:ISBN
1735:ISBN
1707:ISBN
1533:(or
671:and
649:and
633:and
621:and
447:Mind
358:Jain
3551:Neo
3116:Zen
2112:at
1814:doi
1762:doi
1685:2–4
1584:was
1580:you
1575:the
784:or
588:in
574:OLP
437:Law
5338::
2137:.
2122:.
2094:.
2081:.
2063:.
2053:.
2020:.
2002:,
1968:.
1947:.
1921:.
1867:.
1844:.
1810:46
1808:.
1804:.
1778:.
1768:.
1733:.
1660:.
1545:.
1518:,
814:on
799:.
775:re
691:,
683:,
679:,
667:,
663:,
645:,
641:,
617:,
613:,
609:,
4514:)
4510:(
4271:e
4264:t
4257:v
2175:e
2168:t
2161:v
2143:.
2098:.
2085:.
1980:.
1951:.
1899:.
1852:.
1816::
1786:.
1764::
1743:.
1715:.
1687:.
1664:.
1447:e
1440:t
1433:v
1025:"
1021:"
756:)
750:(
745:)
741:(
737:.
572:(
558:e
551:t
544:v
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
