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showed that during exposure to neutral and emotionally significant novel images, both pleasant and unpleasant images produced higher skin conductance readings than neutral images. With repeated stimulation, all skin conductance readings diminished relative to novel introduction, though with emotionally significant content diminishing more slowly. Conversely, studies observing cardiac deceleration during novel stimuli introduction showed significantly more deceleration for unpleasant stimuli compared to pleasant and neutral stimuli. These findings suggest that OR represents a combination of responses that act in tandem to a common stimulus. More importantly, the differences between emotionally charged and neutral stimuli demonstrates the influence of emotion in orienting attention, despite novelty.
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present or after it has been removed, the latter causing gaze to be fixated at the point in which the stimulus had been present. Gaze bias ceases following a decision, suggesting that gaze bias is the cause of preference and not its effect. Noting this postulated causal link with the irrelevance of a stimulus presence, it is argued that gaze orientation supports decision-making mechanisms in inducing a preferential bias.
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When an individual encounters a novel environmental stimulus, such as a bright flash of light or a sudden loud noise, they will pay attention to it even before identifying it. This orienting reflex seems to be present early in development, as babies will turn their head toward an environmental change
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Both novelty and significance of a stimulation are implicated in the generation of an orienting response. Specifically, the emotional significance of a stimulus, defined by its level of pleasantness, can affect the intensity of the orienting response toward focusing attention on a subject. Studies
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Sokolov's investigation of OR was primarily motivated in understanding habituation. Provided the first introduction of a novel stimulus, defined in
Sokolovian terms as any change from the "currently active neuronal model" (what the individual is currently focused on), results in OR. However, with
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The orienting response is believed to play an integral role in preference formation. When faced with deciding between two options, subjects in studies by Simion & Shimojo were shown to choose the items they preferentially orient their gaze toward. This gaze can occur while the stimulus is
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repeated introduction of the same stimulus, the orienting response will decrease in intensity and eventually cease. When novel stimuli have an associated contextual significance, repeated stimulus will still result in a sequentially decreasing OR, though at a modified rate of decay.
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Williams, Leanne M.; Brammer, Michael J.; Skerrett, David; Lagopolous, Jim; Rennie, Chris; Kozek, Krystoff; Olivieri, Gloria; Peduto, Tony; Gordon, Evian (September 2000). "The neural correlates of orienting: An integration of fMRI and skin conductance orienting".
180:(EEG), and heart rate following a novel or significant stimulus. These observations all occur within seconds of stimulus introduction. In particular, EEG studies of OR have corresponded particularly with the
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6. Sokolov E N, Spinks J A, Naatanen R, Lyytinen H (2002) The
Orienting Response In Information Processing. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Mahwah, New Jersey. London.
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Polich, J. (2003). Overview of P3a and P3b. In J. Polich (Ed.), Detection of Change:Event-Related
Potential and fMRI Findings (pp. 83-98). Kluwer Academic Press: Boston.
157:) reflex. The orienting response is a reaction to novel or significant stimuli. In the 1950s the orienting response was studied systematically by the Russian scientist
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and SCR, researchers found novel visual stimuli associated with SCR responses typical of an OR also corresponded to activation in the
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237:, 1995). From an evolutionary perspective, this mechanism is useful in reacting quickly to events that call for immediate action.
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The orienting response has been posited as being stimulated by bilateral stimulation, and being the active ingredient in
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216:. These regions are also believed to be largely responsible for emotion, decision making, and memory. Increases in
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Armstrong, Michael S; Vaughan, Kevin (March 1996). "An orienting response model of eye movement desensitization".
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posited that watching television affects the orienting response, an effect similar to
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mechanisms associated with OR, including changes in phasic and tonic
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Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy
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Sokolov, E.N, Neuronal models and the orienting reflex, in
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Journal of
Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
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161:, who documented the phenomenon called "
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259:Role between emotion and attention
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470:Simion, C; Shimojo, S (2007).
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250:Orienting in decision-making
188:component of the OR-related
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174:skin conductance response
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190:event-related potential
308:Information metabolism
268:In relation to therapy
287:The Assault on Reason
143:Reflexes of the Brain
178:electroencephalogram
58:"Orienting response"
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577:Behavioral concepts
222:extrastriate cortex
492:10.3758/bf03193916
328:Interest (emotion)
280:In popular culture
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241:Habituation
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318:Perception
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