35:
207:
overestimated the need, and only half the rice was used by the time the summer monsoon of 1867. This was followed by a plentiful harvest and this marked ended the famine in 1868. In the two years of the famine, the
Government of British India spent approximately Rs.9,500,000 on famine relief for 35 million units (
202:
Efforts to ship food to the isolated province were hampered by bad weather, and when some shipments did reach the coast of Odisha, they could still not be moved inland. The
British Indian government imported some 10,000 tons of rice, which reached the affected population only in September. Although
206:
The heavy rains of 1866 also caused floods which destroyed the rice-crop in low-lying regions. Consequently, in the following year, another shortfall was expected, and the
Government of British India imported approximately 40,000 tons of rice at four times the usual price. However, this time they
193:
Like all Indian famines of the 19th century, the Orissa famine was preceded by a drought. The population of the region depended on the rice crop of the winter season for their sustenance. However, the monsoon of 1865 was poor and stopped earlier than expected. In addition, the Bengal Board of
194:
Revenue made incorrect estimates of the number of people who would need help and was misled by fictitious price lists. Consequently, as the food reserves began to dwindle, the gravity of the situation was not grasped until the end of May 1866, and by then the monsoons had set in.
203:
many people died of starvation, more were killed by cholera before the monsoons and by malaria afterwards. In Odisha alone, at least 1 million people, a third of the population, died in 1866, and overall in the region approximately 4 to 5 million died in the two-year period.
252:
223:
were slowly developed which were "designed to be put into place as soon as a failure of the monsoon, or other warning-signal, indicated a probable shortage". One early success of this new approach was seen in the
235:
The famine also served to awaken educated
Indians about the effect that British rule was having on India. The fact that during the Orissa famine India exported more than 200 million pounds of rice to
185:, which at that time was quite isolated from the rest of India. In Odisha, the total number who died as a result of the famine was at least a million, roughly one third of the population.
257:
1428:
39:
A 1907 map of Odisha, now Odisha, shown as the southwestern region of
Greater Bengal. Coastal Balasore district was one of the worst-hit areas in the Odisha famine of 1866.
219:
Lessons learnt from this famine by the
British rulers included "the importance of developing an adequate network of communications" and "the need to anticipate disaster".
1423:
181:
northwards, an area covering 180,000 miles and containing a population of 47,500,000; the impact of the famine, however, was greatest in the region of Orissa, now
1136:
1009:
569:
363:
433:
Hall-Matthews, David (1996), "Historical Roots of Famine Relief
Paradigms: Ideas on Dependency and Free Trade in India in the 1870s", Disasters 20 (3): 216–230
821:
1263:
541:, Anil Dhir, Ramesh Chandra Mohapatra, Pipli Sanskrutika Parishad, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, 2017,
1155:
1105:
986:
862:, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552.
841:
546:
339:
784:
Hill, Christopher V. (1991), "Philosophy and
Reality in Riparian South Asia: British Famine Policy and Migration in Colonial North India",
243:
used this as evidence to develop the Drain Theory, the idea that
Britain was enriching itself by "sucking the lifeblood out of India".
736:
Hall-Matthews, David (1996), "Historical Roots of Famine Relief
Paradigms: Ideas on Dependency and Free Trade in India in the 1870s",
1449:
1233:
1211:
527:
509:
491:
502:
Famines in India: A Study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India With Special Reference to Food Problem, 1860–1990
1474:
939:
McAlpin, Michelle B. (1979), "Dearth, Famine, and Risk: The Changing Impact of Crop Failures in Western India, 1870–1920",
66:
1464:
229:
1336:
1331:
1286:
1346:
1326:
1321:
1168:
1479:
1256:
1306:
1469:
1397:
1291:
662:
Ghose, Ajit Kumar (1982), "Food Supply and Starvation: A Study of Famines with Reference to the Indian Subcontinent",
573:
1145:
1454:
1316:
1249:
290:
700:
Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Famine in Bengal and Orissa in 1866, Volumes I, II
225:
1459:
1017:
Mishra, Vimal; Aadhar, Saran (2021-12-01), "Famines and likelihood of consecutive megadroughts in India",
1169:"Starvation and Exchange Entitlements: A General Approach and its Application to the Great Bengal Famine"
1098:
The British Left and India: Metropolitan Anti-Imperialism, 1885–1947 (Oxford Historical Monographs)
446:
Ambirajan, S. (1976), "Malthusian Population Theory and Indian Famine Policy in the Nineteenth Century",
1341:
262:
211:
one person per day); a large proportion of the cost, however, was the high price of the imported grain.
157:
220:
1084:
1044:
964:
956:
928:
900:
884:
847:
809:
801:
679:
634:
598:
463:
357:
1405:
1229:
1207:
1151:
1130:
1101:
1076:
1036:
1003:
992:
982:
892:
837:
753:
687:
642:
606:
563:
552:
542:
523:
522:, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd (reprinted by Adamant Media Corporation),
505:
487:
471:
345:
335:
911:
McAlpin, Michelle B. (1983), "Famines, Epidemics, and Population Growth: The Case of India",
1301:
1204:
Canal Irrigation in British India: Perspectives on Technological Change in a Peasant Economy
1180:
1119:
1068:
1026:
948:
920:
876:
829:
793:
773:
745:
725:
671:
626:
590:
455:
272:
240:
1056:
1389:
1272:
267:
1296:
1222:
1188:
1184:
749:
675:
236:
729:
1443:
1088:
1048:
968:
851:
813:
381:
904:
1206:, Cambridge South Asian Studies, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press,
239:
even while more than one million succumbed to famine outraged Indian nationalists.
34:
1362:
1164:
630:
594:
1031:
716:
Grada, Oscar O. (1997), "Markets and famines: A simple test with Indian data",
1372:
1116:
The famine and some aspects of the British economic policy in Orissa 1866 1905
996:
978:
A haunting tragedy : gender, caste and class in the 1866 famine of Orissa
952:
797:
556:
349:
331:
A haunting tragedy : gender, caste and class in the 1866 famine of Orissa
1080:
1072:
1040:
777:
81:
68:
976:
896:
691:
646:
610:
536:
475:
329:
833:
757:
484:
Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change (New Perspectives on the Past)
149:
The famine also served to awaken Indians about the effects of British Raj.
386:
1123:
617:
Dyson, Tim (1991), "On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part II",
1367:
960:
888:
683:
638:
602:
581:
Dyson, Tim (1991), "On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part I",
467:
932:
805:
764:
Hardiman, David (1996), "Usuary, Dearth and Famine in Western India",
655:
India's Historical Demography: Studies in Famine, Disease and Society
253:
Timeline of major famines in India during British rule (1765 to 1947)
182:
178:
880:
520:
Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India
459:
315:
924:
1241:
860:
The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502
1245:
1057:"The Great Odisha Famine of 1866: Lessons for the 21st Century"
382:"Viewpoint: How British let one million Indians die in famine"
424:, University of Hawaii Press, 1990. 2nd edition. pp. 113-114
258:
Famines, Epidemics, and Public Health in the British Raj
411:, University of Hawaii Press, 1990. 2nd edition. p. 113
1429:
Timeline of major famines in India during British rule
1416:
1381:
1355:
1279:
657:, Riverdale, MD: The Riverdale Company. Pp. ix, 296
232:resulted in the avoidance of almost all mortality.
163:
153:
145:
137:
129:
121:
113:
105:
97:
60:
52:
44:
21:
1221:
538:The great Orissa famine 1866 = Na'Anka Durbhikshya
1424:Timeline of major famines in India prior to 1765
867:Klein, Ira (1973), "Death in India, 1871-1921",
826:Hunger and Famine in the Long Nineteenth Century
709:Report of the Indian Famine Commission, Part I
1257:
858:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907),
8:
1100:, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. 300,
311:
309:
307:
305:
303:
301:
299:
1264:
1250:
1242:
1135:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1008:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
568:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
362:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
33:
18:
1030:
316:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III 1907
375:
373:
141:Approximately 33% of the population died
283:
1128:
1001:
561:
355:
177:affected the east coast of India from
1147:Economic History of Orissa, 1866-1912
504:, Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division,
7:
913:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
482:Arnold, David; Moore, R. I. (1991),
1019:npj Climate and Atmospheric Science
820:Houston, Gail Turley (2022-05-20),
16:One of the biggest famines in India
1185:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349
750:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1996.tb01035.x
676:10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041557
14:
941:The Journal of Economic History
167:The Great Indian famine of 1876
1228:, University of Hawaii Press,
1173:Cambridge Journal of Economics
518:Dutt, Romesh Chunder (2005) ,
380:Patel, Dinyar (10 June 2016).
1:
1220:Tinker, Hugh (January 1990),
730:10.1016/S0165-1765(97)00228-0
228:when the famine relief under
1055:Mohanty, Manoranjan (2017).
869:The Journal of Asian Studies
707:Government of India (1880),
698:Government of India (1867),
486:, Wiley-Blackwell. Pp. 164,
1292:Great Bengal famine of 1770
1224:South Asia: A Short History
1202:Stone, Ian (25 July 2002),
1114:Patnalk, Gorachand (1974),
631:10.1080/0032472031000145446
595:10.1080/0032472031000145056
422:South Asia: A Short History
409:South Asia: A Short History
291:"The Orissa famine of 1866"
1496:
1337:Indian famine of 1899–1900
1332:Indian famine of 1896–1897
1287:Deccan famine of 1630–1632
1032:10.1038/s41612-021-00219-1
133:40,000 tons of Food grains
1347:Bihar famine of 1966–1967
1327:Great Famine of 1876–1878
1322:Bihar famine of 1873–1874
953:10.1017/S0022050700096352
798:10.1017/s0026749x00010672
653:Dyson, Time, ed. (1989),
293:, by Ganeswar Nayak (PDF)
32:
1450:Famines in British India
1317:Rajputana famine of 1869
1307:Agra famine of 1837–1838
1073:10.1177/0049085717728002
975:Mohanty, Bidyut (2022),
328:Mohanty, Bidyut (2022).
1475:1866 disasters in India
1150:, Mittal Publications,
1096:Owen, Nicholas (2008),
226:Bihar famine of 1873-74
82:20.398464°N 84.402366°E
1465:19th century in Odisha
778:10.1093/past/152.1.113
664:Oxford Economic Papers
500:Bhatia, B. M. (1991),
138:Effect on demographics
1342:Bengal famine of 1943
1312:Orissa famine of 1866
1144:Samal, J. K. (1990),
834:10.4324/9780429198076
828:, London: Routledge,
572:) CS1 maint: others (
263:Company rule in India
175:Orissa famine of 1866
158:Guntur famine of 1832
23:Odisha famine of 1866
1480:19th-century famines
1118:, Utkal University,
786:Modern Asian Studies
87:20.398464; 84.402366
1470:Disasters in Odisha
822:"Chapters 36 to 80"
221:Indian Famine Codes
78: /
26:Na'Anka Durbhikshya
981:, Abingdon, Oxon,
619:Population Studies
583:Population Studies
448:Population Studies
334:. Abingdon, Oxon.
230:Sir Richard Temple
215:Effects of drought
1437:
1436:
1406:Akaler Shandhaney
1157:978-81-7099-218-9
1107:978-0-19-923301-4
988:978-1-000-50673-0
843:978-0-429-19807-6
718:Economics Letters
548:978-81-903813-3-8
341:978-1-000-50673-0
198:Course and relief
171:
170:
1487:
1455:Famines in India
1302:Doji bara famine
1266:
1259:
1252:
1243:
1238:
1227:
1216:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1187:, archived from
1160:
1140:
1134:
1126:
1110:
1092:
1051:
1034:
1013:
1007:
999:
971:
935:
907:
863:
854:
816:
780:
766:Past and Present
760:
732:
712:
703:
694:
658:
649:
613:
577:
567:
559:
532:
514:
496:
478:
434:
431:
425:
418:
412:
405:
399:
398:
396:
394:
377:
368:
367:
361:
353:
325:
319:
313:
294:
288:
273:Drought in India
241:Dadabhai Naoroji
130:Net food imports
93:
92:
90:
89:
88:
83:
79:
76:
75:
74:
71:
37:
28:ନ'ଅଙ୍କ ଦୁର୍ଭିକ୍ଷ
24:
19:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1412:
1398:Distant Thunder
1377:
1351:
1275:
1273:Famine in India
1270:
1236:
1219:
1214:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1163:
1158:
1143:
1127:
1113:
1108:
1095:
1054:
1016:
1000:
989:
974:
938:
910:
881:10.2307/2052814
866:
857:
844:
819:
783:
763:
735:
715:
706:
697:
661:
652:
616:
580:
560:
549:
535:
530:
517:
512:
499:
494:
481:
460:10.2307/2173660
445:
442:
437:
432:
428:
419:
415:
406:
402:
392:
390:
379:
378:
371:
354:
342:
327:
326:
322:
314:
297:
289:
285:
281:
268:Famine in India
249:
217:
200:
191:
86:
84:
80:
77:
72:
69:
67:
65:
64:
40:
27:
25:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1402:
1394:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1370:
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1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
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1349:
1344:
1339:
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1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1297:Chalisa famine
1294:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1217:
1212:
1199:
1161:
1156:
1141:
1111:
1106:
1093:
1067:(4): 608–619.
1052:
1014:
987:
972:
947:(1): 143–157,
936:
925:10.2307/203709
919:(2): 351–366,
908:
875:(4): 639–659,
864:
855:
842:
817:
792:(2): 263–279,
781:
772:(1): 113–156,
761:
744:(3): 216–230,
733:
724:(2): 241–244,
713:
704:
695:
670:(2): 368–389,
666:, New Series,
659:
650:
625:(2): 279–297,
614:
578:
547:
533:
528:
515:
510:
497:
492:
479:
441:
438:
436:
435:
426:
413:
400:
369:
340:
320:
295:
282:
280:
277:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
248:
245:
216:
213:
199:
196:
190:
187:
169:
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165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
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50:
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46:
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41:
38:
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1492:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:1866 in India
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1419:
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1408:
1407:
1403:
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1392:
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1371:
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1366:
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1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
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1260:
1255:
1253:
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1247:
1244:
1237:
1235:0-8248-1287-5
1231:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1213:0-521-52663-9
1209:
1205:
1200:
1191:on 2013-04-15
1190:
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1170:
1166:
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1148:
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1121:
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1112:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:Social Change
1058:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1005:
998:
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984:
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979:
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696:
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669:
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636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
575:
571:
565:
558:
554:
550:
544:
540:
539:
534:
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529:1-4021-5115-2
525:
521:
516:
513:
511:81-220-0211-0
507:
503:
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495:
493:0-631-15119-2
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480:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
443:
439:
430:
427:
423:
420:Hugh Tinker,
417:
414:
410:
407:Hugh Tinker,
404:
401:
389:
388:
383:
376:
374:
370:
365:
359:
351:
347:
343:
337:
333:
332:
324:
321:
318:, p. 486
317:
312:
310:
308:
306:
304:
302:
300:
296:
292:
287:
284:
278:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
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256:
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251:
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246:
244:
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237:Great Britain
233:
231:
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186:
184:
180:
176:
166:
162:
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156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
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125:INR 9,500,000
124:
120:
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112:
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100:
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91:
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55:
51:
47:
43:
36:
31:
20:
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1396:
1388:
1311:
1223:
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1193:, retrieved
1189:the original
1179:(1): 33–59,
1176:
1172:
1146:
1124:10603/281603
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1097:
1064:
1060:
1022:
1018:
977:
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940:
916:
912:
872:
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451:
447:
429:
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416:
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164:Succeeded by
146:Consequences
106:Total deaths
1363:British Raj
1025:(1): 1–12,
589:(1): 5–25,
454:(1): 5–14,
154:Preceded by
109:4-5 million
85: /
61:Coordinates
1444:Categories
1195:2010-03-12
1165:Sen, A. K.
997:1266644011
711:, Calcutta
702:, Calcutta
557:1019664693
440:References
350:1266644011
73:84°24′09″E
70:20°23′54″N
1089:148960588
1081:0049-0857
1049:244742778
1041:2397-3722
969:130101022
852:247871769
814:144560088
738:Disasters
358:cite book
101:1866-1868
1167:(1977),
1131:citation
1004:citation
905:41985737
897:11614702
692:11620403
647:11622922
611:11622922
564:citation
476:11630514
387:BBC News
247:See also
53:Location
1417:Related
1390:Nabanna
1373:El Niño
1368:Monsoon
1280:Famines
961:2118916
889:2052814
758:8854458
684:2662775
639:2174784
603:2174991
468:2173660
393:10 June
117:Drought
45:Country
1409:(1980)
1401:(1973)
1393:(1944)
1356:Issues
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189:Causes
183:Odisha
179:Madras
122:Relief
114:Causes
98:Period
56:Odisha
1382:Media
1085:S2CID
1045:S2CID
965:S2CID
957:JSTOR
929:JSTOR
901:S2CID
885:JSTOR
848:S2CID
810:S2CID
802:JSTOR
680:JSTOR
635:JSTOR
599:JSTOR
464:JSTOR
279:Notes
48:India
1230:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1152:ISBN
1137:link
1102:ISBN
1077:ISSN
1037:ISSN
1010:link
993:OCLC
983:ISBN
893:PMID
838:ISBN
754:PMID
688:PMID
643:PMID
607:PMID
574:link
570:link
553:OCLC
543:ISBN
524:ISBN
506:ISBN
488:ISBN
472:PMID
395:2016
364:link
346:OCLC
336:ISBN
209:i.e.
173:The
1181:doi
1120:hdl
1069:doi
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