Bulk carrier - Knowledge (XXG)

275: 5046: 1658: 705: 505: 292: 1628: 1153: 1688: 1755: 430: 1056: 1769: 1643: 1673: 1895:. The mechanical devices which allow hatches to be opened and closed are called hatch cover. In general, hatch covers are between 45% and 60% of the ship's breadth, or beam, and 57% to 67% of the length of the holds. To efficiently load and unload cargo, hatches must be large, but large hatches present structural problems. Hull stress is concentrated around the edges of the hatches, and these areas must be reinforced. Often, hatch areas are reinforced by locally increasing the 1347:. This is often done by 'beaching' the ship on open sand, then cutting it apart by hand with gas torches, a dangerous operation that results in injuries and fatalities, as well as exposure to toxic materials such as asbestos, lead, and various chemicals. Half a million deadweight tons worth of bulk carriers were scrapped in 2004, accounting for 4.7% of the year's scrapping. That year, bulk carriers fetched particularly high scrap prices, between $ 340 and $ 350 per LDT. 949: 328: 1881: 2247: 1125: 139: 1023: 310: 1519:. This led ship-owners to commission a study seeking to explain the effect of various factors on the crew's effectiveness and competence. The study showed that crew performance aboard bulk carriers was the lowest of all groups studied. Among bulk carrier crews, the best performance was found aboard younger and larger ships. Crews on better-maintained ships performed better, as did crews on ships where fewer languages were spoken. 1953:, are almost universal, and as a result, bulk carriers are inherently slow. This is offset by their efficiency. Comparing a ship's carrying capacity in terms of deadweight tonnage to its weight when empty is one way to measure its efficiency. A small Handymax ship can carry five times its weight. In larger designs, this efficiency is even more pronounced: Capesize vessels can carry more than eight times their weight. 1292: 1097: 981: 38: 2169: 2122: 567:. However, on the Great Lakes, bulk carriers hauled vast amounts of iron ore from Minnesota and Michigan's northern mines to the steel mills. In 1929, 73 million tons of iron ore was transported on the Lakes, and an almost equal amount of coal, limestone, and other products were also moved. Two defining characteristics of bulk carriers were already emerging: the 1930: 1003: 1562:

35 hours for a lumber carrier of similar size. This time in port increases to 74 hours for Handymax and 120 hours for Panamax vessels. Compared with the 12-hour turnarounds common for container ships, 15-hour turnarounds for car carriers, and 26-hour turnarounds for large tankers, bulk carrier crews have more opportunities to spend time ashore.

2617: 1979:. Some manufacturers have preferred high-tensile steel recently in order to reduce the tare weight. However, the use of high-tensile steel for longitudinal and transverse reinforcements can reduce the hull's rigidity and resistance to corrosion. Forged steel is used for some ship parts, such as the propeller shaft support. Transverse partitions are made of 413:, and cargo saturation. The use of old ships that have corrosion problems—as well as the bulk carriers' large hatchways—have been linked to a spate of bulk carrier sinkings in the 1990s. These large hatchways, important for efficient cargo handling, can allow the entry of large volumes of water in storms and accelerate sinking once a vessel has 1598:, reaching 2,000 tons per hour, is growing. A crane's discharge rate is limited by the bucket's capacity (from 6 to 40 tons) and by the speed at which the crane can take a load, deposit it at the terminal and return to take the next. For modern gantry cranes, the total time of the grab-deposit-return cycle is about 50 seconds. 2001:. This increases the volume of the holds, and simplifies their structure which helps in loading, unloading, and cleaning. Double sides also improve a ship's capacity for ballasting, which is useful when carrying light goods: the ship may have to increase its draft for stability or seakeeping reasons, which is done by adding ballast water. 2219: 1828:, which may also incorporate an output for an alternator. The average design ship speed for bulk carriers of Handysize and above is 13.5–15 knots (25.0–27.8 km/h; 15.5–17.3 mph). The propeller speed is relatively low, at about 90 revolutions per minute, although it depends on the size of the propeller. 575:, particularly between the European countries, the United States and Japan. Due to the economics of this trade, ocean bulk carriers became larger and more specialized. In this period, Great Lakes freighters increased in size, to maximize economies of scale, and self-unloaders became more common to cut 2008:

Since the adoption of double hull has been more of an economic than a purely architectural decision, some argue that double-sided ships receive fewer comprehensive surveys and suffer more from hidden corrosion. In spite of opposition, double hulls became a requirement for Panamax and Capesize vessels

1605:

Once the cargo is discharged, the crew begins to clean the holds. This is particularly important if the next cargo is of a different type. The immense size of cargo holds and the tendency of cargoes to be physically irritating add to the difficulty of cleaning the holds. When the holds are clean, the

1601:

Conveyor belts offer a very efficient method of loading, with standard loading rates varying between 100 and 700 tons per hour, although the most advanced ports can offer rates of 16,000 tons per hour. Start-up and shutdown procedures with conveyor belts, though, are complicated and require

1299:

Several factors affect the cost to move a bulk cargo by ship. The bulk freight market is very volatile, with the type of cargo, size of the vessel, and the route traveled all affecting the final price. Moving a capesize load of coal from South America to Europe cost anywhere from $ 15 to $ 25 per ton

1902:

As recently as the 1950s, hatches had wooden covers that would be broken apart and rebuilt by hand, rather than opened and closed. Newer vessels have hydraulic-operated metal hatch covers that can often be operated by one person. Hatch covers can slide forwards, backwards, or to the side, lift up or

1132:

The world's bulk transport has reached immense proportions: in 2005, 1.7 billion metric tons of coal, iron ore, grain, bauxite, and phosphate was transported by ship. Today, the world's bulk carrier fleet includes 6,225 ships of over 10,000 DWT, and represent 40% of all ships in terms

1011:

are bulk carriers without cranes or conveyors. These ships depend on shore-based equipment at their ports of call for loading and discharging. They range across all sizes, the larger bulk carriers (VLOCs) can only dock at the largest ports, some of these are designed with a single port-to-port trade

2209:

convention focused on problems such as reinforcing bulkheads and the longitudinal frame, more stringent inspections (with a particular focus on corrosion) and routine in-port inspections. The 1997 additions also required bulk carriers with restrictions (for instance, forbidden from carrying certain

2193:

Advanced methods of loading were not foreseen when the ships were designed. While the new processes are more efficient, loading is more difficult to control (it can take over an hour just to halt the operation), occasionally resulting in overloading the ship. These unexpected shocks, over time, can

2164:

Previous practices had required ships to withstand the flooding of a single forward hold but did not guard against situations where two holds would flood. The case where two after (rear) holds are flooded is no better, because the engine room is quickly flooded, leaving the ship without propulsion.

1971:

The double bottoms are also subject to design constraints. The primary concern is that they be high enough to allow the passage of pipes and cables. These areas must also be roomy enough to allow people safe access to perform surveys and maintenance. On the other hand, concerns of excess weight and

1617:

are often used to keep the cargo in check. Leveling is particularly important when the hold is only partly full, since cargo is more likely to shift. Extra precautions are taken, such as adding longitudinal divisions and securing wood atop the cargo. If a hold is full, a technique called tomming is

2234:

In December 2002, Chapter XII of the SOLAS convention was amended to require the installation of high-level water alarms and monitoring systems on all bulk carriers. This safety measure quickly alerts watch standers on the bridge and in the engine room in case of flooding in the holds. In cases of

2065:

The 1980s and 1990s were a very unsafe time for bulk carriers. Many bulk carriers sank during this time; 99 were lost between 1990 and 1997 alone. Most of these sinkings were sudden and quick, making it impossible for the crew to escape: more than 650 sailors were lost during this same period. Due

2004:

A recent design, called Hy-Con, seeks to combine the strengths of single-hull and double-hull construction. Short for Hybrid Configuration, this design doubles the forward-most and rear-most holds and leaves the others single-hulled. This approach increases the ship's solidity at key points, while

1561:

Because bulk cargo is so difficult to discharge, bulk carriers spend more time in port than other ships. A study of mini-bulk carriers found that it takes, on average, twice as much time to unload a ship as it does to load it. A mini-bulk carrier spends 55 hours at a time in port, compared to

1315:

a ship, paying a daily rate instead of a set price per ton. In 2005, the average daily rate for a Handymax ship varied between $ 18,000 – $ 30,000. A Panamax ship could be chartered for $ 20,000 – $ 50,000 per day, and a Capesize for $ 40,000 – $ 70,000

991:

are designed to transport both liquid and dry bulk cargoes. If both are carried simultaneously, they are segregated in separate holds and tanks. Combined carriers require special design and are expensive. They were prevalent in the 1970s, but their numbers have dwindled since 1990. (Photo: The oil

2230:

located on the stern, behind the deckhouse. This arrangement allows the crew to abandon ship quickly in case of a catastrophic emergency. One argument against the use of free-fall lifeboats is that the evacuees require "some degree of physical mobility, even fitness" to enter and launch the boat.

2081:

Cargo shifting poses a great danger for bulk carriers. The problem is even more pronounced with grain cargoes, since grain settles during a voyage and creates extra space between the top of the cargo and the top of the hold. Cargo is then free to move from one side of the ship to the other as the

1144:

As of 2005, the average bulk carrier was just over 13 years old. About 41% of all bulk carriers were less than ten years old, 33% were over twenty years old, and the remaining 26% were between ten and twenty years of age. All of the 98 bulk carriers registered in the Great Lakes trade are over 20

2028:

These analyses are conducted when traveling empty, loading and unloading, when partially and fully loaded, and under conditions of temporary overloading. Places subject to the largest stresses are studied carefully, such as hold-bottoms, hatch-covers, bulkheads between holds, and the bottoms of

2085:

The 1960 SOLAS Convention sought to control this sort of problem. These regulations required the upper ballast tanks designed in a manner to prevent shifting. They also required cargoes to be leveled, or trimmed, using excavators in the holds. The practice of trimming reduces the amount of the

397:

On bulk carriers, crews are involved in operation, management, and maintenance of the vessel, taking care of safety, navigation, maintenance, and cargo care, in accordance with international maritime legislation. Crews can range in size from three people on the smallest ships to over 30 on the

386:(DWT). A number of specialized designs exist: some can unload their own cargo, some depend on port facilities for unloading, and some even package the cargo as it is loaded. Over half of all bulk carriers have Greek, Japanese, or Chinese owners, and more than a quarter are registered in 2185:

Most shipwrecks involved ships over 20 years in age. A glut of ships of this age occurred in the 1980s, caused by an overestimate of the growth of international trade. Rather than replace them prematurely, shipping companies were compelled on cost grounds to keep their aging vessels in

1589:

The loading method used depends on both the cargo and the equipment available on the ship and on the dock. In the least advanced ports, cargo can be loaded with shovels or bags poured from the hatch cover. This system is being replaced with faster, less labor-intensive methods.

1717:

The overall cargo weight is the limiting factor in the design of an ore carrier, since the cargo is so dense. Coal carriers, on the other hand, are limited by overall volume, since most bulk carriers can be completely filled with coal before reaching their maximum draft.

493:. The second method required the shipper to charter an entire ship and spend time and money to build plywood bins into the holds. Then, to guide the cargo through the small hatches, wooden feeders and shifting boards had to be constructed. These methods were slow and 2197:

Recent use of high-tensile steel allows building a structure with less material and weight while retaining similar strength. However, because it is thinner than regular steel, HT steel can corrode more easily, plus it can develop metal fatigue in choppy

469:" describes a bulk carrier that carries a combination of ore, bulk, and oil, and "O/O" is used for combination oil and ore carriers. The terms "VLOC", "VLBC", "ULOC", and "ULBC" for very large and ultra-large ore and bulk carriers were adapted from the 1133:

of tonnage and 39.4% in terms of vessels. Including smaller ships, bulk carriers have a total combined capacity of almost 346 million DWT. Combined carriers are a very small portion of the fleet, representing less than 3% of this capacity. The

1141:, with 98 ships of 3.2 million total DWT, despite forming a small fraction of the total fleet by tonnage and only operating 10 months a year, carried a tenth of the world's bulk cargo because of the short trip distance and fast turnarounds. 379:. Since the first specialized bulk carrier was built in 1852, economic forces have led to increased size and sophistication of these ships. Today's bulk carriers are specially designed to maximize capacity, safety, efficiency, and durability. 2024:

The set of dimensions of these members is called the ship's scantlings. Naval architects calculate the stresses a ship can be expected to be subjected to, add in safety factors, and then can calculate the required scantlings.

2135:

In 1990 alone, 20 bulk carriers sank, taking with them 94 crewmen. In 1991, 24 bulk carriers sank, killing 154. This level of loss focused attention on the safety aspects of bulk carriers, and a great deal was learned. The

872:

and also have the highest rate of growth. This is partly due to new regulations coming into effect which put greater constraints on the building of larger vessels. Handymax ships are typically 150–200 m in length and

401:

Cargo loading operations vary in complexity, and loading and discharging of cargo can take several days. Bulk carriers can be gearless (dependent upon terminal equipment) or geared (having cranes integral to the vessel).

1839:, and the resulting rise in oil prices, experimental designs using coal to fuel ships were tested in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The Australian National Lines (ANL) constructed two 74,700-ton coal-burner ships called 1338:

and buyers negotiate scrap prices based on factors such as the ship's empty weight (called light ton displacement or LDT) and prices in the scrap metal market. In 1998, almost 700 ships were scrapped in places like

440:

defines a bulk carrier as "a ship constructed with a single deck, top side tanks and hopper side tanks in cargo spaces and intended to primarily carry dry cargo in bulk; an ore carrier; or a combination carrier." Most

2089:

Another sort of risk that can affect dry cargoes is absorption of ambient moisture. When very fine concretes and aggregates mix with water, the mud created at the bottom of the hold shifts easily and can produce a

1913:. The Load Line Conference of 1966 imposed a requirement that hatch covers be able to withstand load of 1.74 tons/m due to sea water, and a minimum scantling of 6 mm for the tops of the hatch covers. The 957:

are typically in the handysize to handymax size range although there are a small number of geared panamax vessels, like all bulk carriers they feature a series of holds covered by prominent hatch covers. They have

2189:

Corrosion, due to a lack of maintenance, affected the seals of the hatch covers and the strength of the bulkheads which separate holds. The corrosion is difficult to detect due to the immense size of the surfaces

1871:

and similar fuel cargoes, but suffered from poor engine yield compared to higher maintenance cost and efficient modern diesels, maintenance problems due to the supply of ungraded coal, and high initial costs.

2052:

The rules apply to bulk carriers more than 90 meters in length and require that scantlings' calculations take into account items such as the effect of corrosion, the harsh conditions often found in the

449:

can carry bulk cargo, but can also carry other cargoes and are not specifically designed for bulk carriage. The term "dry bulk carrier" is used to distinguish bulk carriers from bulk liquid carriers such as

4932: 2695: 579:. The thousand-footers of the Great Lakes fleets, built in the 1970s, were among the longest ships afloat, and, in 1979, a record 214 million tons of bulk cargo were moved on the Great Lakes. 2110: 1526:

are employed on bulk carriers than on similarly sized ships of other types. A mini-bulk carrier carries two to three deck officers, while larger Handysize and Capesize bulk carriers carry four.

1921:

in 1998. This standard requires that the pressure due to sea water be calculated as a function of freeboard and speed, especially for hatch covers located on the forward portion of the ship.

1275:, ranked second among builders, with 643 ships. The People's Republic of China, with large shipyards such as Dalian, Chengxi, and Shanghai Waigaoqiao, ranked third, with 509 ships. 3200: 2106: 1041:

that is fitted on a traverse running over the vessel's entire hatch, and that is able to move sideways as well. This allows them to discharge their cargo quickly and efficiently. (Photo:

974:

without shore-based equipment. This gives geared bulk carriers flexibility in the cargoes they can carry and the routes they can travel. (Photo: A typical geared handysize bulk carrier.)

1200:

Greece, Japan, and China are the top three owners of bulk carriers, with 1,326, 1,041, and 979 vessels respectively. These three nations account for over 53% of the world's fleet.

571:, which was adopted in 1890, and the triangular structure of the ballast tanks, which was introduced in 1905. After World War II, an international bulk trade began to develop among 437: 382:

Today, bulk carriers make up 21 percent of the world's merchant fleets, and they range in size from single-hold mini-bulk carriers to mammoth ore ships able to carry 400,000

4766: 1914: 1964:

area. The corner tanks are reinforced and serve another purpose besides controlling the ship's trim. Designers choose the angle of the corner tanks to be less than that of the

2855:

From Lamb, 2003. This is measured in terms of the tonnage of cargo carried multiplied by the distance traveled, and could be expressed in terms of (miles x tons), for example.

4793: 2086:

cargo's surface area in contact with air which has a useful side-effect: reducing the chances of spontaneous combustion in cargoes such as coal, iron, and metal shavings.

4770: 925:

on its maiden voyage, becoming the first bulk carrier to be partially powered by hard sail wind power propulsion technology. A five percent fuel savings was anticipated.

4087: 2843: 3595: 4976: 4875: 4857: 2355: 1903:

fold up. It is essential that the hatch covers be watertight: unsealed hatches lead to accidental cargo hold flooding, which has caused many bulk carriers to sink.

2550: 3631: 2102: 3671: 2343: 1993:

have become popular in the past ten years. Designing a vessel with double sides adds primarily to its breadth, since bulk carriers are already required to have

274: 462:. Very small bulk carriers are almost indistinguishable from general cargo ships, and they are often classified based more on the ship's use than its design. 4667: 2732: 2082:

ship rolls. This can cause the ship to list, which, in turn, causes more cargo to shift. This kind of chain reaction can capsize a bulk carrier very quickly.

1496:

The crew on a bulk carrier typically consists of 20 to 30 people, though smaller ships can be handled by 8. The crew includes the captain or master, the

4279:

Cargo Handling and Stowage: A Guide for Loading, Handling, Stowage, Securing, and Transportation of Different Types of Cargoes, Except Liquid Cargoes and Gas

1714:, is the key factor. Densities for common bulk cargoes vary from 0.6 tons per cubic meter for light grains to 3 tons per cubic meter for iron ore. 1687: 2703: 2649: 1642: 1733:. For most designs, the ratio of length-to-width ranges between 5 and 7, with an average of 6.2. The ratio of length-to-height will be between 11 and 12. 1259:

Asian companies dominate the construction of bulk carriers. Of the world's 6,225 bulk carriers, almost 62% were built in Japan by shipyards such as

421:. New international regulations have since been introduced to improve ship design and inspection and to streamline the process for crews to abandon ship. 5155: 1657: 1672: 5406: 4861: 1627: 3197: 3779: 4771:"21: Evaluation of Scantlings of Hatch Covers and Hatch Coamings of Cargo Holds of Bulk Carriers, Ore Carriers and Combination Carriers (Rev. 4)" 3937: 3401: 1113:, shown in the photo, is a BIBO bulk carrier. In one hour, this ship can unload 300 tons of bulk sugar and package it into 50 kg sacks 4038: 910:

to the ocean. Very large ore carriers and very large bulk carriers are a subset of the capesize category reserved for vessels over 200,000

1949:

allows a ship to move more efficiently through the water, designers lean towards simple vertical bows on larger ships. Full hulls, with large

4736: 4634: 4592: 4287: 4191: 1169: 884:, which can accommodate ships with a beam of up to 32.31 m, a length overall of up to 294.13 m, and a draft of up to 12.04 m. 1244: 1157: 3238: 4969: 4663: 2201:

According to Lloyd's Register, a principal cause of sinkings was the attitude of ship-owners, who sent ships with known problems to sea.

2098: 717: 4461: 2381: 1867:

were able to generate a shaft-power of 19,000 horsepower (14,000 kW). This strategy gave an interesting advantage to carriers of

1240: 4555: 1997:. One of the advantages of the double hull is to make room to place all the structural elements in the sides, removing them from the 138: 5401: 5249: 4916: 4847: 4828: 4725: 4706: 4653: 4611: 4385: 4357: 4329: 3899: 2818: 2779: 2160:

With two holds rapidly filling with water, the bow submerges, and the ship quickly sinks, leaving little time for the crew to react.

1821: 552:. This greatly decreased the unloading time of bulk carriers by using conveyor belt to move the cargo. The first bulk carriers with 121: 3697: 2663: 868:

Handysize and Handymax ships are general purpose in nature. These two segments represent 71% of all bulk carriers over 10,000

563:, the international shipping demand for bulk products was low—about 25 million tons for metal ores—and most of this trade was 4800: 2012:

Freighters are in continual danger of "breaking their backs" and thus longitudinal strength is a primary architectural concern. A

1283:, ranked fourth, accounting for 129 ships. Shipyards in these top four countries built over 82% of the bulk carriers afloat. 405:

Bulk cargo can be very dense, corrosive, or abrasive. This can present safety problems that can threaten a ship: problems such as

5045: 4519: 3045: 1899:

or by adding structural members called stiffeners. Both of these options have the undesired effect of adding weight to the ship.

3344: 1128:

Growth of bulk carrier deadweight tonnage in green and percentage of bulk carriers to the entire fleet in red, from 1977 to 1999

4781: 4277: 2141: 4091: 2101:

sets out international standards and codes for the safe stowage and transportation of bulk carrier cargoes. These include the

4962: 4143: 2144:

added that the hull sides could not withstand "the combination of local corrosion, fatigue cracking and operational damage."

1968:

of the anticipated cargoes. This greatly reduces side-to-side movement, or "shifting," of cargo which can endanger the ship.

1618:

used, which involves digging out a 6 feet (2 m) hole below the hatch cover and filling it with bagged cargo or weights.

1609:

It is crucial to keep the cargo level during loading in order to maintain stability. As the hold is filled, machines such as

1280: 1185: 537:

which used seawater instead of sandbags. These features helped her succeed in the competitive British coal market. The first

59: 3324: 3076: 4113: 3606: 2935: 2503: 2165:

If two holds in the middle of the ship are flooded, the stress on the hull can become so great that the ship snaps in two.

1578:. International regulations require that the captain and terminal master agree on a detailed plan before operations begin. 481:

Before specialized bulk carriers were developed, shippers had two methods to move bulk goods by ship. In the first method,

102: 4879: 2966: 55: 2359: 2094:. The only way to control these risks is by good ventilation practices and careful monitoring for the presence of water. 74: 2558: 1586:

oversee the operations. Occasionally loading errors are made that cause a ship to capsize or break in half at the pier.

1188:

with 492 ships, Malta (435), Cyprus (373), and China (371). Panama also dominates bulk carrier registration in terms of

739:, and very large. Very large bulk and ore carriers fall into the capesize category but are often considered separately. 2893: 2867: 1956:

Bulk carriers have a cross-section typical of most merchant ships. The upper and lower corners of the hold are used as

5437: 2473: 2137: 1012:

in mind. The use of gearless bulk carriers avoids the costs of installing, operating, and maintaining cranes. (Photo:

4413: 2992: 81: 4940: 3370: 1594:, which can load at a rate of 1,000 tons per hour, represent a widely used method, and the use of shore-based 3297: 1542:

A bulk carrier's voyages are determined by market forces; routes and cargoes often vary. A ship may engage in the

789:: Maximum beam 50 meters, and maximum length overall of 300 meters Refers to the largest vessel able to enter the 704: 48: 4377: 4349: 1602:

time to carry out. Self-discharging ships use conveyor belts with load rates of around 1,000 tons per hour.

1452: 906:

exceed Panamax dimensions but they are limited to use on the Great Lakes as they cannot pass through the smaller

2057:, and dynamic stresses during loading. The rules also establish margins for corrosion, from 0.5 to 0.9 mm. 2020:

to manage problems of longitudinal strength and stresses. A ship's hull is composed of individual parts called

1272: 899:. Recent deepening of the Suez canal to 66 ft (20 m) permits most Capesize ships to pass through it. 4678: 3568: 3471: 2743: 88: 1082:

damage and have a much longer lifespan than saltwater ships. As of 2005, there were 98 lakers of 10,000

4780:. Unified Requirements. International Association of Classification Societies. pp. 21–1. Archived from 3726: 2231:

Also, injuries have occurred during launches, for example, in the case of incorrectly secured safety belts.

1505: 1239:

also own notable bulk carrier fleets. Other companies specialize in mini-bulk carrier operations: England's

1232: 1216: 1146: 1570:

Loading and unloading a bulk carrier is time-consuming and dangerous. The process is planned by the ship's

291: 5427: 5269: 5082: 4867: 4551: 1551: 1487: 1264: 1075: 521: 442: 410: 70: 5254: 3675: 3157: 2206: 1721:

For a given tonnage, the second factor which governs the ship's dimensions is the size of the ports and

1512:

aboard cargo ships, once almost universal, is very rare today and almost non-existent on bulk carriers.

1312: 1301: 1211:

in Canada operates a fleet of over 80 bulk carriers, including two designed to work in Arctic ice.

1204: 1055: 572: 3790: 1152: 853:

Mini-bulk carriers are prevalent in the category of small vessels with a capacity of under 10,000

3948: 3458: 2073:, a series of international safety resolutions regarding bulk carriers were adopted during the 1990s. 5259: 4046: 2311: 2275: 2227: 1809: 987: 903: 817:

226 m max / 7.92 m draft. Refers to the largest vessel that can pass through the canal locks of the

748: 466: 1754: 1184:

combined. In terms of the number of bulk carriers registered, the top five flag states also include

429: 5432: 5386: 5330: 5112: 3127: 2091: 1768: 1260: 922: 907: 902:

Capesize bulk carriers are specialized: 93% of their cargo is iron ore and coal. Some ships on the

818: 504: 406: 4747: 4563:. Notices to Shipping. Balboa-Ancon: Autoridad del Canal de Panamá. pp. 11–12. Archived from 1906:

Regulations regarding hatch covers have evolved since the investigation following the loss of the

891:

to travel between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Earlier, Capesize ships could not traverse the

394:

is the largest single builder of bulk carriers, and 82 percent of these ships were built in Asia.

5340: 5015: 4083: 3625: 2042: 2038: 1836: 1745: 1707: 1575: 1469: 1462: 1189: 1173: 1083: 911: 881: 874: 869: 857:. Mini-bulk carriers carry from 500 to 2,500 tons, have a single hold, and are designed for 854: 828: 800: 445:

use a broader definition, by which a bulk carrier is any ship that carries dry unpackaged goods.

383: 360: 226: 4173: 1725:

it will travel to. For example, a vessel that will pass the Panama Canal will be limited in its

948: 3408: 3246: 2140:

concluded that the losses were "directly traceable to failure of the cargo hold structure" and

1880: 827:: LOA 330 m / 20 m draft / 300,000 DWT, Refers to the largest vessel that can pass through the 501:, the problem of efficient loading and unloading has driven the evolution of the bulk carrier. 5117: 5020: 4912: 4843: 4824: 4721: 4702: 4649: 4630: 4607: 4588: 4381: 4353: 4325: 4283: 4187: 3895: 2814: 2775: 2289: 2226:

Since December 2004, Panamax and Capesize bulk carriers have been required to carry free-fall

2048:

Since 1 April 2006, the International Association of Classification Societies has adopted the

1983:, reinforced at the bottom and at connections. The construction of bulk carrier hulls using a 1950: 1942: 1938: 1817: 1501: 1220: 896: 790: 526: 316: 3605:. MTCP Work Package 2.1, Quality and Efficiency. Bremen/Brussels. p. 3.3. Archived from 2808: 2769: 1937:

Bulk carriers are designed to be easy to build and to store cargo efficiently. To facilitate

5365: 5350: 5284: 5228: 5127: 5030: 4469: 4179: 3975:

Hatch Covers on Bulk Carriers: The Effect on Procurement Costs of Changes in Design Pressure

2389: 2252: 2172: 2126: 1794: 1224: 1208: 3722:

Some companies specialize in providing cruises on various kinds of freighters, for example

2666:, The Heritage Museum and Cultural Center (HMCC) and Michigan Shipwreck Research Associates 1124: 1022: 5355: 5345: 5165: 5150: 5097: 5025: 4944: 4564: 3730: 3204: 2897: 2871: 2621: 2616: 2610: 2268: 2246: 2013: 1980: 1965: 1832: 1726: 1591: 1497: 1457: 1447: 1437: 1424: 1029: 959: 838: 576: 494: 490: 455: 95: 2157:

Water enters hold number two and alters the trim so much that more water enters the holds

3077:"'Wind Challenger': World's first partially wind-powered cargo ship successfully sailed" 2016:

uses the correlation between longitudinal strength and a set of hull thicknesses called

327: 309: 5325: 5185: 5107: 5092: 5087: 4623: 3053: 2260: 2154:

The extra water weight in hold number one compromises the partition to hold number two,

2054: 1790: 1711: 1550:

season and later move on to carry other cargoes or work on a different route. Aboard a

1442: 1432: 1305: 1134: 1071: 1062: 1046: 877:

with five cargo holds and four cranes. These ships are also general purpose in nature.

814: 764: 542: 517: 516:

became more popular. The first steam ship recognized as a bulk carrier was the British

498: 414: 1710:

is largely defined by the cargo it will carry. The cargo's density, also known as its

1558:, the crew will often not know the next port of call until the cargo is fully loaded. 1291: 5421: 5396: 5391: 5274: 5142: 5035: 4986: 4175:

Double-Hull Tanker Legislation: An Assessment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (1998)

3348: 2638: 2303: 2151:

Sea water enters the forward hatch, due to a large wave, a poor seal, corrosion, etc.

2067: 1994: 1961: 1907: 1801: 1477: 1331: 1325: 1243:

owns a fleet of eight mini-bulk carriers and five small Handysize bulk carriers, and

1034: 568: 553: 538: 459: 418: 356: 201: 4491: 2643: 1863:. These ships were financially effective for the duration of their lives, and their 1308:

to Japan that year could cost as little as $ 40 per ton to as much as $ 70 per ton.

1203:

Several companies have large private bulk carrier fleets. The multinational company

1096: 5310: 5102: 2235:

catastrophic flooding, these detectors could speed the process of abandoning ship.

1957: 1864: 1730: 1595: 1579: 1523: 1340: 804: 560: 534: 530: 482: 4583:

Bliault, Charles; Jonas, Martin; The North of England P&I Association (2016).

4151: 3645: 980: 3328: 5305: 5279: 5233: 5223: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5170: 5160: 5132: 5122: 4121: 2943: 2511: 2317: 2297: 1990: 1946: 1892: 1782: 1555: 1543: 1527: 1419: 1399: 1367: 1330:

Generally, ships are removed from the fleet by going through a process known as

1138: 1067: 549: 470: 391: 368: 337: 37: 4888: 2890: 2864: 1774:

Typical midship section of a bulk carrier with a single hull and double bottom.

1192:. Positions two through five are held by Hong Kong, Greece, Malta, and Cyprus. 5335: 5218: 5175: 5077: 5054: 5005: 4949: 2242: 2168: 1998: 1976: 1813: 1571: 1482: 1414: 1404: 1394: 1344: 1335: 1181: 892: 709: 451: 446: 376: 364: 4587:(First ed.). UK: The North of England P&I Association. p. 280. 5360: 5320: 5072: 2034: 2030: 2029:

ballast tanks. Great Lakes bulk carriers also must be designed to withstand

2017: 1896: 1805: 1798: 1614: 1610: 1583: 1516: 1509: 1409: 1079: 1038: 888: 842: 752: 724: 624: 513: 164: 4414:"Formal Safety Assessment of Bulk Carriers, Fore-End Watertight Integrity'" 2481: 2218: 2121: 17: 4421: 1929: 1002: 755:, Setouchmax, Dunkirkmax, and Newcastlemax also appear in regional trade. 5370: 5315: 5264: 4023:"Concrete sandwiches: structural strength and safety for bulk carriers". 2996: 2322: 2282: 2210:

types of cargoes) to mark their hulls with large, easy-to-see triangles.

1984: 1816:

coupled to the propeller shaft. On the smaller bulk carriers, one or two

1722: 1228: 967: 887:

Capesize ships are too large to traverse the Panama canal and must round

736: 728: 713: 681: 646: 176: 172: 160: 4954: 4937: 3378: 2653:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 881. 436:

The term bulk carrier has been defined in varying ways. As of 1999, the

5289: 3433: 3301: 2904: 2878: 1868: 1825: 1547: 1515:

During the 1990s, bulk carriers were involved in an alarming number of

1212: 963: 846: 780: 768: 732: 659: 564: 298: 168: 4178:. Marine Board Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems. 1998. 2833:

Ranges vary slightly. MAN Diesel Group 2005, p.4. UNCTAD 2006, p. xii.

914:. Carriers of this size are almost always designed to carry iron ore. 428: 3501: 1531: 1276: 1268: 1248: 1177: 862: 841:= 45 m / LOA 289 m. max (175,000 DWT approx) for the eastern harbour 776: 772: 486: 473:

designations very large crude carrier and ultra-large crude carrier.

387: 4909:

Ore-Oil Bulk: Pictorial History of Bulk Shipping Losses of the 1980s

3990:

International Association of Classification Societies 2007, p. 21-1.

3766:

Bulk Carrier Crews; Competence, Crew composition & Voyage Cycles

1933:

Unloaded Trillium-class dry bulk carrier at the Port of Redwood City

723:

Bulk carriers are segregated into six major size categories: small,

3479: 2356:"• Global merchant fleet - number of ships by type 2019 | Statista" 2177:

suffered a catastrophic fracture in number 4 hold in December 2004.

5213: 5062: 5010: 4183: 4039:"New IMO bulk carrier regulations enter into force on 1 July 1999" 2664:

Shipwrecks – A Deep Look, The Rise of the Self-unloading Freighter

2217: 2167: 2120: 1928: 1879: 1786: 1236: 1151: 1123: 858: 703: 503: 4720:. Jersey City: Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. 3723: 5000: 3052:. Thomson Reuters (af.reuters.com). 26 July 2010. Archived from 1793:. Larger bulk carriers, from Handymax up, usually have a single 971: 4958: 3780:"MSC Circular 947: Safe Loading and Unloading of Bulk Carriers" 3035:

Autoridad del Canal de Panamá 2005, pp. 11 – 12.

465:

A number of abbreviations are used to describe bulk carriers. "

3198:

Great Lakes Navigation System: Economic Strength to the Nation

2981:(Accessed August 2013), Harris, Steve, [www.stevesmaritime.com 2901: 2875: 372: 31: 4068:"NG-Bulk20: a new Turkish double-skin bulk carrier design". 3163: 3135: 2111:

Code of Safe Practice for Ships Carrying Timber Deck Cargoes

2642: 1176:

or greater worldwide. More bulk carriers are registered in

1109:

bulk carriers are equipped to bag cargo as it is unloaded.

3594:

Maritime Transport Coordination Platform (November 2006).

3046:"Egypt's Suez canal H1 revenue, traffic up; upgrade helps" 2842:

From Lamb, 2003 and the 2005 CIA World Factbook. See also

917:

In October 2022, Mitsui O.S.K. Lines (MOL)'s bulk carrier

4144:""Ultra Handymax" Semi-Double Hull Handymax Bulk Carrier" 2107:

International Code for the Safe Carriage of Grain in Bulk

1972:

wasted volume keep the double bottoms very tight spaces.

1078:. Operating in fresh water, these ships suffer much less 861:

transport. They are often built to be able to pass under

4876:

United Nations Council on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

4858:

United Nations Council on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

2382:"Maritime Safety Committee's 70th Session, January 1999" 4799:. United States Maritime Administration. Archived from 3676:"Shipbreaking » Inventory of Hazardous Materials" 3021:"Handysize re-vamp: the next move in bulk carriers?". 1917:

then increased this strength standard by creating its

1696:

The gantry crane moves the cargo to a bin on the pier.

438:

International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea

4887:. New York and Geneva: United Nations. Archived from 4866:. New York and Geneva: United Nations. Archived from 4767:

International Association of Classification Societies

4418:

International Association of Classification Societies

1915:

International Association of Classification Societies

1651:

The bulldozer pushes cargo to the center of the hold.

1574:

under the direct and continued supervision of ship's

1530:

of the same size have an additional deck officer and

767:

229 meters refers to a new type of ship, larger than

4462:"Maritime Safety Committee's 71st Session, May 1999" 1145:

years old and the oldest still sailing in 2009, the

485:

loaded the cargo into sacks, stacked the sacks onto

5379: 5298: 5242: 5184: 5141: 5053: 4993: 4520:"Review of Lifeboat and Launching System Accidents" 4214:"Double-skin bulk carriers: paradise or problem?". 2900:, p. 82. Five (Ten for Handysize) year old ship in 1891:A hatch or hatchway is the opening at the top of a 62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4933:Bulk Carriers @ United Nations Atlas of the Oceans 4792:Office of Data and Economic Analysis (July 2006). 4622: 3438:PORTLINE Transportes Marítimos Internacionais, S.A 1180:, with 1,703 ships, more than any four other 783:is restricted to vessels not more than 229 meters. 5156:Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) 2205:The new rules adopted in the 1997 annexes to the 1681:The gantry crane removes the cargo from the ship. 803:, being the largest vessels able to navigate the 489:, and put the pallets into the cargo hold with a 3128:"BIBO – Bulk In – Bags Out – Bulk In – Bulk Out" 2797:International Maritime Organization, 1999: 1, 2. 1172:counted 6,225 bulk carriers of 10,000 3562: 3560: 2265:, the largest bulk carrier from 1986 until 2011 880:The size of a Panamax vessel is limited by the 865:and have small crews of three to eight people. 4451:International Maritime Organization, 1999:7,8. 4442:International Maritime Organization, 1999:5,6. 3159:Lloyd's Register World Fleet Statistics Tables 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2103:International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes Code 1975:Bulk carrier hulls are made of steel, usually 970:that allow them to load or discharge cargo in 268:Rear house, full hull, series of large hatches 4970: 4842:. Christchurch, NZ: Willsonscott Publishing. 4238: 4236: 4234: 3862: 3860: 3532:Office of Data and Economic Analysis, 2006:5. 3286:Office of Data and Economic Analysis, 2006:4. 3274:Office of Data and Economic Analysis, 2006:6. 3228:Office of Data and Economic Analysis, 2006:2. 3215: 3213: 3184: 3182: 3117:Office of Data and Economic Analysis, 2006:1. 2147:The accident studies showed a clear pattern: 1016:, a 225,000 ton gearless bulk carrier.) 512:Specialized bulk carriers began to appear as 8: 4403:International Maritime Organization, 1999:5. 4305:International Maritime Organization, 1999:4. 4266:International Maritime Organization, 1999:2. 4252:"Implications of commons structural rules". 4013:International Maritime Organization, 1999:8. 3854:International Maritime Organization, 1999:7. 3103:International Maritime Organization, 1999:6. 2813:. Wayne State University Press. p. 28. 2774:. Wayne State University Press. p. 26. 2682:International Maritime Organization, 1999:1. 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2181:Other contributing factors were identified: 1295:Average time charter rates for bulk carriers 27:Ship made to transport unpackaged bulk cargo 4629:. Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. 3461:, from the French Marine–Marchande website. 2810:Steamboats & Sailors of the Great Lakes 2771:Steamboats & Sailors of the Great Lakes 2633: 2631: 1847:. along with two constructed by TNT called 1820:diesels are used to turn either a fixed or 1227:operates a fleet of 19 bulk carriers. 4977: 4963: 4955: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3630:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3569:"Is there a decent way to break up ships?" 3300:. Gearbulk Holding Limited. Archived from 3016: 3014: 1251:owns a fleet of seven mini-bulk carriers. 1219:has a fleet of 14 bulk carriers. The 591: 5407:List of merchant navy capacity by country 4778:Requirements Concerning Strength of Ships 4625:Stability and Trim for the Ship's Officer 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 2793: 2791: 1760:Line plan of a 1990 Capesize ore carrier. 1300:in 2005. Hauling a panamax-sized load of 1070:, often identifiable by having a forward 640: 637: 634: 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 4009: 4007: 4005: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3698:"Alang: The place where ships go to die" 2891:UNCTAD Review of Maritime Transport 2011 2865:UNCTAD Review of Maritime Transport 2011 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 1941:, bulk carriers are built with a single 1365: 1359: 1290: 932: 4399: 4397: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4301: 4299: 3986: 3984: 3938:"Improving the safety of bulk carriers" 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3162:. London: Lloyd's. 2000. Archived from 3099: 3097: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2690: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2551:"Bulk Carrier – Improving Cargo Safety" 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2336: 2194:damage the hull's structural integrity. 1987:-steel sandwich has been investigated. 1808:. Electricity is produced by auxiliary 1620: 1066:are the bulk carriers prominent on the 779:), where the major loading terminal of 771:, that is suitable for berthing at the 279:Plans of a geared Handymax bulk carrier 4606:. Washington, D.C., U.S.: World Bank. 4585:Bulk Cargoes: A Guide to Good Practice 3759: 3623: 1785:on a bulk carrier is usually near the 1267:. South Korea, with notable shipyards 525:, built in 1852. She featured a metal 252:2-stroke diesel engine and 1 propeller 133: 4668:"IMO and the safety of bulk carriers" 4557:MR Notice to Shipping Number N-1-2005 4514: 4512: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3506:Cornships Management & Agency Inc 3282: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3113: 3111: 3109: 2733:"IMO and the safety of bulk carriers" 2308:, the largest bulk carrier in service 1170:United States Maritime Administration 7: 4840:Bulk Carriers: The Ocean Cinderellas 4823:. Detroit: Wayne State Univ. Press. 4737:"Propulsion Trends in Bulk Carriers" 4604:Bulk Shipping and Terminal Logistics 4527:Marine Accident Investigation Branch 4324:(3rd ed.). Kandy Publications. 2967:Definition, World Shipping Directory 2844:graph and table at Wikimedia Commons 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 1666:The gantry crane picks up the cargo. 1636:A bulldozer is loaded into the hold. 1245:Cornships Management and Agency Inc. 1231:in Portugal, owns 10 bulk carriers. 873:52,000 – 58,000 297:Bulk carrier and loading apparatus, 60:adding citations to reliable sources 4718:Ship Design and Construction Vol. I 4664:International Maritime Organization 4043:International Maritime Organization 3945:International Maritime Organization 3787:International Maritime Organization 3575:. International Labour Organization 3459:description of the main ship-owners 3407:. H. Vogemann Group. Archived from 2740:International Maritime Organization 2131:, and the double-bottom tank leaks. 2099:International Maritime Organization 718:Egyptian-Japanese Friendship Bridge 593:Major bulk carrier size categories 4881:Review of Maritime Transport, 2006 4863:Review of Maritime Transport, 2005 4701:. London: The Nautical Institute. 3696:Andrew Buncombe (31 August 2009). 3596:"3: The London Tonnage Convention" 3207:, US Army Corps of Engineers, 2006 2611:Le Transport maritime des céréales 2555:United Nations Atlas of the Oceans 2358:. 22 December 2019. Archived from 2316:, the largest bulk carrier on the 2005:reducing the overall tare weight. 1804:directly coupled to a fixed-pitch 1241:Stephenson Clarke Shipping Limited 992:pipeline and dry bulk hold aboard 146:is a modern Handymax bulk carrier. 25: 5402:International Chamber of Shipping 5250:Anchor handling tug supply vessel 4646:American Merchant Seaman's Manual 4276:Grunau, Peter (3 December 2015). 3977:. Conférence internationale RINA. 3375:Atlantska Plovidba d.d. Dubrovnik 375:, steel coils, and cement—in its 209:General characteristics (typical) 5044: 4938:Bulk Carriers at MRI Netherlands 4794:"World Merchant Fleet 2001–2005" 3973:Byrne, David (10 October 2001). 2615: 2245: 1767: 1753: 1686: 1671: 1656: 1641: 1626: 1311:Some shippers choose instead to 1207:has over 70 bulk carriers. 1095: 1054: 1021: 1001: 979: 947: 793:, Australia at about 185,000 DWT 460:liquefied petroleum gas carriers 326: 308: 290: 273: 137: 36: 4950:Histories of WWII bulk carriers 3075:Tamim, Baba (28 October 2022). 2979:Steve's Guide to Bulk Carriers 2925:MAN Diesel Group, 2005, p. 3-4. 2222:Launch of a free-fall lifeboat. 1090:, a Great Lakes bulk carrier.) 47:needs additional citations for 4911:. Bethel, CT: Rutledge Books. 3476:Stephenson Clarke Shipping Ltd 3347:. Fednav Group. Archived from 3327:. Fednav Group. Archived from 3239:"The CIA World Factbook, 2005" 2874:, p. 81. Price for new vessel 1622:A typical bulk carrier offload 1281:China Shipbuilding Corporation 1: 4552:Autoridad del Canal de Panamá 3894:. Fairplay Publications Ltd. 3573:Sectoral Activities Programme 2125:Diagram showing the wreck of 200:12,700 vessels over 500 186: 4148:Oshima Shipbuilding Co., Ltd 4118:Oshima Shipbuilding Co., Ltd 4114:"Oshima Hy-Con bulk carrier" 3833:Packard, William V. (1985). 2504:"Acronyms and Abbreviations" 2478:The Transportation Institute 2142:Lloyd's Register of Shipping 1822:controllable-pitch propeller 1156:Bulk carriers by flag state 895:and needed to go around the 882:Panama canal's lock chambers 716:bulk carrier approaches the 596: 4746:. p. 4. Archived from 4644:Hayler, William B. (2003). 4466:American Bureau of Shipping 2386:American Bureau of Shipping 2138:American Bureau of Shipping 1884:The sliding hatchcovers of 1606:process of loading begins. 934:General Bulk Carrier Types 5454: 4819:Thompson, Mark L. (1994). 4602:Frankel, Ernst G. (1985). 3400:H. Vogemann Group (2007). 3371:"Atlantska Plovidba Fleet" 3081:interestingengineering.com 2700:United Nations Ocean Atlas 1592:Double-articulation cranes 1528:Liquid natural gas tankers 1390: 1361:Typical bulk carrier crew 1323: 1093: 1052: 1019: 999: 977: 945: 679: 657: 644: 631: 628: 623: 5042: 4735:MAN Diesel Group (2005). 4380:. 2015. p. 598-599. 4378:Witherby Publishing Group 4350:Witherby Publishing Group 4282:. BoD – Books on Demand. 3603:Tonnage Measurement Study 3472:"Stephenson Clarke Fleet" 2807:Mark L. Thompson (1991). 2768:Mark L. Thompson (1991). 2066:partly to the sinking of 1945:curvature. Also, while a 1744:Examples of bulk carrier 1508:. The practice of taking 1279:, with shipyards such as 1235:in Denmark and Elcano in 1074:that helps in transiting 743:Categories as per regions 556:began to appear in 1911. 384:metric tons of deadweight 272: 208: 151: 136: 4907:Zera, Thomas F. (1996). 4621:George, William (2005). 3837:. Fairplay Publications. 3567:Bailey, Paul J. (2000). 2896:11 December 2019 at the 2870:11 December 2019 at the 2625:, mémoire de DESS, 1999. 2050:Common Structural Rules. 1273:Hyundai Heavy Industries 1037:, or with the use of an 447:Multipurpose cargo ships 443:classification societies 363:to transport unpackaged 236:300 m (980 ft) 5229:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) 5128:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) 4838:Nick, Tolerton (2005). 4697:Isbester, Jack (1993). 4648:. Cornell Maritime Pr. 4374:21st Century Seamanship 4346:21st Century Seamanship 3724:Freighter World Cruises 2650:Encyclopædia Britannica 1919:Unified Requirement S21 1233:Dampskibsselskabet Torm 1217:Atlantska Plovidba d.d. 1033:are bulk carriers with 244:40 m (130 ft) 5270:Platform supply vessel 5083:Coastal trading vessel 4492:"Pioneers of Survival" 4320:Kemp, John F. (1971). 3875:George, 2005:341, 344. 3646:"Safety still missing" 2969:(accessed August) 2013 2608:Bruno-Stéphane Duron, 2508:The Nautical Institute 2344:Dry Bulk Market Primer 2223: 2178: 2132: 1934: 1888: 1345:Chittagong, Bangladesh 1296: 1265:Sanoyas Hishino Meisho 1160: 1129: 720: 708:Post-deepening of the 573:industrialized nations 509: 433: 411:spontaneous combustion 5255:Diving support vessel 4716:Lamb, Thomas (2003). 4699:Bulk Carrier Practice 4352:. 2015. p. 646. 3768:. Cardiff University. 3502:"The Cornships Fleet" 3343:Fednav Group (2007). 3323:Fednav Group (2007). 2221: 2171: 2124: 1932: 1883: 1566:Loading and unloading 1294: 1205:Gearbulk Holding Ltd. 1155: 1149:, was 106 years old. 1147:St. Mary's Challenger 1127: 1120:Fleet characteristics 821:(Great Lakes, Canada) 751:, such as Kamsarmax, 707: 507: 432: 315:Bulk carriers in the 5260:Emergency tow vessel 4472:on 30 September 2007 4088:"Oshima looks ahead" 4049:on 26 September 2007 3890:Ewart, W.D. (1984). 3729:7 April 2007 at the 3203:18 July 2011 at the 3138:on 26 September 2019 2561:on 27 September 2007 1506:steward's department 955:Geared bulk carriers 904:Great Lakes Waterway 837:: Maximum allowable 747:Categories occur in 56:improve this article 5387:Nautical operations 5331:Floating restaurant 5113:Lighter aboard ship 4943:30 May 2009 at the 4806:on 21 February 2007 4322:Notes on Cargo Work 4254:The Naval Architect 4216:The Naval Architect 4094:on 14 February 2007 4070:The Naval Architect 4025:The Naval Architect 3764:Lane, Tony (2001). 3219:UNCTAD 2006, p. 23. 3188:UNCTAD 2006, p. 21. 3023:The Naval Architect 2474:"Maritime Glossary" 2392:on 4 September 2007 2362:on 22 December 2019 2117:Structural problems 2092:free surface effect 1831:As a result of the 1746:architectural plans 1488:Steward's assistant 1362: 1302:aggregate materials 1261:Oshima Shipbuilding 1107:"Bulk In, Bags Out" 1045:a self-discharging 935: 908:St. Lawrence Seaway 819:St. Lawrence Seaway 594: 514:steam-powered ships 225:up to 400,000 5438:1852 introductions 5341:Merchant submarine 5016:Maritime transport 4821:Queen of the Lakes 4753:on 31 October 2008 4666:(September 1999). 4424:on 6 February 2007 4084:Det Norske Veritas 3866:Hayler, 2003:5–11. 3652:. 6 September 2009 3176:UNCTAD 2006, p.11. 3166:on 6 January 2010. 3056:on 19 January 2012 2588:Hayler, 2003:5–13. 2224: 2179: 2133: 2077:Stability problems 2041:, which can cause 1951:block coefficients 1935: 1889: 1837:1979 energy crisis 1532:unlicensed mariner 1360: 1297: 1190:deadweight tonnage 1161: 1130: 933: 829:Straits of Malacca 777:Republic of Guinea 721: 592: 510: 434: 5415: 5414: 5118:Livestock carrier 5021:Freight transport 4636:978-0-87033-564-8 4594:978-0-9574936-3-6 4289:978-3-7392-1757-4 4242:George, 2005:218. 4228:George, 2005:217. 4193:978-0-309-06370-8 3999:George, 2005:221. 3914:Hayler, 2003:5–9. 3814:George, 2005:245. 3345:"Fleet Chartered" 3296:Gearbulk (2008). 2624: 2313:Paul R. Tregurtha 2277:Edmund Fitzgerald 2043:fatigue fractures 1706:A bulk carrier's 1502:engine department 1494: 1493: 1221:H. Vogemann Group 1117: 1116: 1088:Edward L. Ryerson 1086:or over. (Photo: 1009:Gearless carriers 988:Combined carriers 897:Cape of Good Hope 799:": About 203,000 791:port of Newcastle 702: 701: 664:60,000 to 80,000 651:35,000 to 59,000 629:10,000 to 35,000 554:diesel propulsion 535:ballasting system 508:Bulk carrier ship 317:Port of Liverpool 284: 283: 132: 131: 124: 106: 16:(Redirected from 5445: 5366:Semi-submersible 5351:Pipe-laying ship 5048: 5031:Maritime history 4979: 4972: 4965: 4956: 4922: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4893: 4886: 4871: 4853: 4834: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4805: 4798: 4788: 4786: 4775: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4752: 4744:MAN Diesel Group 4741: 4731: 4712: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4684:on 14 April 2008 4683: 4677:. Archived from 4672: 4659: 4640: 4628: 4617: 4598: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4569: 4562: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4524: 4516: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4468:. Archived from 4458: 4452: 4449: 4443: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4420:. Archived from 4410: 4404: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4317: 4306: 4303: 4294: 4293: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4229: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4154:on 30 April 2006 4150:. Archived from 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4124:on 30 April 2006 4120:. Archived from 4110: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4090:. Archived from 4080: 4074: 4073: 4072:. November 2005. 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4045:. Archived from 4035: 4029: 4028: 4027:. February 2005. 4020: 4014: 4011: 4000: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3979: 3978: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3953: 3947:. Archived from 3942: 3934: 3915: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3887: 3876: 3873: 3867: 3864: 3855: 3852: 3839: 3838: 3830: 3815: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3795: 3789:. Archived from 3784: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3761: 3734: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3629: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3612:on 30 March 2007 3611: 3600: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3564: 3555: 3552: 3533: 3530: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3478:. Archived from 3468: 3462: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3434:"Portline Frota" 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3413: 3406: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3377:. Archived from 3367: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3351:on 24 March 2008 3340: 3338: 3336: 3331:on 20 April 2008 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3304:on 23 April 2008 3293: 3287: 3284: 3275: 3272: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3245:. Archived from 3235: 3229: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3208: 3195: 3189: 3186: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3134:. Archived from 3124: 3118: 3115: 3104: 3101: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3018: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2995:. Archived from 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2942:. Archived from 2936:"Kamsarmax 82BC" 2932: 2926: 2923: 2908: 2888: 2882: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2847: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2786: 2785: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2749:on 14 April 2008 2748: 2742:. Archived from 2737: 2729: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2702:. Archived from 2692: 2683: 2680: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2646: 2635: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2606: 2589: 2586: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2557:. Archived from 2547: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2510:. Archived from 2500: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2484:on 15 April 2008 2480:. Archived from 2470: 2464: 2461: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2388:. Archived from 2378: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2352: 2346: 2341: 2255: 2253:Transport portal 2250: 2249: 2033:, or developing 1824:via a reduction 1771: 1757: 1690: 1675: 1660: 1645: 1630: 1448:Fourth engineers 1363: 1225:Hamburg, Germany 1209:The Fednav Group 1168:As of 2005, the 1099: 1058: 1030:Self-dischargers 1025: 1005: 983: 951: 936: 686:80,000 and over 595: 334:Federal Margaree 330: 312: 294: 277: 191: 188: 141: 134: 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 105: 64: 40: 32: 21: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5375: 5356:Research vessel 5346:Narco-submarine 5294: 5238: 5180: 5166:Hydrogen tanker 5151:Chemical tanker 5137: 5098:Heavy-lift ship 5049: 5040: 5026:Merchant marine 4989: 4983: 4945:Wayback Machine 4929: 4919: 4906: 4897: 4895: 4894:on 28 July 2011 4891: 4884: 4874: 4870:on 13 May 2008. 4856: 4850: 4837: 4831: 4818: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4791: 4787:on 30 May 2008. 4784: 4773: 4765: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4739: 4734: 4728: 4715: 4709: 4696: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4670: 4662: 4656: 4643: 4637: 4620: 4614: 4601: 4595: 4582: 4573: 4571: 4570:on 11 June 2011 4567: 4560: 4550: 4547: 4542: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4427: 4425: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4395: 4388: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4319: 4318: 4309: 4304: 4297: 4290: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4097: 4095: 4086:(28 May 2003). 4082: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3982: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3957: 3955: 3954:on 13 July 2017 3951: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3889: 3888: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3858: 3853: 3842: 3832: 3831: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3796:on 10 June 2007 3793: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3762: 3737: 3731:Wayback Machine 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3702:The Independent 3695: 3694: 3690: 3680: 3678: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3622: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3598: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3566: 3565: 3558: 3553: 3536: 3531: 3520: 3510: 3508: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3482:on 1 April 2007 3470: 3469: 3465: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3382: 3381:on 7 April 2007 3369: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3342: 3334: 3332: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3278: 3273: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3211: 3205:Wayback Machine 3196: 3192: 3187: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3139: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3107: 3102: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3025:. January 2006. 3020: 3019: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2963: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2911: 2898:Wayback Machine 2889: 2885: 2872:Wayback Machine 2863: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2789: 2782: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2696:"Bulk Carriers" 2694: 2693: 2686: 2681: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2637: 2636: 2629: 2607: 2592: 2587: 2574: 2564: 2562: 2549: 2548: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2514:on 8 April 2007 2502: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2405: 2395: 2393: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2365: 2363: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2251: 2244: 2241: 2216: 2119: 2079: 2063: 2014:naval architect 1981:corrugated iron 1966:angle of repose 1927: 1878: 1849:TNT Capricornia 1833:1973 oil crisis 1779: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1749: 1748: 1739: 1704: 1697: 1691: 1682: 1676: 1667: 1661: 1652: 1646: 1637: 1631: 1568: 1552:coastal carrier 1540: 1498:deck department 1485: 1480: 1467: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1438:Second engineer 1435: 1425:Ordinary seamen 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1358: 1353: 1328: 1322: 1289: 1287:Freight charges 1257: 1198: 1166: 1135:lake freighters 1122: 931: 845:in the Port of 745: 618: 613: 602: 590: 588:Size categories 585: 577:turnaround time 548:in 1902 on the 495:labor-intensive 479: 427: 345: 344: 343: 342: 341: 331: 322: 321: 320: 313: 304: 303: 302: 295: 280: 189: 147: 128: 117: 111: 108: 65: 63: 53: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5451: 5449: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5420: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5326:Fishing vessel 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5190: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5147: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5108:Lake freighter 5105: 5100: 5095: 5093:Container ship 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5059: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4987:merchant ships 4984: 4982: 4981: 4974: 4967: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4935: 4928: 4927:External links 4925: 4924: 4923: 4917: 4904: 4872: 4854: 4848: 4835: 4829: 4816: 4789: 4763: 4732: 4726: 4713: 4707: 4694: 4660: 4654: 4641: 4635: 4618: 4612: 4599: 4593: 4580: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4508: 4483: 4453: 4444: 4435: 4405: 4393: 4386: 4365: 4358: 4337: 4330: 4307: 4295: 4288: 4268: 4259: 4244: 4230: 4221: 4206: 4192: 4165: 4135: 4105: 4075: 4060: 4030: 4015: 4001: 3992: 3980: 3965: 3916: 3907: 3900: 3877: 3868: 3856: 3840: 3816: 3807: 3771: 3735: 3715: 3688: 3663: 3650:The Daily Star 3637: 3586: 3556: 3534: 3518: 3493: 3463: 3450: 3425: 3414:on 30 May 2008 3392: 3362: 3315: 3288: 3276: 3260: 3249:on 10 May 2013 3230: 3221: 3209: 3190: 3178: 3169: 3149: 3119: 3105: 3093: 3067: 3050:Reuters Africa 3037: 3028: 3010: 2999:on 1 July 2017 2984: 2972: 2957: 2946:on 6 July 2007 2940:Tsuneishi Corp 2927: 2909: 2883: 2857: 2848: 2835: 2826: 2819: 2799: 2787: 2780: 2760: 2717: 2706:on 13 May 2007 2684: 2668: 2656: 2641:, ed. (1911). 2639:Chisholm, Hugh 2627: 2590: 2572: 2525: 2495: 2465: 2403: 2373: 2347: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2320: 2309: 2301: 2294: 2291:Lake Illawarra 2287: 2280: 2273: 2266: 2257: 2256: 2240: 2237: 2215: 2212: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2118: 2115: 2078: 2075: 2062: 2059: 2055:North Atlantic 1995:double bottoms 1926: 1923: 1877: 1874: 1861:Endeavor River 1853:TNT Capentaria 1791:superstructure 1773: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1712:stowage factor 1703: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1692: 1685: 1683: 1677: 1670: 1668: 1662: 1655: 1653: 1647: 1640: 1638: 1632: 1625: 1623: 1567: 1564: 1539: 1536: 1492: 1491: 1473: 1443:Third engineer 1433:Chief engineer 1428: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1368:Captain/Master 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1334:or scrapping. 1324:Main article: 1321: 1318: 1306:Gulf of Mexico 1288: 1285: 1256: 1253: 1197: 1196:Largest fleets 1194: 1165: 1162: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1100: 1092: 1091: 1059: 1051: 1050: 1047:lake freighter 1035:conveyor belts 1026: 1018: 1017: 1006: 998: 997: 984: 976: 975: 952: 944: 943: 940: 930: 927: 851: 850: 832: 822: 808: 794: 787:"Newcastlemax" 784: 773:Port of Kamsar 765:length overall 749:regional trade 744: 741: 700: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 678: 677: 674: 671: 668: 665: 662: 656: 655: 652: 649: 643: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 621: 620: 615: 610: 607: 604: 599: 589: 586: 584: 581: 543:lake freighter 499:container ship 497:. As with the 478: 475: 426: 423: 407:cargo shifting 332: 325: 324: 323: 314: 307: 306: 305: 296: 289: 288: 287: 286: 285: 282: 281: 278: 270: 269: 266: 262: 261: 258: 254: 253: 250: 246: 245: 242: 238: 237: 234: 230: 229: 223: 219: 218: 215: 211: 210: 206: 205: 198: 194: 193: 184: 180: 179: 158: 154: 153: 152:Class overview 149: 148: 142: 130: 129: 71:"Bulk carrier" 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5450: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5428:Bulk carriers 5426: 5425: 5423: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5397:Admiralty law 5395: 5393: 5392:Affreightment 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5037: 5036:Shipping line 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4975: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4918:0-9643937-7-8 4914: 4910: 4905: 4890: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4849:9780958253567 4845: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4830:0-8143-2393-6 4826: 4822: 4817: 4802: 4795: 4790: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4727:0-939773-40-6 4723: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4708:1-870077-16-4 4704: 4700: 4695: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4655:0-87033-549-9 4651: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4619: 4615: 4613:0-8213-0531-X 4609: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4566: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4528: 4521: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4439: 4436: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4406: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4387:9781856096324 4383: 4379: 4376:. Edinburgh: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4361: 4359:9781856096324 4355: 4351: 4348:. Edinburgh: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4333: 4331:0-85309-040-8 4327: 4323: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4285: 4281: 4280: 4272: 4269: 4263: 4260: 4256:. March 2006. 4255: 4248: 4245: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4222: 4217: 4210: 4207: 4195: 4189: 4185: 4184:10.17226/5798 4181: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4166: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4076: 4071: 4064: 4061: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4026: 4019: 4016: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3969: 3966: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3903: 3901:0-905045-42-4 3897: 3893: 3892:Bulk Carriers 3886: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3869: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3775: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3689: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3633: 3627: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3590: 3587: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3457:According to 3454: 3451: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3410: 3403: 3396: 3393: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3350: 3346: 3330: 3326: 3325:"Fleet Owned" 3319: 3316: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3225: 3222: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3194: 3191: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3153: 3150: 3137: 3133: 3132:biboships.com 3129: 3123: 3120: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3068: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3024: 3017: 3015: 3011: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2961: 2958: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2822: 2820:0-8143-2359-6 2816: 2812: 2811: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2781:0-8143-2359-6 2777: 2773: 2772: 2764: 2761: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2657: 2652: 2651: 2645: 2640: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2612: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2377: 2374: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2340: 2337: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2254: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2220: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2174:Selendang Ayu 2170: 2166: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2130: 2129: 2128:Selendang Ayu 2123: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2087: 2083: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2071: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1962:double bottom 1959: 1958:ballast tanks 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1931: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1911: 1904: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1887: 1882: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1865:steam engines 1862: 1858: 1857:Fitzroy River 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802:diesel engine 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1770: 1756: 1747: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1629: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1596:gantry cranes 1593: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1580:Deck officers 1577: 1573: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524:deck officers 1520: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1478:Chief steward 1474: 1472: 1471: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1332:ship breaking 1327: 1326:Ship breaking 1320:Ship breaking 1319: 1317: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1293: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1159: 1158:(source data) 1154: 1150: 1148: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1126: 1119: 1112: 1111:CHL Innovator 1108: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1000: 995: 990: 989: 985: 982: 978: 973: 969: 965: 961: 956: 953: 950: 946: 941: 938: 937: 929:General types 928: 926: 924: 920: 915: 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 894: 890: 885: 883: 878: 876: 871: 866: 864: 860: 856: 848: 844: 840: 836: 833: 830: 826: 823: 820: 816: 812: 809: 806: 802: 798: 795: 792: 788: 785: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 757: 756: 754: 750: 742: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 719: 715: 711: 706: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 683: 680: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 661: 658: 653: 650: 648: 645: 626: 622: 616: 611: 608: 605: 600: 597: 587: 582: 580: 578: 574: 570: 569:double bottom 566: 562: 557: 555: 551: 547: 544: 540: 539:self-unloader 536: 532: 528: 524: 523: 519: 515: 506: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 476: 474: 472: 468: 463: 461: 457: 453: 448: 444: 439: 431: 424: 422: 420: 416: 412: 408: 403: 399: 395: 393: 389: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 357:merchant ship 354: 350: 339: 335: 329: 318: 311: 300: 293: 276: 271: 267: 264: 263: 259: 256: 255: 251: 248: 247: 243: 240: 239: 235: 232: 231: 228: 224: 221: 220: 216: 213: 212: 207: 203: 199: 196: 195: 185: 182: 181: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 159: 156: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 126: 123: 115: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: – 72: 68: 67:Find sources: 61: 57: 51: 50: 45:This article 43: 39: 34: 33: 30: 19: 5311:Crane vessel 5103:Hopper barge 5068:Bulk carrier 5067: 4908: 4896:. Retrieved 4889:the original 4880: 4868:the original 4862: 4839: 4820: 4808:. Retrieved 4801:the original 4782:the original 4777: 4755:. Retrieved 4748:the original 4743: 4717: 4698: 4686:. Retrieved 4679:the original 4675:Focus on IMO 4674: 4645: 4624: 4603: 4584: 4572:. Retrieved 4565:the original 4556: 4530:. Retrieved 4526: 4499:. Retrieved 4495: 4486: 4474:. Retrieved 4470:the original 4465: 4456: 4447: 4438: 4426:. Retrieved 4422:the original 4417: 4408: 4373: 4368: 4345: 4340: 4321: 4278: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4247: 4224: 4215: 4209: 4197:. Retrieved 4174: 4168: 4156:. Retrieved 4152:the original 4147: 4138: 4126:. Retrieved 4122:the original 4117: 4108: 4096:. Retrieved 4092:the original 4078: 4069: 4063: 4051:. Retrieved 4047:the original 4042: 4033: 4024: 4018: 3995: 3974: 3968: 3956:. Retrieved 3949:the original 3944: 3910: 3891: 3871: 3834: 3810: 3798:. Retrieved 3791:the original 3786: 3774: 3765: 3718: 3708:12 September 3706:. Retrieved 3701: 3691: 3681:12 September 3679:. Retrieved 3666: 3656:12 September 3654:. Retrieved 3649: 3640: 3614:. Retrieved 3607:the original 3602: 3589: 3577:. Retrieved 3572: 3554:UNCTAD 2005. 3509:. Retrieved 3505: 3496: 3484:. Retrieved 3480:the original 3475: 3466: 3453: 3441:. Retrieved 3437: 3428: 3416:. Retrieved 3409:the original 3402:"Fleet List" 3395: 3383:. Retrieved 3379:the original 3374: 3365: 3353:. Retrieved 3349:the original 3333:. Retrieved 3329:the original 3318: 3306:. Retrieved 3302:the original 3291: 3251:. Retrieved 3247:the original 3242: 3233: 3224: 3193: 3172: 3164:the original 3158: 3152: 3140:. Retrieved 3136:the original 3131: 3122: 3084:. Retrieved 3080: 3070: 3058:. Retrieved 3054:the original 3049: 3040: 3031: 3022: 3001:. Retrieved 2997:the original 2987: 2980: 2975: 2965: 2960: 2948:. Retrieved 2944:the original 2939: 2930: 2886: 2860: 2851: 2838: 2829: 2809: 2802: 2770: 2763: 2751:. Retrieved 2744:the original 2739: 2708:. Retrieved 2704:the original 2699: 2659: 2648: 2644:"Ship" 2609: 2563:. Retrieved 2559:the original 2554: 2516:. Retrieved 2512:the original 2507: 2498: 2486:. Retrieved 2482:the original 2477: 2468: 2394:. Retrieved 2390:the original 2385: 2376: 2364:. Retrieved 2360:the original 2350: 2339: 2323: 2312: 2304: 2296: 2290: 2283: 2276: 2270:Bright Field 2269: 2261: 2233: 2225: 2204: 2180: 2173: 2163: 2146: 2134: 2127: 2096: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2069: 2064: 2049: 2047: 2027: 2021: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1991:Double hulls 1989: 1974: 1970: 1960:, as is the 1955: 1939:construction 1936: 1918: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1890: 1885: 1860: 1856: 1855:and renamed 1852: 1848: 1845:River Embely 1844: 1840: 1830: 1789:, under the 1780: 1720: 1716: 1705: 1702:Architecture 1693: 1678: 1663: 1648: 1633: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1588: 1569: 1560: 1541: 1521: 1514: 1495: 1475: 1466:0–3 Greasers 1430: 1392: 1366: 1341:Alang, India 1329: 1310: 1298: 1258: 1202: 1199: 1167: 1143: 1131: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1087: 1061: 1043:John B. Aird 1042: 1028: 1013: 1008: 993: 986: 954: 942:Description 939:Illustration 918: 916: 901: 886: 879: 867: 852: 835:"Dunkirkmax" 834: 825:"Malaccamax" 824: 810: 805:Setouchi Sea 796: 786: 761:Kamsarmax": 760: 746: 722: 561:World War II 558: 545: 531:steam engine 520: 511: 483:longshoremen 480: 464: 435: 404: 400: 396: 381: 352: 349:bulk carrier 348: 346: 333: 217:Bulk carrier 143: 118: 109: 99: 92: 85: 78: 66: 54:Please help 49:verification 46: 29: 5306:Cable layer 5299:Other types 5280:Salvage tug 5234:Train ferry 5224:Ocean liner 5209:Cruiseferry 5204:Cruise ship 5199:Cargo liner 5194:Cable ferry 5171:LNG carrier 5161:Gas carrier 5133:Train ferry 5123:Reefer ship 4218:. May 2003. 3835:Sea-trading 3674:(US Govt). 3142:27 February 3003:11 December 2993:"Seawaymax" 2964:Kamsarmax, 2463:Lamb, 2003. 2318:Great Lakes 2298:New Carissa 2262:Berge Stahl 2214:Crew safety 1947:bulbous bow 1841:River Boyne 1818:four-stroke 1783:engine room 1556:tramp trade 1546:during the 1544:grain trade 1420:Able seamen 1400:Second mate 1387:department 1336:Ship-owners 1182:flag states 1164:Flag states 1139:Great Lakes 1068:Great Lakes 1014:Berge Athen 921:arrived in 811:"Seawaymax" 797:"Setouchmax 550:Great Lakes 471:supertanker 392:South Korea 377:cargo holds 338:Great Lakes 190: 1850 18:Ore carrier 5433:Ship types 5422:Categories 5336:Icebreaker 5219:Narrowboat 5176:Oil tanker 5078:Chain boat 5006:Cargo ship 4545:References 3958:2 November 3298:"About Us" 3086:1 November 2305:Ore Brasil 2070:Derbyshire 2018:scantlings 1977:mild steel 1910:Derbyshire 1897:scantlings 1893:cargo hold 1814:alternator 1812:and/or an 1810:generators 1797:low-speed 1795:two-stroke 1615:bulldozers 1611:excavators 1584:stevedores 1572:chief mate 1517:shipwrecks 1510:passengers 1504:, and the 1483:Chief cook 1415:Deck cadet 1405:Third mate 1395:Chief mate 1382:department 1377:department 919:Shofu Maru 710:Suez Canal 583:Categories 522:John Bowes 425:Definition 365:bulk cargo 359:specially 249:Propulsion 157:Subclasses 82:newspapers 5361:Riverboat 5321:Drillship 5186:Passenger 5073:Car float 5055:Dry cargo 4994:Overviews 3626:cite book 2228:lifeboats 2190:involved. 2037:with the 2035:resonance 2031:springing 2009:in 2005. 1806:propeller 1799:crosshead 1737:Machinery 1723:waterways 1410:Boatswain 1385:Steward's 1351:Operation 1316:per day. 1304:from the 1186:Hong Kong 1080:corrosion 1039:excavator 968:conveyors 923:Newcastle 889:Cape Horn 753:Seawaymax 725:handysize 625:Handysize 398:largest. 367:—such as 165:Handysize 144:Sabrina I 112:July 2023 5371:Snagboat 5265:Fireboat 4941:Archived 4878:(2006). 4860:(2005). 4810:13 March 4769:(2007). 4757:12 April 4554:(2005). 4532:10 April 4501:10 April 4476:10 April 4199:10 April 4158:10 April 4128:14 April 4098:15 April 4053:10 April 3800:15 April 3727:Archived 3511:15 April 3486:15 April 3443:15 April 3385:15 April 3355:21 April 3335:21 April 3308:22 April 3201:Archived 3060:26 March 2950:12 April 2907:in 2010. 2894:Archived 2881:in 2010. 2868:Archived 2710:12 April 2518:12 April 2366:29 March 2239:See also 2186:service. 2109:and the 2068:MV 2022:members. 1985:concrete 1908:MV 1458:Motormen 1255:Builders 1229:Portline 964:derricks 849:(France) 763:Maximum 737:capesize 729:handymax 714:capesize 682:Capesize 647:Handymax 609:Traffic 546:Hennepin 541:was the 533:, and a 456:chemical 371:, coal, 361:designed 260:12 knots 192:–present 177:Chinamax 173:Capesize 161:Handymax 5380:Related 5316:Dredger 5290:Tugboat 5243:Support 5143:Tankers 5088:Collier 4985:Modern 4688:9 April 4574:1 April 4428:9 April 3253:9 April 3243:cia.gov 2753:9 April 2565:9 April 2396:9 April 1876:Hatches 1869:bauxite 1826:gearbox 1576:captain 1554:in the 1548:harvest 1538:Voyages 1313:charter 1213:Croatia 1137:of the 863:bridges 847:Dunkirk 807:, Japan 781:bauxite 769:panamax 733:panamax 660:Panamax 601:Size in 565:coastal 559:Before 518:collier 487:pallets 477:History 336:on the 299:Seattle 222:Tonnage 169:Panamax 96:scholar 5285:Tender 5275:Pusher 4915: 4846: 4827: 4724: 4705: 4652: 4633: 4610: 4591: 4384: 4356: 4328: 4286: 4190: 3898: 3616:29 May 3579:29 May 2817: 2778: 2105:, the 2061:Safety 1886:Zaira. 1835:, the 1708:design 1522:Fewer 1500:, the 1470:Wipers 1463:Oilers 1380:Engine 1277:Taiwan 1269:Daewoo 1249:Turkey 1178:Panama 1063:Lakers 960:cranes 698:$ 54M 695:$ 58M 676:$ 25M 673:$ 35M 641:$ 20M 638:$ 25M 619:price 614:price 606:Ships 419:heeled 415:listed 388:Panama 353:bulker 340:(2005) 319:(2018) 301:(2010) 241:Height 233:Length 204:(2021) 197:Active 98: 91: 84: 77: 69: 5214:Ferry 5063:Barge 5011:Cargo 4898:2 May 4892:(PDF) 4885:(PDF) 4804:(PDF) 4797:(PDF) 4785:(PDF) 4774:(PDF) 4751:(PDF) 4740:(PDF) 4682:(PDF) 4671:(PDF) 4568:(PDF) 4561:(PDF) 4523:(PDF) 3952:(PDF) 3941:(PDF) 3794:(PDF) 3783:(PDF) 3610:(PDF) 3599:(PDF) 3418:1 May 3412:(PDF) 3405:(PDF) 2747:(PDF) 2736:(PDF) 2614: 2488:6 May 2331:Notes 2324:Sygna 2284:Flare 2207:SOLAS 2198:seas. 2039:waves 1999:holds 1787:stern 1731:draft 1237:Spain 1076:locks 1072:house 972:ports 859:river 598:Name 491:crane 458:, or 369:grain 355:is a 265:Notes 257:Speed 183:Built 103:JSTOR 89:books 5001:Ship 4913:ISBN 4900:2008 4844:ISBN 4825:ISBN 4812:2007 4759:2007 4722:ISBN 4703:ISBN 4690:2007 4650:ISBN 4631:ISBN 4608:ISBN 4589:ISBN 4576:2008 4534:2007 4503:2007 4496:NOVA 4478:2007 4430:2007 4382:ISBN 4354:ISBN 4326:ISBN 4284:ISBN 4201:2007 4188:ISBN 4160:2007 4130:2007 4100:2007 4055:2007 3960:2015 3896:ISBN 3802:2007 3710:2009 3704:. UK 3683:2009 3672:OSHA 3658:2009 3632:link 3618:2007 3581:2007 3513:2007 3488:2007 3445:2007 3420:2008 3387:2007 3357:2008 3341:and 3337:2008 3310:2008 3255:2007 3144:2017 3088:2022 3062:2011 3005:2018 2952:2007 2815:ISBN 2776:ISBN 2755:2007 2712:2007 2567:2007 2520:2007 2490:2008 2398:2007 2368:2021 2097:The 1943:hull 1925:Hull 1859:and 1851:and 1843:and 1781:The 1729:and 1727:beam 1613:and 1582:and 1468:1–3 1461:1–3 1456:0–2 1451:0–1 1446:1–2 1423:0–2 1418:2–6 1375:Deck 1356:Crew 1343:and 1271:and 1263:and 1103:BIBO 994:Maya 893:Suez 843:lock 839:beam 712:, a 692:62% 689:10% 670:20% 667:19% 654:37% 635:18% 632:34% 617:Used 603:DWT 529:, a 527:hull 214:Type 75:news 4180:doi 2622:DOC 1453:ETO 1247:in 1223:in 1215:'s 1174:DWT 1105:or 1084:DWT 1049:.) 996:.) 966:or 912:DWT 875:DWT 870:DWT 855:DWT 815:LOA 801:DWT 612:New 467:OBO 452:oil 417:or 373:ore 351:or 227:DWT 58:by 5424:: 4776:. 4742:. 4673:. 4525:. 4511:^ 4494:. 4464:. 4416:. 4396:^ 4310:^ 4298:^ 4233:^ 4186:. 4146:. 4116:. 4041:. 4004:^ 3983:^ 3943:. 3919:^ 3880:^ 3859:^ 3843:^ 3819:^ 3785:. 3738:^ 3700:. 3648:. 3628:}} 3624:{{ 3601:. 3571:. 3559:^ 3537:^ 3521:^ 3504:. 3474:. 3436:. 3373:. 3279:^ 3263:^ 3241:. 3212:^ 3181:^ 3130:. 3108:^ 3096:^ 3079:. 3048:. 3013:^ 2938:. 2912:^ 2902:$ 2876:$ 2790:^ 2738:. 2720:^ 2698:. 2687:^ 2671:^ 2647:. 2630:^ 2593:^ 2575:^ 2553:. 2528:^ 2506:. 2476:. 2406:^ 2384:. 2113:. 2045:. 1694:5. 1679:4. 1664:3. 1649:2. 1634:1. 1534:. 1486:1 1481:1 1476:1 1441:1 1436:1 1431:1 1413:1 1408:1 1403:1 1398:1 1393:1 962:, 813:: 735:, 731:, 727:, 454:, 409:, 390:. 347:A 202:GT 187:c. 175:, 171:, 167:, 163:, 4978:e 4971:t 4964:v 4921:. 4902:. 4852:. 4833:. 4814:. 4761:. 4730:. 4711:. 4692:. 4658:. 4639:. 4616:. 4597:. 4578:. 4536:. 4505:. 4480:. 4432:. 4390:. 4362:. 4334:. 4292:. 4203:. 4182:: 4162:. 4132:. 4102:. 4057:. 3962:. 3904:. 3804:. 3733:. 3712:. 3685:. 3660:. 3634:) 3620:. 3583:. 3515:. 3490:. 3447:. 3422:. 3389:. 3359:. 3339:. 3312:. 3257:. 3146:. 3090:. 3064:. 3007:. 2954:. 2905:M 2879:M 2846:. 2823:. 2784:. 2757:. 2714:. 2569:. 2522:. 2492:. 2400:. 2370:. 831:. 775:( 759:" 125:) 119:( 114:) 110:( 100:· 93:· 86:· 79:· 52:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index