237:
1174:
229:
580:
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activating salts in their roots. As a consequence, the cells of the roots develop lower water potential which brings in water by osmosis. The excess salt can be stored in cells or excreted out from salt glands on leaves. The salt thus secreted by some species help them to trap water vapours from the air, which is absorbed in liquid by leaf cells. Therefore, this is another way of obtaining additional water from air, e.g.,
25:
260:
are osmoconformers, although their ionic composition may be different from that of seawater. In a strictly osmoregulating animal, the amounts of internal salt and water are held relatively constant in the face of environmental changes. It requires that intake and outflow of water and salts be equal
434:
are plants living in soils with high salt concentrations, such as salt marshes or alkaline soils in desert basins. They have to absorb water from such a soil which has higher salt concentration and therefore lower water potential(higher osmotic pressure). Halophytes cope with this situation by
296:, which means they are restricted to either salt or fresh water and cannot survive in water with a different salt concentration than they are adapted to. However, some fish show an ability to effectively osmoregulate across a broad range of salinities; fish with this ability are known as
624:
respond to osmotic stress by rapidly accumulating electrolytes or small organic solutes via transporters whose activities are stimulated by increases in osmolarity. The bacteria may also turn on genes encoding transporters of osmolytes and enzymes that synthesize osmoprotectants. The
449:
are plants living in lands of temperate zone, which grow in well-watered soil. They can easily compensate the water lost by transpiration through absorbing water from the soil. To prevent excessive transpiration they have developed a waterproof external covering called cuticle.
551:(advanced ray-finned) fishes, the gills, kidney and digestive tract are involved in maintenance of body fluid balance, as the main osmoregulatory organs. Gills in particular are considered the primary organ by which ionic concentration is controlled in marine teleosts.
307:
Some marine fish, like sharks, have adopted a different, efficient mechanism to conserve water, i.e., osmoregulation. They retain urea in their blood in relatively higher concentration. Urea damages living tissues so, to cope with this problem, some fish retain
419:
are plants that grow in aquatic habitats; they may be floating, submerged, or emergent, and may grow in seasonal (rather than permanent) wetlands. In these plants the water absorption may occur through the whole surface of the plant, e.g., the
272:, maintaining constant internal conditions. They are more common in the animal kingdom. Osmoregulators actively control salt concentrations despite the salt concentrations in the environment. An example is freshwater fish. The gills
191:
Although there may be hourly and daily variations in osmotic balance, an animal is generally in an osmotic steady state over the long term. Organisms in aquatic and terrestrial environments must maintain the right concentration of
538:
among terrestrial mammals, but this specific adaptation does not confer any greater concentrating ability. Unlike most other aquatic mammals, manatees frequently drink fresh water and sea otters frequently drink saltwater.
312:, which helps to counteract urea's destabilizing effects on cells. Sharks, having slightly higher solute concentration (i.e., above 1000 mOsm which is sea solute concentration), do not drink water like fresh water fish.
562:
have an extra-branchial salt-secreting dendritic organ. The dendritic organ is likely a product of convergent evolution with other vertebrate salt-secreting organs. The role of this organ was discovered by its high
530:. Water balance is maintained in marine mammals by metabolic and dietary water, while accidental ingestion and dietary salt may help maintain homeostasis of electrolytes. The kidneys of pinnipeds and cetaceans are
304:. Flounder have been observed to inhabit two disparate environments—marine and fresh water—and it is inherent to adapt to both by bringing in behavioral and physiological modifications.
571:
activity in response to increasing salinity. However, the
Plotosidae dendritic organ may be of limited use under extreme salinity conditions, compared to more typical gill-based ionoregulation.
168:
which in this case is represented by body fluid) to keep the body fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated. Osmotic pressure is a measure of the tendency of water to move into one
1205:
371:
Plants share with animals the problems of obtaining water but, unlike in animals, the loss of water in plants is crucial to create a driving force to move
381:
are plants that can survive in dry habitats, such as deserts, and are able to withstand prolonged periods of water shortage. Succulent plants such as the
613:. As osmotic action pushes water from the environment into the cytoplasm, the vacuole moves to the surface and pumps the contents into the environment.
284:
has an internal osmotic concentration lower than that of the surrounding seawater, so it tends to lose water and gain salt. It actively excretes
1078:
726:; in other vertebrates, the urine mixes with other wastes in the cloaca before leaving the body (frogs also have a urinary bladder).
510:
in the kidneys. Therefore, a large proportion of water is reabsorbed from fluid in the kidneys to prevent too much water from being
108:
1198:
712:
reabsorption – most of the viscous glomerular filtrate is returned to blood vessels that surround the convoluted tubules.
42:
89:
46:
61:
236:
1243:
276:
salt from the environment by the use of mitochondria-rich cells. Water will diffuse into the fish, so it excretes a very
1173:
268:
different from the medium in which they are immersed have been termed osmoregulators. They tightly regulate their body
176:. The higher the osmotic pressure of a solution, the more water tends to move into it. Pressure must be exerted on the
705:
or glomerular capsule (in the kidney's cortex) and flows down the proximal convoluted tubule to a "u-turn" called the
68:
1307:
1191:
1250:
35:
1317:
75:
1071:
424:, or solely through the roots, as in sedges. These plants do not face major osmoregulatory challenges from
57:
1281:
1312:
754:
568:
503:
228:
629:
598:
475:
309:
169:
165:
751: – Any marine organism that maintains an internal osmotic balance with its external environment
1064:
702:
698:
665:
metabolism and is generally converted to less toxic substances after it is produced then excreted;
579:
467:
410:
181:
1158:
796:
466:
play a very large role in human osmoregulation by regulating the amount of water reabsorbed from
329:
428:, but aside from species adapted for seasonal wetlands, have few defenses against desiccation.
1228:
1030:
989:
981:
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875:
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excretion – the urine (in mammals) is stored in the urinary bladder and exits via the
610:
511:
507:
273:
161:
125:
82:
633:
564:
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499:
487:
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201:
16:
An organism's active control of the osmotic pressure of its fluids to maintain homeostasis
977:
1238:
937:
902:
637:
483:
425:
903:"Osmoregulation in the Plotosidae Catfish: Role of the Salt Secreting Dendritic Organ"
1301:
1255:
1163:
1138:
1128:
1088:
748:
742:
706:
491:
375:
from the soil to tissues. Certain plants have evolved methods of water conservation.
361:
357:
257:
253:
153:
149:
1056:
364:
in helping plants to conserve water—it causes stomata to close and stimulates
256:
match their body osmolarity to their environment actively or passively. Most marine
1265:
495:
421:
137:
901:
Malakpour
Kolbadinezhad, Salman; Coimbra, JoĂŁo; Wilson, Jonathan M. (2018-07-03).
853:
769: – Term describing organisms that cannot tolerate a wide range of salinities
1214:
1148:
1123:
766:
479:
416:
353:
293:
157:
141:
24:
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390:
333:
297:
269:
265:
133:
985:
928:
919:
879:
739: – Term describing organisms able to adapt to a wide range of salinities
1132:
1113:
962:"Bacterial Osmoregulation: A Paradigm for the Study of Cellular Homeostasis"
870:
719:, which travels down collecting ducts to the medullary region of the kidney.
626:
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341:
197:
185:
1034:
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1008:
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modifications to reduce water loss, such as needle-shaped leaves, sunken
349:
301:
277:
177:
129:
775: – the supply and retention of adequate water in biological tissues
723:
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602:
555:
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173:
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filtration – fluid portion of blood (plasma) is filtered from a
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321:
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961:
716:
578:
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382:
235:
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145:
820:
Chen, Jiatong (Steven); Sabir, Sarah; Al
Khalili, Yasir (2022),
670:
406:
394:
365:
345:
289:
285:
281:
213:
1187:
1060:
1009:"EnvZ-OmpR interaction and osmoregulation in Escherichia coli"
697:(functional unit of vertebrate kidney) structure known as the
18:
340:
is crucial in regulating the concentration of solutes in the
320:
While there are no specific osmoregulatory organs in higher
709:(loop of the nephron) in the medulla portion of the kidney.
677:
form uric acid to be excreted with other wastes via their
188:
of water by osmosis from the side containing pure water.
196:
and amount of water in their body fluids; this involves
280:(dilute) urine to expel all the excess water. A marine
413:
has rolled leaves with stomata on the inner surface.
777:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
208:
that would be toxic if allowed to accumulate in the
1274:
1221:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
757: – Molarity of osmotically active particles
828:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
328:are important in regulating water loss through
715:secretion – the remaining fluid becomes
1199:
1072:
356:all increase evapotranspiration from leaves.
232:Movement of water and ions in freshwater fish
8:
240:Movement of water and ions in saltwater fish
368:growth so that more water can be absorbed.
1206:
1192:
1184:
1079:
1065:
1057:
822:"Physiology, Osmoregulation and Excretion"
470:in kidney tubules, which is controlled by
1050:6th edition. Brooks/Cole Publishing. 2002
1024:
936:
918:
869:
654:Waste products of the nitrogen metabolism
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
498:, which stimulates ADH release from the
788:
763: – Organ for excreting excess salt
685:Achieving osmoregulation in vertebrates
244:Two major types of osmoregulation are
601:to collect excretory wastes, such as
7:
632:, which regulates the expression of
264:Organisms that maintain an internal
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1013:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
978:10.1146/annurev-micro-090110-102815
745: – Adaptation to high salinity
522:Drinking is not common behavior in
148:content; that is, it maintains the
1007:Cai, SJ; Inouye, M (5 July 2002).
854:"Osmoregulation in Marine Mammals"
605:, from the intracellular fluid by
534:in structure, unlike those of non-
14:
669:convert ammonia to urea, whereas
261:over an extended period of time.
124:is the active regulation of the
1172:
1046:E. Solomon, L. Berg, D. Martin,
180:side of a selectively permeable
23:
858:Journal of Experimental Biology
636:, is well characterized in the
34:needs additional citations for
1:
966:Annual Review of Microbiology
852:Ortiz, Rudy M. (2001-06-01).
801:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
486:. For example, a decrease in
212:) through organs such as the
204:and other substances such as
649:Vertebrate excretory systems
393:tissues. Other plants have
1336:
590:with contractile vacuoles.
1170:
1099:
661:is a toxic by-product of
224:Regulators and conformers
202:metabolic nitrogen wastes
1244:Renin–angiotensin system
920:10.3389/fphys.2018.00761
960:Wood, Janet M. (2011).
907:Frontiers in Physiology
871:10.1242/jeb.204.11.1831
797:"Diffusion and Osmosis"
1026:10.1074/jbc.m110715200
689:Four processes occur:
591:
558:in the eeltail family
411:sand-dune marram grass
241:
233:
755:Osmotic concentration
582:
239:
231:
630:two-component system
599:contractile vacuoles
506:of the walls of the
476:antidiuretic hormone
310:trimethylamine oxide
43:improve this article
468:glomerular filtrate
385:store water in the
1159:Supraorbital gland
592:
401:, and thick, waxy
330:evapotranspiration
242:
234:
144:of the organism's
140:, to maintain the
1308:Human homeostasis
1295:
1294:
1222:Blood composition
1215:Human homeostasis
1181:
1180:
864:(11): 1831–1844.
119:
118:
111:
93:
1325:
1318:Membrane biology
1287:Thermoregulation
1208:
1201:
1194:
1185:
1176:
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1074:
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1058:
1039:
1038:
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1019:(27): 24155–61.
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811:
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793:
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773:Tissue hydration
703:Bowman's capsule
611:active transport
508:collecting ducts
502:to increase the
360:is an important
292:. Most fish are
200:(getting rid of
172:from another by
126:osmotic pressure
114:
107:
103:
100:
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58:"Osmoregulation"
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27:
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687:
656:
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619:
577:
554:Unusually, the
545:
520:
500:pituitary gland
490:is detected by
488:water potential
461:
456:
318:
300:species, e.g.,
274:actively uptake
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52:
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5:
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1239:Blood pressure
1236:
1234:Osmoregulation
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1119:Osmoregulation
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999:
972:(1): 215–238.
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686:
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655:
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650:
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638:model organism
618:
615:
576:
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544:
541:
519:
518:Marine mammals
516:
484:angiotensin II
460:
457:
455:
452:
426:water scarcity
317:
314:
254:Osmoconformers
250:osmoregulators
246:osmoconformers
225:
222:
136:, detected by
122:Osmoregulation
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
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1256:Fluid balance
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1227:
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1164:Renal medulla
1162:
1160:
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1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1139:Osmoconformer
1137:
1134:
1130:
1129:Halotolerance
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1104:Hypertonicity
1102:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:water balance
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749:Osmoconformer
747:
744:
743:Halotolerance
741:
738:
735:
734:
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721:
718:
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707:Loop of Henle
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597:makes use of
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492:osmoreceptors
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332:, and on the
331:
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315:
313:
311:
305:
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288:out from the
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258:invertebrates
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154:concentration
151:
150:fluid balance
147:
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138:osmoreceptors
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91:
88:
84:
81:
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1313:Cell biology
1266:Proteostasis
1233:
1118:
1114:Hypotonicity
1053:
1047:
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1012:
1002:
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847:
837:, retrieved
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804:. Retrieved
800:
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640:
620:
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584:
553:
546:
521:
504:permeability
496:hypothalamus
462:
445:
430:
415:
377:
370:
354:temperatures
319:
306:
263:
249:
245:
243:
190:
158:electrolytes
121:
120:
105:
99:October 2019
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1229:Blood sugar
1149:Stenohaline
1124:Homeostasis
1109:Isotonicity
767:Stenohaline
617:In bacteria
575:In protists
480:aldosterone
417:Hydrophytes
294:stenohaline
184:to prevent
142:homeostasis
134:body fluids
1302:Categories
1282:Predictive
1261:Hemostasis
1154:Salt gland
1144:Euryhaline
839:2022-11-30
826:StatPearls
806:2019-06-20
783:References
761:Salt gland
737:Euryhaline
699:glomerulus
586:Paramecium
560:Plotosidae
454:In animals
447:Mesophytes
441:cord-grass
432:Halophytes
422:water lily
405:as in the
391:parenchyma
379:Xerophytes
336:level the
298:euryhaline
270:osmolarity
266:osmolarity
178:hypertonic
69:newspapers
1251:Acid–base
1133:Halophile
1087:Salt and
986:0066-4227
929:1664-042X
880:0022-0949
627:EnvZ/OmpR
607:diffusion
556:catfishes
528:cetaceans
524:pinnipeds
437:glasswort
389:of large
373:nutrients
352:and high
344:. Strong
342:cytoplasm
316:In plants
278:hypotonic
198:excretion
186:diffusion
1035:11973328
994:21663439
947:30018560
888:11441026
834:31082152
731:See also
675:reptiles
622:Bacteria
583:Protist
543:Teleosts
512:excreted
474:such as
472:hormones
403:cuticles
387:vacuoles
350:humidity
334:cellular
302:flounder
216:and the
206:hormones
182:membrane
170:solution
166:solution
152:and the
130:organism
1093:animals
1048:Biology
938:6037869
913:: 761.
724:urethra
695:nephron
679:cloacas
667:mammals
663:protein
659:Ammonia
642:E. coli
603:ammonia
588:aurelia
549:teleost
494:in the
478:(ADH),
464:Kidneys
399:stomata
362:hormone
338:vacuole
326:stomata
218:kidneys
194:solutes
174:osmosis
83:scholar
1033:
992:
984:
945:
935:
927:
886:
878:
832:
634:porins
595:Amoeba
482:, and
459:Humans
409:. The
348:, low
324:, the
322:plants
128:of an
85:
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1275:Other
717:urine
701:into
671:birds
536:bears
532:lobed
383:cacti
346:winds
290:gills
210:blood
162:salts
146:water
90:JSTOR
76:books
1031:PMID
990:PMID
982:ISSN
943:PMID
925:ISSN
884:PMID
876:ISSN
830:PMID
673:and
609:and
569:NKCC
567:and
526:and
439:and
407:pine
395:leaf
366:root
286:salt
282:fish
248:and
214:skin
62:news
1091:in
1021:doi
1017:277
974:doi
933:PMC
915:doi
866:doi
862:204
565:NKA
547:In
164:in
156:of
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